| Country | Leader | From | To | |
| United States of America | Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) | Mar. 4, 1913 | Mar. 4, 1921 |  |
| United Kingdom | David Lloyd George (1863-1945) | Dec. 7, 1916 | Oct. 22, 1922 |  |
| United Kingdom | George V (1865-1936) | May 6, 1910 | Jan. 20, 1936 |  |
| Soviet Union | Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) | Nov. 8, 1917 | Jan. 21, 1924 |  |
| China | Xu Shichang (1855-1939) | Oct. 10, 1918 | June 2, 1922 |  |
| Canada | Sir Robert Laird Borden (1854-1937) | Oct. 10, 1911 | July 10, 1920 |  |
| France | Raymond Poincaré (1860-1934) | Feb. 18, 1913 | Feb. 18, 1920 | |
| Germany | Friedrich Ebert (1871-1925) | Feb. 11, 1919 | Feb. 28, 1925 |  |
| Italy | Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947) | July 29, 1900 | May 9, 1946 |  |
| Spain | Alfonso XIII (1886-1941) | May 17, 1886 | Apr. 14, 1931 |  |
| Japan | Emperor Taisho (1879-1926) | July 30, 1912 | Dec. 25, 1926 |  |
| Mexico | Venustiano Carranza (1859-1920) | Mar. 11, 1917 | May 21, 1920 |  |
| Turkey | Sultan Mehmed VI (1861-1926) | July 3, 1918 | Nov. 1, 1922 |  |
| Papacy | Benedict XV (1854-1922) | Sept. 3, 1914 | Jan. 22, 1922 |  |
+1920 Chinese Year: Monkey - milky chunky monkey year? Pop.: world: 1,811M, U.S.S.R.: 136M, Japan: 78M, Germany: 60M, Great Britain: 42.5M, New York City: 5.62M, Los Angeles: 576K. The Fourteenth (14th) (1920) U.S. Census reports the total pop. as 105,710,620 in a land area of 2,969,451 (35.6 per sq. mi.) (2nd straight time that U.S. land area goes down from the previous Census); the first year that U.S. urban pop. exceeds rural pop. (farm pop. 30.1%); the number of people engaged in manufacturing exceeds the number engaged in farming for the 1st time; the percentage of the labor force engaged in agriculture falls to 25.2% from 85% in 1800 (27% of Americans); 100K 1st and 2nd gen. Germans from Russia live in N.D., most of any state - wunnerful, wunnerful? Coal production (tons): U.S.: 645M, Britain: 229M, Germany: 107M. Oil production (barrels): U.S.: 443M, Mexico: 163M, Russia: 25M. Licensed motor vehicles: U.S.: 8.89M, Britain: 663K. By this year almost all U.S. municipal water supplies are filtered, causing public health advocates to point to a dramatic decline in typhoid fever as proof that govt. needs to be in the health regulation biz. Divorces in Britain: 3,747 - Mildred will never do it like Paulette and Fifi? The avg. U.S. dairy cow produces 542 lbs. of butterfat this year, compared to over 700 in the year 2000. About this time the Warming in the North begins (ends 1960), which sees the salinity of North Atlantic water passing through the Faroe-Shetland Channel into the Norwegian Sea peak, and the West Greenland banks warm by 2C+, disolocating biogeographical boundaries for plankton, fish, mammals, and birds. In this decade Venezuelan oil production zooms from 1M to 137M barrels a year, while dictator (1908-35) Gen. Juan Vicente Gomez (1857-1935) and his friends grease their pockets. In this decade German Bavarian architect Herman Soergel (Sörgel) (1885-1952) proposes the Atlantropa (Panropa) (Euraftrica) engineering project to build a hydroelectric dam across the Strait of Gibraltar to lower the Mediterranean Sea and open up new lands for German Lebansraum without the need for war; he later adds dams across the Dardanelles and between Sicily and Tunisia. The American Irish become Mister Feelgood? By this decade the Irish have "arrived" in the U.S., and could probably run it if they just weren't !?!? Roman Catholic?; "There are judges by the dozen, incl. a third of the Supreme Court, three Cardinals, Senators, multi-millionaires and captains of industry by the score, like Mr. Henry Ford, the motor king, Mr. Doheny, who dominates the petrol industry, Mr. Thomas F. Ryan, the partner of King Leopold in the Congo diamond mines, Mr. Mellon, the secy. to the Treasury, Mr. Doughtery, the Atty.-Gen., Mr. Smith, the gov. of New York, Mr. Hylan, the mayor of New York, Mr. Tumulty, private secy. to Pres. Wilson, Gen. O'Ryan of the American Army, Dudly Malone, chief official of the port of New York, J.R. Ryan, the head of the Copper Trail, John Mitchel, mayor of New York, Col. Concanon, chmn. of the White Star Line, and J.A. Farrell, Pres. of the U.S. Steel Co." (Terence Sheehy) - we've been ratted out, boys? In this decade the Purple (as in rotting meat) (Sugar House) Gang of mostly Jewish bootleggers, hijackers, and hitmen, incl. Abe Bernstein, Raymond Bernstein, Abe Kaminsky, Abe Axler, and Irving Shapiro dominate Detroit, Mich., making a deal with Al Capone of Chicago to supply Old Log Cabin Canadian whiskey, tipping off Bugs Moran about a truckload of booze headed to Chicago that allows him to stage the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massace; too bad, after gunning down dirty police officer Vivian Welsh on Feb. 1, 1927, then murdering three members of the their own gang at the Collingwood Manor on Sept. 16, 1931, three high-ranking members are convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life, after which the gang self-destructs, becoming the subject of the 1935 film Public Hero No. 1. In this decade the Denver, Colo. crime family, run by Joe "Little Caesar" Roma (-1933) and Pete Carlino and Sam Carlino control bootlegging from Denver S to Pueblo; in 1933 the Smalldone Brothers, incl. Eugene "Checkers" Smalldone (1911-92), Clyde (Gaetano) "Flip Flop" Smalldone (1906-98), and Clarence "Chauncey" Smalldone (1916-2006) assassinate Joe Roma in North Denver and take over, founding Gaetano's Italian Restaurant at W 38th Ave. and Tejon St. in North Denver in 1947 as their HQ and continuing their rise until Chauncey is found guilty of jury tampering in 1953, and Eugene is imprisoned for loan sharking in 1983. In this decade the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy arises in the Presbyterian Church in the U.S., caused by the advent of Liberal Christianity (Christian Modernism), starting at Princeton Theological Seminary and spreading to every U.S. denomination, with the modernists winning by the end of the 1930s, causing the fundamentalists to drop out and found their own institutions incl. Zondervan Pub. House, Biola U., Dallas Theological Seminary, and Fuller Theological Seminary; too bad, in the 1970s conservative Protestantism makes a comeback with Presbyterians, Southern Baptists et al. On Jan. 1 Harvard defeats Oregon by 7-6 to win the 1920 Rose Bowl, which is played in Pasadena, Calif., beginning a tradition continuing until 1942; Harvard throws five passes, Oregon two. On Jan. 3 the New York Yankees buy "the Bambino", "the Sultan of Swat", 25-y.-o. pitcher George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. (1895-1948) from Boston Red Sox owner Harry Herbert Frazee (1881-1929) for $125K in cash plus a $300K loan so he can finance the Dec. 1919 Broadway play My Lady Friends (in which his girlfriend appears) (which is turned into No, No, Nanette in 1925), launching the 84-year Curse of the Bambino World Series jinx (ends 2004); the Yankees play as tenants of the NL New York Giants at the Polo Grounds, and win 95 games and their first AL pennant this year, with Ruth switching to outfielder (until 1934); the signed 5-page typed "cursed contract" is auctioned for $996K on June 10, 2005; Babe Ruth becomes the 1st ML player to hit 30, then 40, then 50 homers in a season, reaching 54, which beats the total for every AL team (the St. Louis Browns had 50), and seven of the eight NL teams (the Philadelphia Phillies had 64). On Jan. 9 "Human Fly" George Gibson Polley scales the Woolworth Bldg. in New York City, reaching the 30th floor (out of 57) before being arrested. On Jan. 10 the Treaty of Versailles comes into force sans the approval of the U.S., whose support it was framed to require; on Jan. 11 the Euro powers in Versailles recognize the Azerbaijan Dem. Repub. de facto; the League of Nations is founded (until Apr. 20, 1946), holding its first meeting in London on Feb. 11; Sir James Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth (1876-1951) of Britain becomes secy.-gen. #1 (until 1933); the HQ is then moved to Geneva, and The Hague is selected as the seat of the Internat. Court of Justice (World Court); the League of Nations Covenant (effective Jan. 10) incl. Article 16, stating that an act of war against one member will be deemed an act of war against all, with the military forces of the members combined "to protect the covenants of the League"; Article 23 tries to curb the arms, drug, and white slave trades, provide "just treatment" for native peoples, and provide for internat. prevention and cure of disease. On Jan. 12 the front page of the New York Times reads "Believes Rocket Can Reach Moon", and on Jan. 13 an editorial disses the idea; too bad, it is forced to pub. A Correction on July 17, 1969 after Apollo 11 is launched, with the soundbyte: "Further investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of Isaac Newton in the 17th cent. and it is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the error." On Jan. 14 after his army's acts of brutality alienate them, the Czecho-Slovaks hand White Russian Adm. Alexander Kolchak (b. 1874) over to the Bolsheviks after promising him safe passage to the British military mission in Irkutsk; on Jan. 20 the rev. govt. of Irkutsk gives him over to a Bolshevik military committee, which tries and executes him on Feb. 7, along with his PM Viktor Pepelyayev (b. 1885); meanwhile in Jan. British and French ships evacuate Gen. Denikin's routed White Russian forces on the Black Sea; after learning of the execution of their leader Kolchak, his 30K-man White Russian army (plus families and possessions, plus the gold of the tsar) is pursued to frozen Lake Baikal and trapped, causing them to undertake the unfunny Great Siberian Ice March across the lake to Transbaikalia (ends Feb.), with thousands freezing to death and remaining like statues until the spring thaw causes them to disappear in 1-mi.-deep water - fitting end for the white army? On Jan. 16 the Allies demand that the Netherlands extradite German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who fled there in 1918; on Jan. 23 they refuse - he's such a good bridge partner? On Jan. 16 Prohibition begins in the U.S. with the passage of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, making the manufacture, sale, and transportation (but not consumption or private possession) of alcoholic beverages a federal crime, causing bootlegging to skyrocket; it is not repealed until Dec. 5, 1933 with the ratification of the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; Canadian breweries use the opportunity to being producing Am.-style Cream ale, which after Prohibition ends becomes popular in both countries; meanwhile in the 1920s brewers try to stay in business by producing near bears, incl. Pablo (Pabst), Famo (Schlitz), Vivo (Miller), Lux-O (Stroh), and Bevo (Anheuser-Busch), producing 300M gal. in 1921 and 88M gal. in 1932. On Jan. 17 at one minute past midnight the Eighteenth (18th) (XVIII) Amendment to the U.S. Constitution goes into effect, and the U.S. officially goes dry. On Jan. 17 after the public blames him for the Treaty of Versailles being too lenient on the Krauts, French PM Georges Clemenceau is defeated in the pres. (sen.) election by Paul Deschanel (1855-1922); on Feb. 18 Deschanel replaces Raymond Poincare as pres. of the Third Repub., and Clemenceau resigns as PM; on Sept. 15 Deschanel resigns from ill health, and on Sept. 23 former minister of war and gen. commissioner of Alsace-Lorraine Alexandre Millerand (1859-1943) (who was expelled from the French Socialist Party in 1903 and moved right) becomes French pres. #12 (until June 11, 1924) as the center-right Bloc Nat. (Millerand, Clemenceau, Poincare, Briand) continues to hold onto power, enjoying continuing splits on the backstabbing left. On Jan. 20 the Albanian Repub. is founded. On Jan. 28 El Tercio de Extranjeros (Sp. "Regiment of Foreigners"), later the Spanish Legion is established by decree of King Alfonso XIII of Spain. On Jan. 28 the last Ottoman parliament convenes in Istanbul, and is dissolved on Feb. 12 by British forces after the declaration of the Nat. Pact (Misak-i Milli); on Apr. 23 the grand nat. assembly of Turkey is established, with Mustafa (Mustapha) Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) as speaker, who on May 3 becomes PM #1 of Turkey (until Jan. 24, 1921), attempting to institute secular pro-Western reforms despite fundamentalist Muslim opposition, with the motto "For the people, despite the people"; reforms incl. shutting down religious schools, purging Turkish of Arabic vocabulary, and banning the veil and fez. In Jan. Emir Faisal (Faysal) (son of Sharif Husayn of Mecca) returns to Damascus as king of an independent Syria after negotiating the French military occupation of Lebanon (which is declared the state of Greater Lebanon by French Gen. Gouraud) and the coastal regions of Syria; on Mar. 8 the 2nd Gen. Syrian Congress in Damascus declares Syrian independence and chooses Faisal as king, and in Apr. France is awarded the mandate over Syria; too bad, when Faisal's agreement is not accepted by the Syrians, the French invade in July, and defeat the Syrians on July 23 at the Battle of Maysalun Pass 12 mi. W of Damascus, occupying Damascus and forcing him into exile in Britain in Aug.; the French occupy Aleppo in July, with the Syrians holding out in the Alawi region around Latakia and W of Aleppo until the end of 1921; on Sept. 1 France establishes admin. territories in Syria under the mandate, with Greater Lebanon (incl. Mt. Lebanon, the Biqa, and Tripoli-Sidon-Tyre) as an admin. district of Syria (until 1922), with a combined pop. of 2.2M, 85% Muslim and of them 80% Sunni; too bad, only the Lebanese Christians (Beirut, Mt. Lebanon) want to be separate from Syria. In Jan. the transition from a wartime to peacetime economy causes the 1920-1 U.S. Recession (Depression) to begin (ends July 1921), causing the GNP to plunge 24% from $91.5B to $69.6B; the number of unemployed people rises from 2.1M to 4.9M; after it ends the Roaring Twenties begins. On Feb. 2 the Tartu (Dorpat) Peace Treaty between Estonia and the Soviet Union recognizes a free and independent Estonian Repub. in perpetuity with fixed borders; on June 15 Estonia adopts a constitution, with a unicameral assembly in the capital Tallinn (sounds like an inn for tall people?); women have the right to vote but lack other rights. On Feb. 2 Iowa-born Successful Farming publisher (since 1908) (100K circ.) Edwin Thomas Meredith (1876-1928) becomes U.S. agriculture secy. #6 (until Mar. 4, 1921), succeeding David Franklin Houston (1866-1940), who becomes U.S. treasury secy. #48 (until Mar. 3, 1921), increasing rediscount rates to prevent inflation like in Europe, pushing for easier credit for farmers while urging them to produce less; too bad, when farm prices fall, farmers accuse him of wrecking their prosperity; Houston joins Wilson and Congress in resisting pressure from England and France to cancel their war debts, converting short-term to long-term financing instead. On Feb. 10 and Mar. 14 plebiscites approve a N area of Schleswig going to Denmark, officially incorporated on July 9. On Feb. 14 the League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago, Ill. during the last meeting of the Nat. Am. Woman Suffrage Assoc. by Carrie Chapman Catt; its first pres. is Radcliffe-educated Maud Wood Park (1871-1955), pioneer of the "front door lobby". On Feb. 23 the Atlanta Constitution pub. the article $50,000 Raised to Save Suffering Jews. On Feb. 24 the German Romantics' Last Gasp, AKA the Twenty-Five Points of the German Workers' Party, by his mentor Gottfried Feder (1883-1941) are given their first public reading by Adolf Hitler to a crowd of 2K at the Hofbrauhaus in Munich, becoming the first important public meeting held by the future Nazi Party. In Feb. the French Socialist Party votes to leave the Second Internat., and in Dec. holds a convention in Tours, where one-fourth of the members led by Leon Blum refuse to join the Third Internat., secede, and rename themselves the French Communist Party. In Feb. an Allied force of British, French and Italian troops arrives in Upper Silesia, but fails to maintain order since the French are pro-Pole and the Brits and Italians are pro-German. In Feb. FDR's mistress Lucy Mercer marries New York City socialite Winthrop Rutherfurd, and Marguerite "Missy" LeHand (1898-1944) becomes FDR's new private secy.; they start an affair which causes him to leave half of his estate to her in his will, cutting out his children. On Mar. 1 as the Romanians finish their pullout (Feb. 14-Mar. 28), taking as much booty as they could carry, Adm. Miklos Horthy de Nagybanya (1868-1957) becomes regent of landlocked Hungary (until Oct. 15, 1944); the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919 (begun Nov. 1918) ends, with the Romanians losing 188 officers and 11,478 non-officer casualties and 69 officers and 3,601 non-officers KIA. On Mar. 1 the Battle of Tel Hai (Chai) (Heb. "Hill of Life") in N Palestine between Jewish settlers and Arab bedouins becomes the first battle between future Israel and Syria; eight Jews are killed, incl. two women and six men, incl. Russian-born Joseph Trumpeldor (b. 1880), inspiring Jews in Jerusalem and becoming an inspiration for the creation of Israel; the town of Kiryat Shemona ("Town of Eight") is later named after them; Trumpeldor's last words: "Never mind, it is good to die for our country"; meanwhile the idea of a Muslim Palestinian nation is born; "In January 1920, Palestinian nationalism hardly existed; by December of that critical year, it had been born." (Daniel Pipes) On Mar. 2 Mary Pickford divorces her estranged Irish-born alcoholic actor hubby (since 1911) Owen Moore (1886-1939) and on Mar. 28 marries her longtime beau Douglas Fairbanks Sr. (Douglas Elton Ullman) (1883-1939) (whose love codeword is "by the clock"); too bad, their Euro honeymoon turns into a nightmare when she is mobbed in London by fans who want to touch her curls and trample her, followed by another riot in Paris, where she is locked in a meat cage for protection; her return to Hollywood is marked by crowds meeting them along the way at every railway station, after which the couple becomes known as "Hollywood royalty", with foreign dignitaries at the White House routinely requesting an audience with them at their 4-story 6-bedroom 25-room mock-Tudor Pickfair Mansion at 1143 Summit Dr. in San Ysidro Canyon in Beverly Hills, which Fairbanks purchased for her in 1919, becoming known as "a gathering place only slightly less important than the White House... and much more fun." (Life mag.). On Mar. 7 the Red Army enters Irkutsk. On Mar. 8 Denmark and Cuba join the League of Nations. On Mar. 10 pro-Menshevik anti-Bolshevik former astronomer Karl Hjalmar Branting (1860-1925) (known for the slogan "Hands off Norway, King!", meaning keep them separate) becomes PM #16 of Sweden (until Oct. 27) (also Oct. 13, 1921 to Apr. 19, 1923, and Oct. 18, 1924 to Jan. 24, 1925), becoming the first Social. Dem. Party PM of Sweden. On Mar. 13 after Hermann Mueller (1876-1931) becomes chancellor of Germany, obscure East Prussian civil servant Dr. Wolfgang Kapp (1858-1922), backed by the Freikorps and Gen. Ludendorff proclaims himself chancellor of the German Reich in Berlin in a short-lived monarchist coup; after hearing the news, Ritter Gustav von Kahr (1862-1934) assumes dictatorial powers in Munich the next day after presenting an ultimatum to the Social Dem. govt. of Johannes Hoffman during the night; both dictators are really puppets of the army; the Kapp dictatorship collapses on Mar. 18, and Kapp flees to exile in Sweden - the most famous nonentity in German history? On Mar. 15 a battle between right and left in Dresden, Germany results in a bullet damaging a painting by Rubens in the Zwinger Art Gallery, pissing-off Oskar Kokoschka, who writes an Open Letter to the People of Dresden, with the soundbyte: "Pictures cannot run away from places where human protection fails them, and the Entente might make the argument that we do not appreciate pictures the excuse for raiding our gallery." On Mar. 18 the Freikorps savagely kills a boy for hooting at them as they march along the Unter den Linden in Berlin, then fires into the infuriated crowd. On Mar. 18 Mohandas K. "Mahatma" Gandhi (1869-1948) becomes the leader of the Indian Nat. Congress, and on Mar. 20 he recommends Satyagraha (Non-Cooperation), nonviolent disobedience against the British. On Mar. 18 French war minister Andre Lefevre dedicates the Ornes Memorial NE of Verdun. On Mar. 19 the U.S. Senate by 49-35 rejects the Treaty of Versailles for a 2nd time. On Mar. 27 Social Dem. leader Otto Braun (1872-1955) becomes PM of Prussia (until Apr. 21, 1921, then Nov. 5, 1921-Feb. 18, 1925, then Apr. 6, 1925-July 20, 1932). On Mar. 31 the British Parliament official disestablishes the Anglican Church in Wales, organizing the Welsh Anglican Church under its own archbishop - where are the antidisestablishmentarians now? In Mar. Bolshevik forces under Gen. Mikhail Tukhachevsky defeat anti-Bolshevik forces under Gen. Denikin in S Russia. In Mar. the Easter Crisis (Paskekrisen) in Denmark starts when the king calls for new elections and the govt. balks, causing the king to dismiss it, leading to strikes, forcing the king to yield and appoint a caretraker ministry to propose electoral reforms before new elections. On Apr. 4-7 the 1920 Nabi Musa Riots in Jerusalem see 60K-70K Arabs massed in the city square of Old Jerusalem shouting "Palestine is our land, and Jews are our dogs" ransack the Jewish Quarter, looting homes and shops, wounding 160 Jews until the British move in to stop it, with a total of four Arabs and five Jews killed, and 216 Jews and 23 Arabs wounded; ironically, most of the Jewish victims are anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews. On Apr. 9 Mexican gens. Alvaro Obregon (1880-1928) (former chickpea farmer) and Plutarco Elias Calles (1877-1945) unite against Pres. Carranza, accusing him of attempting to dictate his successor, and winning popular support for their "Revindicating Revolution". Meanwhile an alliance of Sonoran gens. from N Mexico led by Sonoran gov. Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor (1882-1955), proclaim the Plan de Agua Prieta, signed in a curio shop near the border; on May 8 Gen. Obregon captures Mexico City, causing Carranza to flee to the state of Puebla; on May 21 after Obregon captured cities on the east coast, Carranza is assassinated on Obregon's orders, and Huerta becomes Mexican pres. #38 on June 1-Nov. 30, ending the civil war after 1M die and many thousands flee to the U.S. et al.; on July 27 Pancho Villa surrenders, and is given a retirement estate to put him out to pasture; on Dec. 1 Obregon becomes pres. #39 of Mexico (until Nov. 30, 1924). On Apr. 11 Sultan Mehmed VI dissolves Parliament, causing the Turkish nationalists to establish a provisional govt. in Ankara. On Apr. 17 (until Nov. 19) up-and-coming Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), hoping to lead a new Munich putsch in imitation of Dr. Kapp gives speeches at 16 public beer hall meetings in Munich, with attendance ranging from 1.2K to 3.5K (avg. 1.8K). On Apr. 15 after the 1917 Guatemala earthquake weakens the grip of Manuel Estrada Cabrera (pres. since 1898), and he is deposed by the assembly for opposing Central Am. federation, Carlos Herrera y Luna (1856-1930) becomes pres. of Guatemala (until Dec. 10, 1921). On Apr. 20 seven killer tornadoes rock Miss., Ala. and Tenn., killing 220 and causing $3.5M in property damage. On Apr. 23 former French PM Joseph Caillaux is sentenced to three years in priz for dealing with the enemy; he is amnestied in Nov. 1924. On Apr. 19 the Conference of San Remo of the Allied Supreme Council convenes in San Remo, Italy (ends Apr. 26), dealing with the question of German war reparations, attended by British PM David Lloyd George, French PM Alexandre Millerand, Italian PM Francesco Nitti, and Japanese ambassador K. Matsui; on Apr. 25 the San Remo Resolution (Agreement) incorporates the 1917 Balfour Declaration, and Article 22 of the League of Nations Covenant, approving the British Mandate of Palestine, giving the Jews the right to reconstitute their nat. home in Palestine, and conferring on Britain the mandate to bring this into effect in the area covered by modern-day Israel, Jordan, Judea, Samaria, and Gaza; on Apr. 25 it approves the British Mandate of Mesopotamia; on Apr. 26 the council decides to leave the fuming Fiume question to Italy and Yugoslavia; it gives control of oil within French dominions to the Brits, pissing-off the French?; on July 1 the British appoint Zionist Jew Sir Herbert Louis Samuel (1870-1963) as British high commissioner of Palestine #1 (until June 20, 1925), pissing-off the Muslims and Christians; the Arabs now call 1920 the Year of the Catastrophe (Am an-Nakba), since after hearing the bad news they begin uprisings in Syria, Palestine, and Iraq; meanwhile Arab and other Muslim countries get busy expelling 900K Jews between 1920-70, of which 600K end up settling in Israel and 300K in France. On Apr. 19 the U.S. Supreme (White) Court rules 7-2 in Mo. v. Holland that treaties made by the federal govt. are supeme over any concerns about states rights under the 10th Amendment; Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes first mentions the idea of a living constitution. In Apr. the Poles incited by the French open a new campaign against the Russian Bolsheviks, and send reactionary raider Baron Peter (Piotr) Nikolayevich Wrangel (1878-1928) into Russia - right service, right price? Fallujah me once, Fallujah me twice? On May 5 after English Middle East traveler Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell (1868-1926) draws a map that Winston Churchill doesn't contest (because he hated Classics at Harrow School?), the League of Nations mandate for the phony patchwork kingdom of Iraq (named after the ancient city of Uruk and/or Arab. "fertile land") is formally accepted by Britain, creating a new country from the former Ottoman provinces (vilayets) of Baghdad (mostly Sunni), Mosul (mostly Kurdish and Assyrian Christian), and Basra (mostly Shiite), with a pop. of 3M, 97% Muslim, 35%-40% (20%?) Sunni, and 60%-65% Shiite; 80% are Arabic speaking and 15% Kurdish speaking; the Shiites constitute 80% of the Arab pop.; 80% are rural, with the largest city being Baghdad with 200K pop.; Baghdad is the center of the Sunni pop. which extends N into Anbar and W into Diyala Provinces; Basra and Kurdistan are later found to contain oil, which the Sunnis latch onto, improverishing the Shiites and creating mucho grievances; Britain grants independence to Iraq in 1932; in June British Lt. Col. Gerard Evelyn Leachman (1880-1920) (known for his dark Semitic looks and camel-riding ability, allowing him to pass as a Bedouin), who fought against the Ottomans in WWI then tries to stop rebel Arab tribesmen by wholesale slaughter is assassinated in Fallujah, Iraq by a son of Sheikh Dari (Dhari), sparking a violent uprising against British rule in N and C Iraq which lasts most of the summer and is finally crushed by RAF warplanes from the nearby base at Habaniyah (50 mi. W of Baghdad); Fallujah remains the capital of anti-British resistance in Iraq; Winston Churchill suggests using chemical weapons "against recalcitrant Arabs as an experiment", with the soundbyte: "I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes to spread a lively terror"; on Sept. 5 Gertrude Bell utters the soundbyte: "We are now in the middle of a full-blown Jihad, that is to say we have against us the fiercest prejudices of a people in a primeval state of civilization." Harith al-Dari (al-Dhari) (1941-), grandson of big hero Sheikh Dari, who presents his granddaddy's gun to Saddam Hussein in 2000 becomes secy.-gen. of the Assoc. of Sunni Muslim Scholars, formed on Apr. 14, 2003 (four days after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq), and backs the anti-U.S. insurgency in the 2003 U.S. Iraq War, and on Nov. 16, 2006 he becomes the most wanted man in Iraq after an arrest warrant is issued by the U.S.-backed Iraq govt. On May 7 the New York Times pub. an article announcing a $100K gift from Macy's owner Nathan Straus (1848-1931) to help the 6M suffering Jews in C and E Europe. On May 10 Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma (1868-1950) of the Liberal Alliance becomes pres. #18 of Chile (until July 26, 1924), getting into a war with the conservative nat. congress. On May 10 the May Uprising sees Armenian Bolsheviks attempt a cup in Alexandropol (Gyumri), which is brutally suppressed by May 14, with the leaders executed. In early summer Adolf Hitler introduces the Swastika (Sans. "auspicious object") of the Nat. Socialist German Workers' Party, causing English writer Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) to remove it from several of his books that used it along with an elephant carrying a lotus blossom; as Hitler puts it: "It was like a blazing torch... In the red we see the social idea of the movement, in the white the national idea, in the swastika the mission to struggle for the victory of Aryan man and at the same time the victory of the idea of creative work, which is eternally anti-Semitic and always will be." On May 16 French toast Joan of Arc (1412-31) is canonized by Pope Benedict XV in Rome. On May 19 unionizing efforts by new UMW pres. John Llewellyn Lewis (1880-1969) on behalf of coal miners in W. Va. leads to the Battle of Matewan, culminating next year in the largest insurrection since the U.S. Civil War. On May 26 a performance at the Salle Gaveau in Paris becomes the climax of the Paris Dada anti-art movement; Andrew Breton comes onstage with a revolver tied to each temple, Paul Eluard is dressed as a ballerina, and others wear tubes or funnels on their heads while spouting out attacks on everything bourgeoise, causing the audience to pelt them with foodstuffs with delight. In May Muhammad Tawfiq Nessim Pasha (1874-1938) becomes PM of Egypt (until 1921, then again in 1922-3). In May the French Gen. Confederation of Labor stages a failed gen. strike. In May a festival of the works of French composer Camille Saint-Saens (1835-1921) is held in Athens, Greece. Hungary is trisected into close to none? On June 4 after Romania seizes Transylvania, it is formally ceded by Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon, signed in the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles, France by the Hungarian delegation under protest, becoming the last member of the Central Powers to accept terms of defeat, reducing Hungary's size by about two-thirds, from 325K to 93K sq. km, causing it to lose access to the sea; Hungary's pop. is reduced from 20.9M to 7.6M; Czech. receives Slovakia and Ruthenia; Austria receives the Burgenland; Romania doubles its size, gaining sovereignty over most of Bucovina, all of Transylvania, a strip of the Hungarian plain W of the Transylvanian (Crisana-Maramures) uplands, and NE Banat, a total of 52K sq. mi., and occupies 17K-sq.-mi. Bessarabia, its position confirmed by the Allied Powers, though Russia refuses to acknowledge it; the Hungarian army is limited to 35K; the Little Entente of Czech., Yugoslavia and Romania is formed this year and next; on Oct. 1 a new 1920 Austrian Constitution comes into force. On June 8-12 the 1920 Repub. Nat. Convention is held in Chicago, Ill.; after deadlocking between Leonard Wood and Frank O. Lowden, on his solemn affirmation that there was no reason in his past he shouldn't be pres., they select dark horse U.S. Sen. William Gamaliel Harding of Ohio (married to wealthy widow Florence Kling DeWolf, and publisher of the small-town newspaper Marion Star) for pres., and Gov. John Calvin Coolidge of Mass. for vice-pres.; in Feb., after announcing his candidacy, Harding calls for "a return to normalcy", with an "America first" campaign that promotes industrialization and cuts in govt. expenditures, and end to foreign influence, with the soundbyte that the govt. should "strike the shackles from industry", adding "We need vastly more freedom than we do regulation", adopting the campaign slogan "Less government in business", and ridiculing his anti-Prohibition opponent James M. Cox with the slogan "Cox and cocktails", even though he enjoys liquor later in the White House; Harding's father-in-law Amos H. Kling (1833-1913) once pub. a defamatory book about him. On June 9 after being twice reconstructed the Nitti cabinet in Italy falls, and 78-y.-o. veteran Giovanni Giolitti (1842-1928) becomes PM again, forming a new cabinet, with anti-Fascist Count Carlo Sforza (1873-1952) as foreign minister (until 1921). On June 13 Albanian PM in exile (since 1914) Essad Pasha Toptani (b. 1863) is assassinated outside the Hotel Continental in Paris by Albanian nat. assembly member Avni Rustemi (1895-1924), who claims to be the true ruler of Paris, and escapes back to Albania. On June 13 after some parents find it cheaper than a train ticket, the U.S. Post Office Dept. rules that children can't be sent by parcel post. On June 20 the New York Times first uses the term "wetback", meaning a Mexican who swims the Rio Grande River to illegally enter Tex. On June 22 at the urging of PM Alexander the Great, er, Eleutherios Venizelos, the Orthodox Christian Greek army begins an offensive in Ottoman Muslim-held Anatolia (Asia Minor). On June 24 the French nat. assembly adopts a bill drafted by French nationalist Maurice Barres establishing a nat. day in honor of Joan of Arc. On June 28-July 6 the 1920 Dem. Nat. Convention selects Ohio Gov. and newspaper publisher James Middleton Cox (1870-1957) for pres. on the 44th ballot after the favorite, railroad admin. William Gibbs McAdoo (1863-1941) (wartime treasury secy. and Wilson's son-in-law) doesn't quite live up to his billing of "crown prince"; New York gov. Alfred E. Smith is rejected as a candidate for pres.; Franklin Delano Roosevelt of New York (asst. Navy secy.) is chosen for vice-pres.; stricken Pres. Wilson asks that the election be "a great and solemn referendum" on the League of Nations; Cox and Roosevelt dutifully visit him in the White House, while Harding likes to sit on his front porch in Marion, Ohio, pontificating about a "return to normalcy" and "agreement among nations", with a "make no enemies" campaign strategy. In June the U.S. Red Scare peaks, with 10K imprisoned solely for their political beliefs after U.S. atty.-gen. Alexander Mitchell Palmer (1872-1936) announces that a Communist Rev. is planned for the U.S. on May 1; when it fails to materalize, and all those people are seen to be locked up for nothing, his political career stinks as it sinks? In June the Mountainous Repub. of the Northern Caucasus (founded Mar. 1917) is occupied and dissolved by the Red Army, who next Jan. 20 establish the Soviet Mountain Repub. of the Russian SFSR (ends July 7, 1924). In June after the Polish army looking for Lebensraum advances as far as Kiev, the Red Army under Gen. Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky (1893-1937) attacks, driving them W almost to Warsaw, causing Poland to appeal to Britain and France for help; Col. Charles de Gaulle (who gave Gen. Mikhail Tukhachevsky French lessons in a German POW camp in 1917) is sent as an advisor. In the summer the first Boy Scout Jamboree is held in Olympia Hall in London, attended by 8K Scouts from 34 countries, after which they are held every four years. The origin of the Ponzi scheme - 50% profit in 45 days? In the summer after receiving $15M in small investments in the past two years from 40K Bostonians, mostly poor people raiding their mattresses, and living like a king with fancy clothes, cigars, and nubile young sexretary Lucy Meli, the phony Internat. Postal Union coupon empire of slick-talking 5'2" Italian immigrant Charles (Carlo) K. Ponzi (1882-1949) begins to crash, and after blue collar investors swarm his Pie Alley office in Boston, he is arrested on Aug. 15; $2M is found to be missing, and Ponzi declared bankrupt still owing 10.5K creditors $4.3M; he is sentenced to five years in federal prison in Plymouth, Mass., and deported to Italy in 1934, where he tries to defraud Mussolini, finally dying in a charity ward in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On July 7-24 the World Zionist Conference in London, England establishes Keren Hayesod (haYesod) (Heb. "The Foundation Fund") to raise funds for the creation of the Jewish state of Israel; in Jan. 1956 it becomes an official Israeli org. On July 10 Canadian PM #8 (since Oct. 10, 1911) Sir Robert Laird Borden resigns due to ill health, and Conservative Arthur Meighen (1874-1960) becomes PM #9 of Canada (until Dec. 29, 1921), becoming the first born after Confederation, and first from a Manitoba riding (until ?). On July 12 the Suez Canal formally opens after the little landslide problem is fixed after six years. In July Army Hospital No. 21 in Aurora, Colo. is renamed Fitzsimons Army Hospital in honor of Lt. William T. Fitzsimons (-1917) the first U.S. officer killed in WWI (closed 1995). In July English actor Archibald Alexander Leach (Cary Grant) (1904-86) first comes to the U.S. as a member of the Bob Pender vaudeville comedians aboard the HMS Olympic, sister ship of HMS Titanic, meeting newlyweds Douglas Fairbanks Sr. and Mary Pickford, causing him to want a suntan like big Doug; Charlie Chaplin returns to England on the same ship next Aug.; Pender's show plays 426 perf. on Broadway, and Leach stays behind when it returns to England, taking odd jobs; his mother Elsie was committed to a mental institution in the spring of 1914, and he doesn't see her again until 1940, finding out that she didn't recognize him in the movies. On Aug. 1 the Bolsheviks take Brest-Litovsk, and advance on Lemberg. On Aug. 2 after their position becomes untenable Italy agrees to evacuate Albania, with the exception of the island of Saseno. On Aug. 4 British PM David Lloyd George delivers an ultimatum to Russian emissaries in London to pull their troops out of Poland or face war with Britain. On Aug. 6 17K Polish troops under Gen. Josef (Jozef) Klemens Pilsudski (1867-1935) defeat 15K Bolshevik troops at the Battle of Radzymin 12 mi. NE of Warsaw, driving them back to the Bug River; on Aug. 14 the Battle of Ossow near Wolomin sees the Bolsheviks seize the village of Ossow until the Poles drive them back. On Aug. 8 Adolf Hitler changes the name of his party to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP); meanwhile the Sturm Abteilung (SA) (Ger. "Storm Battalion") (later Brownshirts) is founded by very gay Ernst Julius Gunther Roehm (Röhm) (b. 1887-1934), bringing street thug tactics with them. On Aug. 8 British labor orgs. appoint an action council to arrange a gen. strike if Britain declares war on the Soviet Union. Your inner beauty will shine through? On Aug. 10 Sultan Mehmed VI signs the Treaty of Sevres (Sèvres) between Turkey and the Allies, reducing the once-proud Ottoman Empire to little more than little ole Turkey itself; Armenian independence is recognized, with the borders to be "settled by the arbitration of Pres. Wilson"; Greece obtains Smyrna, the Dodecanese (except Rhodes), E Thrace, Imbros, and Tenedos; the arrangement pisses-off Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who persuades the nat. assembly to form a nat. army and take on the Allied occupation forces, starting the Franco-Turkish (Cilicia) War (ends 1923), the Greco-Turkish War (ends Oct. 1922), and the Turkish-Armenian War (Sept. 24-Dec. 23); the Persian-speaking Kurds, distributed in Turkey, Persia, Iraq, Syria, and Armenia are promised an autonomous homeland, but after the Ottoman Empire is overthrown by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in 1922, Turkey, Persia, and Iraq all renege, and by the end of the cent. they end up as the largest ethnic group in the world (25M) without their own country; the Turks remain in control of the Armenian city of Erzerum, but Armenian leader Boghos Nubar Pasha (1851-1930) (son of Egyptian PM Nubar Pasha) tells the Allies that he will drive them out; meanwhile more Armenians try to set up in the areas conquered by Russia in 1878, with capital at Kars; too bad, after the U.S. turns its back, the Turks invade Armenia from two sides, conquering it in six weeks. On Aug. 12-25 just when they seem assured of victory, the Battle of Warsaw (Miracle at the Vistula) sees the Bolsheviks under gen. Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevski (1893-1937) defeated by the Poles under gen. Joseph (Jozef) Klemens Pilsudski (1867-1935), with 10K Bolsheviks killed, 10K wounded, and 66K taken POW vs. 4.5K Poles KIA, 22K wounded and 10K missing, turning the Polish-Soviet war around and saving Poland from being gobbled up again, and making Pilsudski into the George Washington of Poland. On Aug. 14-Sept. 12 after an 8-year hiatus the VII (7th) Summer Olympic Games are held in Antwerp, Belgium (to honor WWI suffering), with 2,626 athletes from 29 nations participating in 156 events in 22 sports; Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria are banned; the Olympic Oath is first uttered, the Olympic Flag is first flown, and doves are first released to symbolize peace; the U.S. team revolts against its barracks-style living quarters and threatens to boycott the games; the U.S. wins the most events, with 41 golds, 27 silvers, and 27 bronzes; figure skating and ice hockey debut; Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi (1897-1973) debuts, winning the first of six gold medals (1920, 1924, 1928), and breaking U.S. dominance in track and field with nine medals; Ethelda M. Bleibtrey (1902-78), who was arrested in 1919 for nude bathing for swimming without stockings wins three golds (100m, 300m, 400m relay) in swimming, becoming the first U.S. woman to win Olympic gold, and one of the first women to wear a flapper "bob"; Albert George Hill (1889-1969) of Britain wins golds in the 800m and 1500m, and silver in the 3000m; "the Calif. Cannonball" Charles William "Charlie" Paddock (1900-43) of the U.S. wins the 100m in 8.3 sec.; his teammate "the New York Thunderbolt" Jackson Volney Scholz (1897-1986) makes a mistake and looks at him and comes in 2nd at 8.4; 72-y.-o. Oscar Gomer Swahn (1847-1927) of Sweden becomes the oldest Olympic gold medal winner (team double-shot running deer event) (until ?); the last Olympics to host the tug-of-war event (Britain gold, Netherlands silver, Belgium bronze). figure skating makes its debut; Canada (WInnipeg Falcons) win the gold medal in the debut of Olympic ice hockey, followed by the U.S. and Czech. On Aug. 15 Adolf Hitler gives a speech at the Hofbrauhaus in Munich, with the soundbytes: "Socialism as the final concept of duty, the ethical duty of work, not just for oneself but also for one's fellow man's sake, and above all the principle: Common good before own good, a struggle against all parasitism and especially against easy and unearned income. And we were aware that in this fight we can rely on no one but our own people. We are convinced that socialism in the right sense will only be possible in nations and races that are Aryan, and there in the first place we hope for our own people and are convinced that socialism is inseparable from nationalism"; "Since we are socialists, we must necessarily also be antisemites because we want to fight against the very opposite: materialism and mammonism... How can you not be an antisemite, being a socialist!" On Aug. 18 Tenn. becomes the 36th state to ratify the Nineteenth (19th) Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, giving women the vote; on Aug. 26 it is signed into law (08-26-20). On Aug. 19 an anti-Bolshevik peasant revolt begins in the Tambov province of Russia. On Aug. 19-25 the Second Silesian Uprising begins after a German newspaper prints false reports of the fall of Warsaw to the Red Army, causing celebrations among Germans in Upper Silesia, which pisses-off the Poles; the Allies finally restore order after agreeing to disband the German-run Sipo police and create a new 50% Polish one. On Aug. 24 the Soviets transfer Vilnyus (Vilnius) to the new independent state of Lithuania, which proclaims it as the capital, only to be seized by Polish troops on Sept. 9. On Aug. 31 in Italy a general lockout in the metallurgical factories leads to the occupation of the factories by the workers throughout the country by Sept.; failure to attempt to seize govt. bldgs. prevents a Socialist rev., and the conflict is settled peacefully. On Sept. 7 Belgium and France sign a military convention, and work closely regarding internat. imports. On Sept. 10 "Everybody's Sweetheart" silent film actress Olive Thomas (Oliveretta Elaine Duffy) (b. 1894) ("the most beautiful girl in the world"), wife of boozing womanizing Canadian actor Jack Pickford (1896-1933) (brother of Mary Pickford) dies of mercury poisoning in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France four days after accidentally taking a large dose of his syphilis pills; her last film "Everybody's Sweetheart" is released a week after her death, becoming a box-office smash; later her ghost is regularly seen in the New Amsterdam Theatre in New York City; producer David Selznick adds the middle initial "O" to his name as a tribute; the scandal of her death sets off an entire decade of Hollywood scandals? On Sept. 15-25 the Battle of the Nieman (Niemen) River near Hrodna between Bialystok, Grodno, and Suwalki sees 96K Polish troops under Gen. Josef Pilsudski outflank and defeat 100K Bolsheviks under Gen. Mikhail Tukhachevski, with 40K Russian vs. 7K Polish casualties, causing the Bolsheviks on Oct. 12 to sign an armistice to take effect on Oct. 18. On Sept. 16 the J.P. Morgan Bldg. on Wall St. in New York City is bombed by a wagon bomb, killing 35 and injuring 130; Commies are suspected, but the case is not solved until ?. On Sept. 20 Benito Mussolini gives a speech in Trieste, containing the soundbyte: "Everything is possible, including the impossible and absurd." In Sept. the Communist Internat. holds the Congress of the Peoples of the East in Baku, Ajerbaijan, attended by 1.9K delegates, calling for Muslims to join the struggle against the West and pledging support of rev. anti-colonial movements in the East, with Karl Radek uttering the soundbyte: "We appeal, comrades, to the warlike feelings which once inspired the peoples of the East when these peoples, led by their great conquerors, advanced upon Europe. We know, comrades, that our enemies will say that we are appealing to the memory of Genghis Khan and to the memory of the great conquering Caliphs of Islam... when the capitalists of Europe say that a new wave of barbarism threatens... we answer them: Long live the Red East, which together with the workers of Europe will create a new civilization under the banner of Communism!" In Sept. LeLand's Lincoln luxury car is introduced (the L series). On Oct. 1 Sir Percy Cox (1864-1937) arrives in Iraq as British high commissioner. On Oct. 5-10 the Cleveland Indians (AL) defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) (AKA Brooklyn Robins after mgr. Wilbert Robinson) 5-2 to win the Seventeenth (17th) World Series; in Game 5 Cleveland Indians 2B William Adolf "Bill "Wamby" Wambsganss (1894-1985) makes the first Unassisted Triple Play in the WS (until ?), putting out Pete Kilduff, Clarence Mitchell, and Otto Miller; he drops off his glove with a repairman and never picks it up, and it is never seen again; the first WS grand slam and homer by a pitcher also go down in the 1920 WS. On Oct. 8 the Riga Treaty ends Poland's invasion of Russia to their territorial advantage, but frees the Bolsheviks to go after the anti-Bolsheviks within their boundaries. On Oct. 14 the Treaty of Dorpat (Tartu) ends the Russo-Finnish War of 1919, reaffirming Finland's independence and giving it a narrow strip of land between Murmansk and E Norway, along with the ice-free Barents Sea port of Pechenga. On Oct. 14 IRA leader Sean Treacy (Tracey) (Tracy) (b. 1895) is KIA on Talbot St. in Dublin in a shootout with the stanking' English, pissing-off the IRA; on Nov. 21 (a.m.) after the British Parliament debates the Govt. of Ireland Act (Act to Provide for the Better Govt. of Ireland), dividing Ireland into two political units with some powers of self-govt. and their own parliaments, and Ulster Protestants accept the idea, but the Sinn Fein in Dublin rejects all British attempts to split Ireland, and continues the guerrilla war, causing the British to create the special auxiliary police called the Black and Tans from unemployed WWI veterans, Bloody Sun. sees the IRA kill 14 British undercover intel agents known as the Cairo Gang in Dublin, causing the Black and Tans to retaliate by killing 12 at a Dublin soccer match; in Dec. the military begins a killing and looting spree, causing £3M in damage; on Dec. 23 the Govt. of Ireland Act is passed, creating eternally-divided Northern Ireland by dividing six Unionist NE counties from the other 26, while entrapping many non-Unionists within its boundaries; two Irish parliaments are created, one (Stormont) for the north and one for the south. On Oct. 19 membership in the Communist Party is ruled grounds for deportation by a New York judge - you've heard the phrase comfort food? On Oct. 25 Greek king (since 1917) Alexander I (b. 1893) dies of septicemia from pet monkey bites, and Queen Olga becomes regent of Greece; on Nov. 14 the Venizelists are overwhelmingly defeated in the elections because of dissatisfaction with the Anatolian offensive, and Venizelos resigns as PM; on Dec. 5 a plebiscite held despite Allied warnings shows a nearly unanimous vote to return king (1913-17) Constantine I (1868-1923), and he returns to Athens (until 1922), resuming the war with Turkey, while Venizelos goes into exile in the U.S. next year (until 1924), and the Allies withdraw support from Greece. On Oct. 25 Sinn Fein leader (lord mayor of Cork since Mar.) Terence James MacSwiney (b. 1879) dies after a 74-day hunger strike in Brixton Prison in Lambeth, England, becoming a martyr and bringing the Irish War of Independence to internat. attention; next Mar. 1 future cardinal Terence Cooke is born in New York City, named after him. On Nov. 1 Nat. League candidate (atty. and poet) Dr. Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso (1861-1934) is elected pres. of Cuba (until 1925) over former pres. (1908-13), Liberal candidate Jose Miguel Gomez, who cries election fraud, causing the U.S. govt. to send Maj. Gen. Enoch Herbert Crowder (1859-1932) to arrange for new elections for 1921. On Nov. 1 Aeromarine West Indies Airways is founded, establishing an air service between Key West, Fla. and Havana, Cuba, becoming the first internat. air passenger-mail service in the U.S. On Nov. 2 radio station KDKA in Pittsburgh, Penn., owned by Westinghouse, and featuring announcer Frank Conrad (1874-1941) becomes the first broadcast radio station, initially carrying the Harding-Cox election returns; by 1923 there are 500+ radio stations in the U.S.; the 1920 U.S. Pres. Election, in which six past and future presidents are involved (Teddy Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, FDR) sees the Repub. Harding-Coolidge ticket after a 4-1 spending advantage with the slogan "return to normalcy" defeat the Dem. Cox-Roosevelt ticket 2-to-1, 16M (60.2%) to 9M popular votes (404 to 127 electoral votes), incl. every state outside the Solid South plus Tenn., incl. the first Repub. Vs in Ariz., N.M., and Okla.; Harding becomes the 2nd person since Garfield in 1880 to move directly from Congress to the White House (you guessed it, it happens again in 1960, and you guessed it again, he becomes a victim of the Zero-Year Pres. Curse); Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs runs for pres. from prison, and receives 915,302 votes, winning respect from non-Socialists because they think the govt. is wrong wrong wrong? On Nov. 10 the former kingdom of Austria, once the dominant power in Europe, but now in chaos and ruin, and stripped of Bohemia and Moravia receives a new democratic 1920 Austrian Constitution, and becomes a parliamentary democracy. On Nov. 11 (2nd anniv. of the Armistice) the British Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Warrior) in London is dedicated by George V. On Nov. 11 Faysal's brother, Hashemite emir (amir) Sharif Abdullah (Abdallah) Ibn Hussein (1882-1951) arrives in Ma'an, Jordan after the throne of Iraq goes to his brother Faysal rather than him, and Faysal is driven from Syria by the French, letting him take over the remnants of Faysal's Syrian kingdom left by the French and British, consisting of about 250K people, 90% Muslim. On Nov. 12 the Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia makes Fiume a free state, and Gabriele D'Annunzio's forces leave Fiume on Nov. 11; on Dec. 1 fuming D'Annunzio declares war on Italy and returns, but is forced to evacuate after Italian forces bombard Fiume on Dec. 27; he spends the rest of his life in his villa thumbing through his lit. works? On Nov. 14 the last White Army under Baron Peter Wrangel wrangles its you know what out of the Crimea; on Nov. 16 they are defeated in the final major battle of the Russian Civil War (begun Dec. 31, 1917) by Red Army forces led by gen. Vasily Konstantinovich Blucher (1889-1938), who started out as a pvt. in WWI, and becomes a field marshal in 1935; the Red Army captures Odessa. On Nov. 15 after Haller's Blue Army seizes Pomerania and enters the city in the name of Poland, the Free City of Danzig becomes autonomous under League of Nations protection (until 1939). On Nov. 15 the League of Nations tables a proposal to not increase armaments for two years after France, Poland, Romania, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay oppose it; France remains the most heavily-armed state in Europe, giving Germany a continuing grievance. In Nov. an estimated 1M people go on official strikes in the U.S. On Dec. 9 the Egyptian commission, led by German-born British statesman Sir Alfred Milner (1854-1925) pub. the Milner Commission Report, recommending independence, with certain reservations to protect British interests, especially control of the Suez Canal - get the polyp out before it turns to cancer? On Dec. 13 the U.S. Supreme (White) Court rules 8-1 in U.S. v. Wheeler that the Privileges and Immunities Clause doesn't give the federal govt. the power to prosecute kidnappers, leaving only the states with the authority to punish the violation of a person's freedom of movement, with Justice Edward Douglass White writing the soundbyte: "In all the States from the beginning down to the adoption of the Articles of Confederation the citizens thereof possessed the fundamental right, inherent in citizens of all free governments, peacefully to dwell within the limits of their respective States, to move at will from place to place therein, and to have free ingress thereto and egress therefrom, with a consequent authority in the States to forbid and punish violations of this fundamental right"; it takes until June 22, 1932 for the U.S. to pass the U.S. Federal Kidnapping Act AKA the Little Lindbergh Law. On Dec. 16 Finland joins the League of Nations. On Dec. 16 (7:05:53 p.m. local time) a 7.8 earthquake in Gansu (Kansu) Province in W China destroys 30K sq. mi. and kills 273.4K. On Dec. 22 a Christmas Radio Concert is transmitted from the Funkerberg in Konigswusterhausen, Germany, becoming the first German radio broadcast. On Dec. 24 tenor Enrico Caruso gives his last performance in La Juive at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. Italian Fascists under bean-bald Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) distinguish themselves in active combat with Communists. Otto Meissner (1880-1953) becomes pres. of the German Weimar Repub., and continues on into the Nazi era (until 1945). Bainbridge Colby (1869-1950) succeeds Robert Lansing as U.S. secy. of state (until 1921). Czech pres. (since Nov. 14, 1918) Tomas Garrigue Masaryk (1850-1937) is reelected, and again 1927 and 1934 (until Dec. 14, 1935). Chinese Gen. WuPeifu P'ei-fu (1874-1939) defeats the Anfu Party in N China. Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica sign a convention. The First Internat. Conference of Communist Women is held in St. Petersburg, chaired by Lenin's French-born comrade Inessa Armand (b. 1874), a firm believer in sexual liberation; too bad, she dies of cholera on Sept. 24. Efforts begin to open up the interior of Liberia, where dense tropical forests avg. 160 in. of rainfall a year. The huge French war losses causes concerns about depop., and a law is enacted prohibiting artificial conception and infanticide (AKA abortion), incl. their advocacy, although women are needed in the labor force now, causing firms in this decade to begin recruiting foreign labor, causing France to pass the U.S. as a destination for emigrants. Iceland continues its break with Denmark by establishing its own supreme court. The League of Nations grants the former German Solomons, incl. Bougainville to Australia as a mandate of New Guinea. Britain abolishes conscription - all wars are ended, right? Unemployment insurance is introduced in Britain and Austria. U.S. Adm. William Sowden Sims (1858-1936) pub. the Sims Report for the U.S. Senate, alleging grave errors in the management of U.S. naval operations during WWI. The Orthodox Church of Yugoslavia is founded, absorbing the former churches of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia in the single patriarchate of Serbia. Paramahansa Yogananda founds the Self-Realization Fellowship in Los Angeles, Calif. Internat. Telephone and Telegraph Co. is founded, later changing its name to ITT and getting into internat. water control and defense and involving itself in right-wing politics in the U.S., Chile, Nigeria et al.; in 1989 it sells its telcom biz to Alcatel (later Alcatel-Lucent), and changes its name to Cortelco Kellogg (later Cortelco, short for Corinth Telecommunications Corp., based in Corinth, Miss.); Lucent is really a Satanic corp.? German industrialist Hugo Stinnes (1870-1924) begins organizing a colossal trust. The Royal Inst. of Internat. Affairs (later Chatham House), a British think tank is founded in London, funded by a large donation by wealthy businessman Sir John Cecil Power, 1st Baronet (1870-1950). In this decade the Modernism Movement in art and lit. is centered in Paris; "Paris was where the twentieth century was" (Gertrude Stein). In this decade the golden age of (Harlem) Stride Piano in jazz (an evolution of ragtime) begins in New York City (ends 1943), dominated by the "big three" of black pianists Thomas Wright "Fats" Waller (1904-43), William Henry Joseph Bonaparte Bertholoff "Willie the Lion" Smith (1893-1973), and James Price "Jimmy" Johnson (1894-1955). In this decade (1918-29?) the Harlem Renaissance (New Negro Movement) of African-Am. writers in Harlem, Manhattan, N.Y. begins, led by Alain LeRoy Locke (1886-1954) (the Dean) (first African-Am. Rhodes scholar, 1907), James Mercer Langston Hughes (1902-67), Arna Wendell "Arna" Bontemps (1902-73), Countee Cullen (1903-46), Jessie Redmon Fauset (1882-1961), Alice Ruth Moore Dunbar Nelson (1875-1935) et al. In 1928 Countee Cullen marries the daughter of W.E.B. Du Bois. In this decade Western Swing originates in small towns in SW U.S., influenced by Dixieland jazz, featuring the steel guitar. In this decade the Mexican Mural Renaissance begins (ends 1960), led by the "big three muralists" Diego Rivera (1886-1957), Jose Clemente Orozco (1883-1949), and JDavid (Jose de Jesus) Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974), producing works of social realism after studying art at the San Carlos Academy in Mexico City (founded 1781). So Mexico began developing its own art sans all that Catholic Disneyland-in-every-church B.S. that used to hypnotize Indios. In fact, many if not most of the intelligentsia not only chucked Catholicism but became godless Communism. Too bad, this only made it easier for the rabidly anti-Commie U.S. Yankee govt. to justify stopping the U.S.-Mexico border up. In this decade the first Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) units begin to operate in Britain to supervise police investigations, spurred by Sherlock Holmes stories incl. "The Boscombe Valley Mystery". In this decade Rancho Mirage, Calif. near Palm Springs, former home of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians is first settled, going on to become a fun-in-the-sun location for the wealthy, with 12 golf courses incl. Thunderbird Guest Ranch (opened 1946). In this decade the Reuben Sandwich is invented by Lithuanian-born grocer Reuben Kulakofsky in Omaha, Neb., first gaining fame when Blackstone Hotel owner Charles Schimmel puts it on his lunch menu, and a former hotel employee wins a nat. contest with the recipe; Omaha later proclaims Mar. 14 as Reuben Sandwich Day. The Engineers' Case in Australia gives the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Court authority to regulate labor conditions for state employees. Swiss-born Am. composer Ernest Bloch (1880-1959) founds the Cleveland Inst. of Music in Ohio. Denver, Colo. U.S. Mint worker Orville Harrington is caught stealing an estimated $80K in 7 in. gold bars by secreting them in his hollow wooden leg; he gets 10 years at Leavenworth, Kan. The Atlanta, Ga. public relations firm Southern Publicity Assoc., owned by Edward Clarke and Mrs. Elizabeth Tyler signs a deal with the Ku Klux Klan to keep $8 of the $10 initiation fee for signing up new members, and soon divides the U.S. into provinces, sending out a sales force of 1.1K "Kleagles"; within 16 mo. they clear $212K in net profit. Lithuanian-born anarchist brain woman Emma Goldman (1869-1940) spends the decade as a Wandering Jew, getting deported from the U.S. late last year, moving to the Soviet Union, becoming an admirer of the Soviet regime for awhile, then waking up and speaking out and getting expelled in 1921, then moving to Britain and marrying Welsh anarchist miner James Colton (1860-1936) in 1925 to become a British subject, then traveling to Spain in 1936 for the Spanish Civil War, and finally ending up in Canada, the U.S. allowing her body to be buried in the U.S. - I want to be one less statistic? The Dem. Party selects its first Senate leader, Ala. Sen. (1915-27) Oscar Wilder Underwood (1862-1929) (until 1923); after Henry Cabot Lodge becomes the unofficial Repub. Senate leader, in 1925, Kan. Sen. (1907-13, 1915-29) Charles Curtis (1860-1936) becomes the first official Repub. Senate leader (until 1929). About this time HIV gains its first toehold in Kanshasa, Congo; the DRC gains independence from Belgium in 1960, it spreads to S Africa; the disease is not reported until 1981; the virus is officially discovered in 1983. After tens of thousands of French colonists emigrate to Morocco, and begin buying agricultural land and modernizing mines and harbors, stirring nationalist resentment, the Second Moroccan (Rif) War (ends 1927) begins between Spain (later France) and the Berbers of the Rif Mts. in N Morocco led by Abd el-Krim (Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi) (1882-1963), who wins the early battles using guerrilla tactics and captured weapons, but is eventually overwhelmed and surrenders in 1926 and is exiled; his guerrilla warfare tactics later influence Mao Tse-tung, Ho Chi Minh, and Che Guevara. In this decade Alvin "Shipwreck" Kelly (1893-1952) of the U.S. becomes famous as a flagpole sitter; in the summer of 1930 he spends seven weeks on top of a flagpole at Atlantic City's Steel Pier. The Royal Northwest Mounted Police and Dominion Police are combined into the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) (Mounties). The U.S. Bureau of Prohibition is established by the Bureau of Internal Revenue; on Apr. 1, 1927 it becomes the independent Bureau of Prohibition within the U.S. Dept. of Treasury; the most famous Prohibition Agent ("prohi") is Eliot Ness (1903-57), who joins in 1927. Rapid transit is extended to Coney Island, making it available to every New Yorker. Oil fields in Osage County, Okla. in NE Okla. begin spectacular production, with members of the Osage Nation receiving lucrative royalties, becoming among the richest people in the U.S.; too bad, this attracts the sharks, causing the U.S. Congress to pass a law in 1921 requiring all Osage tribe members to have a court-appointed guardian until they can prove they are "competent", incl. minors with parents; too bad, many guardians become sharks too, and in 1921-5 the Osage Indian Murders in Osage County see 60+ wealthy Osage Indians murdered, with most never prosecuted, with the prominent exception of Greenville, Tex.-born "King of the Osage Hills" cattleman William King "Bill" Hale (1874-1962) 30+ people for their oil rights, and convicted in 1929 of only one; in 2000 the Osage Nation sues the U.S. Dept. of the Inferior, er, Interior for mismanagement of their assets and non-payment of royalties, and in 2011 the suit is settled for $380M plus promises to improve program mgt. Oxford U. grants its first degrees to women. Birbeck College of London U. in London, England is founded from the London Mechanics' Inst. (founded 1823) to give part-time tuition to working adults. Canadian history journal The Beaver is founded; in 2010 after getting tired of being hit by porno junkies and blocked by spam filters, it changes its name to Canada's History. In this decade writers and artists begin flocking to the French Quarter of New Orleans, La., "the most civilized city in America" (Sherwood Anderson), where liquor flows freely despite Prohibition, jazz and hos party on, and Exchange Alley is a flocking place for male gays, incl. Tennessee Williams. After Arab riots, the Zionist Jewish Haganah (Heb. "the defense") paramilitary org. is founded in Palestine (until 1948), growing to 160K members, plus a 6K-member unit called the Palmach; actually there was an underground Haganah in Palestine since Ottoman times; in 1931 the most radical elements led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky (Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky) (1880-1940) split off and form the Irgun Tsva'i-Leumi (Heb. "Nat. Military Org.") (AKA Etzel), followed in 1940 by the 200-300 member hardcore Lehi (Stern) Gang. The Red Crescent Muslim charit,y modeled after the Internat. Red Cross is founded in Detroit, Mich.; the Indian Red Cross Society is founded in Delhi, India. Keep a stiff hairless upper lip? In this decade Urdu-speaking Mawlana Muhammad Ilyas (1885-1944) founds the Tablighi Jamaat ("proselytizing group") in Delhi, India to combat "distortions" of Islam caused by Hinduism, and it eventually expands into a global army of identically-dressed bearded Muslim missionaries who teach emulation of the weird habits of Prophet Muhammad, such as sleeping on the side and never on the stomach, entering a bathroom leading with the left foot, putting on pants leading with the right foot, eating with index, middle finger, and thumb and never a fork, wearing pants or robes halfway between the knee and ankle, and letting the beard grow while shaving the upper lip; terrorists such as Zacarias Moussaoui and Djamel Beghal eventually come out of it; each Nov. it holds the yearly 3-day Tablighi Jamaat Gathering in Raiwind, Lahore, Pakistan, which becomes #2 to the Hajj in drawing Muslims, drawing an attendance of 1M by the end of the cent. In this decade Boston, Mass. gets so serious about book censorship that the phrase "banned in Boston" enters the Am. language. The East Boston Immigration Station in Mass. opens, becoming the Ellis Island of Boston, processing 23K immigrants by 1954. The annual Hendon Pageant airshow by the RAF is founded at Hendon Aerodrome in Middlesex, London (until 1937). The Knox-King-Pye Board at the U.S. Naval War College, led by retired Capt. (later commodore) Dudley Wright Knox (1877-1960), Ernest J. King, and William S. Pye examines prof. military education, producing a report with recommendations, incl. systematic postgraduate education for officers. The Algonquin School (Canadian Group of Seven) of Canadian landscape painters is founded (until 1933), incl. J.E.H. (James Edward Hervey) MacDonald (1873-1932), Frederick Horsman "Fred" Varley (1881-1969), A.Y. (Alexander Young) Jackson (1882-1974), Arthur Lismer (1885-1969), Lawren Stewart Harris (1885-1970), Frank Johnston (1888-1949), and Franklin Carmichael (1890-1945), emphasizing direct contact with Nature, becoming the first major Canadian art movement; in 1933 it is succeeded by the 28-member Canadian Group of Painters. In this decade French fashion designer Madeleine Vionnet (1876-1975) becomes a hit by throwing away the upholstered look with bustles and petticoats and going Greek, with flowing feminine clothing incl. the chiffon handkerchief dress, cowl neck and halter top, introducing the bias cut, which cuts the cloth (incl. crepe de chine, gabardine and satin) diagonally to the grain so that it clings and moves with the body and creates a sleek body-slimming look; she continues on big into the 1930s, and only WWII shuts her down in 1939. The U. of New Haven (originally New Haven YMCA Junior College) is founded in New Haven, Conn. as a branch of Northeastern U., starting out sharing facilities with Yale U.; in 1926 it is chartered as New Haven College; in 1970 it receives it current name, becoming known for its undergrad engineering program. The Royal British Legion (RBL) is founded by fired gen. Sir Frederick Barton Maurice (1871-1951) for those in the British armed forces. Niels Bohr becomes dir. of the new Inst. of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, Denmark. Am. mining magnate William Boyce Thompson (1869-1930) establishes the Boyce Thompson Inst. for Plant Research at Cornell U., with a $10M endowment. The Lucis Trust (originally Lucifer?) is founded in New York City by Manchester, England-born Theosophist Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949) to pub. spiritualist and esoteric books; in 1932 it founds the World Goodwill Group, which obtains recognition as a non-govt. org. (NGO) by the U.N., causing conspiracy theorists to accuse the latter of Satanic New Age connections; members incl. David Rockefeller, Henry Kissinger, Paul Volcker, and George Schultz? The Tavistock Inst. of Human Reloations (originally the Tavistock Clinic of mind-control pshrinks) is founded in London, England for the British elite to plot, plot, plot, plot, plot, plot, going on to found the journal Human Relations in 1947; are they behind the Illuminati/New Age Aquarian Conspiracy to destroy Western Christian culture by promoting sex, drugs, and rock & roll, leading to the woke movement?; The Tavistock Mind Control Matrix (video). English-born comedian Bob Hope (b. 1903) becomes a U.S. citizen. Humphrey Bogart becomes mgr. of the touring play "The Ruined Lady" for $50 a week, and out of boredom gets one line to speak, causing him to want to become an actor, becoming known for rumors of well-endowed sexual equipment. After claiming contact by Helena Blavatsky's guru Master Morya, St. Petersburg-born Russian Theosophist Nicholas Roerich (Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh) (1874-1947) and his wife Helena Ivanovna Roerich (1879-1955) found the Agni (Sans. "Fire") Yoga shool of occult thinking in Mar., and pub. a series of books. Max Liebermann (1847-1935) is elected pres. of the Prussian Academy of Arts. Visitors to the Dadaist Art exhibition in Cologne are allowed to smash paintings. Future Am. playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955) leaves Vanity Fair (since 1919) to become an ed. with Life mag. (until 1928). Scofield Thayer (1889-1982) refounds the 1840s Transcendentalist mag. The Dial as a lit. mag. (until 1929), which goes on to pub. most important U.S.-Euro poems in the 1920s. Italian tenor Beniamino Gigli (1890-1957) makes his debut on Nov. 26 as Mefistofele at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (until 1932), going on to become known as the "second Caruso". Ga.-born Roland Hayes (1887-1977) makes his London debut at Aeolian Hall, followed by a tour of Europe, becoming the first African-Am. male concert artist to receive internat. and U.S. acclaim. 18-y.-o. Brazilian soprano Bidu Sayao (Bidú Sayão) (1902-99) makes her debut in Rio de Janeiro, going on to become one of the leading coloratura sopranos in Europe. In this decade with a klutz like Warren Harden or Calvin Coolidge and his wife Grace Anna Goodhue to turn them off to politics and home life, U.S. women incl.New Yorker columnist Lois Long come out of the boring parlors to enjoy cars, airplanes, radios, movies, and clubs, starting the Flapper style with bobbed hair and lipstick, short pants and dresses, driving cars, smoking cigs and having extramarital sex, esp. oral; female fashions in the U.S. and Britain feature straight dresses with no waistline, and skirts above the knees, along with cloche hats - those lipsticked lips holding a lit fag give men a woody and those cloche hats make them think about ringing their bell with a French kiss? White copycats take American jazz white and right in this decade, and the blacks even try to copy them? In this decade Skiffle, jazz played with homemade instruments incl. washboard, jugs, musical saw, kazoos et al. begins to be recorded in Chicago, Ill. Cricklewood Studios is founded in Cricklewood, London, England from a converted airplane factory by Australian-born Sir Oswald Stoll (1866-1942) for his cos. Stoll Pictures (founded Apr. 1918) and Surbiton Studios (founded 1918), becoming the largest film studio in Britain until ?, hiring dir. Maurice Elvey and producing "The Four Feathers" (1921) along with Fu Manchu and Sherlock Holmes film series; it closes in 1938. After WWI keeps him from doing it, British archeologist Lt. Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett (1867-1925) travels to the Mato Grosso region of Brazil in search of the Lost City of Z, and gives up after catching a fever and shooting his pack animal; a 2nd expedition in 1925 with his son Jack and Raleigh Rimell ends in failure after they disappear in the jungle. German dancer-choreographer Mary Wigman (1886-1973) founds Dresden Central School in Germany, taking modern dance to the limits, incl. the Witch Dance, receiving praise from the German govt. until the Nazis come to power and shut her down. The town of Anoka, Minn. holds one of the first Halloween parades, causing it to call itself "Halloween Capital of the World". A naturalist movement in poetry is launched in Korea by Yom Sang-sop (1897-1963) et al. The Beau Nash Picture House cinema in Bath is built, named for the spa town's famous 18th cent. MC Richard "Beau" Nash (1674-1761). In this decade Chinese artist Huang Erhnan paints on silk cloth using his tongue as a brush - popular with women? In this decade the Finnish custom of delivering babies in saunas dies out. In this decade Leaf Confectionary Co. is founded in Chicago, Ill. by Sol S. Leaf, introducing Rainblo Bubble Gum in 1940; in 1947 it merges with Overland Candy Co., Leaf Machinery, and Chicago Biscuit Co. to form Leaf Brands, issuing the first post-WWII color baseball cards in 1948; in 1949 it reintroduces Whoppers Malted Milk Balls, which is sold in 1960 to W.R. Grace and Co., who sells it back in 1976; in 1983 Leaf acquires Jolly Rancher before being acquired by the conglomerate Huhtamaki (Huhtamäki) Oyj of Helsinki, Finland (founded 1920), who merges it with Phoenix Candy and Irving, Tex.-based Donruss trading card div. of Gen. Mills (founded 1954); in 1986 Phoenix Candy is sold to Kouri Capital of Finland, which becomes Phoenix Confections; in 1988 it acquires Payday and ZERO bars from Sara Lee, followed in 1989 by Heath bars; in 1996 it becomes the 4th largest candy manufacturer in the U.S.; in 1996 it is acquired by Hershey Co.; on Feb. 15, 2012 it merges with Cloetta of Sweden, dropping the Leaf name. The weekly Time and Tide mag., founded by Welsh suffragette Sybil Margaret Thomas, 1st Viscountess Rhondda (1857-1941) begins pub. in Britain (until 1977), starting out on the left and gradually moving to the right as she does. French artist Marcel Duchamp begins making abstract movies. After dropping out of law school, New York City-born librettist Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II (1895-1960) (grandson of New York City impresario Oscar Hammerstein I) debuts his first musical Always You on Broadway, going on to become a producer and co-write 850 songs in collaboration with Jerome Kern, Vincent Youmans, Rudolf Friml, Richard A. Whiting, Sigmund Romberg, and Richard Rodgers in musicals incl. "Oklahoma!", "Carousel", "South Pacific", "The King and I", and "The Sound of Music". Mazda (named after Persian god Ahura Mazda) (called Matsuda in Japan) (originally Toyo Cork Kogyo Co. Ltd.) is founded in Hiroshima, Japan by Jujiro Matsuda (1875-1962) to produce machine tools; in 1927 it becomes Toyo Kogyo Co.; in 1931 they introduce their first vehicle, the Mazda-Go (Mazdago) 3-wheeled motorcycle-truck (autorickshaw), going on to develop the Wankel rotary engine, producing the Cosmo Sport in 1967-95; in 1984 they officially adopt the Mazda name. The Oh Henry! candy bar, consisting of peanuts, carmel, and fudge coated in chocolate is introduced by the Williamson Candy Co. of Chicago, Ill., allegedly named after Am. writer O. Henry, or a boy who liked to flirt with girls, but really invented last year by Tom Henry of Arkansas City, Kan., who sold-out; in 1994 it is acquired by Nestle. The ZERO (originally Double Zero, as in cool) candy bar, made of caramel, peanut, and almond nougat covered with white chocolate fudge is introduced by Hollywood Candy Co. (Brands) of Hollywood, Minn. (founded 1912), who build a factory in Centralia, Ill.; in 1967 they are acquired to Consolidated Foods Corp. (Sara Lee), followed in 1988 by Leaf Inc., which in 1996 is acquired by Hershey Foods Corp. The De Havilland Aircraft Co. Ltd. is founded in London, England by Sir Geoffrey de Havilland (1882-1965) (cousin of Hollywood actresses Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine), going on to manufacture the 2-seat De Havilland DH.60 Moth biplane (first flight Feb. 22, 1925), which becomes the std. airplane for British recreation, and the De Havilland DH.83 Fox Moth 3-passenger biplane (first flight Jan. 29, 1932). Cole Haan (originally Cole, Rood and Hahn) high-end men's and women's footwear manufacturing co. is founded in Chicago, Ill. by Trafton Cole and Eddie Haan. Johannes "Hans" Riegel Sr. (1893-1945) founds the Haribo Co. in Bonn, Germany to manufacture Gummy Bears, introducing the Dancing Bear (Tanzbar) in 1922, followed by the Gold Bear (Goldbar), expanding sales worldwide. Mosfilm movie studio is founded in Moscow, becoming the first in Russia, growing into the largest in Europe. Sports: On Jan. 31 Maurice Joseph "Phantom Joe" Malone (1890-1969) sets an NHL record of seven goals in a single game (until ?); he ends his 15-season career after the 1924 season with 343 goals, averaging 2 goals per game. In Jan. Prohibition begins in the U.S (until Dec. 1933), causing bowling alleys to dissociate from saloons, turning bowling into a family game and encouraging the growth of women bowlers, with the membership of the Women's Nat. Bowling Assoc. (WNBA) reaching 10K in 1927. On Feb. 14 the Negro Nat. League is formed for African-Am. baseball players by Andrew 'Rube' Foster (1879-1930), reaching 24 teams before closing in 1931. On Mar. 22-Apr. 1 the 1920 Stanley Cup Finals see the Ottawa Senators of the NHl defeat the Seattle Metropolitans of the PCHA 3-2, becoming the last Finals appearance by a West Coast U.S.-based team until 1993; the Ottawa Senators become the first NHL dynasty in 1920-27. On May 31 the 1920 (8th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Swiss-born Gaston Chevrolet (1892-1920) after leader Ralph De Palma's car stalls on lap 187, allowing him to gain the lead, and he runs out of fuel on lap 197 but coasts to the pits and refuels, becoming the first driver in Indy history to win without making a tire change, ending the dominance of Euro-built cars in his Frontenac; too bad, he is killed in an automobile crash in Beverly Hills on Nov. 25. On Sept. 17 the Am. Prof. Football Assoc. is founded at Ralph Hay's Hupmobile dealership in Canton, Ohio, with James Francis "Jim" Thorpe (1888-1953) as pres. #1; in 1922 it is renamed the Nat. Football League (NFL); the 13 initial teams incl. the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Dayton Triangles, and Decatur Staleys; the 8-3 Akron Pros defeat the 10-1 Decatur Staleys for the league title; player season salaries are $1.9K; after the season ends, Staleys coach George "Papa Bear" Halas (1895-1983) buys the team from A.J. Staley for $5K, moves to Chicago, Ill., and after another season renames them the Chicago Bears because they play on the Chicago Cubs' Wrigley Field, and bears are grown-up cubs; avg. NFL game attendance is 5K. The N.Y. Walker Law is passed by the New York State Legislature to regulate prof. boxing, relegalizing it after the repeal of the Frawley Act in 1917, creating the New York State Athletic Commission, with rules incl. 15 rounds max., no head butting, and a physician required to be in attendance. "Gorgeous" George Harold Sisler (1893-1973) of the St. Louis Browns (later the Baltimore Orioles) ends the season with 257 hits (.407), setting a record that takes Ichiro Suzuki until 2004 to break (262 hits), and in 159 vs. 162 games. Doubleday Field, the site of the original baseball field in Cooperstown, N.Y. is dedicated as a permanent memorial. The Lively (Live) Ball Era in U.S. ML baseball begins after a new "lively" ball is introduced, causing offensive stats to rise dramatically; actually, the ball is the same, but rule changes favor the batter, incl. using new balls at the first sign of wear and eliminating the spitball? Mexican aerialist Alfredo Codona (1893-1937) of the Flying Codonas becomes the first to perfect the triple somersault. Theatrical player William Tatem "Big Bill" Tilden II (1893-1953) begins dominating the Wimbledon tennis singles title (until 1925). The first 1.5 mi. Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe Thoroughbred horserace, most prestigious in Europe is hosted at Longchamp Racecourse in Paris; it becomes the 2nd richest turf horserace after the Japan Cup (founded 1981); "Not so much a race as a monument" (slogan). The sport of Water Skiing is invented on Lake Annecy, Haute Savoie, France. Architecture: On May 8 the first truss of Hangar No. 1 at the Naval Air Engineering Station in Lakehurst, Ocean County, N.J. (for dirigibles) is built, becoming known for the May 6, 1937 Hindenburg diaster. On Sept. 30 the Times Square Theatre at 217 West 42nd St. in Manhattan, N.Y. E of the Lyric Theatre (cap. 1,032) opens, with Florence Reed starring in "The Mirage"; on Nov. 17 the Apollo Theatre at 223 West 42nd St. in Manhattan opens, sharing its facade with the Times Square Theatre, debuting the Ira and George Gershwin musical Strike Up the Band on Jan. 14 (191 perf.), and George White's Scandals before turning into a movie theater until the late 1970s; in 1990 the New 42nd Street org. merges it into the new Ford Center, later called the Lyric Theatre. Hamilton Airport in Milwaukee, Wisc. is founded; on Mar. 17, 1941 it is renamed to Gen. Mitchell Field after USAF Brig. Ben. William "Billy" Mitchell. The 1.3K-ft. Tatlin's Tower (Monument to the Third Internat.) is designed by Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin (1885-1953) to dwarf the Eiffel Tower, consisting of twin spirals within which a cube, a pyramid, and a cylinder rotate at different rates (once a year/month/day); too bad, the cost is too high and it is never built. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Leon Bourgeois (1851-1925) (France); Lit.: Knut Hamsun (1859-1952) (Norway); Physics: Charles Edouard Guillaume (1861-1938) (Switzerland); Chem.: Walther Hermann Nernst (1864-1941) (Germany) [Third Law of Thermodynamics]; Medicine: Schack August Steenberg Krogh (1874-1949) (Denmark) [capillary regulation in skeletal muscle]. Inventions: In this decade the Fruehauf Trailer Co. of Detroit, Mich. (founded 1918) introduces the first refrigerated trailers, using ice and salt. Dornier of Germany develops the single-engine all-metal high-wing monoplane Dornier Delphin I commercial flying boat (first flight 1920), the Dornier Komet (Mercur) flying boat (first flight 1921), and the twin engine Donier Do J (Do 16) Wal (Whale) flying boat (first flight Nov. 6, 1922). Air-Way Sanitizor of Toledo, Ohio begins marketing the first vacuum cleaner with a "filter fiber" disposable bag. Band-Aid brand adhesive bandages are invented by Earle Dickson (1892-1961), a cotton buyer at Johnson & Johnson after his wife cuts her finger and puts crinoline (woven horse hair and linen or cotton thread) on some gauze before sticking it to tape; they are first marketed in 1924 in 3 in. x 18 in. rolls. Frederick Samuel Duesenberg (1876-1932) and August Samuel Duesenberg (1879-1955) introduce the first production straight 8-cylinder engine and hydraulic front brakes on their new Duesenberg Model A (Straight Eight) (1921-6), made in Indianapolis, Ind., which next year becomes the first U.S.-made car to win the Grand Prix at Le Mans, France, beating the entire field by 14 min.; on Oct. 26, 1926 Chicago financier Errett Lobban "E.L." Cord (1894-1974) buys them out, allowing the Duesenberg brothers to stay on, and in 1928-37 they produce the Duesenberg Model J, with supercharger option in 1932, becoming the most luxurious and best-engineered automobile of the time, which is later prized by collectors; Cord takes the co. over completely in 1933, makes the cover of the Apr. 23, 1934 Time mag., and buys the Stinson Aircraft Corp. and Century Airlines before facing bankruptcy and diddling with the stock and being forced by the SEC to sell his shares in 1936, causing production to end in 1937. Russian physicist Leon Theremin (Lev Sergeyevich Termen) (1896-1993) invents the Theremin electronic musical instrument in Oct., later used for outer space effects in movies; Lenin loves it so much he sends him on a world tour to demonstrate Soviet superiority, allowing him to patent it in the U.S. in 1928. The Air-Way Sanitizer Co. in Toledo, Ohio offers the first disposable vacuum cleaner "filter fiber" bag. In this decade the Gibson Cocktail (a martini with a pickled onion instead of olive) is invented by U.S. ambassador Hugh Simons Gibbon (1883-1954) in London to get around Prohibition - maybe not, but it makes a good story? German Jewish chemist Fritz Haber invents Zyklon B (Ger. "Cyclone") cyanide-based insecticide; in 1929 the U.S. begins using it to disinfect freight trains and clothes of Mexican immigrants; its use in German concentration camps brings suspicions of mass murder. Sebastian Hinton of Chicago, Ill. patents the Jungle Gym for children's playgrounds. Kimberly-Clark Co. begins marketing Kotex (cotton + texture) sanitary napkins in a hospital blue box, 12 for 60 cents; they are made of leftover cellucotton (wood fibers) from WWI bandages (invented in 1917); prudishness causes the product to er, swim against the tide until Montgomery Ward begins advertising them in its 1926 catalog, reaching $11M sales in 1927 in 57 countries; it becomes one of the first self-service items in Am. retailing after it is strategically placed on countertops with a special payment box so that the woman doesn't have to ask a clerk for it and touch hands; Tampax appears in 1936; belts are needed until the 1970 introduction of Stayfree by Personal Products Co. and New Freedom Pads by Kimberly-Clark. Peter Pan Peanut Butter is introduced by Swift & Co.'s Derby Foods subsidiary under the name E.K. Pond (until 1928), packaged in a tin can with a turn key and reclosable lid, which is changed to glass jars during WWII, and plastic jars in 1988 (first peanut butter brand to be sold in plastic jars). Am. inventor Arthur H. Pitney (1871-1933) and English-born entrepeneur Walter Bowes (1882-1957) invent the Model M Postage Meter, which the U.S. Postal Service approves on Nov. 16. J.C. Shaw develops a servomechanism for a milling machine using a sensing device. Former Carl Zeiss Co. employee Royal Raymond Rife (1888-1971) of the U.S. invents the first microscope for viewing viruses; unlike electron microscopes, it doesn't kill them; too bad, it later turns out that he is only viewing bacilli; also too bad, he goes on to claim that viruses cause cancer, that the cure is RF energy of the "Mortal Oscillatory Rate", usually 10K-100K, and builds a Beam Ray Machine for his cancer clinic, causing the AMA to get his medical license revoked; the 1980 book The Cancer Cure That Worked by Barry Lynes attempts to rehabilitate him. Retired U.S. Army officer John Taliaferro Thompson (1860-1940), who has been working since WWI to develop a "trench broom" finally patents the .45-cal. Thompson Submachine Gun (Tommy Gun), and since the Great War is over he begins marketing it to law enforcement agencies, meaning that the criminals get all they want; after gangs adopt it, it becomes known as the Chicago Typewriter. A tapeworm pill to control weight is sold in this decade. Science: In this decade Am. geneticist Clarence Cook "C.C." Little (1888-1971) of Harvard U. pioneers the use of lab mice for cancer research, founding the Jackson Laboratory in 1929 to sell them to researchers, and getting them named as the official animal model in the 1973 U.S. Nat. Cancer Inst. Act. In this decade after he got the idea that variations in the Earth's orbit could have a major effect on the climate, and found that solar flux in July at 65 deg. N lat. can vary by as much as 25%, Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovic (Milankovitch) (1879-1958) proposes Milankovitch Cycles to explain long-term climate changes by the position of the Earth vis a vis the Sun, namely that during an ice age there will be more or less ice depending on these orbital cycles, but if the Earth is too warm, they basically won't do anything in terms of growing ice. On Apr. 26 the Shapley-Curtis (Great) Debate rocks the learned halls with an argument over the size of the Universe, with Heber Doust Curtis (1872-1942) curtly claiming that the Sun is at the center of the Milky Way, and Shapley shapily claiming that it's in a nondescript location; too bad, Harlow goes too far and claims that globular clusters and spiral nebulae are also inside the Milky Way; in the 1920s German astronomer Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius "Max" Wolf (1863-1932) studies the Milky Way, proving the existence of clouds of dark matter, and showing that spiral and gaseous nebulae have different absoption spectra - like Romulus and Remus suckling on wolf milk? Here's why you should buy a Toyota right now? German top funky mathematician David Hilbert (1862-1943) proposes Hilbert's Program, an attempt to prove that all of mathematics follows from a finite set of axioms, and is consistent; too bad, Kurt Godel blows the program out of the water in 1931 with his Incompleteness Theorem. Polish mathematician Stefan Banach (1892-1945) introduces the concept of Banach Space, founding modern Functional Analysis. Am. mathematician Edward Kasner (1878-1955) coins the word "Google" to mean 1 followed by 100 zeroes (ten duotrigintillion); the name was thought up his 9-y.-o. nephew Milton Sirotta (1911-81). Polish mathematician Jan Lukasiewicz (1878-1956) invents Polish (Lukasiewicz) (Warsaw) (Prefix) Notation, which dispenses with parentheses and places operators before operands to make for unambiguous parsing, becoming popular with computer scientists, who use it with a last-in first-out recursive stack computer memory. Amala (-1921) and Kamala (-1929) the Wolf Girls are found in a wolf den in India by Rev. Joseph Amrito Lal Singh in Godamuri, Midnapore (W of Calcutta), who raises them in his orphanage like wild wolves in a cage, where they walk on all fours and eat raw meat from a bowl on the ground, howling at night - hey man can't you see I'm doing an interview with Geraldo? Carl Ulrich Franz Mannich (1877-1947) and Helene Lowenheim (Löwenheim) of Germany first synthesize Hydrocodone; it is approved by the FDA for sale on Mar. 23, 1943; since it is 6x (VI) as strong as codeine, it is later marketed under the trade name Vicodin. On Apr. 26 the Shapley-Curtis Debate rocks the learned halls with an argument over the size of the Universe, with Heber Doust Curtis (1872-1942) curtly claiming that the Sun is at the center of the Milky Way, and Harlow Shapley (1885-1972) shapily claiming that it's in a nondescript location; too bad, Harlow goes too far and claims that globular clusters and spiral nebulae are also inside the Milky Way; meanwhile in this decade John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) and his asst. Rosalie Rayner perform the Little Albert Experiment, which uses classical conditioning to make a young boy afraid of white rats. Am. psychologist Edward Lee "Ted" Thorndike (1874-1949) pub. the article A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings, describing the Halo Effect, when someone's shine colors your opinion of them. German astronomer Max Wolf (1863-1932) studies the Milky Way, proving the existence of clouds of dark matter, and showing that spiral and gaseous nebulae have different absoption spectra - like Romulus and Remus suckling on wolf milk? In this decade Austrian meteorologist Heinrich von Ficker (1881-1957) stresses the importance of the stratosphere in weather phenomena. Am. astronomer Francis Gladheim Pease (1881-1938) of Mt. Wilson Observatory becomes the first to use an interferometer to measure the diam. of a star, Betelgeuse, the big red magnitude-1 star in Orion, which varies from 180M-260M mi. diam. (0.047 arc-sec.). The Raschig-Hooker Process to produce phenol by chlorination of benzene using hydrogen chloride is developed by German chemist Friedrich August Fritz Raschig (1863-1928) and ? Hooker. English scientist Ernest Rutherford names the proton after scientist William Prout (1785-1850). Zurich-born Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922), nicknamed "Kleck" (inkblot) for his interest in art invents the Rorschach Inkblot Test, based on a series of 10 inkblot plates. German chemist Hermann Staudinger (1881-1965) discovers polymerization of small molecules into plastics (polymers), and coins the term "macromolecule", going on to pub. 700+ papers in this field by 1950 - macromind? In this decade French-Russian surgeon Serge Voronoff (1866-1951) experiments with induced rejuvenation using xenotransplants between animals and humans, grafting monkey testicle tissue onto the testicles of hopeful men - is his assistant's name Igor? Nonfiction: Alfred Adler (1870-1937), The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology. Samuel Alexander (1859-1938), Space, Time and Deity; emergent quality and emergent evolution; "Space-Time, the universe in its primordial form, is the stuff out of which all existents are made"; "For Time makes Space distinct and Space makes Time distinct... Space or Time may be regarded as supplying the element of diversity to the element of identity supplied by the other." Hermann Bahr (1863-1934), Burgtheater. Jacques Bainville (1879-1936), Les Consequences Politques de la Paix (Political Consequences of Peace); answer to John Maynard Keynes' views on the Treaty of Versailles; the German trans. is used as evidence that France wants to destroy Germany. Ardern Arthur Hulme Beaman, The Squadroon (autobio.); the legend of the wild deserters who live in No Man's Land, which "was peopled with wild men, British, French, Australian, German deserters, who lived there underground, like ghouls among the mouldering dead, and who came out at nights to plunder and to kill. In the night, an officer told him, mingled with the snarling of carrion dogs, they often heard inhuman cries and rifle shots coming from that awful wilderness as though the bestial denizens were fighting among themselves." Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), Herbert Beerbohm Tree: Some Memories of Him and His Art; And Even Now. Friedrich von Bernhardi, On the War of the Future in the Light of the Lessons of the First World War (Vom Kriege der Zukunft, nach den Erfahrungen des Weltkrieges). Count von Bernstorff (1862-1939), My Three Years in America. Paul Eugen Bleuler, Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Edward William Bok (1863-1930), The Americanization of Edward Bok: The Autobiography of a Dutch Boy Fifty Years After (Pulitzer Prize); bestseller by Dutch-born "Ladies' Home Journal" ed. (1889-1919), who coined the term "living room". Jules Bordet (1870-), Traite de l'Immunite dans les Maladies Infectieuses. Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923), Implication and Linear Inference. Leon Bourgeois (1851-1925), Le Pacte de 1919 et la Societe des Nations; Le Traite de Versailles. Andre Breton (1896-1966) and Philippe Soupault (1897-1990), Les Champs magnetiques (magnétiques); first work of literary Surrealism, using an automatic writing technique; "It was the end of sorrow lies. The rail stations were dead, flowing like bees stung from honeysuckle. The people hung back and watched the ocean, animals flew in and out of focus. The time had come. Yet king dogs never grow old – they stay young and fit, and someday they might come to the beach and have a few drinks, a few laughs, and get on with it. But not now. The time had come; we all knew it. But who would go first?" Capt. D.G. Browne, The Tank in Action (London). Sir E.A. Wallis Budge (1857-1934), An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary; By Nile and Tigris (autobio.). Jose Capablanca (1888-1942), My Chess Career (autobio.). Gustav Cassel (1866-1945), Memorandum on the World's Monetary Problems; promoted by the League of Nations at the Internat. Finance Conference in Brussels, proposing the idea of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), making a fan of John Maynard Keynes. G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936), The New Jerusalem; "[Islam] was content with the idea that it had a great truth; as indeed it had a colossal truth. It was so huge a truth that it was hard to see it was a half-truth"; "The highest message of Mahomet is a piece of divine tautology. The very cry that God is God is a repetition of words, like the repetitions of wide sands and rolling skies. The very phrase is like an everlasting echo, that can never cease to say the same sacred word." Lionel Curtis (1872-1955), Dyarchy; influences the 1919 Govt. of India Act. Clarence Day (1874-1935), This Simian World; on the origins of Homo sapiens; makes him an instant celeb. Hans Delbruck (1848-1929), History of Warfare in the Framework of Political History (3rd ed.) (4 vols.). William Edward Dodd (1869-1940), Woodrow Wilson and His Work; highly pro-Wilson and pro-Progressivism. Charles Montagu Doughty (1843-1926), Mansoul; or The Riddle of the World. W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963), Darkwater. Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944), Space, Time, and Gravitation: An Outline of the General Relativity Theory; proposes that stellar energy is liberated by nuclear fusion in the formation of helium from hydrogen. Charles L. Edson, The Gentle Art of Columning. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism; incl. "Hamlet and His Problems"; "These minds often find in Hamlet a vicarious existence for their own artistic realization. Such a mind had Goethe, who made of Hamlet a Werther; and such had Coleridge, who made of Hamlet a Coleridge; and probably neither of these men in writing about Hamlet remembered that his first business was to study a work of art." Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846-1926), Socialism: An Analysis. Millicent Fawcett (1847-1929), The Women's Victory and After: Personal Reminiscences. Sidney Bradshaw Fay (1876-1967), New Light on the Origins of the World War, I. Berlin and Vienna, to July 29 (July); pub. in The Am. Historical Review. John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), , 1914-1918. Camille Flammarion (1842-1925), La Mort et Son Mystere (1920-1). Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), The Life and Works of Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose. Katherine Gerould (1879-1944), Modes and Morals. Sir Philip Gibbs (1877-1962), The Realities of War; English journalist tells the truth about the Great War now that he's free of censorship, dissing Gen. Sir Douglas Haig; warns of the need to avert "another massacre of youth like that five years' sacrifice of boys of which I was a witness"; "The evil in Germany had to be killed. There was no other way, except by helping the Germans to kill it before it mastered them"; "Our men were never dry. They were wet in their trenches and wet in their dugouts. They slept in soaking clothes, with boots full of water, and they drank rain with their tea, and ate mud with their 'bully', and endured it all with the philosophy of 'grin and bear it!' and laughter, as I heard them laughing in those places, between explosive curses." George Peabody Gooch (1873-1968), Germany and the French Revolution. Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), Recollections (autobio.); incl. Recollections of Tolstoy. David George Hogarth (1862-1927), Hittite Seals. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Jr. (1841-1935), Collected Legal Papers. Henry Mayers Hyndman (1842-1921), The Evolution of Revolution. Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), Psychological Types. Gen. Alexander von Kluck (1846-1935), The March on Paris and the Battle of the Marne, 1914. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder; how real Communists have to go with the long-term flow and not just an instant rev. Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge (1852-1940), The Making of Man. Robert Harry Lowie (1883-), Primitive Society. Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), Goethe. Gyorgy Lukacs (1885-1971), The Theory of the Novel. Pierre Loti (1850-1923), La Mort de Notre Chere France en Orient. Jacques Maritain (1882-1972), Art et Scolastique. Joseph McCabe (1867-1955), A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. William McDougall (1871-1938), The Group Mind; Physiological Psychology. Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin (1861-1947), Steps in the Development of American Democracy. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth; claims that a socialist govt. can't make the calculations required to operate a complex economy, launching the Economic (Socialist) Calculation Debate between classical liberals and socialists. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), The Lafayette Flying Corps. Thomas Nelson Page (1853-1922), Italy and the World War. Hans Pfitzner (1869-1949), The New Aesthetic of Musical Impotence: A Symptom of Decline? Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877-1959), The Economics of Welfare; claims that economic externalities make markets inefficient, causing market failures that require govt. intervention, proposing the Pigovian (Pigouvian) Tax, which is to be applied to a market activity that is generating negative externalities, e.g., pollution. George Walter Prothero (1848-1922), Peace Handbooks; set of 160 briefing books on different countries for British negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference, commissioned by the British Foreign Office in spring 1917, incl. Anatolia, Arabia, Armenia and Kurdistan, France and the Levant, Mesopotamia, Mohammedan History, Persian Gulf, Syria and Palestine, Serbia, Turkey in Asia, and Turkey in Europe, gaining Prothero a knighthood this year. Ezra Pound (1885-1972), Instigations. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), The Complex Vision; "What we are, in the first place, assured of is the existence within our own individual body of a real actual living thing composed of a mysterious substance wherein what we call mind and what we call matter are fused and intermingled. This is our real and self-conscious soul, the thing in us which says, 'I am I', of which the physical body is only one expression, and of which all the bodily senses are only one gateway of receptivity." Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (1863-1944), The Art of Reading. Agnes Repplier (1855-1950), Points of Friction. Herbert William Richmond (1871-1946), The Navy in the War of 1739-48 (2 vols.); written in 1907-14 and held during the Great War, during which the Admiralty ignored his advice and eventually succeeded in getting him relegated to the status of a "paper man" not fit for top command. James Harvey Robinson (1863-1936) and James Henry Breasted (1865-1935), History of Europe: Ancient and Medieval; followed by History of Europe: Our Own Times: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: The Opening of the Twentieth Century and the World War (w/Charles Austin Beard) (1921). Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), Letters (2 vols.) (posth.); ed. by J.B. Bishop. Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922), Psycho-Signatures (Psychodiagnostik); the Rorschach Inkblot Test, based on 300 mental patients and 100 control subjects. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism. George Saintsbury (1845-1933), Notes on a Cellar-Book; becomes a big hit among wine drinkers, causing the Saintsbury Club for lit. men and members of the wine trade to be founded. George Santayana (1863-1952), Character and Opinion in the United States. William Henry Schofield (1878-1940), Mythical Bards and the Life of William Wallace; Blind Harry et al. Ted Shawn (1891-), Ruth St. Denis, Pioneer and Prophet. William Sowden Sims (1858-1936) and Burton Jesse Hendrick (1870-1949), The Victory at Sea (London) (Pulitzer Prize). Ethel Snowden (1881-1951), Through Bolshevik Russia coins the term "iron curtain" (used as a safety curtain in theaters) for the border of Communist Russia. Nathan Soderblom (1866-1931), Introduction to the History of Religion. Johannes Stark (1874-1957), Aenderungen der Struktur und des Spectrums Chemischer Atome. Lothrop Stoddard (1883-1950), The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy; bestseller pushing Nordic racial theories, predicting the rise of Japan and its war with the U.S., WWII, the overthrow of colonial empires in Africa and Asia, mass immigration of non-whites to white countries, and the rise of extremist Islam; mentioned in F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel "The Great Gatsby". R.H. Tawney (1880-1962), The Acquisitive Society; blasts capitalism for its amoral selfish individualism, promoting Christian socialism to combat greed and imperialism, becoming hugely influential in Britain and helping lead it to a welfare state; "a socialist bible" (Richard Crossman). H.W.V. Temperley, History of the Peace Conference of Paris (6 vols.) (1920-4). Adm. Alfred von Tirpitz (1849-1930), My Memoirs (2 vols.). Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend (1861-1924), My Campaign in Mesopotamia; tries to whitewash his defeat by the Turks, getting elected to parliament as a Conservative (until 1922); too bad, the truth comes out and he dies in disgrace. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935), Beyond Planet Earth; "Earth is the cradle of humanity but one cannot live in the cradle forever." Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932), The Significance of the Frontier in American History; the Frontier Thesis of the Am. psyche - see the opening theme of "Star Trek"? Graham Wallas (1858-1932), Human Nature in Politics; 3rd ed. H.G. Wells (1866-1946), The Outline of History: The Whole Story of Man (Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind) (3 vols.); bestseller (2M copies) modeled on Denis Diderot's "Encyclopedie"; written in Oct. 1918-Nov. 1919; leans heavily on the Encyclopaedia Britannica; acknowledges help from 100+ experts, but later investigation fails to find any supporting correspondence; "Such a synthesis, such an interpretation of life as a cognate whole has never been attempted single-handed by any other man" (Hector Charlesworth); too bad, it contains strange quirky omissions incl. Adam Smith, the Enlightenment, Romanticism, Feminism, etc.; impacts higher education history teaching after a period where the teachers turn into Luddites and pooh-pooh it because they couldn't write such a broad work themselves, and fear it might put them out of work?; "Mr. H. G. Wells's The Outline of History was received with unmistakable hostility by a number of historical specialists.... They seemed not to realize that, in re-living the entire life of Mankind as a single imaginative experience, Mr. Wells was achieving something which they themselves would hardly have dared to attempt... In fact, the purpose and value of Mr. Wells's book seem to have been better appreciated by the general public than by the professional historians of the day" (Arnold J. Toynbee); in 1927 Canadian feminist historian Florence Amelia Deeks (1864-1959) sues Wells for stealing from her ms. "The Web" which she had submitted to Macmillan Canada and was returned 9 mo. later dog-eared and stained, losing her case despite appealing all the way to George V (due to prejudice against women?); in 2000 Canadian historian A.B. McKillop (1946-) of Carleton U. pub. The Spinster & the Prophet: Florence Deeks, H.G. Wells, and the Mystery of the Purloined Past, bolstering her claims. Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947), The Concept of Nature. M.W. Williams, Social Scandinavia in the Viking Age. Robert Wilton (1868-1925), and George Gustav Telberg, The Last Days of the Romanovs; claims that the execution of the tsar and his family was a Jewish ritual murder. Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), Romain Rolland, an Appreciation. Music: Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), The Truth About Russian Dancers (ballet). Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Two Studies. Henry Hadley, Cleopatra's Night (opera) (New York Metropolitan Opera). Victor Herbert (1859-1924), My Golden Girl (operetta). Gustav Holst (1874-1934), The Planets Suite (complete) (London). Vincent d'Indy (1851-1931), The Legend of St. Christopher (opera) (Paris). Al Jolson (1886-1950), Swanee; big hit. Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Das Hollandweibchen (The Little Dutch Girl) (operetta) (Vienna). Jerome Kern (1885-1945), Victor Herbert (1859-1924), Clifford Grey (1887-1941), Buddy De Sylva (1895-1950), P.G. Wodehouse (1881-1975), Anne Caldwell (1868-1936), and Guy Bolton (1884-1979), Sally (musical) (New Amsterdam Theatre, New York) (Dec. 21) (570 perf.) (Winter Garden Theatre, Camden, London) (1921) (387 perf.); Broadway production is the debut of Evansville, Ind.-born Marilyn Miller (Mary Ellen Reynolds) (1898-1936) as Sally, a dishwasher at the Alley Inn, who poses as a famous foreign ballerina and joins the Ziegfeld Follies, rising to fame, starring in a ballet and getting married; filmed in 1929; features the song Look for the Silver Lining. Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897-1957), Die Tote Stadt (The Dead City) (Hamburg). Franz Lahar (1870-1948), Die Blaue Mazur (The Blue Mazurka) (Vienna). Leonide Massine (1896-1979), The Rite of Spring (ballet); reworking of Igor Stravinsky's 1913 work; makes a big star of English ballerina Lydia Sokolova (Hilda Munnings) (1896-1974) as the Chosen Maiden in the longest solo in theatrical history. Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Memories of Brazil (Saudades do Brasil) (1920-1); from his experience in the French embassy in Rio de Janeiro in 1917-18. Maurice Ravel (1875-1937), La Valse. Edgar Saltus (1855-1921), The Imperial Orgy: An Account of the Tsars from the First to the Last. Oscar Straus (1870-1954), The Last Waltz (Berlin). Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Pulcinella (ballet); Le Chant du Rossignol (ballet) (Paris). Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958), London Symphony (final version). Movies: U.S. film production begins moving from the East Coast to Hollywood, with an avg. of 800 film releases in the 1920s-30s; in 1925 total capital investment is $2B; by 1929 there are 20 studios in Hollywood. Cecil Hepworth's 5-reel Alf's Button is an internat. hit, causing him to take his co. public; too bad, the stock bombs and he goes bankrupt by 1924. Hans Werckmeister's Algol: Tragedy of Power (Sept. 3) (Universal Film AG), about an alien from the planet Algol with a machine to rule the world stars Emil Jannings and John Gottowt. Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Feb. 26) is a German horror film starring Werner Krauss (1884-1959) as Caligari, co-starring Conrad Veidt as his somnambulist Cesare, who are visited at the carnival in Holstenwall, Germany by Francis (Friedrich Feher), and Alan (Hans Heinrich von Twardowski), whom Caligari correctly prophesies will die by dawn, causing Francis to begin investigating them; Cesare then kidnaps Francis' babe Jane (Lil Dagover), and after Caligari orders him to kill her, he falls in love with her and helps her escape, falling to his death; meanwhile Caligari is discovered to be head of a local insane asylum, obsessed with a medieval Dr. Caligari, after which the twist ending has Caligari revealed to be the insane asylum doctor who is trying to cure the narrator Francis all along - he's got documentation, play ball? A.E. Coleby's The Call of the Night (Oct.) (I.B. Davidson) is the film debut of English-born (not Irish) former heavyweight boxer (who defeated Jack Johnson in an exhibition match) (Protestant not Catholic) Victor Andrew de Bier Everleigh McLaglen (1886-1959) as disowned gambler Alf Truscott, who becomes a you-guessed-it boxer; in 1925 he moves to Hollywood, gaining a rep for playing Irish drunks. Winsor McCay's The Centaurs is a realistic B&W cartoon that makes horses sexy. Erich von Stroheim's The Devil's Pass Key (Passkey) (Aug. 30) (Universal Pictures) (Stroheim's 2nd film) stars Sam De Grasse as Warren Goodright, whose Am. playwright wife Grace (Una Trevelyn) has overspent in Paris and owes dressmaker Renee Malot (Maude George) money, causing him to suggest that she contact U.S. Army Capt. Rex Strong (Clyde Fillmore) for a loan, but he wants sex in return, which she refuses, causing Malot to attempt to blackmail her. Winsor McCay's Dreams of the Rarebit Field - Bug Vaudeville is another realistic B&W cartoon. and Leo White. John S. Robertson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Mar. 20) (Famous Players-Lasky) (Paramount), written by Clara Beranger based on the 1886 novella "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson stars John Barrymore as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Mr. Edward Hyde, Brandon Hurst as Sir George Carewe, Martha Mansfield as his daughter Jekyll's fiancee) Millicent, Nita Naldi as Italian exotic dancer Gina, and Louis Wolheim as the music hall owner; watch film. Alan Crosland's and Laurence Trimble's Everybody's Sweetheart (Oct. 4) stars Olive Thomas as you know what. Alan Crosland's The Flapper (May 10) stars Olive Thomas as 16-y.-o. Genevieve "Ginger" King, who is wooed out of her girls' seminary by distinguished older man William P. Carleton (Richard Channing). Carl Boese's and Paul Wegener's The Golem: How He Came Into the World, about a clay man brought to life by rabbis features vast architectural set designs by Hans Poelzig, and is widely emulated in the later Frankenstein films. Ewald Andre Dupont's Das Grand Hotel Babylon stars Hans Albers. Henry Kolker's Heart of Twenty (June 20) stars newlyweds ZaSu Pitts and Tom Gallery. Clarence Brown and Maurice Tourneur's The Last of the Mohicans (Nov. 21), based on the 1826 James Fenimore Cooper novel stars Wallace Berry as Magua, Barbara Bedford as Cora Munro, James Gordon as Col. Munro, and Albert Roscoe as Uncas. Manolescus Memoiren stars Adele Sandrock. Fred Niblo's The Mark of Zorro (Dec. 5) introduces a gay masked Californian Spanish swordsman with a smashing fashion sense (Douglas Fairbanks Sr.); Mary Pickford plays the virtuous but fiery girl next door. Paul Powell's Pollyanna (Jan. 18), based on the 1913 Eleanor Hodgman Porter novel stars Mary Pickford as young orphan Pollyanna Whittier, who is adopted by bitter cold Aunt Polly Harrington (Katherine Griffith). Chester Withey's Romance (May 30) (United Artists), based on the 1913 Edward Sheldon play stars starring St. Joseph, Mich.-born Doris Keane (1881-1945) as opera singer Madame Cavallini, and her hubby (1918-25), St. Osyth, Essex, England-born Basil Sydney (1894-1968) in his film debut as Bishop Armstrong; he goes on to appear in 50+ films. Herbert Blache's The Saphead (Oct. 18), based on the play "The New Henrietta" by Winchell Smith, based on the novel by Victor Mapes is the film debut of Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton (1895-1966) as rich playboy Bertie "the Lamb" Van Alstyne. D.W. Griffith's Way Down East (Sept. 3) (United Artists), the big box office draw of the year, based on the play by Lottie Blair Parker stars Lillian Gish (de Guiche) (1893-1993) as innocent New England country girl Anna Moore, who must face life with a child born out of wedlock; she ends up in a blizzard, stranded on an ice floe headed toward a waterfall until saved by farmer's son David Bartlett (Richard Barthelmess), who makes an honest woman of her; does $2M box office on a $700K budget. Art: Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957), Leda (sculpture). Charles Burchfield (1893-1967), February Thaw. Le Corbusier (1887-1965), Still Life - help pick a name? Lovis Corinth (1858-1925), Pieta. Otto Dix (1891-1969), War Cripples; featured in the 1937 Degenerate Art exhibition by the Nazis as "an insult to the German heroes of the Great War". Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), Fresh Widow. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Le Limacon de Chambre; The Small Fistule That Says Tic Tac; The Fall of an Angel; Un Peu Malade le Cheval Patte Pelu; The Gramineous Bicycle Garnished with Bells the Dappled Fire Damps and the Echinoderms Bending the Spine to Look for Caresses (1920-1) - was it something in the bath? Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956), Church (cubist). Naum Gabo (1890-1977), Kinetic Construction (sculpture). George Grosz (1893-1959), Self-Portrait With Two Women; Berlin 1920s porno?; he's bragging? Fernand Leger (1881-1955), The Tug Boat; The Mechanic (Purist Mona Lisa?). Stanton MacDonald-Wright (1890-1973), Airplane Synchromy in Yellow-Orange. John Marin (1870-1953), Lower Manhattan. Henri Matisse (1869-1954), L'Odalisque. Sir William Nicholson (1872-1949), Sunflowers. Amedee Ozenfant (1886-1966), Guitar and Bottles (Guitare et Bouteilles). Max Pechstein (1881-1955), Self-Portrait with Death. Francis Picabia (1879-1953), The Virgin Saint (La Sainte Vierge); Tableau Dada: Portrait of Cezanne and Rembrandt. Man Ray (1890-1976), Enigma of Isidore Ducasse (New York); "Chance meeting of an umbrella and sewing machine on a dissecting table". John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), Gassed. Stanley Spencer (1891-1959), Christ Carrying the Cross. Plays: Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), Seven Men. Gordon Bottomley (1874-1948), King Lear's Wife and Other Plays. Arnolt Bronnen, Vatermord. Van Wyck Brooks (1886-1963), The Ordeal of Mark Twain. Colette (1873-1954), Cheri; aging demi-mondaine Lea and her young lover Cheri, who is torn between love for her and his rich wife; followed by "La Fin de Cheri" (1926). Fernand Crommelynck (1886-1970), Le Cocu Magnifique; big hit, launching his career. Francois de Curel (1854-1928), L'Ame en Folie. Ronald Firbank (1886-1926), The Princess Zoubaroff; "I am always disappointed with mountains... I should like to shake Switzerland." John Galsworthy (1867-1933), In Chancery; The Skin Game. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), Piet Bouteille (Oude Piet); Le Cavalier Bizarre (The Strange Rider). Susan Glaspell (1882-1948), Bernice. Susan Glaspell (1876-1948) and George Cram Cook (1873-1924), Suppressed Desires. Howard Hanson (1896-1981), The California Forest Play. Gerhart Hauptmann (1862-1946), The White Savior (verse drama); how the Christian Conquistadors suck and Montezuma rocks? Avery Hopwood (1882-1928) and Charlton Andrews, Ladies Night in a Turkish Bath; stars Charlie Ruggles. Franz Kafka (1883-1924), A Country Doctor. Hanns Johst (1890-1978), Der König (The King); a heroic revolutionary is betrayed by reactionaries and the bourgeoisie, taking his own life rather than abandon his principles; makes a fan of Adolf Hitler, who sees the play 17x, meets him in 1923, and tells him that he suspects that his own life will end the same way, later making him poet laureate of the Third Reich. Georg Kaiser (1878-1945), Gas II (3rd in trilogy). George S. Kaufman (1889-1961) and Marc Connelly (1890-1980), Dulcy; makes a star of Lynn Fontanne (1887-1983). Karl Kraus (1874-1936), Die Letzten Tage der Menschheit (The Last Days of Mankind) (tragedy). Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936), El Maleficio de la Mariposa. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), The Romantic Age (comedy); The Stepmother; The Red Feathers. Ferenc Molnar (1878-1952), The Swan. George Moore (1852-1933), The Coming of Gabrielle. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), Beyond the Horizon (Morosco Theatre, New York) (Feb. 3) (Criterion Theatre, New York) (Feb. 24) (Little Theatre, New York) (Mar. 9) (Pulitzer Prize); dir. by Homer Saint-Gaudens; the first native Am. tragedy?; farm brothers Andrew and Robert, Andrew's girl Ruth, and sea captain Uncle Dick. The Emperor Jones (Playwright's Theatre, New York) (Nov. 1) (204 perf.); his first hit; African-Am. Pullman porter Brutus Jones (Charles Sidney Gilpin) kills another black man in a dice game, and escapes to a small backward island in the West Indies, exploiting the residents' ignorance and superstitions to gain power. David Pinski (1872-1959), The Treasure. Charles Vildrac (1882-1971), Le Paquebot Tenacity. Poetry: Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Heavens and Earth. Robert Seymour Bridges (1844-1930), October and Other Poems. Alex de Candole (1897-1918), Poems (posth.); incl. When the Last Long Trek is Over. Kahlil Gibran (1911-72), The Forerunner. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Treasure Box; Country Sentiment. Arthur Guiterman (1871-), Ballads of Old New York. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Leda. Vachel Lindsay (1879-1931), The Golden Whales of California. John Masefield (1878-1967), Reynard the Fox; Enslaved and Other Poems. Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Jack Kelso: A Dramatic Poem; Domesday Book; "Take any life you choose and study it;/ It gladdens, troubles, changes many lives./ The life goes out, how many things result?/ Fate drops a stone, and to the utmost shores/ The circles spread." Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), A Few Figs from Thistles: Poems and Sonnets; becomes controversial for its exploration of feminism and female sexuality; "And if I love you Wednesday,/ Well, what is that to you?/ I do not love you Thursday -/ So much is true./ And why you come complaining/ Is more than I can see./ I loved you Wednesday, - yes - but what/ Is that to me?"; "Cut if you will, with Sleep's dull knife,/ Each day to half its length, my friend, - / The years that Time takes off my life,/ He'll take off from the other end!"; "She wrote the best sonnets of the century." (Richard Wilbur) Walter Herries Pollock (1850-1926), Icarian Flights: Translations of Some of the Odes of Horace. Ezra Pound (1885-1972), Hugh Selwyn Mauberly; a "quintesential autobiography" addressing his failure as a poet who attempted to "wring lillies from the acorn"; "For three years, out of key with his time/ He strove to resuscitate the dead art/ Of poetry"; "Beside this thoroughfare/ The sale of half-hose has/ Long since superseded the cultivation/ Of Pierian roses." "There died a myriad/ And of the best, among them,/ For an old bitch gone in the teeth,/ For a botched civilisation." Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935), Lancelot. Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), Smoke and Steel. Sara Teasdale (1884-1933), Flame and Shadow. Julian Tuwim (1894-1953), Dancing Socrates. Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936), El Cristo de Velasquez. Louis Untermeyer (1885-1977) (ed.), Modern British Poetry; incl. The Barrel Organ by Alfred Noyes (1880-1958). Charles Vildrac (1882-1971), Chants du Desespere. William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), Kora in Hell, Improvisations; "Incoherent" (Ezra Pound). Novels: Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941), Poor White; inventor Hugh McVey on the banks of the Mississippi River. Michael Arlen (1895-1956), The London Venture (first novel); Armenian dandy lives in London and fills his writing with "Arlenesque" inversions, inflections, and a heightened exotic pitch. Charles Brackett (1892-1969), Counsel of the Ungodly (first novel). Bryher (1894-1983), Development. Robert William Chambers (1865-1933), The Slayer of Souls. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Mysterious Affair at Styles (first novel); introduces 5'4" Belgian detective Hercule Poirot, who retired from the Belgian police dept. in 1904, and relies on his "leetle gray cells" to solve crimes; also introduces Chief Inspector Japp and Captain Hastings; first of 80 novels and short story collections incl. 38 Hercule Poirot, 12 Miss Jane Marple, and five Thomas "Tommy" Beresford and Prudence "Tuppence" Cowley books, plus six under the alias Mary Westmacott, and 19 plays; praised by the Pharmaceutical Journal "for dealing with poisons in a knowledgeable way, and not with the nonsense about untraceable substances that so often happens." Padraic Collum (1881-1972), The Boy Apprenticed to an Enchanter. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924), The Rescue; Capt. Lingard must choose between love and duty. F. Wills Crofts, The Cask; one of the first modern detective stories. Grazia Deledda (1871-1936), La Madre. Floyd Dell (1887-1969), Moon-Calf; bildungsroman. Norman Douglas (1868-1953), They Went. Georges Duhamel (1884-1966), Cycle de Salavin (1920-32). Hans Fallada (1893-1947), Young Goedeschal (first novel). F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), pub. his first novel This Side of Paradise This Side of Paradise (first novel) (Mar. 26); title taken from Rupert Brooke's poem "Tiare Tahiti"; coming of age novel set at Princeton U. about wealthy attractive student Amory Blaine, who "inherited from his mother every trait, except the stray inexpressible few, that made him worth while"; Isabelle is inspired by his college girlfriend Ginevra King; Rosalind is inspired by his girlfriend Zelda Fitzgerald (nee Sayre)(1900-48) (a Southern Belle he met in an Ala. country club), who "does resemble you in more ways than four", using quotes from her diary in the novel, and when the novel is a hit they marry on Apr. 3, becoming New York City celebs; "Amor had decided definitely on Princeton, even though he would be the only boy to enter that year from St. Regis'. Yale had a romance and glamour from the tales of Minneapolis, and St. Regis' men who had been 'tapped for Skull and Bones', but Princeton drew him most, with its atmosphere of bright colors and its alluring reputation as the pleasantest country club in America"; Flappers and Philosophers (short stories); "I had no idea of originating an American flapper when I first began to write. I simply took girls whom I knew very well and, because they interested me as unique human beings, I used them for my heroines." (Metropolitan Mag., Nov. 1923). Renato Fucini (1843-1921), Acqua Passata: Storielle e Aneddoti della Mia Vita; incl. The Colonel. Zona Gale (1874-1938), Miss Lulu Bett; bestseller about a woman who marries her brother-in-law's brother Ninian, then finds he is already married. Romulo Gallegos (1884-1969), Reinaldo Solar; how life sucks under Venezuelan dictator Juan Vicente Gomez. Ludwig Ganghofer (1855-1920), Der Laufende Berg. Jean Giono (1895-), Colline. Jean Giraudoux (1882-1944), L'Adorable Clio; WWI novel. Louis Golding (1895-1958), Forward from Babylon (first novel). Zane Grey (1872-1939), The Man of the Forest; bestseller. J. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), The Ancient Allan; Smith and the Pharaohs. Cicely Hamilton (1872-1952), William, an Englishman (first novel). Jaroslav Hasek (1883-1923), The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schwejk (Schweik) (1920-23); a Czech dog-catcher in the Austrian imperial army. James Hilton (1900-54), Catherine Herself (first novel). Jean de La Hire (1878-1956), The Nyctalope vs. Lucifer; Leo Saint-Clair AKA the Nyctalope, with night vision, hypnotic powers, artificial heart, and super senses vs. Glo von Warteck and his plot to rule mankind with Omega Rays; becomes the basis of U.S. comic books? Mary Johnston (1870-1936), Sweet Rocket. Bernhard Kellermann (1879-1951), The Ninth of November; disses the German Army in WWII, causing the Nazis to later ban and publicly burn it and hound him out of the country in 1933. Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), Painted Meadows. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), The Lost Girl. Maurice Leblanc (1864-1941), Le Formidable Evenement; an earthquake creates a new landmass between France and England. Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), Main Street; #1 bestseller of 1921 (250K copies in first 6 mo.); Will Kennicott marries liberal Carol Milford, who goes to work reforming 1910s Gopher Prairie, Minn., causing them to snub her; "I do not admit that Main Street is as beautiful as it should be! I do not admit that dishwashing is enough to satisfy all women!"; its Pulitzer Prize is revoked in favor of Edith Wharton's "The Age of Innocence", causing Lewis to refuse the Pulitzer in 1926 for "Arrowsmith", after which he becomes the first Am. writer to receive the Nobel Lit. Prize in 1930. William John Locke (1863-1930), The House of Baltazar. Hugh John Lofting (1886-1947), The Story of Doctor Dolittle, Being the History of His Peculiar Life at Home and Astonishing Adventures in Foreign Parts (Lewis Carroll Shelf Award); about Victorian English physician John Dolittle, MD ca. 1820, who lives in Puddleby-on-the-Marsh in the West Country, and keeps a menagerie that scares off his clients until his parrot Polynesia teaches him to talk with the animals and he becomes a veterinarian, going on an adventure to W Africa, meeting up with a 2-headed pushmi-pullyu (gazelle-unicorn cross) which he brings back to England to exhibit for profit; Gub-Gub the Pig, Jip the Dog, Dab-Dab the Duck, Chee-Chee the Monkey, Too-Too the Owl, Whitey the White Mouse; too bad, the PC police later get it censored for his depiction of black Africans, incl. Prince Bump, who wishes he were white so he can marry Sleeping Beauty, causing the doctor to bleach him, his skin giving off the smell of "burning brown paper", after which "The Prince's face had turned as white as snow, and his eyes, which had been mud-colored, were a manly gray!"; followed by 10 sequels (1924-42), plus three more pub. posth. in 1948-52. Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), Meeresstille und Gluckliche Fahrt. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), Potterism. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), What Next? (first novel). Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), Bliss (short stories). Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Mitch Miller (first novel). William Babington Maxell (1866-1938), A Remedy Against Sin. William McFee (1881-1966), Captain Macedoine's Daughter; A Six Hour Shift. Herman Cyril McNeile (AKA Sapper) (1888-1937), Bulldog Drummond; crime-solving British Capt. Hugh "Bulldog" Drummond, D.S.O., M.C., veteran of the WWI Loamshire Regiment; "His best friend would not call him good-looking but he possesses that cheerful type of ugliness which inspires immediate confidence"; big hit, causing him to pub. nine sequels. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), Mr. Pym Passes By. Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Great Impersonation; The Devil's Paw; Aaron Rodd, Diviner (short stories); Ambrose Lavendale, Diplomat (short stories); Hon. Algernon Knox, Detective (short stories). Aldo Palazzeschi (1885-1974), Due Imperi... Mancati. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), After My Fashion (3rd novel); pub. in 1980. Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), The Dream-Den (first novel); about his pre-WWI lit. circle; it is so sentimental that he buys up all unsold copies from the publisher Ullstein. Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958) and Avery Hopwood (1882-1928), The Bat. Romain Rolland (1866-1944), Clerambault (Clérambault): The Story of an Independent Spirit During the War; a father loses his son in WWI and decries militarism; Pierre et Luce; lovers during WWI. Jules Romains (1885-1972), Donogoo-Tonka. Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), 100 Percent, the Story of a Patriot. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), A Man of the Islands. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951) and Margaret Stacpoole, Uncle Simon (The Man Who Found Himself). Vincent Starrett (1886-1974), The Adventure of the Unique Hamlet. Sigrid Undset (1882-1949), Kristin Lavransdatter (3 vols.) (1920-1922); a woman in 14th cent. Norway. Paul Valery (1875-1945), Le Cimetiere Marin. Hugh Seymour Walpole (1884-1941), The Captives. Mary Augusta Humphry Ward (1851-1920), Harvest. Edith Wharton (1862-1937), The Age of Innocence (Pulitzer Prize) (first female to win for fiction); Newland Archer falls for Ellen Olenska in 1870s New York society. Grace Miller White (1868-1957) and Frank Tenney Johnson (1874-1939), Storm Country Polly. Anzia Yezierska (1885-1970), Hungry Hearts. Births: Am. prolific super-brain pansophist scientist-novelist-writer (Jewish) (atheist) (Humanist) (claustrophile) (aviophobe) Isaac Asimov (Isaak Ozimov) (d. 1992) (Russ. "ozimiye" = winter grain) on Jan. 2 in Petrovichi, Russia; migrates to the U.S. at age 3; educated at Columbia U. Am. psychologist Paul Everett Meehl (d. 2003) on Jan. 3 in Minneapolis, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. CIA dir. (1973-6) (Roman Catholic) ("the Warrior Priest") William Egan Colby (d. 1996) on Jan. 4 in St. Paul, Minn.; educated at Columbia U. Am. civil rights leader (black) (founder of CORE) James L. "Jim" Farmer (d. 1999) on Jan. 12 in Marshall, Tex.; educated at Howard U. Am. CBS newsman George Edward Herman (d. 2005) on Jan. 14; educated at Dartmouth College. Am. Frisbee inventor (1946) Walter Frederick "Fred" Morrison (d. 2010) on Jan. 16 in Richfield, Utah; grows up in Calif. Am. ballerina-choreographer-producer (Jewish) ("the Duse of Dance") Nora Kaye (Koreff) (d. 1987) on Jan. 17 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Russian immigrant parents; wife (1948-9) of Isaac Stern (1920-2001), and (1959-87) Herbert Ross (1927-2001). Am. "Wilma Deering in Buck Rogers" actress-singer Mary Constance Moore (d. 2005) (b. 1921?) on Jan. 18 in Sioux City, Iowa; grows up in Dallas, Tex. Peruvian U.N. secy.-gen. #5 (1982-91) (first from Latin Am.) Javier Perez de Cuellar (Javier Pérez de Cuéllar) y de la Guerra on Jan. 19 in Lima. Russian climatologist Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko (d. 2001) on Jan. 20 in Gomel, Byelorussia; educated at the Leningrad Polytechnic Inst. Italian "La Dolce Vida" film dir. Federico Fellini (d. 1993) on Jan. 20 in Rimini. U.S. Rep. (D-Fla.) (1963-97) Sam Melville Gibbons (d. 2012) on Jan. 20 in Tampa, Fla.; educated at the U. of Fla. Am. writer (Jewish) ("Godfather of Neoconservatism") Irving Kristol (d. 2009) on Jan. 22 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Ukrainian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at CCNY; starts out as a Trotskyite then drifts right during the Vietnam War. Am. "Lollipop Guild munchkin in green who gives Dorothy Gale the lollipop in The Wizard of Oz", "The Gong Show" 3'4" actor Jerry Maren (Gerard Marenghi) on Jan. 24 in Boston, Mass. Am. dancer-choreographer-dir. Donald Saddler on Jan. 24 in Van Nuys, Calif. Am. "Pepino Garcia in The Real McCoys" actor-bandleader Tony Martinez (d. 2002) on Jan. 27 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. German violinist Helmut Zacharias (d. 2002) on Jan. 27. Am. family therapy psychiatrist Donald deAvila Jackson (d. 1968) on Jan. 28. Japanese "Sazae-san" comic strip manga artist (female) Machiko Hasegawa (d. 1992) on Jan. 30. English painter-designer-writer Patrick Heron (d. 1999) on Jan. 30 in Headingley, Leeds, Yorkshire. Am. "Marty", "Desire Under the Elms", "The Bachelor Party", "That Touch of Mink", "Fitzwilly", "Heidi" dir.-producer Delbert Martin Mann Jr. (d. 2007) on Jan. 30 in Lawrence, Kan.; educated at Vanderbilt U. Am. microbiologist (Jewish) Albert Israel Schatz (d. 2005) on Feb. 2 in Norwich, Conn.; educated at Rutgers U. Am. Heimlich Maneuver surgeon (Jewish) Henry Judah Heimlich (d. 2016) on Feb. 3 in Wilmington, Del.; educated at Cornell U.; 2nd cousin of Anson Williams (1949-). Am. "The Magical Number Seven" cognitive psychologist (Christian Scientist) George Armitage Miller (d. 2012) on Feb. 3 in Charleston, W. Va.; educated at the U. of Ala. Am. social psychologist (Jewish) Morton Deutsch on Feb. 4 in New York City; educated at CCNY, and the U. of Penn. Am. Wang Labs founder An Wang (d. 1990) on Feb. 7 in Shanghai; educated at Harvard U.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1945. English "The Joy of Sex" life extensionist physician Alex Comfort (d. 2000) on Feb. 10; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U. Egyptian king #10 (1936-52) Farouk (Arab. "discerning truth from falsehood") I (d. 1965) on Feb. 11 in Cairo; son of Fuad I (1868-1936); father of Fuad II (1952-). Mexican bullfighter ("the Mexican Cyclone") Carlos Arruza (Carlos Ruiz Camino) (d. 1966) on Feb. 17 in Mexico City. Am. country musician William Lewis "Billy" Boyd (d. 2001) (Texas Troubadours) on Feb. 17 in Nashville, Tenn. Am. "The Price Is Right", "I've Got a Secret", "To Tell the Truth" radio-TV personality ("Dean of Game Show Hosts") William Lawrence Francis "Bill" Cullen (d. 1990) on Feb. 18 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; known for wearing thick eyeglasses; contracts polio at age 18 mo., causing him to be crippled for life. Am. soldier Edward Donald "Eddie" Slovik (d. 1945) on Feb. 18 in Detroit, Mich.; of Polish descent. Am. nutritionist Jean Mayer (d. 1993) on Feb. 19 in France; educated at the U. of Paris; pres. #10 of Tufts U. (1976-92). Am. Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel architect Walter A. Netsch (d. 2008) on Feb. 23; educated at MIT. Am. activist Dem. Tex. judge William Wayne Justice (d. 2009) on Feb. 25 in Athens, Tex.; educated at the U. of Tex. South Korean Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon (Mun Seon-myeong) (Mun Yong-myeong) (d. 2012) on Feb. 25 in Jeong-ju (Chongju), North Pyongan. Am. "Felix Unger in The Odd Couple" actor (Jewish) Tony Randall (Arthur Leonard Rosenberg) (d. 2004) on Feb. 26 in Tulsa, Okla. Am. "The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind" psychologist Julian Jaynes (d. 1997) on Feb. 27 in ?; educated at Yale U. Am. New Formalist poet and U.S. poet laureate #15 (1963-4) and #33 (1998-90) (Jewish) Howard Nemerov (d. 1991) on Feb. 29 in New York City; daughter of Russian Jewish immigrant Russek's Fifth Ave. Dept. Store owners David Nemerov and Gertrude Russek Nemerov; brother of Diane Arbus (1923-71); father of Alexander Nemerov (1963-); educated at Harvard U. Canadian 5'9" hockey hall-of-fame player Maxwell Herbert Lloyd "Max" Bentley (d. 1984) on Mar. 1 in Delisle, Sask.; brother of Reg Bentley (1914-80) and Doug Bentley (1916-72). Am. prof. golfer Julius Nicholas Boros (d. 1994) on Mar. 3 in Fairfield, Conn.; Irish Roman Catholic immigrant parents. Canadian "Montgomery Scotty Scott in Star Trek", "Timber Tom in Howdy Doody" actor James Montgomery Doohan (d. 2005) on Mar. 3 in Vancouver, B.C. Am. "Alfie", "You Only Live Twice", "The Spy Who Loved Me" dir.-producer-writer Lewis Gilbert on Mar. 6 in London. Am. "The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant" novelist John Douglass Wallop III (d. 1985) on Mar. 8 in Washington, D.C.; educated at the U. of Md. Am. country musician (steel guitar) Gerald Lester "Jerry" Byrd (d. 2005) on Mar. 9 in Lima, Ohio. Am. country musician (mandolin) Kenneth C. "Jethro" Burns (d. 1989) (Homer and Jethro) on Mar. 10 in Conasauga, Tenn.; grows up Knoxville, Tenn.; partner of Henry D. Haynes (1920-71). Mexican Roman Catholic priest (pedophile) Father Marcial Maciel Degollado (d. 2008) on Mar. 10 in Cotija, Michoacan. Am. coffee entrepreneur ("the Dutchman who taught America how to drink coffee") Alfred H. Peet (d. 2007) on Mar. 10 in Alkmaar; emigrates to the U.S. in 1955. Dutch-Am. physicist Nicolaas Bloembergen on Mar. 20 in Dordrecht; educated at the U. of Leiden; becomes a U.S. citizen in 1958; 1981 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Dennis the Menace" cartoonist Henry King "Hank" Ketcham (d. 2001) on Mar. 14 in Seattle, Wash. French film critic Jacques Doniol-Valcroze (d. 1989) on Mar. 15 in Paris. Am. "The Anderson Tapes" novelist (the Robin Leach of the detective novel?) Lawrence Sanders (d. 1998) on Mar. 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. physician Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas on Mar. 15; educated at the U. of Tex.; 1990 Nobel Med. Prize. English "Tom Jones" film composer John Mervyn Addison (d. 1998) on Mar. 16 in Chobham, Surrey; educated at the Royal College of Music. German "Until the Final Hour", "Downfall" Adolf Hitler's private secy. (Dec. 1942-Apr. 1945) Traudl Junge (Gertraud Humps) (d. 2002) on Mar. 16 in Munich; daughter of a brewer; "I liked the greatest criminal who ever lived." Australian "Horace Rumpole in Rumpole of the Bailey" actor Reginald "Leo" McKern (d. 2002) on Mar. 16 in Sydney, N.S.W.; loses his left eye at age 15. Bangladesh pres. #1 (1970-5) Mujibur Rahman (d. 1975) on Mar. 17 in Tungipara, Bengal. Am. "Capt. Adam Greer in Mod Squad", "Kras the Klingon in Star Trek" actor Tiger "Tige" Andrews (d. 2007) on Mar. 19 in Brooklyn, N.Y. English Matchbox Toys designer John William "Jack" Odell (d. 2007) on Mar. 19 in North London; kicked out of school at age 13. Am. New Age teacher John Starr Cooke (d. 1976) on Mar. ? in Honolulu, Hawaii. Am. 6'2" "Lt. Ripley Rip Masters in The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin" actor-singer James E. (L.) (Bowen) "Jimmy" Brown (d. 1992) on Mar. 22 in Desdemona, Tex.; educated at Baylor U. Am. "Col. Klink in Hogan's Heroes" actor Werner Klemperer (d. 2000) on Mar. 22 in Cologne; son of Otto Klemperer (1885-1973) and Johanna Geisler; emigrates to the U.S. in 1933. Am. "Artemus Gordon in The Wild Wild West" actor (Jewish) Ross Martin (Martin Rosenblatt) (d. 1981) on Mar. 22 in Grodek, Poland; grows up in New York City. Canadian physicist Gilbert Norman Plaaa (d. 2004) on Mar. 22 in Toronto, Ont.; educated at Harvard U., and Princeton U. English "Staying On", "Raj Quartet" novelist-poet-playwright (bi?) Paul Mark Scott (d. 1978) on Mar. 25 in Southgate, Middlesex. U.S. adm. (first female) Alene Bertha Duerk (d. 2018) on Mar. 29 in Defiance, Ohio; educated at Case Western Reserve U. Japanese "Adm. Yamamoto in Midway" actor-producer Toshiro Mifune (d. 1997) on Apr. 1 in Tsingtao (Qingdao), Shandong, China. Canadian Bank of Canada gov. (1973-87) Gerald Keith Bouey (d. 2004) on Apr. 2 in Axford, Saskatchewan. Am. "Sgt. Joe Friday in Dragnet" actor-dir.-writer-producer (founder of Mark VII Limited) John Randolph "Jack" Webb (d. 1982) on Apr. 2 in Santa Monica, Calif.; husband (1947-54) of Julie London (1926-2000). Am. "Maybelle Merriwether in Gone With the Wind", "Alice MacKenzie in Lifeboat", "Catherine Harrington in Peyton Place" actress Mary "Bebe" Anderson on Apr. 3 in Birmingham, Ala.; sister of James Anderson (1921-69). Ukrainian-Am. accused war criminal John Demjanjuk (Ivan Mykolaiovych Demianiuk) (d. 2012) on Apr. 3 in Berdychiv, Kiev; emigrates to the U.S. in 1952. Dutch PM #36 (1971-3) Barend Willem Biesheuvel (d. 2001) on Apr. 5 in Haarlemmerliede; educated at Vrije U. English "Airport", "Hotel" novelist Arthur Hailey (d. 2004) on Apr. 5 in Luton, Bedfordshire; not to be confused with Am. writer Alex Haley (1921-1992). Am. banker (Jewish) Arthur Goodhart Altschul (d. 2002) on Apr. 6 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at Yale U.; father of Arthur Altschul Jr. (1965-), Emily Altschul (1966-), and Serena Altschul (1970-). Swiss-Am. biochemist Edmond Henri Fischer (d. 2021) on Apr. 6 in Shanghai, China; educated at the U. of Geneva; 1992 Nobel Med. Prize. Indian sitar player (Hindu) (vegetarian) Ravi Shankar (Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury) (d. 2012) on Apr. 7 in Benares; brother of Uday Shankar (1900-77); father of singer Norah Jones (1979-) and sitar player Anoushka Shankar (1981-) - rock the tabla? Am. "Sgt. Whipple in Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.", "Deputy Joe Watson in The Andy Griffith Show" actor Buck Young (d. 2000) on Apr. 12; husband (1953-) of Peggy Stewart (1923-); brother-in-law of Patricia O'Rourke and Wayne Morris (1914-59). Italian banker ("God's Banker") Roberto Calvi (d. 1982) on Apr. 13 in Milan. French novelist Edmonde Charles-Roux on Apr. 17 in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Am. "Crazy Googenheim in The Jacky Gleason Show" comedian Frank Fontaine (d. 1978) on Apr. 19 in Cambridge, Mass. U.S. Supreme Court justice #? (1975-2010) John Paul Stevens on Apr. 20 in Chicago, Ill. - heil stevens? Am. "Doc Holliday in Bonanza" actor Christopher "Chris" Dark (Alfred Francis DeLeo) (d. 1971) on Apr. 21 in New York City; friend of fellow amateur astronomer Guy Williams. Italian-German composer-conductor Bruno Maderna (d. 1973) on Apr. 21 in Venice. Am. comedian and TV show host (Jewish) Hal March (Harold Mendelson) (d. 1970) on Apr. 22 in San Francisco, Calif. Italian conductor Guido Cantelli (d. 1956) on Apr. 27 in Novara. Am. historian (Jewish) Gerda Lerner (Gerda Hedwig Kronstein) (d. 2013) on Apr. 30 in Vienna, Austria; educated at the New School for Social Research, and Columbia U. Austrian ecologist Otto Buchsbaum (d. 2001) on May 2 in Vienna; moves to Brazil in 1939; husband of Florence Buchsbaum (Gertrude Rosenberg) (1926-96). Am. jazz pianist-composer (black) John Aaron Lewis (d. 2001) on May 3 in La Grange, Ill.; founder of the Modern Jazz Quartet. Am. microbiologist (1950 discoverer of prednisone and prenisolone) Arthur Nobile (d. 2004) on May 6 in Newark, N.J.; educated at USC, and UCB. Am. "The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit" novelist (alcoholic) Sloan Wilson (d. 2003) on May 8 in Norwalk, Conn.; educated at Harvard U.; father of David Sloan Wilson (1949-). English "Watership Down" novelist Richard George Adams (d. 2016) on May 9 in Newbury, Berkshire; educated at Worcester College, Oxford U. Am. "Briscoe Darling in The Andry Griffith Show", "Uncle Jesse Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard" actor Denver Dell Pyle (d. 1997) on May 11 in Bethune, Colo. French "Lola Montes" blonde sex symbol actress Martine Carol (Marie-Louise Jeanne Nicolle Mourer) (d. 1967) on May 16 in Saint-Mande, Val-de-Marne. Polish pope #263 (1978-2005) John Paul II (Karol Jozef Wojtyla) (d. 2005) on May 18 in Wadowice; archbishop of Cracow (Krakow); first Polish pope, and first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI (1522-3); 2nd longest reign (26 years) after Pius IX (32 years). Irish Provisional IRA founder Joe Cahill (d. 2004) on May 19 in Belfast. Austrian astrophysicist (Jewish) Thomas Gold (d. 2004) on May 22 in Vienna; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U.; co-founder of the Steady State Theory of the Universe (1948). Am. "Fever" singer-songwriter-actress Peggy Lee (Norma Engstrom) (d. 2002) on May 26 in Jamestown, N.D.; Norwegian-Swedish ancestry; drinks a shot of cognac, screams once, and stomps her foot once before every perf.. Australian-Am. economist (atheist) John Charles (Janos Karoly) Harsanyi (d. 2000) on May 29 in Budapest, Hungary; emigrates to Australia in 1950, and the U.S. in 1961; educated at the U. of Sydney. Ugandan pes. #5 (1979-80) (black) Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa (d. 2010) on May 30 in Kampala. Am. "Patton", "Papillon", "Planet of the Apes", "The Boys from Brazil" dir. Franklin James Schaffner (d. 1989) on May 30 in Tokyo, Japan; raised in Japan; educated at Columbia U. Irish "The Longest Day" writer-journalist Cornelius Ryan (d. 1974) on June 5 in Dublin. Am. climate scientist Reid Bryson (d. 2008) on June 7. Am. "The Howling Man in The Twilight Zone", "Brian O'Bannion in Auntie Mame" actor Robin Hughes (d. 1989) on June 7 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Am. leftist lit. critic (Jewish) Irving Howe (Horenstein) (d. 1993) on June 11 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at CCNY. Trinidadian "Tico Tico" jazz singer-pianist (black) Hazel Dorothy Scott (d. 1981) on June 11 in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago; raised in New York City; educated at Juilliard School; first African-Am. with her own TV show (1950); wife (1945-56) of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (1908-72). Zanzibar pres. #2 (1972-84) (black) Aboud Jumbe Mwinyi (d. 2016) on June 14 in Juba, Sudan. Am. "The Kingfisher" poitt (Quaker) Amy Clampitt (d. 1994) on June 15 in New Providence, Iowa; educated at Grinnell College. British Guardsman Edward Colquhoun Charlton (d. 1945) on June 15 in Rowlands Gill, County Durham. French biologist Francois Jacob (d. 2013) on June 17 in Nancy; 1965 Nobel Med. Prize. French designer Louis Jourdan (Gendre) on June 19 in Marseille. Mozambican FRELIMO pres. (1962-9) (black) Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane (d. 1969) on June 20 in Nwajahani, Mandlakazi; educated at Oberlin College, and Northwestern U. Am. "Midway", "The Beatles", "Ludwig Von Drake", "Boris Badenov" voice actor (Jewish) ("The Man of a Thousand Voices") Paul Frees (Solomon Hersh Frees) (d. 1986) (AKA Buddy Green) on June 22 in Chicago, Ill.; known for his 4-octave range voice. Guyanese "To Sir, With Love" novelist-writer-diplomat (black) Edward Ricardo Braithwaite on June 27 in Georgetown; educated at Cambridge U. Am. "Papa Hemingway" novelist-playwright-biographer Aaron Edward Hotchner on June 28 in St. Louis, Mo.; friend of Ernest Hemingway; co-founder with Paul Newman of Newman's Own Co. Am. producer and SFX creator Raymond Frederick "Ray" Harryhausen on June 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Katherine Caldwell in Son of Dracula" actress Louise Albritton (d. 1979) on July 3 in Oklahoma City, Okla.; wife (1946-79) of Charles Collingwood (1917-85). Am. "Queen of Mean" billionaire (Jewish) Leona Mindy Roberts Helmsley (nee Rosenthal) (d. 2007) on July 4 in Marbletown, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; hatmaker father; husband (1972-97) of real estate investor Harry B. Hemsley (1909-97) . Am. Quaker sociologist Elise M. Boulding (nee Biorn-Hansen) (d. 2010) on July 6 in Oslo, Norway; emigrates to the U.S. as an infant; wife of Kenneth Boulding (1910-93); educated at the U. of Mich. Am. Dem. Colo. mayor #39 (1963-8) Thomas Guida "Tom" Currigan (d. 2014) on July 8 in Denver, Colo.; educated at Notre Dame U. Am. "Huntley-Brinkley Report" TV journalist David McClure Brinkley (d. 2003) on July 10 in Wilmington, N.C.; educated at Vanderbilt U.; father of Alan Brinkley (1949-). Am. "The King and I", "The Magnificent Seven" actor (bald) Yuliy Borisovich "Yul" Brynner (Taidje Khan) (d. 1985) on July 11 in Sakhalin Island, Russia; raised by gypsies. Am. "The 12th Planet" writer (Jewish) Zecharia Sitchin (d. 2010) on July 11 in Baku, Azerbaijan; grows up in Palestine. Canadian "The Secret World of Og" writer-novelist Pierre Francis De Marigny Berton (d. 2004) on July 12 in Whitehorse, Yukon. Am. physicist (laser inventor) (atheist) Gordon Gould (d. 2005) on July 17 in New York City; Methodist parents; educated at Yale U. Spanish IOC pres. #7 (1980-2001) Juan Antonio Samanaranch Torello (Torelló), Marquess de Samaranch (d. 2010) on July 17 in Barcelona. Am. "My Dear Secretary" actress Helen Walker (d. 1968) on July 17 in Worcester, Mass.; a serious car accident in 1946 curtails her career. Am. "Robert Maynard in Blackbeard the Pirate", "Joe Doyle in Clash by Night" actor-singer Keith (John Charles) Andes (d. 2005) on July 12 in Ocean City, N.J.; educated at Temple U. and Oxford U. Zimbabwe African Nat. Union (ZANU) founder (1963) (black) (Methodist) Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole (d. 2000) on July 13 in Nyamandhlovu; educated at Andover Newton Theological School. Am. "Chief in Gimme a Break!" actor Adolphus Jean "Dolph" Sweet (d. 1985) on July 18 in New York City; educated at the U. of Ala., and Columbia U. U.S. HEW secy. #9 (1970-3), U.S. defense secy. #11 (1973), U.S. atty.-gen. #69 (1973), and U.S. commerce secy. #24 (1976-7) Elliot Lee Richardson (d. 1999) on July 20 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. Am. violinist-conductor (Jewish) Isaac Stern (d. 2001) on July 21 in Kremenetz, Ukraine; emigrates to the U.S. in 1921; husband (1948-9) of Nora Kaye (1920-87). Am. feminist Dem. politician (Jewish) Bella Savitsky Abzug (d. 1998) on July 24 in New York City. Am. Broadway producer (Jewish) Alexander H. Cohen (d. 2000) on July 24 in New York City. English scientist (co-discoverer of DNA) Rosalind Elsie Franklin (d. 1958) on July 25 in London; the one who gets shafted for the Nobel. Am. football hall-of-fame QB (Los Angeles Rams) (1945-52) Robert Stanton "Bob" Waterfield (d. 1983) on July 26 in Elmira, N.Y.; educated at UCLA; husband (1943-68) of Jane Russell (1921-2011). Am. country musician Henry Doyle Haynes (d. 1971) (Homer and Jethro) on July 27 near Knoxville, Tenn.; partner of Kenneth C. "Jethro" Burns (1920-89). British physicist Hans Kronberger (d. 1970) on July 28 in Linz, Austria. English-Am. "Gunsmoke", "McLintock!", "Chisum" TV-film dir. Andrew Victor McLaglen on July 28 in London; son of Victor McLaglen (1886-1959). French Club Med founder Gilbert Trigano (d. 2001) on July 28 in Saint-Maurice. Am. "Bullwinkle the Moose and Mr. Peabody", "George of the Jungle" animated film writer-producer-voice actor William John "Bill" Scott (d. 1985) on Aug. 2 in Philadelphia, Pann. Am. "Adam Dalgliesh" crime novelist P.D. (Phyllis Dorothy) James, Baroness James of Holland Park on Aug. 3 in Oxford. Am. UPI journalist (1943-2000) (Greek Orthodox Christian) ("the Sitting Buddha") Helen Thomas (d. 2013) on Aug. 4 in Winchester, Ky.; Lebanese immigrant parents. Am. "Rocky Top", "Bye Bye Love", "All I Have to Do is Dream" songwriter Diadorius Boudleaux Bryant (d. 1987) on Aug. 7 in Shellman, Ga.; husband of Felice Bryant (Matilda Genevieve Scaduto) (1925-2003). Am. "Woodrow Wilson" historian (Lutheran) Arthur Stanley Link (d. 1998) on Aug. 8 in New Market, Va.; of German descent; Lutheran minister father; educated at the U. of N.C.; father of William A. Link. German "The Willing Flesh" novelist Willi Heinrich (d. 2005) on Aug. 9 in Heidelberg. Am. hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (New York Knicks, 1967-82) (Jewish) William "Red" Holzman (d. 1998) on Aug. 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Russian Jewish immigrant father, Romanian Jewish immigrant mother; educated at the U. of Baltimore, and CCNY. Am. poet-novelist ("the Poet Laureate of Low Life/Skid Row") Henry Charles (Heinrich Karl) Bukowski (d. 1994) on Aug. 16 in Andernach, Germany; emigrates to the U.S. in 1923; his alter ego is Henry Chinaski, known for pursuing alcohol, women, and writing. Am. "Esmeralda in The Hunchback of Notre Dame", "Doris Walker in Miracle on 34th Street", "Mary Kate Danaher in The Quiet Man" actress (Roman Catholic) (redhead) Maureen O'Hara (FitzSimons) (d. 2015) on Aug. 17 in Ranelagh, County Dublin; becomes a U.S. citizen in 1946; sister of Charles B. FitzSimons (1924-2001) (her mgr.), James FitzSimons (1927-92), and Margot FitzSimons; wife (1939-41) of George H. Brown (1913-2001), (1941-53) Will Price (1913-62), and (1968-78) Charles F. Blair Jr. (1909-78). Am. "A Place in the Sun", "The Poseidon Adventure" actress (Jewish) ("the Blonde Bombshell") Shelley Winters (Shirley Schrift) (d. 2000) on Aug. 18 in East St. Louis, Ill.; grows up in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. actor Lawrence Neville Brand (d. 1992) on Aug. 13 in Griswold, Iowa. Australian radio astronomer Bernard Yarnton Mills (d. 2011) on Aug. 8 in Manley; educated at the U. of Sydney. Am. historian Don Edward Fehrenbacher (d. 1997) on Aug. 21 in Sterling, Ill. Am. "Christopher Robin in Winnie-the-Pooh" celeb Christopher Robin Milne (d. 1996) on Aug. 21 in Chelsea, London; son of A.A. Milne (1882-1956). Am. "Fahrenheit 451", "The Martian Chronicles" sci-fi/fantasy novelist (aviophobe) Raymond Douglas "Ray" Bradbury (d. 2012) on Aug. 22 in Waukegan, Ill.; no college education or driver's license. Am. heart surgeon Denton Arthur Cooley (d. 2016) on Aug. 22 in Houston, Tex.; educated at Johns Hopkins U. Am. Color Field painter Gene Davis (d. 1985) on Aug. 22 in Washington, D.C. Canadian artist Alex Colville on Aug. 24 in Toronto, Ont. Am. "Parker's Mood" jazz "bebop" alto saxophonist-composer (black) Charles Christopher "Charlie" "Bird" "Yardbird" Parker Jr. (d. 1955) on Aug. 29 in Kansas City, Kan. Am. "Nev. Sen. Pat Geary in The Godfather Part II" actor Gervais Duan "G.D." Spradlin (d. 2011) on Aug. 31 in Daylight, Pauls Valley, Okla.; educated at the U. of Okla. Am. New York Times food critic (gay) Craig Claiborne (d. 2000) on Sept. 4 in Sunflower, Miss. Am. "Crusader Rabbit", "Rocky and Bullwinkle" cartoonist Alexander Hume "Alex" Anderson Jr. (d. 2010) on Sept. 5 in Berkeley, Calif.; collaborator of Jay Ward (1920-89). Am. composer Peter Racine Fricker (d. 1990) on Sept. 5 in London; descendent of Racine (1639-99); emigrates to the U.S. in 1970. Am. "Liz Matthews in Another World" actress Irene Dailey on Sept. 12 in New York City; brother of Dan Dailey (1913-78). Am. economist (pioneer in computer modeling) Lawrence Robert Klein on Sept. 14 in Omaha, Neb.; educated at UCB, and MIT; 1980 Nobel Econ. Prize. Dutch Communist resistance fighter ("the girl with the red hair") Jannetje Johanna "Jo" Schaft (d. 1945) (AKA Hannie Schaft) on Sept. 16 in Haarlem; Mennonite mother. Am. "Juror No. 7 in 12 Angry Men" actor (Jewish) Jack Warden (John Warden Lebzelter Jr.) (d. 2006) on Sept. 18 in Newark, N.J.; of Penn. Dutch and Irish ancestry; boxes as a welterweight under the name Johnny Costello. Am. baseball novelist Roger Angell on Sept. 19. Am. "Erica Kane's mother Mona Kane Tyler in All My Children" actress Mary Frances Heflin (d. 1994) on Sept. 20 in Oklahoma City, Okla.; sister of Van Heflin (1910-71). Am. "Rocky & Bullwinkle" animated film producer J. Troplong "Jay" Ward (d. 1989) on Sept. 20 in Berkeley, Calif.; educated at UCB and Harvard U. Am. medical researcher (melatonin discoverer) Aaron Bunsen Lerner (d. 2007) on Sept. 21 in Minneapolis, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. hall-of-fame baseball pitcher-mgr. (Cleveland Indians #21, 1941-2, 1946-58) (Kansas City Royals, 1970-2) (Chicago White Sox, 1977-8) (New York Yankees, 1978-9, 1981-2). Robert Granville "Bob" Lemon (d. 2000) on Sept. 22 in San Bernardino, Calif; grows up in Long Beach, Calif. Am. "Andy Hardy" ("how old am I, I'll never tell?") actor Mickey Rooney (Joseph Ninian Yule Jr.) (d. 2014) on Sept. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Scottish-born vaudeville comedian father Joseph Yule Sr. (1894-1950), Am. mother Nellie W. Yule (nee Carter); first performs at age 15 mo. in a tuxedo; stars as Mickey McGuire in 78 comedies from 1927-36, and later claims that Walt Disney named Mickey Mouse after him; husband of (1942-3) Ava Gardner, (1944-8) Betty Jane Rase (Phillips) (Miss Birmingham, 1944), (1949-52) Martha Vickers, (1952-8) Elaine Devry, (1958-66) Carolyn Mitchell, (1966-7) Margaret "Marge" Lane), (1969-74) Carolyn Hockett, and (1978-2014) Jan Chamberlain; father of Mickey Rooney Jr. (1945-) and Tim Rooney (1947-2006). Israeli Sephardic chief rabbi (1973-83) (Jewish) Ovadia Yosef (Abdullah Youssef) (d. 2013) on Sept. 23 (1918)? in Baghdad, Iraq; emigrates to Jerusalem in 1924. Am. WWII USAF ace ("Ace of Aces" Richard Ira "Dick" "Bing" Bong (d. 1945) on Sept. 24 in Superior, Wisc. English "The Life That I Have" cryptographer-playwright (Jewish) Leo Marks (d. 2001) on Sept. 24 in London; husband (1966-2000) of Elena Gaussen. Am. "Cannon" actor-producer-dir. William Conrad (John William Cann Jr.) (d. 1994) on Sept. 27 in Louisville, Ky. Am. "Song of the Thin Man", "Lady in the Lake" actress Jayne Meadows (Cotter) on Sept. 27 in Wuchang, China; Episcopal missionary parents; sister of Audrey Meadows (1926-96); wife (1954-) of comedian Steve Allen. English biochemist Peter Dennis Mitchell (d. 1992) on Sept. 29 in Mitcham, Surrey; educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. U.S. Sen. (D-Va.) (1966-73) William Belser Spong Jr. (d. 1997) on Sept. 20 in Portsmouth, Va.; educated at the U. of Va. and U. of Edinburgh. Am. "Looking Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe" historian David Herbert Donald (d. 2009) on Oct. 1 in Goodman, Miss.; educated at the U. of Ill.; student of James G. Randall (1881-1953). Am. "Oscar Madison in The Odd Couple" actor (Jewish) Walter John Matthau (Matthow) (d. 2000) on Oct. 1 in New York City; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; husband (1959-) of Carol Matthau (1925-2003); father of Charles Matthau (1962-). Irish-Am. "Dune" novelist Frank Patrick Herbert Jr. (d. 1986) on Oct. 8 in Tacoma, Wash.; educated at the U. of Wash. Am. "A Hero Ain't Nothin' but a Sandwich" playwright-novelist (black) Alice Childress (d. 1994) on Oct. 12 in Charleston, S.C. Am. "Redhead" composer-songwriter (Jewish) Albert Hague (Marcuse) (d. 2001) on Oct. 13 in Berlin, Germany; emigrates to the U.S. in 1939. Am. "The Godfather" novelist Mario Puzo (d. 1999) on Oct. 15 in New York City. Am. "Philip Boynton in Our Miss Brooks" Robert Rockwell (d. 2003) on Oct. 15 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "George Eastman in A Place in the Sun", "Pvt. Robert E. Lee Prew Prewitt in From Here to Eternity", "Noah Ackerman in The Young Lions" moody sensitive actor (bi) Edward Montgomery Clift (d. 1966) on Oct. 17 in Omaha, Neb.; great-grandson of U.S. postmaster gen. Montgomery Blair (1813-83); great-great-grandson of Francis Preston Blair Sr. (1791-1876) and Levi Woodbury (1789-1851). Am. "Aunt Esther in Sanford and Son" actress (black) LaWanda Page (Alberta Peal) (d. 2002) on Oct. 19 in Cleveland, Ohio; grows up in St. Louis, Mo. Venezuelan immunologist (Jewish) Baruj Benacerraf on Oct. 29 in Caracas; African Sephardic Jewish parents; educated at Columbia U. Guyanan pres (1997-9) (Jewish) Janet Rosalie Jagan (nee Rosenberg) on Oct. 20 in Chicago, Ill.; wife (1943-) of Cheddi Jagan (1918-97). Am. psychologist and LSD guru ("Turn on, tune in, drop out") Timothy Francis Leary (d. 1996) on Oct. 20 in Springfield, Mass.; educated at the U. of Ala., Washington State U., and UCB.; one of "several million middle-class, liberal, intellectual robots" until he reads the May 13, 1957 Life mag. article on psychedelic mushrooms by R. Gordon Wasson. Am. "Becky Thatcher in Tom Sawyer", "Little Orphan Actress" child actress Mitzi Green (Elizabeth Keno) (d. 1969) on Oct. 22 in Bronx, N.Y. French Resistance leader Genevieve de Gaulle-Anthonioz (d. 2002) Oct. 25; niece of Charles de Gaulle. Am. actress (hearing-challenged) Nanette Ruby Bernadette Fabray (Fabares) on Oct. 27 in San Diego, Calif. British novelist-jockey Richard Stanley "Dick" Francis on Oct. 31 in Lawrenny, S Wales; father is a jockey. German-Austrlian photographer (Jewish) Helmut Newton (Neustädter) (d. 2004) on Oct. 31 in Berlin, Germany; emgigrates to Australis in 1940; husband (1948-) of June Browne (Brunell) (1923-) AKA Alice Springs. Am. "Point-Counterpoint" conservative newspaper columnist James Jackson "Kilpo" Kilpatrick (d. 2010) on Nov. 1 in Oklahoma City, Okla.; educated at the U. of Mo.; starts out an ardent white supremacist and segregationist, then mellows. Canadian-Am. "Careen in Gone With the Wind", "Ghost of Christmas Past in A Christmas Carol", "Polly Benedict in Andy Hardy" actress Therese Ann Rutherford on Nov. 2 in Vancouver, B.C.; sister of Judith Arlen (1914-68); wife (1953-) of William Dozier (1908-91). Am. economist Douglass Cecil North on Nov. 5 in Cambridge, Mass.; educated at UCB; 1993 Nobel Econ. Prize. Dutch heroine Marion Pritchard (nee Binsbergen) (d. 2016). Am. "Florida Evans in Maude and Good Times" actress (black) Esther Rolle (d. 1998) on Nov. 8 in Pompano Beach, Fla.; educated at Hunter College, and Spelman College. Am. spymaster-journalist Cord Meyer (d. 2001) on Nov. 10; educated at Yale U. (Scroll & Key). British Social Dem. politician Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead (d. 2003) on Nov. 11 in Aberyschan, Monmouthshire, Wales; educated at Balliol College, Oxford U. Am. wall-eyed villain actor William Scott "Jack" Elam (d. 2003) on Nov. 13 in Miami, Fla.; loses left eye when a fellow Boy Scout throws a pencil at him at a meeting. Am. Roman Catholic Jesuit priest and Dem. politician Robert Frederick Drinan (d. 2007) on Nov. 15 in Hyde Park, Mass.; first Roman Catholic priest in the U.S. Congress (1970-80). Am. "Martha Strable Van Cleve in Heaven Can Wait", "Lucy Muir in The Ghost and Mrs. Muir" actress Gene Eliza Tierney (d. 1991) on Nov. 19 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Irish descent father. Am. Pop Art painter Wayne Thiebaud (pr. TEE-bo) on Nov. 20 in Mesa, Ariz; grows up in Long Beach, Calif.; known for painting candies, cakes, etc. Am. "Mike Hammer in Kiss Me Deadly" actor Ralph Meeker (Rathgerber) (d. 1988) on Nov. 21 in Minneapolis, Minn. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player (lefty) ("the Donora Greyhound") (St. Louis Cardinals, 1941-63) Stanley Frank "Stan the Man" Musial (Stanislaw Franciszek Musial) (d. 2013) on Nov. 21 in Donora, Penn.; Polish immigrant parents. Romanian "Todesfuge" poet (Jewish) Paul Celan (Antschel) (d. 1970) on Nov. 23 in Cernauti, Bukovina; becomes a French citizen in 1955. Am. civil rights atty. (black) Percy Sutton on Nov. 24 in San Antonio, Tex. Mexican "Mr. Roarke in Fantasy Island", "Corinthian leather hawker in Chrysler Cordoba ads", "Khan Noonien Singh in Star Trek: TOS" actor (Roman Catholic) Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalban (Montalbán) y Merino (d. 2009) on Nov. 25 in Mexico City; husband (1944-2007) of Georgiana Young (1924-2007). Am. "Lois Lane in The Adventures of Superman" actress Noel Darleen Neill (d. 2016) on Nov. 25 in Minneapolis, Minn. Am. "and his dog Spot" car dealer Calvin Coolidge "Cal" Worthington (d. 2013) on Nov. 27 in Shidler (Bly?), Okla. Am. Adm. Elmo Russell "Bud" Zumwalt Jr. (d. 2000) on Nov. 29 in San Francisco, Calif.; youngest chief of naval ops so far (1970); known for promoting the first African-Am. and female officers to adm. and allowing women to serve on warships and become naval aviators. Am. "Verna Jarrett in White Heat", "The Best Years of Our Lives" actress-dancer Virginia Mayo (Virginia Clara Jones) (d. 2005) on Nov. 30 in St. Louis, Mo. French populist politician Pierre Poujade (d. 2003) on Dec. 1 in Saint-Cere (Lot). English "Rangi Ram in It Ain't Half Hot Mum" actor Michael Bates (d. 1978) on Dec. 4 in Jhansi, India. Am. "Take Five", "In Your Own Sweet Way", "The Duke" jazz pianist David Warren "Dave" Brubeck (Dave Brubeck Quartet) on Dec. 6 in Concord, Calif.; almost kills himself by diving into the surf in Hawaii in 1951; likes unusual time signatures. Am. physical chemist Michael Kasha on Dec. 6 in Elizabeth, N.J.; Ukranian immigrant parents; educated at UCB. English chemist George Hornidge Porter, Baron Porter of Luddenham (d. 2002) on Dec. 6 in Stainforth (near Thorne), West Riding, Yorkshire; educated at the U. of Leeds; created baron in 1990. Am. "The Huntley-Brinkley Report" TV producer (Jewish) Reuven Frank (d. 2006) on Dec. 7 in Montreal, Quebec; educated at Columbia U. Austrian Nazi fighter ace (258 Vs - first with 250 Vs) Maj. Walter "Nowi" Nowotny (d. 1944) on Dec. 7 in Gmund. English writer radio producer (gay) Beryl Hallam Augustine Tennyson (d. 2005) on Dec. 10 in Chelsea, London; great-grandson of Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-92); educated at Eaton, and Oxford U. Am "Airboy" comic book artist Fred Kida (d. 2014) on Dec. 12 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Japenese descent; grows up in Manhattan, N.Y. Am. statesman (U.S. secy. of state) George Pratt Shultz on Dec. 13. English "The Eagle of the Ninth" children's novelist Rosemary Sutcliff (d. 1992) on Dec. 14 in East Clandon, Surrey; Am. jazz trumpeter (black) (flugelhorn pioneer) Clark Terry (d. 2015) on Dec. 14 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. jazz trumpeter (black) Clark "Mumbles" Terry on Dec. 14 in St. Louis, Mo. Egyptian liberal Muslim scholar Gamal al-Banna on Dec. 15 in Mahmudiya; youngest brother of Hassan al-Banna (1906-49); great-uncle of Tariq Ramadan (1962-). Am. Disneyland developer Cornelius Vanderbilt "C.V." "Woody" Wood (d. 1992) on Dec. 17. Am. "May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose" 4'11" country singer James Cecil "Little Jimmy" Dickens (d. 2015) (The Country Boys) on Dec. 19 in Bolt, W. Va.; first to wear rhinestone-studded outfits in performances. Cuban ballerina Alicia Alonso on Dec. 21 in Havana. Am. "Angie in Marty", "Walsh in Chinatown" actor Joseph "Joe" Mantell on Dec. 21 in New York City; first to utter the line "You talkin' to me" to a mirror in "The Twilight Zone" (episode 39). Cuban ballerina-choreographer (blind) Alicia Alonso Martinez on Dec. 21 in Havana; loses her peripheral vision in 1941 to a detached retina; dance partner of Igor Youskevitch (1912-94). Am. songwriter-bandleader (black) Dave Bartholomew on Dec. 24 in Edgard, La. Am. "Felix Leiter in Dr. No", "Steve McGarrett in Hawaii Five-O", "Book 'em, Dano" actor Jack Lord (John Joseph Patrick Ryan) (d. 1998) on Dec. 30 in New York City. Am. actor-singer-songwriter ("the Arizona Cowboy") ("Last of the Silver Screen Cowboys") ("the Voice of the West") Rex Elvie Allen (d. 1999) on Dec. 31 in Willcox, Ariz. Am. historian David Herbert Donald on ? in Goodman, Miss.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. ecologist Robert Harding Whittaker (d. 1980) on ? in Wichita, Kan.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. burlesque queen Georgia Sothern (Hazel Eunice Finklestein) (d. 1981) on ? in ?. Am. nudist photographer Ed Lange (d. 1995) on ? in ?. Am. Kitty Litter inventor Edward H. Lowe (d. 1995) on ? in ?. English writer Jasper Godwin Ridley (d. 2004) on ? in ?; educated at Magdalen College, Oxford U., and the Sorbonne. Am. "How to Meditate" psychologist Lawrence LeShan on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Chicago. Deaths: U.S. vice-pres. #22 (1889-93) Levi Parsons Morton (b. 1824) on May 16 at age 96 in RhineBeck (1970-), N.Y; longest-living U.S. vice-pres. - levy a parsimonious price on mortality? French paleographer Leopold Delisle (b. 1826). French empress (1853-71) (wife of Napoleon III) Eugenie de Montijo (b. 1826) on July 11 in Madrid. Am. penologist Zebulon Reed Brockway (b. 1827); his last years in Elmira (1876-1900) are spent running a corrupt prison? Italian philosopher Roberto Ardigo (b. 1828) on Sept. 15 in Mantova. German mathematician Moritz Cantor (b. 1829) on Apr. 10. British Liberal Unionist politician Jesse Collings (b. 1831) on Nov. 20. Am. Methodist Episcopal bishop John Heyl Vincent (b. 1832) on May 9. German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt (b. 1832) on Aug. 31 in Grossbothen (near Leipzig). English astronomer Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer (b. 1836). French physicist Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron (b. 1837) on Aug. 31 in Agen. Am. "novelist-editor-critic William Dean Howells (b. 1837) on May 11: "The secret of a man who is universally interesting is that he is universally interested"; "We are creatures of the moment; we live from one little space to another, and only one interest at a time fills these"; "I hope the time is coming when not only the artist, but the common, avgerage man... will reject the ideal grasshopper whenever he finds it, in science, in literature, in art." Am. inventor John Wesley Hyatt (b. 1837) on May 10. German composer Max Bruch (b. 1838) on Oct. 2 in Berlin-Friedenau. Canadian judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier (b. 1839) on June 27 in Saint-Irenee-les-Bains, Quebec. English novelist Rhoda Broughton (b. 1840). English painter Briton Riviere (b. 1840). British Adm. Sir Jackie Fisher (b. 1841) on July 10 in Kilverstone, Norfolk. Am. lt. gov. #2 of Okla. (1911-15) J.J. McAlester (b. 1842) on Sept. 21 in McAlester, Okla. Am. voting machine inventor Jacob Hiram Myers (b. 1841) on Apr. 1 in Rochester, N.Y. English painter Sir William B. Richmond (b. 1842). British photographic chemist Sir William Abney (b. 1843). Spanish novelist Benito Perez Galdos (b. 1843) on Jan. 4 in Madir. Jewish publisher Rudolf Mosse (b. 1843) on Sept. 8 in Berlin. English theologian William Sanday (b. 1843) on Sept. 16. German botanist Wilhelm Pfeffer (b. 1845) on Jan. 31. Hungarian painter-politician Pal Szinyei Merse (b. 1845) on Feb. 2 in Jernye. Russian jeweled egg designer Peter Carl Faberge (b. 1846) on Sept. 24 in Lausanne, Switzerland. German-born Am. financier-philantropist Jacob Schiff (b. 1847) on Sept. 25 in New York City. Australian writer Louisa Lawson (b. 1848) on Aug. 12 in Gladesville, N.S.W. Australian PM #1 (1901-3) Sir Edmund Barton (b. 1849) on Jan. 7 in Medlow Bath. Irish stage actor James O'Neill (b. 1849) on Aug. 10 in New London, Conn.; father of Eugene O'Neill. Belgian WWI gen. Gerard Mathieu Leman (b. 1851) on Oct. 17 in Brussels. British novelist Mrs. Humphry (Mary) Ward (b. 1851) on Mar. 26. Syrian scholar Tahir Al-Jazairi (b. 1852) in Damascus. Am. Panama Canal Army surgeon Maj. Gen. William C. Gorgas (b. 1854) on July 3 in London. German novelist Ludwig Ganghofer (b. 1855) on July 24 in Tegernsee; sells 30M copies of his feel-good-about-the-homeland novels. South African novelist Olive Schreiner (b. 1855) on Dec. 11 in Wynberg. Austrian field marshal Svetozar Boroevic (b. 1856) on May 23 in Klagenfurt. Somali Mad Mullah Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (b. 1856) on Dec. 21 in Imi, Ogaden. Am. explorer Robert Edwin Peary (b. 1856) on Feb. 20 in Washington, D.C; buried in Arlington Nat. Cemetery: "The pole at last! The prize of three centuries, my dream and ambition for 23 years, mine at last!" - did Penguin Peary die warm? French stage actress Gabrielle Rejane (b. 1856) on June 14 in Paris. German artist Max Klinger (b. 1857) on July 5. Mexican pres. #17 (1917-20) Venustiano Carranza (b. 1859) on May 21 in Tlaxcalantongo, Puebla; assassinated by forces of Gen. Rodolfo Herrero; last words: "Lawyer, they have already broken one of my legs." Am. composer Reginald De Koven (b. 1859) on Jan. 16. French novelist Paul Adam (b. 1862) on Jan. 2 in Paris. Swedish painter Anders Leonard Zorn (b. 1860) on Aug. 22. Am. poet Louise Imogen Guiney (b. 1861) on Nov. 20. Am. provisional gov. of Cuba #2 (1906-9) Judge Charles Edward Magoon (b. 1861) on Jan. 24 in Washington, D.C. German poet Richard Dehmel (b. 1863) on Nov. 18 in Blankenese (Hamburg). Albanian PM #3 (1914-6) Essad Pasha Toptani (b. 1863) on June 13 in Paris, France (assassinated by Avni Rustemi, who claims to be the true ruler of Albania). British-born Am. Mt. McKinley climber Rev. Hudson Stuck (b. 1863) on Oct. 10 in Fort Yukon, Alaska (pneumonia); assigned the feast day of Apr. 22 along with John Muir by the U.S. Episcopal Church. Am. auto magnate John Francis Dodge (b. 1864) on Jan. 20 in Detroit, Mich. (influenza); interred in the Egyptian-style Dodge Brothers Mausoleum in Woodlawn Cemetery, Detroit, Mich. German philosopher Max Weber (b. 1864) on June 14 in Munich. Colombian astronomer Julio Garavito Armero (b. 1865). Am. violinist Maud Powell (b. 1868) on Jan. 8. Czech novelist Ruzena Svobodova (b. 1868). Am. auto magnate Horace Elgin Dodge Sr. (b. 1868) on Dec. 10 in Detroit, Mich. (influenza); interred in the Egyptian-style Dodge Brothers Mausoleum in Woodlawn Cemetery, Detroit, Mich. Am. "Pollyanna" novelist Eleanor Hodgman Porter (b. 1868) on May 21 in Cambridge, Mass. Am. historian George Louis Beer (b. 1872) on Mar. 15 in New York City; dies after serving as a colonial expert on Pres. Wilson's Am. Commission of Inquiry in WWI, attending the Paris Peace Conference as chief of the colonial div. in 1918-19, becoming a member of the Mandates Commission of the League of Nations, and dir. of the Mandatory Section of the League's Secretariat in 1919; leaves a bequest in his will to establish the George Louis Beer Prize in 1923 for best historical writing about Euro internat. history since 1895 by citizens or permanent residents of the U.S., becoming the Academy Award of book prizes for modern Euro historians; the first winner is Edward Mead Earle (1894-1954) for "Turkey, the Great Powers, and the Bagdad Railway: A Study in Imperialism" (1923). French-born Russian Communist Inessa Armand (b. 1874) on Sept. 24 (cholera). Afghan king (1919) Nasrullah Khan (b. 1874) in Kabul. White Russian Adm. Alexander Kolchak (b. 1874) on Feb. 7 in Kirkutsk (executed by the Bolsheviks). Irish Sinn Fein lord mayor of Cork (1920) Terence MacSwiney (b. 1879) on Oct. 25 in Brixton Prison, Lambeth, England (hunger strike). Iranian religious-political leader Shaikh Mohammad Khiabani (b. 1880) in Tabriz (murdered by Mokhber os-Saltaneh on the orders of the new PM). Am. composer Charles Tomlinson Griffes (b. 1884) on Apr. 8 in New York City (influenza). Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani (b. 1884) on Jan. 24 in Paris (TB); dies broke and addicted to absinthe, clinging to his pregnant nurse-lover Jeanne Hebuterne (Hébuterne) (b. 1898), who is taken in by her parents and commits suicide by leaping from an upstairs window; a large crowd from Paris attends his funeral, and his work later becomes valuable, feeding the myth that artists need to become addicts to receive inspiration. White Russian PM Viktor Pepelyayev (b. 1885) on Feb. 7 in Kirkutsk (executed by the Bolsheviks). Indian number theory mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (b. 1887) on Apr. 26 in Kumbakonam (TB); leaves four notebooks containing 3K-4K mathematical claims; in 2012 Dec. 22 (his birthday) becomes Nat. Math. Day in India: "An equation for me has no meaning unless it expresses a thought of God." - the good die young? Am. Communist journalist John Reed (d. 1887) on Oct. 20 in Moscow, Russia (typhus); first American buried in Red Square. French-born Am. auto racer-manufacturer Gaston Chevrolet (b. 1892) on Nov. 25 in Los Angeles, Calif. (auto accident at Beverly Hills Speedway). Greek king (1917-20) Alexander I (b. 1893) on Oct. 25 in Athens; dies of sepsis after being bitten by two monkeys. Am. Notre Dame U. football star (#66) (1917-20) George "Gipper" Gipp (b. 1895) on Dec. 14 in South Bend, Ind. (pneumonia); on his deathbed he tells coach Knute Rockne: "Sometime when the boys are up against it and the pressure's really on Notre Dame, tell them to win one for the Gipper"; once ran the 100 yards in 10.2 sec. in full uniform; has a contract to play baseball for the Chicago Cubs. Irish independence leader Sean Treacy (b. 1895) on Oct. 14 in Dublin; killed in a shootout with the stanking' British.
1921 Chinese Year: Chicken. The pop. of Ireland, which peaked at 6.25M before the 1846-8 potato famine is down to 4.3M. After the end of WWI causes the heavy industry boom to bust, 50K emigrate from Scotland. Divorces in Germany: 39K (18K in 1913). Gasoline production in U.S.: 472M barrels. Illegitimate births: Germany: 173K, France 65K, Chile 55K, Italy 49K. The 1921 Summer Heatwave in Europe causes the Russian famine of 1921-22, which kills 5M around the Caspian Sea. Between 1921 and 1924 the number of Americans in Paris swells from 6K to 30K - hot child in the city? On Jan. 1 the Calif. Golden Bears defeat the Ohio State Buckeyes by 28-0 to win the 1921 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 2 religious services are first broadcast on radio when KDKA in Pittsburgh, Penn. airs the regular Sunday service of the Calvary Episcopal Church - Henry VIII rolls over in his tomb? On Jan. 3 Italy stops issuing passports to those emigrating to the U.S. On Jan. 4 Congress overrides Pres. Wilson's veto, reactivating the War Finance Corps to aid struggling farmers. On Jan. 5 Richard Wagner's Die Valkyrie ("Die Walkure) opens in Paris, becoming the first German opera performed in Paris since the beginning of WWI. On Jan. 6 the U.S. Navy orders the sale of 125 flying boats to encourage commercial aviation. On Jan. 13 the French Gen. Confederation of Labor is dissolved by court order over its failed May 1920 gen. strike, causing a schism between the Roman Catholic and Communist members; only 10% of French workers are unionized. On Jan. 13-22 the Congress of the Socialist Party in Livorno, Italy ends in a split into moderate and radical Communist wings, the latter led by Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), pub. of Ordine Nuovo in Turin (Torino); the Italian Communist Party is born. On Jan. 16 Michael Collins (b. 1890) becomes chmn. of the Irish provisional govt.; on May 22 (Sun.) the duly-elected parliament of Northern Ireland is opened by the English king, who gives a conciliatory speech; the southern parliament never assembles, and instead a self-constituted body called the Dail Eireann ("assembly of Ireland") (pr. doll-ERR-an) begins meeting, with Eamon de Valera (1882-1975) as pres. #1 of the Irish Free State (ends Dec. 29, 1937), which is established by the Anglo-Irish Treaty (effective Mar. 31), which requires an oath of allegiance to the crown, which Valera and other repub. leaders won't accept but Collins talks a majority of the Dail Eireann into ratifying, so that on June 28 the Irish Civil War begins between the republicans and the nationalists over the treaty (ends May 24, 1923); on July 8 a truce is agreed to, and signed by Great Britain and the IRA on July 11; Michael Collins signs it, saying he's really signed his death warrant, and is assassinated in an ambush by anti-treaty forces on Aug. 22, 1922; on Dec. 6 Great Britain gives the Irish Free State dominion status under the treaty, while six counties in Northern Ireland remain part of the U.K. On Jan. 24-30 the Paris Conference fixes German reparation payments at 226B gold Reichmarks over 42 years, despite British warnings that they can never pay it; on Mar. 1 German foreign minister Walter Simons (1861-1937) meets with the Brits in London and counteroffers 30B marks, then refuses to accept the Paris Conference terms; in Mar. the French and British seize the Ruhr River ports of Dusseldorf, Duisburg, and Ruhrort, causing the German delegation to quit all talks. On Jan. 21 J.D. Rockefeller pledges $1M for the relief of Europe's destitute; on Jan. 22 U.S. farmers pledge 15M bushels of corn for Europe. On Jan. 21 the Carol A. Deering is stranded on rough seas off Diamond Shoals near Cape Hatteras, and her crew mysteriously disappears, spawning ghost ship legends. On Jan. 28 Albert Einstein startles Berlin by suggesting the possibility of measuring the Universe. On Feb. 2 airmail service opens between New York City and San Francisco; on Feb. 23 an airmail plane sets a record of 33 hours 20 min. On Feb. 12 Winston Churchill of London is appointed colonial secy. On Feb. 19 the U.S. Red Cross reports that approx. 20K children die yearly in auto accidents. On Feb. 21 dissolute Persian shah (since July 16, 1909) Ahmed Shah Qajar (b. 1898) (known for his love of French hos, and for losing and gaining 200 lbs. in two years) is deposed in a bloodless British-backed Persian military coup led by Col. Reza Pahlavi (1878-1944), who rescinds the Anglo-Persian Treaty and signs the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship, giving Persial full equal shipping rights in the Caspian Sea;; the Qajar Dynasty (founded 1794) ends; in 1923 the shah is forced into exile ("European Tour) in France with his family, and on Oct. 28 Reza Pahlavi becomes PM of Persia (until Nov. 1, 1925), taking the title of khan; the Persian army is barred from intervening in politics, becoming known as the Silent Beauty. On Feb. 23 ruler (since Feb. 5, 1917) Sheikh Salim (b. 1864) dies, and on Mar. 29 is succeeded as Kuwait ruler #10 by Sheikh Ahmad al-Jaber (al-Jabir) al-Sabah (1885-1950) (until Jan. 29, 1950). On Feb. 27 riots break out between Communists and Fascist Arditi (strike breakers) in Florence, Italy, ultimately becoming a mini-civil war. On Feb. 28 the Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Mutual Recognition gives Afghanistan a counterweight to the threat of British India; on Mar. 1 the Turkish-Afghan Treaty of Friendship is signed, followed on June 22 by the Persian-Afghan Treaty of Friendship; Afghan emir Amanullah paints himself as a pan-Islamic leader, getting laws passed banning child marriage and marriages between close relatives, and setting a cap on wedding and dowry expenses. In Feb. shipping firm Mitsubishi Co. (founded 1870) of Nagoya, Japan invites British Sopwith Camel designer Herbert Smith (1889-1977) to help them establish an aircraft manufacturing div., going on to develop the Mitsubishi 1MF (Navy Type 10 Carrier Fighter) (first flight 1921), the Mitsubishi 2MR (Navy Type 10 Carrier Reconnaissance Aircraft) (C1M) Mitsubishi 1MT (Navy Type 10 Torpedo Bomber) (first flight Aug. 1922), and the Mitsubishi B1M (Navy Type 13 Carrier-Borne Aircraft) torpedo bomber (first flight 1923). On Mar. 1 ex-king (1910-18) Nicholas I (b. 1841) of Montenegro dies, and Montenegro formally becomes a province of Yugoslavia. On Mar. 1-18 the Kronstadt Rebellion by sailors ("the Praetorian Guard of Bolshevism") in the port of Kronstadt near Petrograd on the Gulf of Finland is put down by Russian soldiers. On Mar. 3 the 1921 British Emergency Unemployment Act increases unemployment payments for the 1M unemployed, but funds them out of future unemployment insurance contributions; it works, since on Mar. 28 the Labour Party refuses to affiliate with the Communists. The Teapot Dome President? On Mar. 4 (Fri.) Blooming Grove, Ohio-born Repub. Warren Gamaliel Harding (1865-1923) ("President Hardly") ("Wobbly Warren") becomes the 29th U.S. pres. (until Aug. 2, 1923) in the 39th U.S. Pres. Inauguration in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. , becoming the first in which an automobile is used to transport the outgoing pres. and new pres. to/from the Capitol (first pres. to ride in a car at his inauguration, and to drive himself); first U.S. pres. elected with female suffrage; first incumbent U.S. Sen. and first newspaper publisher to become U.S. pres.; John Calvin Coolidge Jr. (1872-1933) becomes the 29th U.S. vice-pres. (until Aug. 2, 1923); Woodrow Wilson leaves the White House for his home on S Street; Harding holds a child welfare ball instead of an inaugural ball; a newspaperman who loves reporters, he restores the biweekly White House meetings scrapped by press-hating Pres. Wilson; First Lady Florence Mabel "Flossie" Kling De Wolfe Harding (1860-1924) (first coed college grad) is the wealthy daughter of the richest man in Marion, Ohio (who politically backs her hubby); Pres. Harding's Inaugural Address contains the soundbyte: "The recorded progress of our republic, materially and spiritually, in itself proves the wisdom of the inherited policy of noninvolvement in Old World affairs. Confident of our ability to work out our own destiny, and jealously guarding our right to do so, we seek no part in directing the destinies of the Old World. We do not mean to be entangled... The America builded on the foundation laid by the inspired fathers, can be a party to no permanent military alliance. It can enter into no political commitments, nor assume any economic obligations which will subject our decisions to any other than our own authority"; Harding appoints Welsh-born Moose Lodge head and former steel mill worker James John "Puddler Jim" Davis (Davies) (1873-1947) as U.S. labor secy. #2 (until Nov. 30, 1930), who goes on to work to restrict immigration, establish the U.S. Border Patrol, and survive three presidents (until 1930); on Mar. 4 millionaire financier Andrew William Mellon (1855-1937) becomes U.S. treasury secy. #49 (until Feb. 12, 1932), lasting for three presidents (Harding, Coolidge, Hoover); on Mar. 5 Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (1862-1948), close loser of the 1916 U.S. Pres. Election becomes U.S. secy. of state #44 (until Mar. 4, 1925), convening the Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington, D.C. on Nov. 12 (until Feb. 6, 1922); on Mar. 5 mining engineer Herbert Clark Hoover (1874-1964) becomes U.S. commerce secy. #3 (until Aug. 21, 1928); former U.S. ambassador to France (1912-14) Myron Timothy Herrick (1854-1929) is reappointed (until 1929), just in time to greet Lucky Lindbergh; Harding fights the 1920 recession by cutting federal spending in half, cutting federal taxes by a third, and paying off debt. On Mar. 6 N.Y. passes a movie censorship law, causing William Aloysius Brady (1863-1950), pres. of the Nat. Assoc. of the Motion Picture Industry (1915-22) to go on a U.S. tour to protest movie censorship, causing the industry to turn to self-censorship next year to forestall govt. intervention. On Mar. 8 Spanish PM (since Apr. 28, 1920) Eduardo Dato e Iradier (b. 1856) is assassinated by three Catalan anarchists while leaving Parliament in Madrid, becoming the first Spanish PM assassination since Jose Canalejas in 1912. On Mar. 8 French troops occupy Dusseldorf, Germany. On Mar. 13 after driving the Chinese out of Urga (Ulaan Baatar) in Feb., Mongolia declares independence from China, and gains it on July 11 (National Day), led by German-Estonian "Bloody White Baron" Roman Nikolai Maximilian von Ungern-Sternberg (1886-1921), who declares himself khan of Mongolia, adopting Mongolian dress and trying to pass himself off as Genghis Khan's successor; too bad, after he establishes a protectorate over the Bogd Khan, a Red Army defeats him next July-Aug., causing him to flee W with his troops hoping to set himself up later as king of Tibet, only to be handed over by his own soldiers to the Red Army on Aug. 21 for his dictatorial abuses, and executed in Novosibirsk on Sept. 21 - viva Genghis Khan? On Mar. 15 new elections in Cuba give another V to Dr. Alfredo Zayas (until 1925), but the meddling of U.S. Gen. Enoch Herbert Crowder (1859-1932) causes a resurgence in Cuban nationalism and opposition to U.S. interference; meanwhile the sugar industry is in collapse, causing the island to look for a new source of income. :) On Mar. 16 the 10th Russian Communist Party Congress passes Resolution 12, banning factions within the party - you never know what might happen? On Mar. 16 the Treaty of Moscow between the Bolsheviks and Kemalists of Turkey establishes a new Turkish-Soviet border that makes 1-y.-o. Armenia go poof, splitting its pop. On Mar. 16 the bilateral 1921 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement is signed as part of Lenin's capitalist-friendly New Economic Policy, ending the British blockade and opening Russian ports to British ships, with both sides agreeing to stop their hostile agitprop, opening a period of extensive trade. On Mar. 17 Edinburgh-born Scottish paleobotanist Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes (1880-1958), author of "Married Love" (1918) opens the Mother's Clinic, Britain's first family planning clinic at 61 Marlborough Rd., Holloway, North London, advocating birth control and trying to soften Anglo-Saxon sex guilt attitudes; too bad, she stinks her name up by getting involved in the eugenics movement - we are trying to let you get lucky, right? On Mar. 17 the honor society Phi Alpha Theta (originally Univ. Historical Society) is founded at the U. of Ark. by Nels Cleven for students and professors of history, growing to 350K members by 2017. On Mar. 18 the Treaty (Peace) of Riga between Poland and Russia is signed, ending their conflict, incorporating large areas of Lithuania, White Russia, and W Ukraine into Poland, making it territorially satisfied for the first time - how is it rigged against the Poles this time? On Mar. 20 a plebiscite in Upper Silesia is a V for Germany over Poland, causing the Third Silesian Uprising on May 2-July 21 between Polish and German insurgents, which is ended by the arrival of British troops and a gen. amnesty, followed by the division of Upper Silesia, with the Poles getting one-third of the territory (3K out of 11K sq. km). On Mar. 21 U.S. commerce secy. Herbert Hoover publicly opposes all trade with poor, starving but Bolshevist Russia. On Mar. 23 U.S. Lt. Arthur G. Hamilton sets a new parachute record, safely jumping 24.4K ft. On Mar. 27 (Sun.) the first Easter sunrise service is held in the in-construction Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, Calif. On Mar. 27 the British recognize Sharif Abdullah Ibn Hussein (1882-1951) (brother of King Faysal) as provisional ruler of Transjordan (not subject to the Balfour Declaration), and in Apr. appoint Albert Abramson (1876-) as his British advisor (actually head of the British Secret Service for the British Mandate of Palestine); on Nov. 21 he is replaced by Ceylon-born polyglot Arabophile Harry St. John Bridger "Jack" Philby (1885-1960) (AKA Sheikh Abdullah) (who organized the Arab revolt against the Turks in WWI, and wrote the Iraqi constitution last year), who goes on to back Ibn Saud against Sharif Hussein as "king of the Arabs", and recommend a united Arabian peninsula, while leaking state secrets to Ibn Saud, causing the British govt. to think he "went native" and force his resignation in 1924. On Mar. 31 the Great Coal Strike in Britain begins after proposals for nationalization are rejected and govt. control of the mines ends; Britain declares a state of emergency after railway and transport workers join the strike; too bad, the latter return to work on Apr. 15 ("Black Friday"), and on June 28 the strike is settled with a govt. offer of a subsidy and increased wages, ending officially on July 1. In Mar. Congress provides for the burial of an unidentified U.S. soldier from World War I in a special place of honor. In Mar. in Russia the New Economic Plan (denationalization except for large-scale industry, banking, and foreign trade) is instituted. In Mar. a Communist uprising in C Germany led by Max Holz of Plauen, Saxony is quashed, and Holz is sentenced to life in prison. On Apr. 2 Albert Einstein (1879-1955) lectures on his Theory of Relativity at Columbia U. to mucho publicity; he lectured at City College of New York first. On Apr. 3 lord chief justice (since 1913) Lord Reading succeeds Lord Chelmsford as British viceroy of India (until Apr. 3, 1926), and (did I mention?) is created marquis of Reading, becoming the highest peerage rank reached by a Jew in British history. On Apr. 8 right-wing former PM (1915) Demetrios (Dimitrios) Gounaris (1866-1922), leader of the anti-Venizelos People's Party becomes PM of Greece (until May 16, 1922), continuing the war against Turkey, which ends up getting him canned and killed. On Apr. 10 Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) is elected pres. of China (until ?). On Apr. 11 Iowa becomes the first state to impose a cigarette tax (2 cents). On Apr. 12 Pres. Harding's First Message to Congress calls for cuts in corporate taxes, incl. on "excess profits", with personal income taxes to remain as-is, with a top rate of 8% on incomes above $4K a year; on June 10 the U.S. Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 is passed, becoming the first unified federal budget, establishing the Bureau of the Budget, whose dir. reports to the pres., and the Gen. Accounting Office (GAO) to cut wasteful spending, whose dir. is the U.S. comptroller gen.; too bad, Senators want to give bonuses to WWI vets, like 38 states already did, starting a war with Harding. On Apr. 14-15 a U.S. record 75.8 in. of snow falls in a 24-hour period at Silver Lake, Colo. On Apr. 18 Ontario announces prohibition, to take effect within 3 mo. On Apr. 18 Junior Achievement, created to encourage business skills in young people is incorporated in ever-corny Colorado Springs, Colo. On Apr. 19 Ain-born former simple country girl turned chef Eugenie "La Mere" Brazier (1895-1977) opens her first restaurant in onion-loving Lyon, France, rising with help of food critic Curnonsky to become the first woman to earn three Michelin stars in 1933, turning Lyon into the #2 food capital of France after Paris; she also becomes the first French chef of either sex to attain six Michelin stars for her restaurants on Rue Royale and in the Alpine foothills at Col de la Luère; her cooking attracts celebrity clientele incl. Charles de Gaulle, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, and Marlene Dietrich, who loves her Langouste Belle Aurore, a whole sweet lobster drenched in brandy and cream; her student Paul Bocuse (1926-) goes on to keep Lyon at the top. On Apr. 20 the Allies set up a customs frontier on the Rhine; as the big day for the first reparation payment (May 1) approaches, the Reparation Commission folds and fixes the liability at a lower sum of 132B marks, but adds another 12B for reconstruction of industrial works, and demands that all the gold of the Reichsbank be handed over as insurance. On Apr. 26 the first weather news is aired by radio station WEW in St. Louis, Mo. In Apr. the U.S. Big Red Scare reaches its height. On May 1 Quebec takes control of liquor sales. On May 1-7 the Jaffa Riots (Heb. Me'oraot Tarpa) in the Palestine Mandate starts out as a fight between two groups of Jews that attracts madass Muslim Arabs; "Arab men bearing clubs, knives, swords, and some pistols broke into Jewish buildings and murdered their inhabitants, while women followed to loot. They attacked Jewish pedestrians and destroyed Jewish homes and stores. They beat and killed Jews in their homes, including children, and in some cases split open the victims' skulls"; the Haycraft Commission of Inquiry whitewashes it with the report "Palestine: Disturbances in May 1921", blaming it on the Jews as well as Arabs: "The fundamental cause of the Jaffa riots and the subsequent acts of violence was a feeling among the Arabs of discontent with, and hostility to, the Jews, due to political and economic causes, and connected with Jewish immigration, and with their conception of Zionist policy as derived from Jewish exponents", causing British high commissioner Herbert Samuel Samuel to limit Jewish immigration to the region "only to the extent that it did not burden the economy"; Jews are only 10% of the pop. On May 3 W. Va. imposes the first state sales tax - on cigarettes and cough drops? On May 3 the term Big Apple (a gambling term meaning a desirable prize) is first used in reference to New York City by John J. Fitz Gerald in the New York Morning Telegraph. On May 10 the Allies issue an ultimating giving Germany until May 12 to accept all of their reparation and disarmament demands and to begin trying German war criminals, causing the cabinet of chancellor Konstantine Fehrenbach to resign, and a center-left coalition cabinet to be formed by Catholic Center Party minister of finance Karl Joseph Wirth (1879-1956), who starts a policy of "fulfillment" in an effort to demonstrate that Germany is incapable of paming, going on to begin paying reparations on Aug. 31, causing the mark to begin falling in value; the final payment isn't made until Oct. 3, 2010. On May 15 the first elections in Italy under universal suffrage result in the Liberals and Democrats winning 275 seats, the Socialists 122, Roman Catholics 107, Fascists 22, and Communists 16. On May 16 the U.S. Supreme (White) Court rules unanimously in Dillon v. Gloss that Congress when proposing a constitutional amendment may fix a definite period for ratification, incl. the 7-year period they set for passing the 18th Amendment. On May 19 Congress passes the U.S. Emergency Quota Act, establishing nat. quotas for immigrants entering the U.S. On May 20 a peace treaty is signed by Germany and China. On May 21 Taggart Baking Co. of Indianapolis, Ind. begins marketing Wonder Bread, named by Edward Cline for the red-white-yellow-blue balloons at Indianapolis Speedway; in 1925 it is acquired by Continental Baking Co., who adds "It's Slo Baked" on the logo; in 1927 it expands to Canada, later Mexico; in the 1930s it becomes one of the first white breads shipped pre-sliced; a steel shortage in WWII causes it to be sold unsliced in 1943-5, after which it begins enriching it, helping spur the Quiet Miracle that reduces the incidence of beriberi, pellagra et al.; in the 1950s it sponsors The Howdy Doody Show, with the slogan: "Wonder Bread builds strong bodies 8 ways. Look for the red, yellow and blue balloons printed on the wrapper"; in the 1960s the slogan is "Helps build strong bodies 12 ways"; in 1995 it is acquired by Interstate Bakers Corp. (later Hostess brands), which goes through bankruptcy in 2004-Feb. 2009; on Aug. 28, 2007 after a court judgment it ends production in Southern Calif., causing a consumer reaction that helps it return in Sept. 2009; on July 22, 2013 after it files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, it is acquired by Flowers Foods. On May 27 Pres. Harding signs an emergency tariff measure, and in July the House passes a bill increasing tariffs across the board. On May 30 the Teapot Dome Scandal results after the U.S. Navy transfers the Teapot Dome oil reserves in Wyo. to the U.S. Dept. of the Interior; on Mar. 5 N.M. Sen. (since Mar. 27, 1912) Albert Bacon Fall (1861-1944) becomes U.S. interior secy. #28 (until Mar. 4, 1923), leasing them to two private oil cos. at low rates sans competitive bidding, and is later convicted of accepting bribes from Sinclair Oil tycoon Harry Ford Sinclair (1876-1956), incl. $269K and several prize head of cattle for oil-drilling rights to public lands in Wyo. and Calif., testifying before the U.S. Congress, uttering the immortal Milkshake Analogy: "Sir, if you have a milkshake and my straw reaches across the room, I'll end up drinking your milkshake", which is used in the 2008 film "There Will Be Blood"; Ford ends up serving 6 mo. in prison for jury tampering. On May 31 Lithuanian-Ams. present Pres. Harding with 1M signatures requesting de jure recognition of Lithuania. On May 31 after not seeing each other for two years and exchanging no love letters, after which she sends him a letter in Jan. saying "I am alone now with Mother. If you still care for me just send for me", silent film star Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton (1895-1966) marries silent film actress Natalie Talmadge (1896-1969), sister of his producer Joseph Schenck's wife Norma Talmadge; too bad, after spending his dough like water for fancy homes and clothes, and giving him two sons James (b. 1922) and Robert (b. 1924) she stops having sex with him, causing him to begin seeking other dames, which she uses as an excuse for bitter divorce in 1932, taking the rest of his fortune along with the sons, and he becomes an alcoholic, selling his lavish $300K 10K sq. ft. Beverly Hills Italian villa The General (built 1926) (used in the 1972 film "The Godfather") in the 1933; "I took a lot of pratfalls to build that dump." On May 31-June 1 the 16-hour Tulsa Race Riot breaks out in "Black Wall Street" (Greenwood neighborhood) of Tulsa, Okla., with a mob of 10K whites aided by police and the Nat. Guard burning down 35 city blocks (1,256 homes), causing $1.8M in property damage, leaving 10K homeless, and killing 200-300 (official totals 23 blacks, 16 whites); some whites drop dynamite from a plane onto the black ghetto?; after white Tulsa businessman ("Father of Route 66") Cyrus Stevens Avery (1871-1963) begins a push to build Route 66 (Nov. 11, 1926), and makes sure it goes through the town, and white country groups such as Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys set up shop, the town becomes a white haven, dubbed "America's most beautiful city" by Time mag. in the 1950s. On June 3 the Great Pueblo Flood of the Arkansas River destroys Pueblo, Colo., killing 100 and causing $30M damage, causing a concrete channel to be built for the river in 1923, followed by the Pueblo Dam in the 1970s. On June 7 Orange Protestant Sir James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon (1871-1940) of the Ulster Unionist Party is appointed PM #1 of Northern Ireland by the Lord Lt. of Ireland (until Nov. 24, 1940), going on to utter the soundbyte on Apr. 1934: "The hon. Member must remember that in the South they boasted of a Catholic State. They still boast of Southern Ireland being a Catholic State. All I boast of is that we are a Protestant Parliament and a Protestant State. It would be rather interesting for historians of the future to compare a Catholic State launched in the South with a Protestant State launched in the North and to see which gets on the better and prospers the more. It is most interesting for me at the moment to watch how they are progressing. I am doing my best always to top the bill and to be ahead of the South." On June 12 Pres. Harding urges every young man to attend military training camp - for what, their health, so they won't end up looking like Taft? On June 20-Aug. 5 the Imperial Conference of 1921 is held in London; Australian PM W.M. Hughes utters the soundbyte "We ought not spend one shilling or risk one life to further the ambitious projects of King Constantine" against the Turks. On June 21-July 21 under the direction of asst. chief Brig. Gen. William "Billy Mitchell", U.S. Army Air Service pilots bomb the captured German battleship Ostfriesland to demonstrate the effectiveness of aerial bombing on warships, becoming the first naval vessels sunk by aircraft - the beginnings of Shock and Awe? On June 22 civil war breaks out in China; on June 30-July 1 the Chinese Communist Party is founded by young deer-in-the-headlights librarian Mao Tse-tung (Zedong) (1893-1976) under the leadership of Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. On June 24 the League of Nations council gives Finland sovereignty over the Aland Islands, with its own autonomous govt. On June 25 Samuel Gompers (1850-1924) is elected head of the AFL for the 40th and last time (1886-1924). On June 26 the Giolitti cabinet falls over its foreign policy, and on July 4 Ivanhoe Bonomi (1873-1951) becomes PM with a new cabinet (until Feb. 26, 1922). On June 30 Pres. Harding appoints former Repub. pres. #27 (1909-13) William Howard Taft (1857-1930) as U.S. Chief Justice #10 and its 69th justice to fill the vacancy left by Edward Douglass White (1910-21), and he is sworn-in on July 11 (until Feb. 3, 1930), becoming the first person to have held both offices (until ?). On July 2 Pres. Harding signs the joint congressional Knox-Porter Resolution declaring an end to the war with Germany and Austria-Hungary; on June 21 Johann Schober (1874-1932), an Austrian police minister who was made pres. just before the fall of the Hapsburg monarchy in 1918 is chosen to head a coalition govt. supported by the Christian Social and Pan-German parties (until Jan. 26), also acting as foreign minister in Dec. to conclude the Treaty of Lany (Lány) with Czech., which pisses-off the Pan-Germans, who want to unite with Germany, leading to his downfall. On July 4 caretaker Jack Torrance celebrates in the ballroom of the Overlook Hotel in Colo. to the song "Midnight, the Stars and You" - Steven King's 1977 novel "The Shining"? On July 7 moderate Filipp Makharadze (1868-1941) is removed as chmn. of the Georgian Rev. Committee and replaced by Polikarp "Budu" Mdivani (1877-1937), who next year begins the Georgian Affair of 1922 (ends Jan. 1923), a bitter conflict with Stalin contesting his centralizing policy, accusing him of "Great Russian chauvinism", which Stalin counters by calling his party "national deviationists", with both sides trying to win Lenin over; too bad, Mdivani fails to stop the amalgamation of Georgia with Armenia and Azerbaijan into the Transcaucasian Repub., and is removed next Jan. On July 11 after issuing an ultimatum, Adolf Hitler is given dictatorial powers in the fledgling 3-member German Nazi Party (NSDAP), and elected pres. of the party on July 29. On July 8 Land O'Lakes (originally Minn. Cooperative Creameries Assoc. unti 1924) member-owned agricultural coop is founded in Arden Hills (near St. Paul), Minn. by 320 cooperative creameries to distribute butter, cheese, and milk; in 1929 indigenous woman Mia is painted by Arthur C. Hanson of Brown & Bigelow for the logo, holding a box of butter; it grows to 3,963 farmer-owners and 10K employees, distributing products for 300K producers and handling 12B lbs. of milk per year, with yearly sales of $14.9B. On July 14 Italian-born Am. anarchists Nicola Sacco (1891-1927) (clean-shaven) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1888-1927) (big moustache) (charged in 1920) are found guilty of the murders of a guard and a paymaster in South Braintree, Mass. during an Apr. 15, 1920 robbery of the slater and Morrill Shoe Co. in Braintree, Mass. in a trial charged with Red Scare politics, protesting their innocence, gaining internat. publicity and global protests; after being convicted of first-degree murder, they are electrocuted at Charlestown State Prison on Aug. 23, 1927, sparking, er, more riots in London, Paris et al.; on Aug. 23, 1977 Mass. Gov. Michael Dukakis proclaims that they had been given an unfair trail, and that "any disgrace should be forever removed from their names." On July 20 the New York Times pub. an article, with the soundbyte: "Russia's 6,000,000 Jews are facing extermination by massacre. As the famine is spreading, the counter-revolutionary movement is gaining and the Soviet's control is waning." On July 22-Aug. 9 in Morocco Gen. Fernandez Silvestre and 20K-23K Spaniards are disastrously defeated by the Riffians under Abd-el-Krim at the Battle (Disaster) of Annual; the Spanish lose 13K casualties vs. 800 Riffians, Silvestre commits suicide, and the Spanish ministry falls; a Spanish parliamentary commission submits a report on the disaster in 1922, recommending the execution of several generals and ministers, and is suppressed - I'll do anything, I'm your puppet? On July 25 Belgium and Luxembourg sign the 50-year Belgian-Luxembourg Economic Union Convention in Brussels, abolishing customs frontiers between them effective next May 1 - a covenant man is a lover? Big date for conspiracy theorists? On July 29 the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is founded in Washington D.C. by Col. Edward Mandell House (1858-1938), chief advisor to Pres. Wilson as the U.S. counterpart of the English Royal Inst. of Internat. Affairs; the first honorary pres. is Repub. politician-atty. Elihu Root (1845-1937), winner of the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize; the first elected pres. is Dem. politician John William Davis (1873-1955), who unsuccessfully runs for U.S. pres. in 1924 against Repub. incumbent Calvin Coolidge; in Sept. 1922 it begin pub. the bi-monthly journal Foreign Affairs, which becomes influential in high places - the result of the Illuminati conspiracy? Canada goes for king and byng? On Aug. 2 British Field Marshal Julian Hedworth George "Bungo" Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy (1862-1935) becomes gov.-gen. #12 of Canada (until Aug. 5, 1926); on Dec. 29 William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874-1950) becomes PM #10 of Canada (until June 28, 1926) (3rd Canadian PM with Mackenzie in their name). On Aug. 10 39-y.-o. Franklin D. Roosevelt is stricken with polio (infantile paralysis) at his summer home on Campobello Island, New Brunswick, forcing his wife to become his eyes and ears by travelling on his behalf. On Aug. 16 king (since 1903) Peter I of Serbia (b. 1844) dies, and his son Alexander I (1888-1934) becomes king of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). On Aug. 16-18 the London Times pub. a series of articles debunking eThe Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (its mass distribution recently backed by Henry Ford) as a forgery with a traceable history. On Aug. 21 Neuruppin, Germany-born black market butcher ("Jack the Slaughterer") ("the Berlin Butcher") Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Grossmann (1863-1922), who ran a hotdog stand during WWI selling meat containing the juicy parts of his victims is arrested in his apt. in Berlin with a dead young woman in his bed, after which he confesses to 20 murders over 20 years, and police believing the total may have been as high as 100 since 1918; he liked to dismember and eat them to get rid of the evidence; too bad, on July 5, 1922 he hangs himself in his cell without giving a full confession. On Aug. 22 Baltimore, Md.-born William John Burns (1861-1932), 1909 founder of the William J. Burns Internat. Detective Agency, known as "America's Sherlock Holmes" becomes dir. of the Bureau of Investigation (later FBI) of the U.S. Dept. of Justice (until May 10, 1924). On Aug. 23-Sept. 13 the Battle of the Sakarya (Sangarios) between 120K Greeks under Gen. Anastasios Papoulas and 96K Turks under Mustafa Kemal Pasha near the Sakarya River near Ankara stops the Greeks before they reach Ankara, becoming a strategic Turkish V and a Pyrrhic Greek V, with 38K Turkish vs. 22.9K Greek casualties. On Aug. 24 a British ZR-2 dirigible breaks in two on a trip near Hull, England, killing 62. On Aug. 25 the U.S. (which never ratified the Versailles Treaty ending World War I) finally signs a peace treaty with Germany in Berlin, which is ratified by the Reichstag on Sept. 30 and the U.S. Senate on Oct. 19. On Aug. 25-Sept. 2 the Battle of Blair Mountan in Logan County, W. Va. sees 10K armed coal miners attacked by 3K lawmen and strikebreakers (Logan Defenders) to stop unionization by the United Mine Workers (UMW), firing 1M rounds until U.S Army troops intervene and quash the strike, with 50-100 miners killed and 985 miners arrested. On Aug. 26 German finance minister Matthias Erzberger (b. 1875) (who signed the German WWI armistice on Nov. 11, 1918 and was forced from office in Mar.) is assassinated in the Bad Grisebach spa in the Black Forest to get even for stabbing Germany in the back by the anti-Semitic ultra-right-wing death squad Organisation Consul (who take care of traitor Walther Rathenau next year); meanwhile German Jewish industrialist (Freemason) Walther Rathenau (1867-1922) is appointed German minister for reconstruction as the German mark begins a rapid fall and inflation becomes a problem, pushing a permanent solution of an economic-political union of Germany, France, Austria, and Belgium; the mark ultimately drops to 4.2T marks to 1 U.S. dollar. In Aug. exiled Faisal I (1885-1933) returns to Iraq and is crowned king of Iraq with British support. In Aug. after WWI causes govt. expenditures and taxation to skyrocket, PM David Lloyd George appoints a committee headed by Sir Eric Campbell-Geddes (1875-1937), which recommends Geddes' Axe to slash everything. The first O.J. case in Hollyweird? On Sept. 10 Keystone Kops movie star Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle (1887-1933) is charged with murder over the Sept. 9 (Labor Day) death of 26-y.-o. alcoholic rising actress Virginia Rappe (b. 1895) (whose smiling face in a sunbonnet appeared on the sheet music cover of "Let Me Call You Sweetheart"), who dies of peritonitis from a burst bladder after going into a bathroom in his suite in San Francisco's St. Francis Hotel during a celebration of his new $3M 5-year Paramount contract; accused of bursting her bladder with his big prick, or with a jagged piece of ice, or a Coke bottle, the big iced-Coke-guzzling prick is acquitted after three trials, and later evidence suggests she was drunk and tried a self-induced abortion, but his career is ruined with all the bad publicity, which sells zillions of papers for Randolph Hearst's San Francisco Examiner, and gets him blacklisted; he later makes a comeback as a film producer under the name William B. Goodrich (Will B. Good), but dies suddenly before pulling himself out of, er, debt; San Francisco chief of police Daniel J. O'Brien, father of actor George O'Brien ordered Arbuckle's arrest. On Sept. 4 Adolf Hitler physically attacks Bayernbund (NSDAP rival) leader Otto Ballerstedt (1887-1934), is arrested and spends 1 mo. in jail. On Sept. 8 after the Fall Frolic last Sept. 25, consisting of 350 men pushing wicker chairs carrying young maidens and headed by Miss Ernestine Cremona wearing a white Peace robe is a hit, Miss America 1921, the first Miss America Pageant is held at the Million Dollar Pier at the Boardwalk in Atlantic City, N.J. in an effort to extend the tourist season beyond the summer, with 100K attending; the winner of the $100 Golden Mermaid crown is 5'1" 30-25-32 108 lb. 16-y.-o. Miss Washington, D.C. Margaret Gorman (Margaret G. Cahill) (1905-95), who also wins the Bathers' Review; the only judge is His Oceanic Majesty King Neptune Maxim Hudson (1853-1927), inventor of smokeless gunpowder, who also officiates the 1922 pageant. On Sept. 13 the White Castle 5-cent hamburger chain opens in Wichita, Kan., founded by cook Walt A. Anderson and insurance salesman Edgar Waldo "Billy" Ingram, with a small bldg. with white porcelain enamel on steel exteriors built to resemble the Chicago Water Tower, stainless steel interior, and employees wearing spotless white uniforms to suggest cleanliness and counter Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel "The Jungle"; next year they expand to El Dorado, Kan., becoming the first fast food restaurant chain. On Sept. 21 after the Great Russian Famine of 1921-23 sees 100K die a week (5M-10M total), resulting in cannibalism, the first U.S. Am. Relief Admin. (ARA) relief ships arrive led by Herbert Hoover arrive in Soviet Russia with the first of $20M in corn and wheat seed; by Aug. 1922 the ARA is feeding 11M a day in 19K kitchens, and seed from the U.S. Midwest is planted in spring 1922 to end the famine, causing Maxim Gorky to write to Hoover in July 1922 in behalf of the Soviet govt. to thank him, although later they claim it was a Capitalist spy trick; Hoover saves more lives than anybody else so far in history? On Sept. 22 Estonia joins the League of Nations. On Sept. 26 Eduard Benes (1884-1948) becomes PM #4 of Czech. (until Oct. 7, 1922). On Sept. 27 Kan.-born Mabel Walker Willebrandt (1889-1963) is appointed U.S. asst. atty.-gen. (until 1929), becoming known as the "First Lady of Law" as she vigorously prosecuted the U.S. Volstead Act. In Sept. the Yakut Revolt (ends June 1923), the last phase of the Russian Civil War begins with 200 White Russians led by Mikhail Yakovlevich Korobeinikov (-1924) centered in the Ayano-Maysky District of E Russia. In Sept. after he and English pacifist Philip John Noel-Baker (1889-1982) evacuate 500K German-Austrian POWs from Russia (even though the Soviet govt. won't recognize the League of Nations, by getting them to dump them on the borders, where he picks them up on German ships captured by the British), Norwegian explorer-diplomat Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) invents Nansen Passports, issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees, allowing them to help 1.5M Russians emigrate from Russia to 52 different countries, winning him the 1922 Nobel Peace Prize. In Sept. U.S. commerce secy. Herbert Hoover asks Pres. Harding to call a Conference on Unemployment to explore govt. intervention in the economy, but Harding refues, saying "There will be depression after inflation, just as surely as the tides ebb and flow." On Oct. 5-13 the New York Giants (NL) defeat the New York Yankees (AL) 5-3 in the Eighteenth (18th) (1921) World Series; on Oct. 5 the WS is broadcast on radio for the 1st time; in the regular season Babe Ruth, "Sultan of Swat", "King of Clout" hits 59 homers, passing Roger Conner (NL). On Oct. 11 a conference between the Dail Eireann and the British govt. is held in London in Whitehall on Downing St. under a truce, with Sir James Craig representing the Sinn Fein and Eamon De Valera representing the Dail Eireann. On Oct. 12 the cruise ship City of Honolulu catches fire en route from Honolulu to Long Beach, Calif., and all are rescued. On Oct. 13 the Daily Colonist in Victoria, B.C., Canada coins the term "cold turkey" in reference to quitting an addiction. On Oct. 18 the Soviets grant the Crimea independence. On Oct. 19 a rev. in Lisbon, Portugal results in the murder of Antonio Machado Santos (b. 1875), founder of the Portuguese Repub. (founded 1910). On Oct. 20 France signs the Ankara (Franklin-Bouillon) Agreement (Accord) (Treaty) with Turkey, giving up all its territorial claims N of Syria. On Oct. 21 the U.S. bans the transportation of foreign liquor through its territory. On Oct. 24 after U.S. Rep. (D-Tex.) (1917-29) Thomas Lindsay Blanton (1872-1957) is impeached for placing obscene material in the Congressional Record, but the motion to expel him fails by eight votes, after which he is unanimously censured for "abuse of leave to print" - causing it to sell-out? On Oct. 26 after attempts to negotiate loans with foreign banks fall through, and the German govt. requests a delay in payment of reparations, the German cabinet resigns, and chancellor Joseph Wirth forms a 2nd cabinet that is supported by all but the right and the Communists. In Oct. New Brunswick bans the importation of liquor. In Oct. the first annual Festival of Contemporary Music is held in Donaueschingen in SW Germany at the confluence of the Brigach and Breg Rivers (the two source tributaries of the Danube River) under the protection of the House of Furstenberg. On Nov. 1 the groundbreaking ceremony for the 217-ft. limestone cylindrical Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Mo. for soldiers KIA in WWI is attended by French Gens. Armando Diaz and Ferdinand Foch, British Adm. David Beatty, Belgian Gen. Baron Jacques, and U.S. Gen. John J. Pershing; U.S. vice-pres. Calvin "Silent Cal" Coolidge is a speaker; on Nov. 11, 1926 Pres. Calvin Coolidge dedicates it; in 2004 the underground Nat. World War I Museum is designated by the U.S. Congress, opening to the public in Dec. 2006; too bad, in 2012 a movement arises to put a nat. monument on the Nat. Mall in Washington, D.C. On Nov. 1 Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) founds the Am. Birth Control League (ABCL). On Nov. 3 striking milk drivers dump thousands of gallons of milk on New York City streets. On Nov. 4 Japanese PM (since 1918) Takashi Hara (b. 1856) is assassinated in Tokyo by a radical right-wing student believed to be insane. On Nov. 7 Il Duce Benito Mussolini declares himself leader of the 300K-member Nat. Fascist Party in Italy. On Nov. 9 Pres. Harding signs the U.S. Federal Aid Highway (Phipps) Act, calling for the creation of "an adequate and connected system of highways, interstate in character", launching a new era in U.S. highway construction. On Nov. 11 (3rd anniv. of the Armistice) the U.S. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington Nat. Cemetery is dedicated by Pres. Harding; a marble block tomb is installed in 1932, and develops a large crack. On Nov. 12 reps. of nine nations gather for the start of the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-2; on Dec. 13 the U.S., Britain, Japan, and France sign the Four-Power Treaty, pledging to consult one another if any of their Pacific island possessions is threatened. On Nov. 14 the Cherokee Tribe asks the U.S. Supreme Court to review their claim to 1M acres of land in Texas. On Nov. 18 New York City considers varying work hours to avoid long traffic jams. On Nov. 22 the Treaty of Kabul (Anglo-Afghan Treaty) of 1921 secures full formal independence for Afghanistan; the Third Anglo-Afghan War (begun 1919) ends, and Afghanistan is made safe for Westerners once again. On Nov. 23 Pres. Harding signs the U.S. Willis Campbell Act, better known as the anti-beer bill, sponsored by U.S. Sen. (R-Ohio) Frank B. Willis and U.S. Rep. (R-Kan.) Philip P. Campbell, forbidding doctors to prescribe beer or liquor for medicinal purposes, but really aimed at unregulated patent medicines - must have been voided by the time of Capt. Kirk and Doctor McCoy? On Nov. 23 Pres. Harding signs the U.S. Sheppard-Towner Act (Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy Act), sponsored by U.S. Sen. (D-Tex.) Morris Sheppard and U.S. Rep. (R-Iowa) Horace Mann Tower, providing federal funding for maternity and child care, becoming Congress' first social security legislation, and the first major legislation for women after their full enfranchisement - from skid row to 18 and life to go? On Nov. 25 Crown Prince Hirohito (b. 1901) becomes prince regent of Japan after his father retires from mental illness - a mad god? On Nov. 28 Abdul-Baha (b. 1844) dies in Akka, Palestine, and Shoghi Effendi Rabbani (1897-1957) becomes guardian #1 of the Baha'i Faith (until Nov. 4, 1957), presiding over its growth from 100K to 400K members. In Nov. Yugoslavian troops invade Albania; the League of Nations commission forces a withdrawal and reaffirms Albania's 1913 borders. On Dec. 1 the first helium balloon, the dual-engine C-7 non-rigid Navy blimp makes its maiden flight from Hampton Roads, Va. to Washington, D.C. On Dec. 3 Germany and Switzerland sign a treaty which sets up a court of arbitration to deal with disputes. On Dec. 5 Pres. Carlos Herrera of Guatemala is overthrown by a junta led by gen. Jose Maria Orellana (1872-1926), who becomes pres. of the Repub. of Guatemala on Dec. 8 (until Apr. 28, 1926); he rejects the Central Am. federation plan, and goes on to create the new unit of currency known as the quetzal, his image appearing on the back. On Dec. 6 leaders of Britain incl. David Lloyd George and or the Sinn Fein incl. Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith sign the Anglo-Irish Treaty in London, providing for the creation of an Irish Free State within 1 year as a self-governing dominion within the "community of nations known as the British Empire"; Eamon De Valera revolts and begins a civil war with the Irish Free State. On Dec. 6 wealthy New York shipbuilder James Showan is arrested after his palatial yacht is seized off the Calif. coast carrying more than 100 cases of whiskey - smash, slap, slip slide boom? On Dec. 15 Australia adopts a higher tariff to protect post-war industry; meanwhile the Australian Labour Party adopts a program of socialization. On Dec. 22 the U. S. passes the Russian Famine Relief Act, authorizing the expenditure of $20M for the purchase of foodstuffs. On Dec. 23 bucking the Am. Legion and the New York Times Pres. Harding commutes Socialist Eugene Debs' 10-year sentence so he can be home by Xmas, and invites him to the White House; he also frees 23 other political prisoners. On Dec. 28 tfter the 1918 U.S. Pittman Act requires the U.S. Mint to strike millions of silver dollars using the Morgan dollar design, the U.S. Mint begins issuing the art deco Peace Dollar to memorialize the peace following WWI, designed by Anthony (Antonio) de Francisci (1887-1964), becoming the first U.S. coin honoring peace (until 1928, then 1934-5), becoming the last solid .900 fine silver U.S. dollar. On Dec. 29 Sears & Roebuck pres. Julius Rosenwald pledges $20M of his personal fortune to help Sears through hard times. In Dec. the Popular Party in Albania, led by Bektashi (Sufi) Muslim Xhafer Ypi (1880-1940) forms a govt. as PM #10 (until Dec. 26, 1922), with Ahmed Zogu (1895-1961) as minister of internal affairs (until 1922). In Dec. Am. writer Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), who lived on 1599 Bathurst St. in Toronto, Ont. in 1920, then the north side of Chicago in 1921, where he married his 1st wife Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (1891-1979) on Sept. 21 of this year and lived in the 1300 block of Clark St. followed by 1239 N. Dearborn, leaves for Paris with a letter of introduction from Sherwood Anderson, which leads him to Gertrude Stein and the Montparnasse Quarter of the Lost Generation (coined by her mechanic); he returns to Toronto in 1923. Ex-emperor Charles I of Austria (b. 1887) (Charles IV of Hungary) makes two unsuccessful attempts to retain the Hungarian throne, and goes into exile on the island of Madeira, where he dies of pneumonia in 1922. Elections are held in Fiume, and when the Italians are defeated they destroy the returns and start a civil war, inviting Italian fascists in. Capital punishment is abolished in Sweden. Costa Rican troops invade Panama over a border dispute, and are persuaded to withdraw by U.S. officials. The first Indian Parliament meets in the new parliament house in Delhi. A plebiscite in Upper Silesia results in a 63% vote for incorporation in Germany. The Soviet Union and Turkey establish mutual borders, and the remaining independent Armenian lands fall under Russian control; Armenia's borders are gerrymandered in order to give the Caucasus territories to the Soviet Union, creating the area of Nagorno-Karabakh, a mountainous enclave for Armenians surrounded by Azerbaijan. Liechtenstein gets a new constitution providing for a legislature (Landtag) of 15 members elected by male suffrage; Switzerland begins administering its postal services. Chinese "Christian General" Feng Yuxiang (Yu-Hsiang) (1882-1948), former aide to Gen. Wu P'ei-fu organizes the famous Chinese 11th Div., and quells disorders in Shensi Province, becoming its military gov., followed by Henan (Honan) Province in 1922. British military gov. of Jerusalem (since 1917) Sir Ronald Henry Amherst Storrs (1881-1955) ("the most brilliant Englishman in the Middle East" - T.E. Lawrence) is appointed British civilian gov. of Jerusalem and Judea (until 1926), insisting that all of the bldgs. in Jerusalem be built or faced with white Jerusalem stone - nothing's too good for my Jesus? Attempting to bend over backwards to please the Arabs, Sir Herbert Samuel appoints rabidly anti-Semitic Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (al-Husseini) (1895-1974) as grand mufti of Palestine (until 1948), allowing him to become the most powerful figure in the mandate, working to destroy Zionism, stinking himself up by backing Hitler and asking him in 1941 to oppose the establishment of a Jewish nat. home in Palestine. The Dem. Party defeats the Repub. machine of William Van Rensselaer Erving in Albany, N.Y. with the election of mayor #70 William Stormont Hackett (1868-1926) (until Mar. 4, 1926), with help from wealthy Edwin Corning (1883-1934) (who becomes N.Y. lt. gov. in 1927-8), and Dem. Party chmn. Daniel Patrick "Dan" O'Connell (1885-1977), who runs the Dem. political machine for the next 56 years, starts out running wealthy non-ethnic Protestants incl. Franklin Delano Roosevelt for local and state office as a front for the working class Irish-Am. Roman Catholic members. The German Communist Party is founded, with Ernst Reuter (1889-1953) as gen. secy., but after it votes to affiliate with the Communist Internat. he quits and joins the Social Dem. Party, editing the Social Dem. newspaper Vorwarts (Vorwärts), until it is shut down by the Nazis in 1933. In 1921 the first Communist Party Purge is performed by the Bolsheviks, kicking out 220K members; by 1933 800K are purged; not until 1936 does expulsion from the Party mean arrest, imprisonment, or execution. Belgium institutes an 8-hour workday. Oil is discovered at Signal Hill in Long Beach, Calif., causing the city to ramp up the wells, producing 258M barrels of oil by the end of 1927. The British Legion is founded; in 1971 it becomes the Royal British Legion. The city of Brest-Litovsk changes its name to simple bare Brest. The 1890 U.S. Census is partially damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Bldg.; in 1931 it is almost completely destroyed. The U.S. Children's Bureau is established in the U.S. Dept. of Labor, led by Hull House social worker Julia Clifford Lathrop (1858-1932), who helps pass the U.S. Sheppard-Towner Act. Bank Hapoalim is founded in Tel Aviv by the World Zionist Org. and the Histadrug trade union congress (Gen. Federation of Laborers in the Land of Israel); it goes on to become Israel's largest bank. Muckraking Am. journalist Lincoln Steffens visits Russia, and comments, "I have seen the future and it works." Am. Lutheran minister Frank Nathan Daniel Buchman (1878-1961) founds the Oxford Group in England, with the motto "World-changing through life-changing", then in 1938 founds the Moral Re-Armament religious movement, which proselytizes via "house parties". Marconi opens the first public broadcasting station in Britain at his research center in Writtle. Sunset Blvd. in Hollywood, Calif. begins a major expansion to the W, ending at Sullivan Canyon near Santa Monica, turning the sleepy desert oasis into the U.S. entertainment capital. RCA absorbs Marconi, with David Sarnoff as pres. Lord Lee presents the 16th cent. country estate of Chequers (Court) in Buckinghamshire at the foot of the Chiltern Hills to the British govt., and it becomes the official country residence of the British PM, starting with Lloyd George. A muckraking campaign by the New York World causes the Ku Klux Klan to be investigated by the U.S. Congress; when no charges are brought against them, membership soars; the KKK in Denver, Colo., headed by physician John Galen Locke gets Paintsville, Ky.-born Dem. Denver mayor Benjamin Franklin Stapleton (1869-1950) elected in 1923-31 (#33) and 1935-47 (#35), along with police chief William "Coca-Cola" Candish (Koka-Kola Kandish), and terrorizes Jews, Catholics, blacks, and gays, selling Cyana (Catholics, you are not Americans) cigars, and boycotting Jewish fashion store owner Meyer Neusteter. Wendell Willkie leaves his 2-year job as legal counsel to Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. in Akron, Ohio to go into private practice, and Harvey Firestone tells him: "I like you, young man, but I don't think you will ever amount to a great deal because I understand you are a Democrat, and no Democrat can ever amount to much" - the head dummies always have the junior dummies help them out? The name of the Grand River, originating in Colo., is changed at the state's request to the Colorado River. A British team under lt. col. Charles Kenneth Howard-Bury (1881-1963) launches the 1921 British Mount Everest Reconnaissance Expedition, exploring the N approaches of Mt. Everest and successfully paving the way for the later Everest Expedition; after he returns, his description of tracks of a "large loping grey wolf" get garbled with Sherpa descriptions of a "filthy snowman" ("metch kangmi") by Henry Newman of the Calcutta Statesman, who astounds the world with tales of the Abominable Snowman (Yeti); the whole affair makes Howard-Bury a celeb and gets him elected to Parliament as a Conservative - the original Tricky Dicky Nixon? Stephen F. Austin (SFA) State U. is founded in Nacogdoches, Tex. as a teachers college; classes begin in 1923; sports teams are called the Lumberjacks. Scottish educator Alexander Sutherland "A.S." Neill (1883-1973) founds the Freudian-based humanistic Summerhill School near Dresden, Germany, with the soundbyte: "I see that all outside compulsion is wrong, that inner compulsion is the only value"; he prefers the word "dominie" for teacher; in 1924 he founds the Summerhill School in Leiston, Suffolk, England to try out his views that children should run the shcool and adult staff should only help when asked. Dow Jones & Co. owner (since 1903) Clarence W. Barron (1855-1928) founds Barron's Nat. Financial Weekly (later called Barron's Mag.), priced at 10 cents an issue and reaching 30K circ. by 1926. The Nat. Inst. for Industrial Psychology (NIIP) is founded in London. The Lucy Stone League is founded by Am. feminist writer Ruth Hale (1887-1934) to fight for women to keep their maiden names after marriage, named after Lucy Stone (1818-93), the first woman in the U.S. to do it; the motto is: "My name is the symbol for my identity and must not be lost"; Am. novelist Fannie Hurst (1889-1968) and Am. artist Neysa McMein (1888-1949) are among the first members. The Dadaists put French white supremacist anti-Semitic nationalist writer Maurice Barres (Barrès) (1862-1963) on a mock trial for "an attempt against the surety of the spirit", and sentence him to 20 years of forced labor, after which the Dadaists disband. Edgar Varese founds the Internat. Composers Guild. Mary Pickford founds the Motion Picture Relief Fund for needy actors with funds left over from her war bond work, with Joseph Schenck (1878-1961) as pres. and her as vice-pres.; in 1932 she creates a payroll deduction program for studio workers (0.5%) which allows the fund to build the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital in 1940 (closes in 2009), which later houses Stanley Kramer and DeForest Kelley; in 1971 it becomes the Motion Picture Relief Fund. "9/32s Cherokee" Will Rogers (1879-1935) from Oologah, Okla. begins his career as a homespun humorist, reaching his peak in the mid-1920s. This year 7,319 books are pub. in Britain (14,399 in 1928). Am. expatriate (in Paris) Harold Loeb (1891-1974) (cousin of Peggy Guggenheim) begins pub. the avant-garde lit. mag. Broom (until 1924); Hemingway bases the char. Robert Cohn on him in his 1926 novel "The Sun Also Rises". The Inst. of Historical Research (IHR) in London is established at the U. of London by Isle of Wight-born British historian A.F. (Albert Frederick) Pollard (1869-1948), funded by an anon. £20K donation by wealthy real estate developer Sir John Cecil Power, 1st Baronet (1870-1950); it officially opens on July 8, 1921; in 1996 it begins pub. Reviews in History; in 2002 it launches the Web site British History Online. The Society for Army Historical Research is founded in Britain to foster interest "in the history and traditions of British and Commonwealth armies, and to encourage research in these fields"; presidents incl. Field Marshal Sir Gerald Walter Robert Templer (1898-1979) (1965-79), in whose name the Templer Medal is established in 1982 by the U. of Birmingham Centre for First World War Studies. The Warburg Inst. is founded at the U. of Hamburg in Germany by wealthy Jewish art historian (Renaissance culture freak) Abraham Moritz "Aby" Warburg (1866-1929) and Viennese Jewish art historian Friedrich "Fritz" Saxl (1890-1948) to study the influence of classical antiquity on Euro civilization, moving to London in 1933 and becoming affiliated with the U. of London in 1944. In 1921-4 French Egyptologist Jean Pierre Marie Montet (1885-1966) excavates in Byblos (modern-day Jbail) in Lebanon; in 1929 he begins excavating at Tanis in Lower Egypt Egypt, hitting it big in the 1939-40 season, discovering the intact tombs of Pharaoh Psusennes I, Pharaoh Amenemope, and Pharaoh Shoshenq II, along with the partially-plundered tomb of Takelot I, and the fully-plundered tomb of Osorkon II; on May 20, 1939 removes Shoshenq II's coffin lid in the presence of King Farouk of Egypt, and discovers a hawk-headed silver coffin, gold funerary mask, and a treasure trove of jewel-encrusted bracelets and pectorals. The First Internat. Psychical Congress is held in Copenhagen, Denmark, attended by Hereward Carrington (1880-1958) of the U.S. et al. Le Boeuf sur le Toit (The Ox on the Roof) cabaret bar at 28 Rue Boissy d'Anglas in Paris is founded, named aftter a popular Brazilian song that was turned into a ballet by Darius Milhaud, becoming the center of Parisian cabaret society throughout the 1920s, and the home of the avant-garde Les Six composer group led by Milhaud and Jean Cocteau. The Gayety Theatre in Manchester (founded 1907) (the first British repertory theater) closes due to lack of support. Cecil B. De Mille founds Cecil B. De Mille Productions, and specializes in lavish spectacles and battle scenes. The German intellectual mag. Der Querschnitt (The Cross-Cut) begins pub. (until 1933). In France the Colombe d'Or (Golden Dove) inn N of Nice begins as a restaurant called "A Robinson" under Paul Roux and Baptistine Roux. The Duke of Westminster sells Thomas Gainsborough's "Blue Boy" and Joshua Reynolds' "Portrait of Mrs. Siddons" for a record £200K to U.S. collector Henry Edwards Huntington (1850-1927). Impoverished but brilliant Russian writer Fyodor Sologub (Teternikov) (1863-1927) and his critic wife are finally permitted to leave Russia, but on that very day the wife disappears; her body is later found in the Neva River - change your mind yet? The remodeled Teatro alla Scala opens under Arturo Toscanini. The Samba (Port. "to rub navels") dance craze is brought to Paris by white Brazilian musician Manuel "Duque" Diniz, spreading through Europe; meanwhile he brings the trumpet, trombone, sax, and banjo back to Brazil. The Nat. Symphony Orchestra amalgamates with the New York Philharmonic Society, with former (1919-21) NSO conductor Artur Bodanzky guest-conducting. Ukrainian-born pianist Vladimir Horowitz (1903-89) and Ukrainian-born violinist Nathan Milstein (1903-92) begin performing together throughout the Soviet Union, followed by W Europe in 1925, billing themselves as "children of the revolution". Am. cartoonist Russell Channing "Russ" Westover (1886-1966) creates the comic strip Tillie the Toiler (originally "Rose of the Office"), about a working Flapper girl, which is syndicated by the Hearst newspaper chain and becomes a big hit, carried by 600+ newspapers; in 1927 it is filmed by Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures, starring Marion Davies; it runs until 1959. After receiving MIT's first degree in aeronautical engineering in 1914, Brooklyn, N.Y.-born Donald Wills Douglas Sr. (1892-1981) founds the Douglas Aircraft Co. in Santa Monica, Calif., building planes which perform the first circumnavigation of Earth in 1924, going on to pass rival Boeing Co. with its Douglas DC-3 and C-47 and gain 80% of the commercial aircraft market by 1941, only to be passed by Boeing in the jet age; in 1967 it merges with McDonnell Aircraft of St. Louis, Mo. to form McDonnell Douglas, then merges with Boeing in 1997. Listerine brand mouthwash (invented 1865) begins to advertise itself as a cure for "dreaded halitosis", causing revenues to rise from $115K to $8M in the next seven years. Washburn Crosby Co. of Minneapolis, Minn. creates Betty Crocker, named after retired co. exec William Crocker, with a contest held for female employees for the best signature; in 1924 the Betty Crocker Radio Show debuts (until 1948), becoming the first radio cooking show in the U.S.; she gets a face in 1936. Louhans-born French chef Fernand Point (1897-1955) takes over his father's restaurant in Vienne (20 mi. S of Lyon) and renames it La Pyramide after the Plan de l'Aiguille, a truncated Roman pyramid left over from a Roman circus, turning it into France's #1 restaurant, with three Michelin stars, defining modern French cuisine; too bad, after his death it starts losing stars. Ernest Hemingway's first wife Hadley loses a bad containing the ms. of his first novel on a Parisian train; it is not found until ? Gloria Swanson becomes a big movie star, going on to work for dir. Sam Wood and become Hollywood's first clothes horse, spending $50K for gowns, $25K for fur coats, $5K for headdresses, $10K for lingerie, and $6K for perfume yearly while making up to $900K a year at Paramount; she drives a leopard-upholstered Lancia. Black Swan Records is founded in Harlem, N.Y. to release jazz and blues records, proudly advertising itself as owned, operated by, and marketing exclusively to African-Ams. Durant Motors is founded by ex-GM dir. William Crapo "Billy" Durant (1861-1947); in 1922 it acquires Locomobile; in 1931 after the stock market crash doesn't help it any, it goes bankrupt, and Durant dies broke slinging hamburgers and managing a bowling alley. A&W Root Beer founds its first franchise in Sacramento, Calif., becoming the first U.S. co. to sell franchises. The Drackett Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio begins marketing Drano lye-based drain cleaner, God's gift to home plumbers and sadists. Jantzen swimsuit co. introduces its Red Diving Girl logo. Queen Anne Candy Co. is founded in South Side, Chicago, Ill. by Herman Glickman, Henry Martin, and Max Weiss; in 1948 they introduce Queen Anne Cordial Cherries; in 2006 it is acquired by World's Finest Chocolate Co. See's Candies is founded in Los Angeles, Calif. by Charles See and his mother Mary See. Leo "Lindy" Lindeman (-1957) opens fashionable Lindy's Restaurant in New York City at 1626 Broadway (closes 1969). The Baby Ruth candy bar is introduced by the Curtiss Candy Co. (founded 1916) of Chicago, Ill., owned by Otto Y. Schnering (1891-1953), allegedly not named for famous baseball player Babe Ruth but for Pres. Grover Cleveland's daughter Ruth Cleveland (which doesn't stop the shine from making them more sales?); in 1923 Curtiss introduces the Butterfinger crisp crunchy chocolate-carmel-coated peanut butter candy bar; in 1964 Curtiss is acquired by Standard Brands, which in 1990 is acquired by Nestle. Doumak Inc. is founded in Los Angeles, Calif. by Alex Doumak to make marshmallows, starting out with a cast mold process then patenting an extrusion process in 1954, allowing mass production; in 1961 they move to Elk Grove Village, Ill. After the success of their Konabar (chocolate-covered coconuts, nuts, and fruit), Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Co., of New Haven, Conn., founded in 1919 by six Armenian immigrants led by Peter Paul Halajian (1864-1927) begins marketing the 5-cent dark chocolate-coconut Mounds candy bar, bucking the Great Depression by doubling the size for the same price in 1934, introducing the Dreams bar in 1934, diced almonds and coconut covered with dark chcolate, and splitting the stock 2-for-1 in Feb. 1935 after increasing workers' wages up to 20%; during WWII despite sugar and coconut shortages the Mounds bar becomes a hit with the U.S. military, which purchases 80% of the production (5M bars/month) by 1944; in 1948 they introduce the milk chocolate-coconut Almond Joy candy bar, which is packaged in blue to compliment the red-packaged Mounds, becoming the first candy manufacturer to use full-color TV commercials, which feature the Peter Paul Pixies singing that Mounds and Almond Joys are "Indescribably Delicious" after Leon Weiss of Gary, Ind. coins it in 1955 for a contest, winning $10; in July 1972 Peter Paul acquires New York Cone Co., maker of York Peppermint Patties; in 1972 they introduce the 15-cent Peanut Butter with No Jelly Bar, which is discontinued in 1979 after several name and price changes; in 1978 they are acquired for $58M by Cadbury Schweppes, whose U.S. chocolate business is purchased in 1988 for $300M by Hershey Co.; in the 1970s the advertising jingle is: "Something you feel like a nut, sometimes you don't/ Almond Joy's got nuts/ Mounds don't", composed by Leon Carr. See's Candies is founded by Canadian immigrant Charles Alexander See II (1884-1949), his wife Florence MacLean Wilson See (1885-1956), and his widowed mother Mary Wiseman See (1854-1939) in Los Angeles, Calif.; in 1936 they expand to San Francisco, Calif.; on May 1, 1941 they open their first white "all porcelain" store in Bakersfield, Calif.; in 1972 they are acquired by Berkshire Hathaway. Sports: On Mar. 21-Apr. 4 the 1921 Stanley Cup Finals see the Ottawa Senators of the NHL defeat the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA 3-2, becoming their 2nd straight. On Apr. 29 Jimmy Blouin (1886-1947) defeats Jimmy Smith in 30 games in Milwaukee, Wisc. after 30 games in Chicago, Ill., claiming the world bowling title (until 1926). On May 30 the 1921 (9th) Indianapolis 500 is won by 1-eyed Thomas "Tommy" Milton (1893-1962) in a straight-eight Frontenac built by Louis Chevrolet after Ralph De Palma leads for 109 laps and breaks a connecting road, drops out on lap 112, then retires after leading a record 612 laps in the Indy 500 (until 1987). On June 11 The Belmont Stakes is run counterclockwise for the 1st time in its 53 years, breaking with the English custom; Grey Lag (1918-42) (jockey Earle Sande) wins. On July 2 the Jack Dempsey-Georges Carpentier Fight, boxing's first $1M gate is billed as the fight of the cent., becoming the first broadcast live on radio; French boxer ("the Orchid Man") Georges Carpentier (1894-1975) is badly beaten then KOd in min. 2 of round 4; the first fight sanctioned by the new World Boxing Assoc. (WBA), which was set up to compete with the New York State Athletic Commission. On Aug. 5 the first radio broadcast of a baseball game takes place in Pittsburgh, Penn.; J. Andrew White becomes the first pro radio announcer. On Oct. 2 the first Petersen Classic Bowling Tournament AKA The Pete, founded by bowling promoter Louis P. Petersen (1892-1958) is held at Archer-35th Recreation Center in Chicago, Ill.; 64 bowlers in two squads of 32 compete in 8 games for a $1,600 purse, with a $28 entry fee, becoming the richest bowling tournament so far; it is such a big hit that in 1922 he holds one tournament in the spring and another in the fall, attracting 600 bowlers by 1926, 10K in 1958, and 36K in 1981, with the event stretching from Oct. to July; in 1958 Petersen dies, and his son-in-law Mark Philip Collor (1915-2002) takes over; in 1987 first prize earns $55K; in 1994 it moves to Hoffman Lines in Hoffman Estates, Ill.; in 1998 AMF takes over the tournament. Graham McNamee (1888-1942) makes the first radio broadcast of a baseball game from the New York Polo Grounds, which the New York Giants tell the Yankees to leave as soon as possible, causing them to build Yankee Stadium ("the House That Ruth Built") less than 1 mi. away in 284 days with a unique triple-deck grandstand and 58K seats (finished 1923). After the Big Four League collapses on allegations of paying amateurs, the prof. West Canada Hockey League (WCHL) is founded by the Edmonton Eskimos, Calgary Tigers, Regina Capitals, and Saskatoon (later Moose Jaw) Sheiks, playing 6-man hockey without a rover; the league winner plays the winner of the Pacific Coast Hockey Assoc., and the winner of that plays against the NHL winner for the Stanley Cup; in 1925 it becomes the Western Hockey League before it is disbanded in 1926. In 1921 basket ball is officially spelled basketball. Chewing gum magnate William Wrigley Jr. (1861-1932) buys the Chicago Cubs NL baseball team, changing the home park to Wrigley Field, bringing the team to his home of Catalina Island in Calif. (26 mi. across the sea?) for spring training (until 1956). Johnny Weissmuller (1904-84) wins his first U.S. nat. swimming title, eventually setting records in every freestyle distance from 100 yards to 880 yards as well as the 150-yard backstroke; he retires from amateur competition in 1929, and his 51 sec. mark for the 100 yards is unbeaten for 17 years. British jockey Sir Gordon Richards (1904-88) rides his first winner; in 1954 he retires with 4,870 races won out of 21,834. Hialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah in S Fla. opens; after being damaged by hurricanes in 1926 and 1930, it reopens on Jan. 14, 1932, complete with the first Australian Totalisator in the U.S. for automated parimutuel betting; it becomes famous for its flocks of flamingos. Anna Margarethe "Molla" Bjurstedt Mallory (1884-1959) of the U.S. outruns French tennis champ Suzanne Lenglen (1899-1938) at the U.S. Open, beating her 6-2 in the first set, after which she resigns, huffing, puffing, coughing, and weeping, and claiming sickness, causing a row in the French Tennis Federation and the resignation of vice-pres. Albert de Joannis after it exonerates her. The Federazione Italiana Pallacanestro (Italian Basketball Federation) is founded; in 1932 it joins FIBA. The old game of table tennis (ping-pong) is revived. Emanuel Lasker loses his world chess title (since 1894) to Cuban chess player ("the Human Chess Machine") Jose Raul (José Raúl) Capablanca y Granperra (Graupera) (1888-1942), a chess prodigy known for his speed of play and endgame skill, who becomes world chess champ #3 (until 1927). Architecture: On Jan. 1 the Ambassador Hotel at 3400 Wiltshire Blvd. in Los Angeles, Calif. opens, designed by Pasadena architect Myron Hunt (1868-1952), becoming a favorite spot for Hollywood celebs, Academy Award ceremonies, and U.S. presidents from Hoover to Nixon, who all groove on the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub, going on to become the hotel where RFK is killed on June 6, 1968. German Jewish Expressionist architect Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953) designs the Einstein Tower observatory near Potsdam, featuring relativistic flowing Expressionist-style lines (begun 1919), then flees Germany for England in 1933, after which the Nazis seize his property. Italian immigrant Sabato "Simon" "Sam" Rodia (1879-1965) begins building the Watts Towers (Nuestra Pueblo) in Watts, Los Angeles, Ca., finishing in 1954; after he relocates to Martinez, Calif. and dies on July 17, 1965, it emerges unscathed from the Aug. 11-16, 1965 Watts Riots and ends up as a state historical park. King George V Dock in London (begun 1912) opens, insuring London's position as the #1 port system in the world. The cool 42-story 2K-room Ind. limestone Cathedral of Learning in C Pittsburgh, Penn. is commissioned by Philly-born Gothic architect Charles Zeller Klauder (1872-1938), commenced in 1926, and opened in 1931, becoming the main classroom bldg. of the U. of Pittsburgh, and the first educational skyscraper; it is dedicated in June 1937. 1,077-acre Longwood Gardens in Kennett Square, Penn., which began as a 402-acre farm purchased in 1700 by Quaker farmer George Peirce, then a 15-acre arboretum built by his great-grandsons Samuel and Joshua Peirce, then purchased on July 20, 1906 by philanthropist Pierre S. du Pont opens to the public, consisting of 20 indoor horticultural display gardens inside a 4.5 acre group of heated greenhouses containing 4.6K different types of plants and trees, and the Main Fountain Garden (1931) incl. the Round Fountain and the Italian Water Garden, built in 1925-7, modelled on Villa Gamberaia near Florence, Italy; since 2012 it attracts 1M+ visitors/year. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Karl Hjalmar Branting (1860-1925) (Sweden) and Christian Louis Lange (1869-1938) (Norway); Lit.: Anatole France (1844-1924) (France); Physics: Albert Einstein (1879-1955) (Germany) [photoelectric effect]; Chem.: Frederick Soddy (1877-1956) (England) [isotopes]; Med.: no award; Einstein has by this time become a fossil in his field, clinging to the notion that "God doesn't roll dice with the Universe" and letting the fast-moving field of Quantum Physics pass him by? Inventions: On May 5 (5-5) French fashion designer Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel (1883-1971) starts selling Chanel No. 5, combining the scent of flowers (like respectable women wear) with animal musk and jasmine (worn by hos), discovered by accident by an asst. of Russian-French perfume chemist Ernest Beaux (1881-1961), who claims it reminds him of a fragrance he smelled inside the Arctic Circle, "where the rivers and lakes release a note of incredible freshness"; in 1923 Coco develops a tan on a yachting trip, starting a fad; too bad, she is a Nazi sympathizer who with her Nazi officer lover Hans Gunther von Dincklage tries to recruit Nazi agents, and is sent on a mission by SS Gen. Walter Schellenberg to pressure Winston Churchill to end hostilities with Germany, while trying to steal the perfume distribution co. from the Jewish Wertheimer brothers. Beaver, Utah-born Rigby H.S. student Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906-71) conceives the basic features of the electronic television (TV) system for his science teacher Justin Tolman, who encourages him to pursue it, launching his career - tell all the world to join into the Love Train? Robert Fergusson invents Rust-Oleum for protecting paint after noticing that raw fish oil protects rusty metal from corrosion. On Aug. 16 William M. Folberth and his brother Fred of Cleveland, Ohio patent the automatic windshield wiper, using the vacuum from the engine manifold, which causes it to vary in speed with the engine, pissing-off drivers and leading to the electrical wiper in the 1930s. Hungarian-born Am. escape artist Harry Houdini (1874-1926) invents a fast-releasing diving suit for his escape acts. Am. dentist Joseph Lascaux invents a Cotton Candy machine, which becomes a big hit. Danish-born Am. blacksmith Vilhelm "Bill" Petersen of DeWitt, Neb. patents vice-grip locking pliers. Belarus-born Jewish-Am. dressmaker Ida Rosenthal (nee Kaganovich) (1886-1973) opens the Maiden Form Dress Shop in New York City, inventing the brassiere, followed by maternity bras, and standardizing cup sizes; their sexy newspaper ads showing dames in underwear feature the slogan "I dreamed... in a Maidenform Bra" - the feminine codpiece? Swedish designer Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren (1881-1961) designs the Electrolux Model V tank vacuum cleaner that lies on two removable thin metal runners and has a pistol grip on one end to push or pull it over the carpet, convincing his employer, the Swedish Electrolux lighting co. to buy his patent and pay him royalties in company stock; in 1924 Swedish-born businessman Gustaf Sahlin introduces it in the U.S., becoming an overnight success, raising the bar for competitors, after which they introduce the Model XI in 1927, the Model XII in 1930, the Model XXX in 1937, and many more thereafter; Wenner-Gren ends up owning the company by the early 1930s, becoming one of the wealthiest people in the world. Science: Dutch Elm Disease is first identified in Holland, spreading to North Am. in 1930 and England in 1970. Canadian physiologists Frederick Grant Banting (1891-1941), James Bertram Collip (1892-1965), and Charles Herbert Best (1899-1978), working under the direction of Scottish physiologist and diabetes researcher John James Rickard Macleod (1876-1935) discover and isolate Insulin, and share the 1923 Nobel Med. Prize, except for Best, who is snubbed, pissing-off Banting, who shares half of his prize money with him - macleodly banting the best part of the dough? French mathematician Felix Edouard Justin Emile (Félix Édouard Justin Émile) Borel (1871-1956) begins pub. a series of papers on Game Theory, becoming the first to define games of strategy. Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted (1879-1947) and Hungarian chemist Georg Charles de Hevesy (1885-1966) develop a method for separating isotopes. Am. physicist Thomas Townsend Brown (1905-85) discovers the Biefeld-Brown Effect while experimenting with a Coolidge X-ray tube, finding that a tube with assymetrical electrodes exerts a force when connected to a high-voltage source, later claiming that it might be used by ETs to create anti-gravity machines. The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine for TB, developed by French bacteriologist Leon Charles Albert Calmette (1863-1933) and French immunologist Jean-Marie Camille Guerin (Guérin) (1872-1961), with help from Norwegian physician Kristian Feyer Andvord (1855-1934), in development since 1906 is perfected and tested on newborns in the Paris Charite; too bad, in 1930 a bad batch causes 72 children in Lubeck, Germany to contract TB, freaking out Calmette, who dies the next year, after which production techniques are tightened. Edgar Dacque (Dacqué) (1878-1945) of the U. of Munich pioneers phylogentically-oriented paleontology, becoming especially interested in the origin of human bipedalism, but eventually goes off the deep end into mythology and gets a bad rep? - Wacque Dacque? Friedrich Dessauer (1881-1963) of Germany develops medium-voltage X-ray therapy, and in the 1930s flees to Turkey, giving them his knowledge. ? Dressel, ? Kothe, and ? Rohel of guess where discover Germanin, useful in treating sleeping sickness. German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873-1961) discovers the chemical transmission of nerve impulses, later tracing it to acetylcholine after a dream on Easter Sat. night 1923, making him the "Father of Neuroscience"; English neuroscientist Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875-1968) independently discovers it, winning them the 1936 Nobel Med. Prize. Thomas Midgley Jr. (1889-1944) of Charles F. Kettering's Delco Co. discovers that Tetraethyl Leaded Gasoline prevents engine knock - while poisoning the environment? Am. industrial chemist Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) pub. theories of atomic structure and absorption. Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) of Columbia U. postulates the chromosome theory of heredity, winning the 1933 Nobel Med. Prize. Ernst Rutherford and James Chadwick disintegrate all the known elements except carbon, oxygen, lithium, and beryllium in an attempt to split the atom. Indian astrophysicist Meghnad Saha (1893-1956) pub. the Saha Thermal Ionization Equation, and applies it to stellar spectra. German embryologist Hans Spemann (1869-1941) postulates an organizer principle responsible for the formative interaction between neighboring embryonic regions, causing embryologists to start searching for the inductive chemical molecule. German physicists Otto Stern (1888-1969) and Walther Gerlach (1889-1979) conduct the Stern-Gerlach Experiment, splitting a beam of atomic silver in two instead of merely broadening it like classical physics predicts by passing it through a nonhomogeneous magnetic field, proving space quantization and opening physics up to unimaginable possibilities such as bar code scanners, CDs, and the decoding of the human genome; it had something to do with a bad cigar? Rhodesian Man is found at Broken Hill in N Rhodesia. Nonfiction: Lyman Abbott (1835-1922), What Christianity Means to Me. James Truslow Adams (1878-1949), The Founding of New England (Pulitzer Prize); vol. 1 of 3 of "A History of American Life", incl. Revolutionary New England, 1691-1776 (1923), and New England in the Republic, 1776-1850 (1926). Alexander Alekhine (1892-1946), Chess in Soviet Russia. Roy Chapman Andrews (1884-1960), Across Mongolian Plains: A Naturalist's Account of China's Great Northwest. Vladimir Arsenyev (1872-1930), Through the Ukraine (autobio.). Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), The Social History of the Western World: An Outline Syllabus. Charles Baudouin, Suggestion and Autosuggestion; the Emile Coue (Coué) Method; "Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better" (Tous les jours a tous points de vue je vais de mieux en mieux). Charles Austin Beard (1874-1948) and Mary Ritter Beard (1876-1958), History of the United States (2 vols.). Genevieve Behrend, Your Invisible Power; student of Judge Thomas Troward (1847-1916); incl. "How I Attracted to Myself 20,000 Dollars". Edwyn Bevan (1870-1943), Hellenism and Christianity. Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk (1851-1914), Further Essays on Capital and Interest (posth.). M.O. Bircher-Benner (1867-1939), The Fundaments of Our Nutrition; a Swiss physician recommends raw foods? Herbert Eugene Bolton (1870-1953), The Spanish Borderlands. Isaiah Bowman (1878-1950), The New World: Problems in Political Geography. Robert Briffault (1874-1948), Psyche's Lamp: A Re-evaluaton of Psychological Principles as a Foundation of All Thought. A.A. Brill (1874-1948), Psychoanalysis: Its Theories and Practical Application. Rudolf Bultmann (1884-1976), History of the Synoptic Tradition; Christians in an age of science don't need history, only the bare fact of Christ crucified? Luther Burbank (1849-1926), How Plants Are Trained to Work for Man (8 vols). James Bryce (1838-1922), Modern Democracies. Jose Capablanca (1888-1942), Chess Fundamentals. Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945), Einstein's Theory of Relativity; English trans. 1923. Sir Sidney Colvin (1845-1927), Memories and Notes. Elmer Davis (1890-1958), History of the New York Times, 1851-1921. Carl Van Doren (1885-1950), The American Novel. Norman Douglas (1868-1952), Alone; his travels in Italy. Horatio Willis Dresser (1866-1954), The Quimby Manuscripts. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego; "Libido is an expression taken from the theory of the emotions", claiming that all neuroses are caused by emotion, and are unpleasurable, hence the cure is to analyze, work through, and uproot all emotions "like the draining of the Zuyder Zee", with the psychoanalyst helping make the unconscious conscious by providing the patient with cognitive insight, subduing the drive of the irrational Id to emerge. Leo Frobenius (1873-1938), Paideuma; Atlantis: Volksmarchen und Volksdichtung Afrikas (6 vols.); incl. "Gassire's Lute"; examples of native civilization in Africa, contradicting the white supremacist view of primitiveness. Eduard Fueter Sr. (1876-1928), World History, 1815-1920 (Weltgeschichte der Letzten Hundert Jahre, 1815-1920) (Zurich); English tr. by Sidney Bradshaw Fay pub. in 1922; the European colonization of the world as seen from an allegedly impartial neutral Swiss POV; "No event of the past century has exercised so powerful an influence upon the future of mankind, and not least on the European states themselves, as this Europeanization of the world." Hamlin Garland (1860-1940), A Daughter of the Middle Border (Pulitzer Prize). Emory Holloway (1885-1977), The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (2 vols.). Col. Edward Mandell House (1858-1938) and Charles Seymour (eds.), What Really Happened in Paris; by U.S. delegates and advisors. Martin Elmer Johnson (1884-1937) and Osa Helen Johnson (1894-1953), Cannibal Land. John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), A Treatise on Probability; proposes that probabilities are truth values intermediate between simple truth and falsity, and pioneers the decision weight approach and the interval approach. Frank Knight (1885-1972), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit; claims that most business decisions involve an unmeasurable step into the unknown, which becomes known as Knightian Uncertainty, which is distinguished from economic risk, which is governed by known probability distributions, founding the strongly pro-Keynesian Old Chicago School of Economics along with Jacob Viner (1892-1970) and Henry Calvert Simons (1899-1946), with students incl. James M. Buchanan, Milton Friedman, and George Stigler, who go anti-Keynesian and libertarian, becoming known as the New School in the 1950s. Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), Die Grundlagen der Psychischen Entwicklung. Alfred Korzybski (1879-1950), Manhood of Humanity; humans as the time-binding class of life. Ernst Kretschmer (1888-1964), Physique and Character. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), Sea and Sardinia; Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious. J.M.E. McTaggart, The Nature of Existence; English neo-Hegelianism? Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949), The Grand Secret. Gilbert Murray (1866-1957), The Problem of Foreign Policy. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), Faery Lands of the South Pacific; written after moving there, liking it so much they stay permanently, Nordhoff marrying Tahitian woman Pepe Teara, and Hall marrying part-Polynesian woman Sara "Lala" Winchester. De Lacy O'Leary (1872-1957), Arabic Thought and Its Place in History. Sir William Orpen (1878-1931), An Onlooker in France, 1917-1919. Sir William Osler (1849-1919), The Evolution of Modern Medicine (posth.). William Lyon Phelps (1865-1943), Essays on Modern Dramatists (1921-2). Kenneth Roberts (1885-1957), Europe's Morning After; by a staff correspondent (1919-37) for the Saturday Evening Post. James Harvey Robinson (1863-1936), The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform; bestseller; intro. by H.G. Wells; rev. ed. in 1923; argues for freedom of thought on the ground that history has proved that it is essential to progress; "If some magical transformation could be produced in men's ways of looking at themselves and their fellows, no inconsiderable part of the evils which now afflict society would vanish away or remedy themselves automatically." (opening line) Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922), Psychodiagnostic. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), The Analysis of Mind. Max Scheler (1874-1928), On the Eternal in Man. Carl Schmitt (1888-1985), On Dictatorship (Die Diktatur); "If the constitution of a state is democratic, then every exceptional negation of democratic principles, every exercise of state power independent of the approval of the majority, can be called dictatorship." Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965), On the Edge of the Primeval Forest. Nathan Soderblom (1866-1931), När Stunderna Växla. Georges Sorel (1847-1922), De l'Utilite du Pragmatisme. E.L. Stern-Rubarth, Propaganda as a Political Weapon - signed copy to Hitler? John Lawson Stoddard (1850-1931), Rebuilding a Lost Faith; his conversion to Roman Catholicism from agnosticism, becoming a hit with you know who. Lytton Strachey (1880-1932), Queen Victoria; his 2nd effort at debunking biography, backfiring and turning into a love-fest? A. Tardieu, The Truth About the Treaty; the French POV. Lorado Taft (1860-1936), Modern Tendencies in Sculpture. Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949), The Teacher's Word Book; to help them with reading instruction; 2nd ed. 1932; 3rd ed. 1944. Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936), Marx: Leben und Lehre. Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929), The Engineers and the Price System. Arthur Edward Waite (1857-1942), A New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry. Arthur Waley, The No Plays of Japan. Graham Wallas (1858-1932), Our Social Heritage. Jakob Wassermann (1873-1934), Mein Weg als Deutscher und Jude (My Life as a German and a Jew) (autobio.). Raymond Melbourne Weaver (1888-1948), Herman Melville: Mariner and Mystic; the first full bio., which resurrects overlooked genius Melville and launches the Melville Revival. Nesta Helen Webster (1876-1960), World Revolution: The Plot Against Civilisation; links Communism with Jews, Freemasonry, the Illuminati et al., causing a sensation. Joseph Weissenberg (1855-1941), Health Apostle (Berlin). Walter Weyl (1873-1919), Tired Radicals, and Other Papers (posth.). Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), Logico-Philosophicus. Lucien Wolf (1857-1930), The Myth of the Jewish Menace in World Affairs: The Truth About the Forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion; disses the theory that Communism is Jewish, Ashkenazi Jewish, etc. Ed Wynn (1886-1966), The Perfect Fool. Music: Eugene d'Albert (1864-1932), Scirocco (opera). Irving Berlin (1888-1989), The Music Box Revues (New York). Eubie Blake (1887-1983) and Noble Sissle (1889-1975), Shuffle Along (Daly's 63rd St. Theatre, New York) (May 23) (484 perf.) (until July 15, 1922); dir. by Walter Brooks; the first major Broadway production in over a decade written, produced, and performed entirely by African-Ams., and the first black love story, with blacks not restricted to balcony seats; makes stars of Josephine Baker, Adelaide Hall (as Jazz Jasmine), Florence Mills (as Ruth Little), Fredi Washington, Roger Matthews (as Harry Walton), and Paul Robeson, causing "curtain time traffic jams" on 63rd St; about corrupt politicians Sam and Steve, who run for mayor in Jimtown and agree to appoint the loser as chief of police, until virtuous Harry Walton wins the next election and runs them out of town; makes the observation that the lighter an African-Am. woman's skin is, the more desirable she is; features I'm Just Wild About Harry (adopted by Harry Truman for his pres. campaign theme), Love Will Find a Way. (In) Honeysuckle Time, Shuffle Along Overture, If You Haven't Been Vamped by a Brownskin, You Haven't Been Vamped at All, I'm Simply Full of Jazz, and Bandana Days; after leaving New York City it becomes the first black musical to play in white theaters across the U.S., while opening up Broadway to black actors, although only plots portraying blacks as half-civilized become acceptable. Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Melee Fantistique; rev. 1937, 1965. Fanny Brice (1891-1951), My Man (Nov. 15). Henri Busser (1872-1973), Colomba (opera). Victor Herbert (1859-1924), Orange Blossoms (operetta). Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Murder, Hope of Women (Morder, Hoffnung der Frauen) (one-act opera) (Stuttgart); Das Nusch-Nuschi (one-act opera) (Stuttgart). Arthur Honegger (1892-1955), King David (Le Roi David) (oratorio). Leos Janacek (1854-1928), Katya Kabynova (opera) (Brno). George Jessel (1898-1981), The Toastmaster. Isham Jones (1894-1956), Wabash Blues (#1 in the U.S.); first in a string of hits by a bandleader in Chicago, Ill. Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Die Bajadere (The Yankee Princess) (operetta). William James Kirkpatrick (1838-1921), Away in a Manger. Eduard Kunnecke, Der Vetter aus Dingsda (The Cousin from Nowhere) (Berlin). Joseph Marx (1882-1964), Eine Herbstsymphonie (Autumn Symphony). Hans Pfitzner (1869-1949), Von Deutscher Seele, Op. 28 (Romantic cantata). Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953), The Love for Three Oranges (opera) (Chicago). Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951), In Blossom Time (New York); based on the Viennese operetta "Das Dreimaderlhaus", about Franz Schubert. Charles-Camille Saint-Saens (1835-1921), Clarinet Sonata in E flat major, Op. 167; just like Mozart in 1791, he writes something for a clarinet in his last year of life? Robert Elisabeth Stolz (1880-1975), Der Tanz ins Gluck (The Dance into Happiness) (operetta). Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Symphony for Wind Instruments (London). Ethel Waters (1896-1977), Down Home Blues (#5 in the U.S.); There'll Be Some Changes Made (#5 in the U.S.). Movies: Lois Weber's and Phillips Smalley's The Blot (Sept. 4) (Lois Weber Productions) stars Philip Hubbard as starving Prof. Andrew Theodore Griggs, Margaret McWade as his wife, Claire Windsor as his daughter Amelia, and Louis Calhern as his pupil Phil West, who calls his inadequate salary a "blot on the present day civilization". Malcolm St. Clair's Bright Eyes stars ZaSu Pitts and Tom Gallery. Dimitri Buchowetzki's and Carl Froelich's The Brothers Karamazov (July 20) stars Emil Jannings as Dimitri, Werner Krauss as Serjakov, and Bernhard Goetzke as Ivan. Dimitri Buchowetzki's Danton (May 4), based on the play "Danton's Death" by Georg Buchner stars Emil Jannings, Werner Krauss, and Conrad Veidt. Henry Kolker's Disraeli (Aug. 21), based on the play by Louis N. Parker stars English actor George Arliss (George Augustus Andrews) (1868-1946) as Benjamin Disraeli, and his wife Florence Arliss (1871-1950) as his wife Lady Beaconsfield; remade as a talkie in 1929. George Fitzmaurice's Experience (Oct. 23) (Famous Players-Lasky), based on the 1914 play by George V. Hobart stars Richard Barthelmess and Nita Naldi as Youth and Temptation, and is the film debut of openly lesbian Jewish Ziegfeld Follies performer Lilyan Tashman (1896-1934) (as Pleasure), who in 1925 marries openly gay actor Edmund Downlow, er, Lowe; her husky contralto voice allows her to survive into the talkie era, making 66 films. Cecil B. De Mille's Forbidden Fruit. Rex Ingram's The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Mar. 6), based on the Vicente Blasco-Ibanez novel about a South Am. playboy who becomes a hero in France during WWI stars Alice Terry, becoming the big break for gaucho pants-wearing tango-dancing Latin lover Rudolph Valentino (Rodolfo Alfonzo Raffaelo Pierre Filibert Guglielmi d'Antonguolla di Valentina) (1895-1926) (as Julio Desnoyers) after screenwriter June Mathis (1889-1927) insists on playing with, er, on him playing the lead (a platonic affair, with him calling her "Little Mother"?); the film is the #1 hit of 1921, grossing $4.5M, establishing Valentino as Hollyweird's first male sex symbol, with his lithe body, dark features, and killer gaze, and making Mathis the most powerful woman in Hollywood; Valentino continues with George Melford's The Sheik (Oct. 20), based on the novel by Edith Maude Hull, playing Arab chieftain Sheik Ahmed, who abducts English Lady Diana (Agnes Ayres) only to reveal his true identity as a British aristocrat; does $1.5M box office on a $200K budget. Robert Z. Leonard's The Gilded Lily (Mar. 6) (Famous Players-Lasky) stars Mae Murray as Broadway cabaret star Lillian Drake, who gives it all up for Creighton Howard (Lowell Sherman); the film debut of Hillsdale, Mich.-born stage actor Jason Nelson Robards Sr. (1892-1963) as Frank Thompson. Svend Gade's and Heinz Schall's Hamlet, based on "The Mystery of Hamlet" by Edward P. Vining, based on the Shakespeare play with Hamlet becoming a female disguised as a male stars Danish actress Asta Nielsen. Leopold Jessner's and Paul Lerti's Hintertreppe (Backstairs), about a crippled mailman in love with a maid stars blond Aryan-looking actress Henny Porten (1888-1960); too bad, when she refuses to divorce her Jewish husband the Nazis blacklist her. Charlie Chaplin's The Kid (Jan. 21), written by Chaplin is his dir. debut, starring John Leslie "Jackie" Coogan (1914-84) as John the Kid, combining comedy with pathos in a winning combo; does $2.5M box office on a $250K budget, becoming the #2 grossing film of 1921; after his parents squander his earnings, Coogan gets Calif. to pass the Calif. Child Actor's (Coogan) Act in 1939. Richard Oswald's Lady Hamilton (Oct. 21), based on the Heinrich Vollrath Schumacher novels stars Liane Haid as Lady Hamilton, Conrad Veidt as Lord Nelson, Werner Krauss as Lord William Hamilton, Reinhold Schunzel as Ferdinand IV of Naples, and Adele Sandrock in a minor role. Alfred E. Grace's Little Lord Fauntleroy (Sept. 15), based on the 1886 book by Frances Hodgson Burnett stars Mary Pickford as sissy-dressing Cedric Errol and his mother Widow Errol; Claude Gillingwater plays softhearted meanie the Earl of Dorincourt. Jess Robbins' The Lucky Dog (Dec. 1) is the screen debut of the comedy team of Laurel and Hardy, consisting of thin ever-whimpering English-born Stan Laurel (Arthur Stanley Jefferson) (1890-1965) and fat ever-pompous Atlanta, Ga.-born Oliver "Ollie" "Babe" (Norvell) Hardy (1892-1957); in this first film they act separately. William C. de Mille's Midsummer Madness (Jan. 23) (Famous Players-Lasky) stars Jack Holt, Conrad Nagel, Lois Wilson, and Lila Lee, and is the film debut of Passaic, N.J.-born Ethel Wales (1878-1952), wife of Mary Pickford's business mgr. Wellington E. Wales (1886-1954), who goes on to appear in 130+ films over 30 years. William C. de Mille's Miss Lulu Bett (Nov. 1) (Famous Players-Lasky), based on the 1920 novel and play by Zona Gale stars Lois Wilson as Lulu Bett, Ethel Wales as Grandma Bett, and Theodore Roberts, Helen Ferguson, Mabel Van Buren, Mae Giraci, and Clarence Burton as Dwight, Diana, Ina, Monona, and Ninian Deacon. Theodore Reed's The Nut (Mar. 6) (Douglas Fairbanks Pictures) stars Douglas Fairbanks as Charlie Jackson, and Marguerite De La Motte as Estrell Wynn, and is the film debut of Barbara La Marr (Reatha Dale Watson) (1896-1926) ("the Girl Who Is Too Beautiful") as Claudine Dupree; she goes on to appear in 30+ films and write seven screenplays; too bad, she gets addicted to cocaine and heroin, is dropped by MGM, picked up by First Nat. Pictures, then makes three films before dying of TB and nephritis on Jan. 30, 1926. Albert Austin's On a Summer Day (Feb. 6) (Mack Sennett) is a comedy starring Kalla Pasha and Harriet Hammond, and is the film debut of Mammoth, Utah-born Marion Mack (Joey Marion McCreery) (1902-89) as Farmerette (using her real name); also the film debut of Scottish-born Andrew Allan "Andy" Clyde (1892-1967), who continues on into the TV age as Cully Wilson in "Lassie" and George MacMichael in "The Real McCoys". D.W. Griffith's Orphans of the Storm (Dec. 29), based on the novels by Adolphe d'Ennery and Eugene Cormon about two orphan sisters in the French Rev. stars Lillian Gish and Dorothy Gish, and is the breakthrough role for 6'3" Indianapolis, Ind.-born Monte Blue (Gerard Montgomery Bluefeather) (1887-1963) (half-French, half-Cherokee/Osage father) (who debuted as an extra in "The Birth of a Nation" in 1915) as Danton. John McDermott's Patsy (Feb. 1), based on the play by Er Lawshe stars ZaSu Pitts as Potsy, John MacFarlane as Pops, and Tom Gallery as Bob Brooks. Allan Dwan's A Perfect Crime (Mar. 5) (Allan Dwan Productions), based on a story by Carl Clausen stars Monte Blue, Jacqueline Logan, and Stanton Heck, and is the screen debut of Carole Lombard (Jane Alice Peters) (1908-42), born into a wealthy family in Ft. Wayne, Ind., who was discovered by Dwan while playing baseball at Virgil Junior H.S.; too bad, after Fox Film Corp. signs her in Oct. 1924 at age 16, they drop her after an auto accident leaves a scar on her face, causing her to switch to Pathe in Sept. 1927-Mar. 1929, moving to Fox and Parmount by 1930, marrying William Powell in 1931-3, followed by Clark Gable in 1939, after which she is killed on Jan. 16, 1942 in an airplane crash on Mt. Potosi, Nev. while returning from a WWII war bond tour. Victor Sjostrom's The Phantom Carriage (Swedish "Korkarlen" = The Wagoner) (Jan. 1) (AB Svensk Filmindustri), based on the 1912 Selma Lagerlof novel "Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness!" about the legend that the last person to die eachyear has to drive Death's carriage and collect the souls of everybody who dies the following year stars Sjostrom as David Holm, Hilda Borgstrom as Anna Holm, Tore Svennberg as Georges, Astrid Holm as Edit, and Concordia Selander as Edit's mother, featuring special effects and advanced narrative structure with flashbacks within flashbacks, later influencing Ingmar Bergman. Buster Keaton's The Playhouse stars Keaton playing every member of a stage co., the audience, and a chimp. J. Gordon Edwards' The Queen of Sheba (Apr. 10) makes a star out of actress Betty Blythe (1893-1972), who supplements her acting talent with skimpy costumes showing her bare breasts; Fritz Leiber plays King Solomon; 1920s petting parties for teenies all now want "Shebas"; nobody knows that the real Sheba was black? Dimitri Buchowetzki's Sappho (Sept. 9) is released in 1923 by Samuel Goldwyn as "Mad Love", starring Pola Negri. King' Vidor's The Sky Pilot (Apr. 17), based on the 1921 novel by Ralph Connor and set in Swan Creek, Canada stars John Bowers as the Sky Pilot (a parson), Colleen Moore as Gwen, and David Butler as Ashley Ranch foreman Bill Hendricks, who kicks him out of town for trying to start a church then hires him as a cowboy, after which he wins their acceptance as a parson. Henry King's Tol'able David (Dec. 31) (Inspiration Pictures), written by Edmund Goulding based on the story by Joseph Hergesheimer stars Richard Barthelmess "tol'able" (not yet a man) David Kinemon, who takes his brother's place as mailman for a W. Va. mountain community and suffers the mean Hatburn brothers; Gladys Hulette plays his babe Esther Hatburn, Walter P. Lewis plays Iscah Haburn, Ralph Yearsley plays Saul "Little Buzzard" Hatburn, and Forrest Robinson plays Grandpa Hatburn; the film debut of Scottish-born Ernest Torrence (Torrance-Thomson) (1878-1933) as Luke Hatburn; refilmed as a talkie in 1930. Lois Weber's What's Worth While? (Feb. 27) (Famous Players-Lasky) stars Claire Windsor as Phoebe Jay Morrison, Arthur Stuart Hull as Mr. Morrison, and Mona Lisa as Sophia, becoming the film debut of Brooklyn, N.Y.-born "Cobra" stage idol Louis Calhern (Carl Henry Vogt) (1895-1956), who leaves film in 1923, then returns in 1931 after they go talkie, continuing on the stage at the same time. Art: Georges Braque (1882-1963), Still Life with Guitar. Carlo Carra (1881-1966), Stone-pine at the Sea (futurist). Cyrus Edwin Dallin (1861-1944), Massasoit (sculpture). Arthur Garfield Dove (1880-1946), Thunderstorm. Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), Belle Haleine - Eau de Voilette (photo); Why Not Sneeze, Rrose Selavy (Sélavy)? ("ready-made sculpture", consisting of an oral thermometer, sugar-cube-sized marble cups inside a birdcage, etc.). Max Ernst (1891-1976), Approaching Puberty or the Pleiads; The Elephant Celebes; Seascape; The Word or Woman-Bird; Birds, Fish-Snake and Scarecrow; Young Chimera. Vassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), Red Spot II. Paul Klee (1879-1940), View of Room With the Dark Door; Dream City; The Fish. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Music (expressionist). Fernand Leger (1881-1955), Woman With a Cat; Three Women; Still Life With a Beer Mug. Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), Tyros and Portraits; satires of the "new epoch" after WWI. Frans Masereel, Passion of a Man (woodcuts). Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), Composition. Sir Alfred J. Munnings (1878-1959), Portrait of Edward, Prince of Wales, Astride His Mare Forest Witch. Piet Mondriaan (1872-1944), Tableau I. Max Pechstein (1881-1955), Our Father Who Art in Heaven (woodcut). Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), The Three Musicians; Large Bather. Man Ray (1890-1976), Rrose Selavy (Sélavy); a pun on "Eros, c'est la vie", i.e., "eros, that's life" and "Arroser la vie", i.e., "make a toast to life", really photos of Marcel Duchamp dressed in drag. Kurt Schwitters (1887-1948), Merz Picture 321 (Cherry Picture). Florine Stettheimer, Spring Sale at Bendell's. Plays: William Archer (1856-1924), The Green Goddess (Booth Theatre, New York). Philip Barry (1896-1949), A Punch for Judy (first play). Jean-Jacques Bernard (1888-1972), Le Feu qui Reprend Mal (The Sulky Fire). Gordon Bottomley (1874-1948), Gruach and Britain's Daughter. Karel Capek (1890-1938), R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (Jan. 25) (Prague); introduces the word "robot", from Russian "robotatch", meaning to work, coined by his brother Josef Capek (1887-1945) - somehow robots and Commies get fouled up conceptually in time? Karel Capek (1890-1938) and Josef Capek (1887-1945), The Life of the Insects. Owen Davis Sr. (1874-1956), The Detour. Grazia Deledda (1871-1936), Il Segreto dell' Uomo Solitario (The Secret). Lion Feuchtwanger (1884-1958), Der Hollandische Kaufman. Susan Glaspell (1882-1948), The Verge (New York). Gerhart Hauptmann (1862-1946), Indipohdi; how Christianity sucks and Buddhism rocks? Herman Heijermans (1864-1924), De Dageraad. Avery Hopwood (1882-1928), The Demi-Virgin; stars Hazel Dawn. Avery Hopwood (1882-1928) and Wilson Collison, Getting Gertie's Garter; stars Hazel Dawn. Sidney Coe Howard (1891-1939), Swords (debut). W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), The Circle. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), Two Slatterns and a King (1-act play). A.A. Milne (1882-1956), The Sunny Side; The Great Broxopp: Four Chapters in Her Life (Mar.) (New York) (comedy); The Truth about the Blayds (Globe Theatre, London); The Dover Road (New York). Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), Anna Christie (Vanderbilt Theatre, New York) (Nov. 2) (Pulitzer Prize); original title "Chris Christopherson"; a Swedish ho in 1910 Provincetown tries to turn her life around aboard coal barge Simeon Winthrop captained by her old father Chris C. Christopherson; filmed in 1923 starring Blanche Sweet, and in 1930 starring Greta Garbo (her first talkie, with the ad slogan "Garbo Talks!"). Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), Six Characters in Search of an Author (Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore) (Teatro Valle, Rome); inspired by Pinocchio; panned until the 3rd ed. in 1925, making him the #1 Italian dramatist until WWII? Victorien Sardou (1831-1908), Diplomacy. Jean Sarment, Le Pecheur d'Ombres. Carl Sternheim (1878-1942), Manon Lescaut. Michael Strange (Blanche Oelrichs) (1890-1950), Clair de Lune (Moonlight); stars her hubby John Barrymore and his sister Ethel Barrymore; a flop. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Plays for Dancers. Poetry: Richard Aldington (1892-1962), Hymen (Hilda Doolittle); Medallions in Clay. Lord Dunsany (1878-1957), If. William Faulkner (1897-1962), Vision in Spring. Louis Golding (1895-1958), Prophet and Fool. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), The Pier-Glass. Max Jacob (1874-1944), Le laboratoire central. James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938), The Book of American Negro Poetry. Aline Murray Kilmer (1888-1941), Vigils. Vachel Lindsay (1879-1931), In Praise of Johnny Appleseed. John Masefield (1878-1967), King Cole. Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), The Open Sea. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), Second April (sonnets); incl. "Spring", "Ode to Silence", "The Beanstalk"; The Lamp and the Bell (sonnets); composed for a Vassar College commencement. Marianne Moore (1887-1972), Poems. James Oppenheim (1882-1932), The Mystic Warrior. Ezra Pound (1885-1972), Poems 1918-1921. Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935), Avon's Harvest; Collected Poems (1922 Pulitzer Prize in Poetry, the first not paid for by the Poetry Society); incl. Ben Trovato, Mr. Flood's Party, Haunted House. Bert Leston Taylor (1866-1921), A Penny Whistle: Together With the Babette Ballads (posth.). William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), Sour Grapes. Elinor Wylie (1885-1928), Nets to Catch the Wind (debut). William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Michael Robartes and the Dancer. Novels: Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941), The Triumph of the Egg (short story). Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Anicet ou le Panorama (first novel). Michael Arlen (1895-1956), The Romantic Lady (short stories). Faith Baldwin (1893-1978), Mavis of Green Hill; launches her bestselling U.S. romance novel career. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), The Beginning of Wisdom (first novel). Johan Bojer (1872-1959), Der Sidste Viking. James Branch Cabell (1879-1958), Figures of Earth; swineherd Manual, of divine birth, rises to become a legendary ruler in a medieval world. Ralph Connor (1860-1937), The Sky Pilot. Marie Corelli (1855-1924), The Secret Power. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), How I Found the Philosopher's Stone (first work); The Silkworm's Enemy. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), The Girls. John Galsworthy (1867-1933), A Family Man. Jean Giraudoux (1882-1944), Suzanne et le Pacifique. J. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), She and Allan. Georgette Heyer (1902-74), The Black Moth (first novel). Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874-1929), Der Schwierige (The Difficult One). Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), Stardust: The Story of an American Girl. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Chrome Yellow (first novel). Mary Johnston (1870-1936), Silver Cross. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1887-1956), Joanna Godden. Robert Keable (1887-1927), Simon Called Peter; semi-autobio. novel written in 12 days by a unhappily-married missionary in Bechuanaland; sells 300K copies with its plot about sex outside marriage being a sacrament. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), Women in Love; the Brangwen sisters; artist Gudrun hooks up with industrialist Gerald Crich, while teacher Ursula hooks up with intellectual Rupert Birkin (Lawrence?), who end up in the Swiss Alps and get into male-male eroticism. Wiliam John Locke (1863-1930), The Apostle. Pierre Loti (1850-1923) and Samuel Viaud, Supremes Visions d'Orient. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), Dangerous Ages. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Romance to the Rescue. Curzio Malaparte (1898-1957), La Rivolta dei Santi; corrupt Rome is the real enemy? Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973), La Coeur des Autres. Walter de la Mare (1873-1956), Memoirs of a Midget. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), The Trembling of a Leaf (short stories); incl. Miss Thompson, about a a missionary who tries to reform a ho, dramatized in 1923 as "Rain". Andre Maurois (1885-1967), The Discourses of Doctor O'Grady. Nellie McClung (1873-1951), Purple Springs. George Moore (1852-1933), Heloise and Abelard; his masterpiece? Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Autumn. Charles Gilman Norris (1881-1945), Brass: A Novel of Marriage. Joseph Opatoshu (1886-1954), In Polish Woods (trilogy); English trans. 1938; the decline of Hasidism. Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Profiteers; Jacob's Ladder; Nobody's Man. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Three Soldiers; the impact of war on civilization and art; Dan Fuselli, Chrisfield, John Andrews. Marcel Proust (1871-1922), Le Cote (Coté) des Guermantes (The Guermantes Way); Sodome et Gomorrhe (Sodom and Gomorrah) (Cities of the Plain); vols. 3-4 of 7. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), Scaramouche; a young lawyer during the French Rev. who becomes an actor playing you know who while playing both sides; filmed in 1923 starring Ramon Novarro; "He was born with the gift of laughter and a sense that the world was mad" (first line). Nelly Sachs (1891-1970), Legenden und Erzahlungen (Erzählungen) (debut). Georges Simeon (1903-89), Au Pont des Arches (first novel); pub. under alias "G. Sim". Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Satan: A Story of the Sea King's Country. Gene Stratton-Porter (1863-1924), Her Father's Daughter. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), Coquette. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1965), The Thief. Booth Tarkington (1869-1946), Alice Adams (Pulitzer Prize). Hugh Seymour Walpole (1884-1941), The Thirteen Travellers. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Pleasure. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), The Beautiful Years; #1 in the 4-vol. Willie Maddison series "The Flax of Dreams" (1921-8). Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), Monday or Tuesday (short stories). Harold Bell Wright (1872-1944), Helen of the Old House. Elinor Wylie (1885-1928), Jennifer Lorn: A Sedate Extravaganza. Yevgeny Zamyatin (1884-1937), We; the diary of D-503 of the no-privacy glass-city One State and his babe I-330, who hooks him up with the resistance group Mephi; forerunner of George Orwell's "Animal Farm" and "1984". Births: French sculptor Cesar (César) Baldaccini (d. 1998) on Jan. 1 in Marseille; likes to work in scrap metal and to be called Cesar (César). Am. "Sleeper House" architect Charles Utter Deaton (d. 1996) on Jan. 1 in Clayton, N.M. Iranian Shiite Grand Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani on Jan. 1 in Nishapur; father-in-law of Ayatollah Sadeq Larijani (1960-). Am. Dem. politician Maury Maverick Jr. (d. 2003) on Jan. 3; son of Maury Maverick Sr. (1895-1954); grandson of Sam Maverick (1803-70). Am. "Marshal Dan Troop in Lawman" actor John Lawrence Russell (d. 1991) on Jan. 3 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at the U. of Calif. Luxembourger grand duke (1964-2000) Jean Beanoit Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano on Jan. 5; son of grand duchess Charlotte (1896-1985) and prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma (1893-1970); father of grand duke Henri (955-). Swiss dramatist Friedrich Durrenmatt (Dürrenmatt) (d. 1990) on Jan. 5 in Konolfingen (near Berne). Am. pollster Louis Harris on Jan. 6 in New Haven, Conn. Am. golfer Emmett Cary Middlecoff (d. 1998) on Jan. 6 in Halls, Tenn. Am. "The Rake's Progress" poet-librettist (Jewish) (gay) Chester Simon Kallman (d. 1975) on Jan. 7 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Brooklyn College and the U. of Mich.; lover (1939-73) of W.H. Auden (1907-73). Am. auto racer Rodger Ward (d. 2004) on Jan. 10 in Beloit, Kan. French chef (in the U.S.) Pierre Franey (d. 1996) on Jan. 13 in Saint Vinnemer, Yonne. Am. oceanographer ("Father of Space Oceanography") Robert Everett "Bob" Stevenson (d. 2001) on Jan. 15 in Fullerton, Calif.; educated at USC; father of Robert K. Stevenson. English military historian John Alfred Terraine (d. 2003) on Jan. 15 in London; educated at Keble College, Oxford U. English "Capt. Peacock in Are You Being Served?" actor Frank Thornton (Ball) on Jan. 15 in Dulwich, London. Am. fashion photographer Francesco Scavullo (d. 2004) on Jan. 16 in Staten Island, N.Y. Am. physicist Yoichiro Nambu on Jan. 18 in Tokyo; emigrates to the U.S. in 1952; 2008 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. evangelist Harold Egbert Camping (d. 2013) on Jan. 19 in Boulder, Colo. Am. "Strangers on a Train", "The Talented Mr. Ripley" novelist (lesbian) (alcoholic) Patricia Highsmith (Mary Patricia Plangman) (d. 1995) on Jan. 19 in Ft. Worth, Tex.; educated at Barnard College; friend of July Holliday; moves to Europe in 1963. Am. "Living Love" writer Ken Keyes Jr. (d. 1995) on Jan. 19 in Atlanta, Ga.; educated at Duke U., and the U. of Miami; contracts polio in Feb. 1946. English "Alph" sci-fi novelist Charles Eric Maine (real name David McIlwain) (d. 1981) on Jan. 21 in Liverpool. Lithuanian-Am. archeologist Marija Gimbutas (Marija Birute Alseikate) (d. 1994) on Jan. 23 in Vilnius; educated at the U. of Vilnius; emigrates to the U.S. in 1949. Am. physicist ("the Father of the Neutron Bomb") (Jewish) Samuel Theodore Cohen (d. 2010) on Jan. 25 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Austrian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at UCLA, and UCB. Am. "Lorene in From Here to Eternity", "Second Miss Ellie in Dallas" actress Donna Reed (Donna Belle Mullenger) (d. 1986) on Jan. 27 in Denison, Iowa. Am. "Jeremiah Collins in Dark Shadows", "Don Corey in Checkmate" actor Anthony (Ottavio Gabriel) George (d. 2005) on Jan. 29 in Endicott, N.Y.; Italian immigrant parents. Am. "Sands of Iwo Jima", "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" 6'1" actor John G. Agar (d. 2002) on Jan. 31 in Chicago, Ill.; husband (1945-50) of Shirley Temple (1928-2014). Am. "Hello, Dolly!" actress-singer Carol Elaine Channing on Jan. 31 in Seattle, Wash.: "Laughter is much more important than applause. Applause is almost a duty. Laughter is a reward." Am. "The Feminine Mystique" feminist writer (Jewish) Betty Friedan (Betty Naomi Goldstein) (d. 2006) on Feb. 4 in Peoria, Ill.; educated at Smith College. Am. fuzzy logic mathematician (Jewish) Lofti Asker Zadeh on Feb. 4 in Baku, Azerbaijan; emigrates to the U.S. in 1944; educated at MIT and Columbia U. Am. "Neither black Nor White" historian (feminist) Carl Neumann Degler (d. 2014) on Feb. 6 in Newark, N.J.; educated at Upsala College, and Columbia U.; one of two male founding members of the Nat. Org. for Women (NOW). Am. "Chuck Anderson in The Bowery Boys", "Pee Wee in The East Side Kids" actor David Gorcey (d. 1984) on Feb. 6 in Washington Heights, Manhattan, N.Y.; brother of Leo Gorcey (1917-69). Am. country singer Wilma Lee Cooper (Leary) on Feb. 7 in Valley Head, W. Va.; wife (1939-) of Stoney Cooper (1918-77). Am. actress ("the Sweater Girl") Lana (Julia Jean Frances Mildred) Turner on Feb. 8 in Wallace, Idaho; Tenn. miner father, mother is 16-y.-o. Ala. girl; wife (1942-4) of Stephen Crane (1916-85); mother of Cheryl Crane (1943-). Am. U.S. treasury secy. #69 (1993-4) and U.S. Sen. (D-Tex.) (1971-93) Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. (d. 2006) on Feb. 11 in Mission, Tex.; son of "Big Lloyd" Bentsen Sr., owner of the Arrowhead Ranch (sold in 1997 for $6M); educated at UTA. Am. TV entertainer Hugh Malcolm Downs on Feb. 14 in Akron, Ohio; no relation to CBS Radio broadcaster Bill Downs (1914-78). Am. "The Belle of New York", "White Christmas", "Call Me Madam" actress-dancer Vera-Ellen (Vera Ellen Westmeier Rohe) (d. 1981) on Feb. 16 in Norwood, Ohio; of German descent; known as "the smallest waist in Hollywood". Chinese PM (1976-80) Hua Guofeng (Hua Kuo-feng) (Su Zhu) (d. 2008) on Feb. 16 in Jiaocheng, Shanxi; changes his real name Su Zhu to Hua Guofeng, short for "Zhonghua kangri jiuguo xianfengdui" (Chinese resistance against Japanese nation-saving vanguard). Am. biochemist (fundamentalist creationist Baptist) Duane Tolbert Gish (d. 2013) on Feb. 17 in White city, Kan.; educated at UCLA, and UCB. Irish Northern Ireland PM #6 (last) (1971-2) Arthur Brian Deane Faulkner, Baron Faulkner of Downpatrick (d. 1977) on Feb. 18 in Helen's Bay; educated at Queen's U. Belfast; created baron in 1977. South African Conservative Party leader-founder Rev. ("Dr. No.") Andries Petrus Treurnicht (d. 1993) on Feb. 19 in Piketberg, Cape Province. Am. test pilot Joseph Albert "Joe" Walker (d. 1966) on Feb. 20 in Washington, Penn.; not to be confused with playwright Joseph A. Walker (1935-). Am. "A Theory of Justice" philosopher John Borden (Bordley) Rawls (d. 2002) on Feb. 21 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Princeton U. Am. Whitcomb Area Rule aeronautical engineer Richard Travis Whitcomb (d. 2009) on Feb. 21 in Evanston, Ill.; educated at Worcester Polytechnic Inst. Am. lit. critic Wayne Clayson Booth (d. 2005) on Feb. 22 in American Fork, Utah; educated at Brigham Young U., and U. of Chicago. Swedish "Martin Beck in Man on the Roof" actor Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt (d. 1992) on Feb. 24 in Stockholm. Am. "Det. Sgt. Phil Fish in Barney Miller", "Sal Tessio in The Godfather" actor (Jewish) Abraham Charles "Abe" Vigoda (d. 2016) on Feb. 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents. Am. "The Perils of Pauline", "Annie Get Your Gun" actress-singer Betty Hutton (Elizabeth June Thornburg) (d. 2007) on Feb. 26 in Battle Creek, Mich. Am. "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", "Amadeus" record-film producer (Jewish) Saul Zaentz on Feb. 28 in Passaic, N.J. Am. New York archbishop (1968-) and cardinal (1969-) Terence James Cooke (d. 1983) on Mar. 1 in New York City; Irish immigrant parents; named after Cork Sinn Fein mayor-martyr Terence MacSwiney (1879-1920). Am. conductor (Jewish) Julius Rudel on Mar. 6 in Vienna, Austria; emigrates to the U.S. in 1938; educated at Mannes College of Music. Am. 5'6" "The Band Wagon" actress-dancer Cyd Charisse (Tula Ellice Finklea) (d. 2008) on Mar. 8 in Amarillo, Tex.; contracts polio in childhood. Am. "Skipper Jonas Grumby in Gilligan's Island" actor Alan Hale Jr. (Alan Hale MacKahan) (d. 1990) on Mar. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Alan Hale Sr. (1892-1950) and Gretchen Hartman (1897-1979). Am. "Dr. Alex Stone in The Donna Reed Show", "Clinton Judd in Judd for the Defense" actor Carl Lawrence Betz (d. 1978) on Mar. 9 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at Carnegie Tech. Argentine tango composer ("El Gran Astor") Astor Pantaleon Piazzolla (d. 1992) on Mar. 11 in Mar del Plata. Am. "Oklahoma!", "Carousel" actor-singer Albert Gordon MacRae (d. 1986) on Mar. 12 in East Orange, N.J.; husband (1941-67) of Sheila MacRae (1921-2014). Am. Chick-fil-A founder (Southern Baptist-turned-woke) Samuel Truett Cathy (d. 2014) on Mar. 14 in Eatonton, Ga. Am. architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable on Mar. 14 in New York City. Am. dir.-writer Joseph W. Sarno on Mar. 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; cousin of Joe Santos (1931-). Am. jazz bassist Yervant Harry "the Bear" Babasin Jr. (d. 1988) on Mar. 19 in Dallas, Tex.; Armenian father; educasted at North Tex. State U. Welsh 6'4" prop comedian Thomas Frederick "Tommy" Cooper (d. 1984) on Mar. 19 in Caerphilly, Glamorgan. Am. baritone (black) Robert Keith McFerrin Sr. (d. 2006) on Mar. 19 in Marianna, Ark.; father of Bobby McFerrin (1950-). Israeli ambassador (Jewish) Yaacov (Yaakov) Herzog (d. 1972) on Mar. 21 in Dublin, Ireland; son of Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog; brother of Chaim Herzog; emigrates to Palestine in 1937. Am. "Zerelda Zee James in Jesse James" actress Nancy Kelly (d. 1995) on Mar. 21 in Lowell, Mass.; sister of Jack Kelly (1927-92); works in 23 films in 1927-9. Am. "Things of This World", "Mayflies" poet Richard Purdy Wilbur on Mar. 21 in New York City; grows up in North Caldwell, N.J.; educated at Amherst College, and Harvard U. Am. Vail Mountain ski resort co-founder George Peck Caulkins Jr. (d. 2005) on Mar. 25 in Grosse Point, Mich. French actress (Jewish) Simone Signoret (Simone Henriette Charlotte Kaminker) (d. 1985) on Mar. 25 in Wiesbaden, Germany. French economist Georges Anderla (d. 2005) on Mar. 27 in Prague, Czech. Am. "The Lone Ranger" radio-TV announcer Frederick William "Fred" Foy (d. 2010) on Mar. 21 in Detroit, Mich. Am. Boing 747 aircraft designer Joseph F. "Joe" Sutter (d. 2016) on Mar. 21 in Seattle, Wash.; of Slovenian descent; educated at the U. of Wash. Soviet world chess champ #7 (1957-8) Vasily Vasilyevich Smyslov (d. 2010) on Mar. 24 in Moscow. Canadian "Studio One" dir.-producer-writer Fletcher Markle (d. 1991) on Mar. 27 in Winnipeg, Man.; husband (1950-62) of Mercedes McCambridge (1916-2004). Am. tap dancer (black) Harold Lloyd Nicholas (d. 2000) on Mar. 27 in Winston-Salem, N.C; brother of Fayard Nicholas (1914-2006); husband (1942-51) of Dorothy Dandridge (1924-66). Am. abstract expressionist painter Norman Bluhm (d. 1999) on Mar. 28 in Chicago, Ill.; student of Mies van der Rohe. English "Lt. Gen. Frederick Boy Browning in A Bridge Too Far" actor-novelist (gay) Dirk Bogarde (Derek Jules Gaspard Ulric Niven van den Bogaerde) (d. 1999) on Mar. 28 in West Hampstead, London. Am. "It's Never Too Late" playwright Sumner Arthur Long (d. 1993) on Mar. 31 in Mass. Am. lightweight boxer (black) Beau Jack (Sidney Walker) (d. 2000) on Apr. 1 in Augusta, Ga. Am. Equitable Bldg., Ford World HQ, Union Carbide Bldg. architect Natalie Griffin de Blois (d. 2013) on Apr. 2 in Paterson, N.J.; educated at Columbia I. Am. "Lucas McCain in The Rifleman", "Burn Sanderson in Old Yeller" 6'5" actor (Roman Catholic) Kevin Joseph Aloysius "Chuck" Connors (d. 1992) on Apr. 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Irish immigrant parents from Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, Canada; educated at Seton Hall U.; first baseman in 66 games of the 1951 season with the Chicago Cubs; also plays for the NBA Boston Celtics in 1946, becoming the first prof. basketball player to break a backboard; drafted by the NFL Chicago Bears, but never plays; picks the nickname Chuck in college from baseball, "Chuck it to me baby" - does that make him like that salsa from New York? Am. "The Purple People Eater", "Pete Nolan in Rawhide", "Frank Miller in High Noon" actor-singer Shelby F. "Sheb" Wooley (d. 2003) (AKA Ben Colder) on Apr. 10 in Erick, Okla. Am. Marilyn Monroe's 1st hubby James Edward "Jim" Dougherty (d. 2005) on Apr. 12 in Tex. Am. economist Thomas Crombie Schelling on Apr. 14 in Oakland, Calif.; educated at UCB and Harvard U.; 2005 Nobel Econ. Prize. Soviet cosmonaut Georgi Timofeyevich Beregovoi (d. 1995) on Apr. 15 in Fedorovka, Ukraine. English "Nero in Quo Vadis", "Lentulus Batiatus in Spartacus" actor-playwright Sir Peter Alexander (Baron von) Ustinov (d. 2004) on Apr. 16 in London; son of Jona "Klop" Ustinov and Nadezhda Leontievna "Nadia" Benois; of Ethiopian, French, German, Russian, Swiss, Italian, and Jewish descent; educated at Westminster School; knighted in 1990; has a half-Ethiopian grandmother "whose Christian name was Magdalena... born in a tent during the Battle of Magdala, which opposed Ethiopian forces to British ones under Lord Napier; my grandmother's youngest sister was still, until recently, a lady-in-waiting at the court of Haile Selassie." Am. "Della Street on Perry Mason" actress Barbara Hale on Apr. 18 in DeKalb, Ill. Am. jockey Anna Lee Aldred (nee Mills) (d. 2006) on Apr. 19 in Montrose. Colo.; first woman in the U.S. to receive a jockey license (1939). Am. "Betty Smith in The Smith Family" actress Janet Blair (Martha Janet Lafferty) (d. 2007) on Feb. 19 in Altoona, Blair County, Penn. Am. baseball pitcher (lefty) Warren Edward Spahn on Apr. 23 in Buffalo, N.Y. Finnish composer Laci Boldemann (d. 1969) on Apr. 24 in Helsinki. Dutch artist Karel Appel (d. 2006) on Apr. 25 in Amsterdam. Am. jazz clarinetist-composer (white) James Peter "Jimmy" Giuffre (d. 2008) on Apr. 26 in Dallas, Tex.; Italian immigrant father; educated at North Tex. State Teachers College. English Anglican global evangelism leader John Robert Walmsley Stott (d. 2011) on Apr. 27 in London; educated at Rugby School, and Trinity College and Ridley Hall, Cambridge U. Am. "Evans-Novak Political Report" conservative journalist Rowland Evans Jr. (d. 2001) on Apr. 28 in Whitemarsh Township, Penn.; educated at Yale U.; collaborator of Robert D. Novak (1931-2009). Am. historian (Jewish) John Morton Blum (d. 2011) on Apr. 29 in New York City; educated at Phillips Academy, and Harvard U. Portuguese PM #103 (1974-5) Gen. Vasco dos Santos Goncalves (d. 2005) on May 3 in Lisbon. Am. welter-middleweight boxing champ (1951, 1955, 1957-8) (black) Sugar Ray Robinson (Walker Smith Jr.) (d. 1989) on May 3 in Ailey, Ga.; wins world title 2x in 1951. Canadian engineer (Jewish) Josef Kates (Josef Katz) (d. 2018) on May 5 in Vienna, Austria; emigrates to England in 1939, and Canada in 1941. Am. 6'4" baseball player (LF) (Detroit Tigers) (1941-9) Richard Cummings "Dick" Wakefield (d. 1985) on May 6 in Chicago, Ill. English "A Social History of the Media" historian Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs on May 7 in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire; educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge U., and U. of London; created baron in 1976. Am. peace activist (Jesuit) Daniel Berrigan on May 9 in Virginia, Minn.; brother of Philip Berrigan (1923-2002). Am. "Near Changes" poet Mona Jane Van Duyn (d. 2004) on May 9 in Waterloo, Iowa; grows up in Eldora, Iowa; educated at the State U. of Iowa; friend of James Merrill (1926-95). Italian biologist-oceanographer Marta Vannucci on May 10 in Florence; educated at the U. of Padua, and U. of Florence. Am. 4'10" "Ida Morgenstern in Rhoda" actress-comedian Nancy Walker (Ann Myrtle Swoyer) (d. 1992) on May 10 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. Mr. Coffee co-inventor Edmund Angel Abel Jr. (d. 2014) on May 12 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "How Much Is That Doggie in the Window", "Honeycomb", "People" composer-lyricist-songwriter (Jewish) Bob Merrill (Henry Robert Merrill Levan) (d. 1998) (AKA Paul Stryker) on May 17 in Atlantic City, N.J.; grows up in Philly. Am. "Auntie Mame" novelist (bi) Patrick Dennis (Edward Everett Tanner III) (d. 1976) on May 18 in Evanston, Ill.; starts out as a bestselling author in the 1950s; ends up as a butler for McDonald's founder Ray Kroc. German perf. artist Joseph Beuys (d. 1986) on May 21 in Krefeld; grows up in Kleve. Canadian "Never Cry Wolf" conservationist writer Farley McGill Mowat on May 12 in Belleville, Ont. Am. "Red River", "Rio Bravo" actor Harry Carey Jr. (Henry G. Carey) on May 16 in Saugus, Calif.; son of Harry Carey Sr. (1878-1947) and Olive Carey (1896-1988); appears with his mother in "The Searchers" (1956); friend of John Ford (1894-1973). English children's writer Peggy Cripps Appiah (d. 2006) on May 21 in Lechlade, Gloucestershire; daughter of Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (1889-1952); wife (1953-) of Ghanaian politician Joseph Emmanuel Appiah (1918-90); mother of Kwame Anthony Appiah (1954-). Soviet nuclear physicist and human rights activist Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (d. 1989) on May 21 in Moscow; inventor of the Tokamak. Am. "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", "Do You Know the Way to San Jose", "Walk on By", "What the World Needs Now Is Love" hall-of-fame lyricist-songwriter (Jewish) Harold Lane "Hal" David (d. 2012) on May 25 in New York City; grows up in Brooklyn, N.Y.; son of Austrian Jewish immigrants; collaborator of Burt Bacharach (1928-). Am. newspaper pub. James Cline Quayle (d. 2000) on May 25 in Joliet, Ill.; educated at DePauw U.; father of James Danforth Quayle (1947-). Am. physicist (Jewish) (atheist) (humanist) Hans Jakob "Jack" Steinberger on May 25 in Bad Kissingen, Germany; emigrates to the U.S. in 1934; educated at the U. of Chicago; father of Ned Steinberger (1948-); 1988 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. historian (Jewish) Walter Ze'ev Laqueur on May 26 in Breslaw, Germany (Wroclaw, Poland); emigrates to Palestine in 1938. Am. "Red Light Bandit" rapist-kidnapper-robber Caryl Whittier Chessman (d. 1960) on May 27 in St. Joseph, Mich. Am. "Sheriff J.W. Pepper in James Bond", "Southern Carr in Cool Hand Luke" actor George Clifton James on May 29 in New York City. Am. "NBC's Voice of God" announcer Howard Reig (pr. REEG) on May 31 in New York City; replaced on Dec. 17, 2007 by the voice of Michael Douglas. Am. 6'4" Harlem Globetrotters basketball player (black) (original clown prince) Reece "Goose" Tatum (d. 1967) on May 31 in El Dorado, Ark.; inventor of the hook shot (skyhook). German film producer Alexander Salkind (d. 1997) on June 21 in Danzig; son of Michael Salkind; father of Ilya Salkind (1947-). Am. "The Blue Max" novelist-artist Jack D. Hunter (d. 2009) on June 4 in Hamilton, Ohio; educated at Penn State U. Russian ballerina Nina Vyroubova (d. 2007) on June 4 in Gurzuf; moves to France at an early age. British RAF pilot Cyril Joe Barton (d. 1944) on June 5 in Elveden, Suffolk. Am. expressionaist artist LeRoy Neiman (Leroy Leslie Runquist) (d. 2012) on June 8 in St. Paul, Minn. Canadian 5'9" "Jessica Montford in Dallas", "Winifred Stanley in Here Comes the Groom" actress-dancer ("the Dynamite Girl") Alexis (Gladys) Smith (d. 1993) on June 8 in Penticton, B.C.; wife (1944-93) of Craig Stevens (1918-2000). Indonesian pres. #2 (1967-98) (Muslim) gen. Suharto (Soeharto) (d. 2008) on June 8 near Yogyakarta; ethnic Javanese parents. Am. respirator inventor Forrest Morton Bird (d. 2015) on June 9 in Stoughton, Mass.; educated at Northrop U. Am. New York diva Brenda Diana Duff Frazier (d. 1982) on June 9; daughter of Boston Brahmin Frank Duff Frazier and Brenda Germaine Henshaw Williams-Taylor (daughter of Bank of Montreal pres. Sir Frederick Williams-Taylor); inventor of the white face look; popularizes strapless gowns; wife (1941-) of John "Shipwreck" Kelly. English duke and Greek-Danish prince Philip (Philippos) Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich (d. 2021) on June 10 [Gemini] in Villa Mon Repos, Corfu, Greece; only son of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882-1944) and Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885-1969); member of the Danish-German House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg; great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria; husband (1947-2021) of Queen Elizabeth II (1926-2022), who is a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria, making them 3rd cousins, as well as 2nd cousins once-removed through Christian IX of Denmark. Am. "The Tragedy of American Diplomacy" Cold War revisionist historian ("favorite historian of the Middle American New Left") William Appleman "Bill" Williams (d. 1990) on June 12 near Atlantic, Iowa; educated at the U. of Wisc.; disciple of Fred Harvey Harrington, Merle Curti, and Hoard K. Beale; teacher of Walter LaFeber (1933-). Am. "Misty" 5'2" jazz pianist-composer (black) Erroll Louis Garner (d. 1977) on June 15 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; likes to sit on telephone books while performing. British "Ill Met by Moonlight: The Abduction of General Kreipe" writer Capt. Ivan William Stanley "Billy" Moss (d. 1965) on June 15 in Yokohama, Japan. German Nazi soldier hero Fritz Christen (d. 1995) on June 21 in Wredenhagen. Am. "Billie Dawn in Born Yesterday", "Gladys Glover in It Should Happen to You" actress (Jewish) Judy Holliday (Judith Tuvim) (d. 1965) on June 21 in New York City: Russian Jewish immigrant parents; 172 IQ. Am. "Judy Flaquer in The Paradine Case" actress Joan Margaret Tetzel (d. 1977) on June 21 in New York City; wife (1949-) of Oscar Homolka (1898-1978). Am. bandleader Nelson Smock Riddle Jr. (d. 1985) on June 21 in Oradell, N.J. Am. "The Outlaw", "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" 5'7" 38D-24-36 actress Ernestine Jane Geraldine Russell on June 21 in Bemidji, Minn.; wife (1943-68) of Bob Waterfield (1920-83). Am. New York Shakespeare Festival, "Hair", "A Chorus Line" impresario (Jewish) Joseph Papp (Yosl Papirofsky) (d. 1991) on June 22 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Russian immigrant parents. U.S. Rep. (R-Ill.) (1961-83) Paul Findley on June 23. Canadian ballet dir. (Jewish) Celia Franca (Franks) (d. 2007) on June 25 in London, England. Canadian country singer ("King of the Yodelers") Stanley Beresford "Donn" Reynolds (d. 1997) on June 26 in Winnipeg, Man. French Resistance agent-martyr Violette Reine Elizabeth Bushell Szabo (d. 1945) on June 26 in Paris; English father, French mother. British actress Muriel Lilian Pavlow on June 27 in Leigh, Kent; Russian father, French mother; wife (1947-86) of Derek Farr (1912-86). Indian PM #9 (1991-6) Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao (d. 2004) on June 28 in Vangara; educated at the U. of Pune. French "San-Antonio" crime novelist Frederic Charles Antoine Dard (d. 2000) on June 29 in Bourgoin-Jallieu. German Bertelsmann publisher Reinhard Mohn (d. 2009) on June 29 in Gutersloh, Westphalia; starts out a Nazi, then goes liberal. French-Am. economist Gerard (Gérard) Debreu (d. 2004) on July 4 in Calais; becomes U.S. citizen in 1975. Am. "A Raisin in the Sun", "The Owl and the Pussycat", "Purlie", "Shenandoah" theatrical producer (Jewish) Philip Rose (d. 2011) on July 4 in Manhattan, N.Y.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; husband (1946-) of Doris Belack (1926-2011). Am. "The Prince and the Pauper" actors Robert Joseph "Bob" Mauch (d. 2007) and William J. "Billy" Mauch (d. 2006) on July 6 in Peoria, Ill. U.S. Repub. First Lady (1981-9) and "Nurse Lt. Helen Blair in Hellcats of the Navy" actress Nancy Davis Reagan (Anne Frances Robbins) (d. 2016) on July 6 [Cancer] in Manhattan, N.Y. (same birthday as Pres. George W. Bush, Merv Griffin, Ned Beatty, and Sylvester Stallone); wife (1952-2004) of Pres. Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). Am. heavyweight boxing champ (1949-51) (black) Ezzard Mack Charles (d. 1975) on July 7 in Lawrenceville, Ga. Am. boxer ("The Raging Bull") ("The Bronx Bull") Giacobbe "Jake" LaMotta on July 10 in New York City; 83 wins (30 KOs), 19 losses, 4 draws. Am. Special Olympics co-founder Eunice Mary Kennedy Shriver (d. 2009) on July 10 in Brookline, Mass.; 5th of 9 children of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (1888-1969) and Rose Kennedy (1890-1995); educated at Stanford U.; wife (1953-) of R. Sargent Shriver (1915-); mother of Maria Shriver (1955-). Am. "Robert E. Lee Bob Ewell in To Kill a Mockingbird" actor James Anderson (d. 1969) (AKA Kyle James) on July 13 in Wetumpka, Ala.; brother of Mary "Bebe" Anderson (1920-). English chemist Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (d. 1996) on July 14 in Springside (near Todmorden), Yorkshire; educated at Imperial College London. Am. "The Urban Frontier" historian Richard Clement Wade (d. 2008) on July 14 in Des Moines, Iowa; grows up in Winnetaka, Ill.; educated at the U. of Rochester, and Harvard U. Am. "Lizzie Borden", "The Sweet Bye and Bye" composer Jack Beeson on July 15 in Muncie, Ind. Am. biochemist Robert Bruce Merrifield (d. 2006) on July 15 in Ft. Worth, Tex.; educated at UCLA. Scottish virologist (Jewish) Alick Isaacs (d. 1967) on July 17 in Glasgow; Jewish Lithuanian immigrant paternal grandparents; educated at the U. of Glasgow. French mountain climber Louis Lachenal (d. 1955) on July 17 in Annecy, Haute-Savole. Israeli heroine (Jewish) Hannah Szenes (Hannah Senesh) (Chana Senesh) (d. 1944) on July 17 in Hungary; emigrates to Israel in 1939. Am. Cognitive Therapy psychiatrist Aaron Temkin Beck on July 18 in Providence, R.H.; educated at Brown U. Am. astronaut and Dem. U.S. Sen. (D-Ohio) (1974-99) (Freemason) (redhead) John Herschel Glenn Jr. (d. 2016) on July 18 in Cambridge, Ohio; educated at Muskingum College; 3rd American in space, and first to orbit the Earth (1962). Am. "The Light in the Piazza" novelist Elizabeth Spencer on July 19 in Carrollton, Miss.; educated at Vanderbilt U. Am. radioimmunoassay medical physicist Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (d. 2011) on July 19 in New York City; educated at Hunter College and Columbia U.; 1977 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. jazz pianist-composer (black) Billy Taylor on July 21 in Greenville, N.C. Australian electrical engineer Ronald Newbold Bracewell (d. 2007) on July 22 in Sydney, N.S.W., Australia; educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge U. Am. "Larry 'Bud' Melman in Late Night with David Letterman" actor Calvert DeForest (d. 2007) on July 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; first face seen on the debut of The Letterman Show on Feb. 1, 1982. Am. composer (Jewish) Jerome Rosen on July 23 in Boston, Mass.; educated at UCB. Am. "A Christmas Story" radio-TV personality-writer-actor Jean Parker "Shep" Shepherd (d. 1999) on July 26 in Chicago, Ill.; not to be confused with singer Jean Shepard (1933-). Am. bowler Fred Joseph Riccilli (d. 2015) on July 30. Am. tennis player Jack Albert Kramer on Aug. 1 in Las Vegas, Nev. Am. "The Pajama Game", "Damn Yankees" Broadway composer Richard Adler on Aug. 3 in New York City; collaborator of Jerry Ross (1926-55). Am. jazz guitarist (white) Michell Herbert "Herb" Ellis (d. 2010) (Oscar Peterson Trio) on Aug. 4 in Farmersville, Tex.; raised in Dallas, Tex. Canadian hockey hall-of-fame player (Montreal Canadiens #9, 1942-60) Joseph Henri Maurice "Rocket" Richard (d. 2000) on Aug. 4 in Montreal, Quebec; first NHL player to score 50 goals in a season and 500 goals in a career. Am. composer-conductor Karel Husa on Aug. 7 in Prague, Czech.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1954. Am. "Our Miss Brooks", "I Love Lucy", "Bewitched" "Muscle Beach Party" dir.-producer-writer (inventor of the sitcom?) William Milton Asher (d. 2012) on Aug. 8 in New York City; son of Ephraim M. Asher (1887-1937) (Jewish) and Lillian Bonner (Roman Catholic); husband (1963-73) of Elizabeth Montgomery (1933-95). Am. "In the Jailhouse Now" country singer Webb Michael Pierce (d. 1991) on Aug. 8 in West Monroe, La. Am. actress-swimmer Esther Jane Williams (d. 2013) on Aug. 8 in Inglewood, Calif. Am. "Farewell to Manzanar" actor Yuki Shimoda (d. 1981) on Aug. 10 in Sacramento, Calif.; Japanese immigrant parents; educated at Sacramental Junior College. Am. "Roots" novelist (black) (Freemason) Alexander Murray Palmer "Alex" Haley (d. 1992) on Aug. 11 in Ithaca, N.Y.; not to be confused with Arthur Hailey (1920-2004). English Manchester Baby mathematician Tom Kilburn (d. 2001) on Aug. 11 in Dewsbury Yorkshire; educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge U. Am. 5'2" "General Hospital" TV producer Gloria Monty (d. 2006) on Aug. 12; educated at NYU and Columbia U. English historian Sir Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (Gottfried Rudolf Ehrenberg) (d. 1994) on Aug. 17 in Tubingen, Germany. Am. jazz drummer Don Lamond (d. 2003) on Aug. 18 in Oklahoma City, Okla. Am. "Star Trek" writer-producer (Freemason) Eugene Wesley "Gene" Roddenberry (d. 1991) on Aug. 19 in El Paso, Tex. Am. "Lost in a Harem" actress Marvel Marilyn Maxwell (d. 1972) on Aug. 3 in Clarinda, Iowa; has a longtime affair with Bob Hope, causing her to become known as Mrs. Bob Hope; has another longtime affair with Frank Sinatra. Am. Arrow's Impossibility Theorem economist Kenneth Joseph Arrow on Aug. 23 in New York City; educated at CCNY, and Columbia U.; 1972 Nobel Econ. Prize. Canadian "Let's Make a Deal" TV personality (Jewish) Maurice "Monty Hall" Halparin (d. 2017) on Aug. 25 in Winnipeg, Man.; educated at the U. of Manitoba - Monty Hall isn't from Montreal? Irish "The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne" novelist (Roman Catholic turned atheist) Brian Moore (d. 1999) (pr. BREE-an) on Aug. 25 in Belfast, Northern Ireland; emigrates to Canada in 1947, then the U.S. Am. Watergate journalist (exec ed. of the Washington Post in 1968-91) Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (d. 2014) on Aug. 26 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. Am. actor-dir. (Jewish) Leo Z. Penn (d. 1998) on Aug. 27 in Lawrence, Mass.; Russian-Lithuanian Jewish parents; father's surname is Pinon (Spanish); husband of Eileen Ryan (1928-); father of Michael Penn (1958-), Sean Penn (1960-) and Chris Penn (1965-2006). Am. "Miss Jane Hathaway in The Beverly Hillbillies" actress Nancy Jane Kulp (d. 1991) on Aug. 28 in Harrisburg, Penn.; educated at Fla. State U., and U. of Miami. Am. hall-of-fame stock car racer (black) (first African-Am. driver in NASCAR, and first to win a race in the Grand Nat. Series) Wendell Oliver Scott (d. 1990) on Aug. 29 in Danville, Va. Welsh "Culture and Society", "The Long Revolution" leftist writer-novelist-critic Raymond Henry Williams (d. 1988) on Aug. 31 in Llanfihangel Crucorney (near Abergavenny), Wales; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U. Am. Repub. Okla. gov #18 (1963-7) and #23 (1987-91) and U.S. Sen. (1969-81) Henry Louis Bellmon (d. 2009) on Sept. 3 in Tonkawa, Okla.; educated at Oklahoma State U. Am. photographer Ruth Orkin (d. 1985) on Sept. 3 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Los Angeles City College. Am. Motion Picture Assoc. of Am. pres. Jack Joseph Valenti (d. 2007) on Sept. 5 in Houston, Tex. Am. barcode co-inventor Norman Joseph Woodland on Sept. 6 in Atlantic, City, N.J.; educated at Drexel U. Am. pianist Arthur Ferrante (d. 2009) on Sept. 7 in New York City; collaborator of Louis Teicher (1924-2008). Welsh "If I Ruled the World", "This Is My Song" tenor Sir Harry Donald Secombe (d. 2001) on Sept. 8 in St. Thomas, Swansea; knighted in 1981. Am. TV journalist Frank McGee (d. 1974) on Sept. 12 in Monroe, La. Am. civil rights atty. and federal judge (1966-) (black) Constance Baker Motley (d. 2005) on Sept. 14 in New York City; first African-Am. female federal judge. Am. Delta bluesman and harmonica player (black) James Edward "Snooky" Pryor (d. 2006) on Sept. 15 in Lambert, Miss. Brazilian "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" educator (Marxist) Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (d. 1997) on Sept. 19 in Recife. Polish "Solaris" sci-fi novelist (atheist) Stanislaw Lem (d. 2006) on Sept. 21 in Lwow. Am. R&B singer (black) Billy Ward (d. 2002) (Billy Ward and the Dominoes) on Sept. 19 in Savannah, Ga. Swedish Stockholm Syndrome criminologist Nils Bejerot (d. 1988) on Sept. 21 in Norrtalje, Stockholm. Am. "ABC's Wide World of Sports: TV sportscaster (1961-98) Jim McKay (James Kenneth McManus) on Sept. 24 in Philadelphia, Penn.; voice of the "the thrill of victory, the agony of defeat"; father of Sean McManus (1955-). English "Alice Kdramden in The Jackie Gleason Show" actress (Christian Scientist) Sheila Margaret MacRae (Sheila Margaret Stephens) (d. 2014) on Sept. 24 in London; emigrates to the U.S. in 1939; wife (1941-67) of Gordon MacRae (1921-86); mother of Heather MacRae (1946-) and Meredith MacRae (1944-2000). Am. film-TV writer-producer (Jewish) Milton Subotsky (d. 1991) on Sept. 27 in New York City; Jewish immigrant parents; husband of Fiona Subotsky. Scottish "From Here to Eternity", "Anna Leonowens in The King and I" actress Deborah Kerr (Deborah Jan Kerr-Trimmer) (d. 2007) on Sept. 30 in Helensburgh; "Kerr rhymes with star" (Hollywood ad). Am. actor James Allen Whitmore Jr. (d. 2009) on Oct. 1 in White Plains, N.Y.; educated at Yale U. (Skull & Bones). Am. lobbyist Anne Wexler (d. 2009) on Oct. 3 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "the right stuff" test pilot and X-15 rocket plane aircraft designer Albert Scott Crossfield (d. 2006) on Oct. 9 in Berkeley, Calif.; feducated at the U. of Wash.; first pilot to reach Mach 2.0 (1953). English archbishop of Canterbury (1980-91) Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie, Baron Runcie of Cuddesdon (d. 2000) on Oct. 2 in Great Crosby (near Liverpool); educated at Brasenose College, Oxford U. Am. Gumbey clay animator Arthur "Art" Clokey (Arthur Charles Farrington) (d. 2010) on Oct. 12 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Pomona College, Miami U., and USC. French "Garcon" actor-singer Yves Montand (Ivo Livi) (d. 1991) on Oct. 13 in Monsummano Terme (near Florence), Italy; grows up in Marseille; husband (1951-85) of Simone Signoret; basis of the Looney Tunes char. Pepe Le Pew. Am. actor Tom Poston (d. 2007) on Oct. 17 in Columbus, Ohio. U.S. Sen. (R-N.C.) (1973-2003) ("Senator No") Jesse Alexander Helms Jr. (d. 2008) on Oct. 18 in Monroe, N.C. Am. Campus Crusade for Christ founder William R. "Bill" Bright (d. 2003) on Oct. 19 in Coweta, Okla.; educated at Northeastern State U. ; husband (1948-) of Vonette Bright. Am. "Joe Shannon in Shannon" actor George Nader (d. 2002) on Oct. 19 in Pasadena, Calif.; educated at Occidental College. English composer Sir Malcolm Henry Arnold (d. 2006) on Oct. 21 in Northampton; educated at Royal College of Music; knighted in 1993. Am. 6'5" basketball player ("first of the high-scoring forwards") Joseph Franklin "Jumping Joe" Fulks (d. 1976) on Oct. 26 in Birmingham, Ky.; educated at Murray State U. Cuban "The Thomas Crown Affair" jazz-classical trumpeter-composer-arranger Arturo "Chico" O'Farrill (d. 2001) (Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra) on Oct. 28 in Havana; Irish father, German molther; pioneer of Afro-Cuban "Cubop" jazz; father of Arturo O'Farrill (1960-). Am. political cartoonist William Henry "Bill" Mauldin (d. 2003) on Oct. 29 in Mountain Park, N.M. Am. "Death Wish" actor Charles Bronson (Charles Dennis Buchinsky) (d. 2003) on Nov. 3 in Ehrenfield, Penn.; Tatar immigrant father Walter Bunchinski, Lithuanian-Am.mother; husband (1968-90) of Jill Ireland (1936-90). Am. "From Here to Eternity", "The Thin Red Line" novelist James Ramon Jones (d. 1977) on Nov. 6 in Robinson, Ill.; father of Kaylie Jones (1960-). Am. golfer Jack Fleck on Nov. 7 in Bettendorf, Iowa. Canadian "Rebel Daughter" women's rights activist-writer-journalist Doris Hilda Anderson (d. 2007) on Nov. 10 in Medicine Hat, Alberta. Am. "Uncle Bill Davis in Family Affair", "The Parent Trap" actor (Roman Catholic) Robert Alba "Brian" Keith (d. 1997) on Nov. 14 in Bayonne, N.J.; son of Robert Keith (1896-1968) and Helena Shipman; begins acting at age 2. Swiss pianist Geza Anda (d. 1976) on Nov. 19 in Hungary; emigrates to Switzerland in 1943; first to record all of Mozarto's piano concertos (1961-9). Am. baseball hall-of-fame catcher (black) (Brooklyn Dodgers, 1948-57) Roy "Campy" Campanella (d. 1993) on Nov. 19 in Homestead, Penn.; Sicilian-descent father, African-Am. mother; paralyzed in an auto accident in Jan. 1958. Am. Baptist pastor Peter Sturges Ruckman (d. 2016) on Nov. 19 in Wilmington, Del.; grows up in Topeka, Kan.; founder of Ruckmanism, which claims that the King James Version of the Bible provides "advanced revelation" and is more trustworthy than the ancient texts. Am. "On the Trail of the Assassins" New Orleans district atty. (1961-73) Earling Carothers "Jim" Garrison (d. 1992) on Nov. 20 in Denison, Iowa; educated at Tulane U. Am. liberal Repub. New York City mayor #103 (1966-73) (Episcopalian) John Vliet Lindsay (d. 2000) on Nov. 24 in New York City; educated at Yale U. (Scroll & Key). Am. "no respect" comedian Rodney Dangerfield (d. 2004) on Nov. 22 in Babylon, Long Island, N.Y. Am. liberal Repub. politician John Vliet Lindsay (d. 2000) on Nov. 24 on New York City; educated at Yale U. (Scroll & Key). Czech. leader (originator of Perestroika) Alexander Dubcek (d. 1992) on Nov. 27 in Uhroved. U.S. asst. atty. gen. (1960-7) John Michael Doar on Dec. 3 in Minneapolis, Minn.; educated at Princeton U., and UCB. Canadian "Edna in Every Sunday", "Penelope Penny Craig in Three Smart Girls" actress-singer (1930s child star) ("Winnipeg's Golden Girl") Deanna (Edna Mae) Durbin (d. 2013) on Dec. 4 in Winnipeg. Am. football hall-of-fame QB (Cleveland Browns) Otto Everett Graham Jr. (d. 2003) on Dec. 6 in Waukegan, Ill. Am. mathematician-economist David Gale (d. 2008) on Dec. 13 in New York City; educated at Princeton U. Am. disc jockey Albert James "Alan" "Moondog" Freed (d. 1965) on Dec. 15 in Windberg, Penn. Am. 6'5" "The Sunny Side of the Mountain", "Lonesome 7-7203" country music singer Harold Franklin "Hawkshaw" Hawkins (d. 1963) on Dec. 22 in Huntington, W. Va.; nicknamed after the comic strip "Hawkshaw the Detective"; husband of Jean Shepard. Am. "Ryan in The Valachi Papers", "Lt. Ed Ryker in The Rookies" actor-dir. Gerald Stuart O'Loughlin on Dec. 23 in New York City. Am. comedian-entertainer (Jewish) Steve Allen (d. 2000) on Dec. 26 in New York City; son of vaudeville comedian Belle Montrose ("funniest woman in vaudeville" - Milton Berle). Am. "Willie and the Hand Jive", "Double Crossing Blues" R&B bandleader (white) ("Godfather of Rhythm and Blues") Johnny Otis (Yannis or Ioannis Alexandres Veliotes) (d. 2012) on Dec. 28 in Vallejo, Calif.; brother of Nicholas Alexander Veliotes (1928-); father of Shuggie Otis (1953-); decides to live as a black. Swedish-Am. "Dark City, "King of Kings", "Creepshow" actress Elsa Viveca Torstensdotter Lindfors (d. 1995) on Dec. 29 in Uppsala. Lebanese statesman Rashid Abdul Hamid Karami (d. 1987) on Dec. 30 in Mariatta (near Tripoli); educated at Cairo U. Italian-Am. 5'7" singer-actor (alcoholic) ("most famous tenor in the world") Mario Lanza (Alfred Arnold Cocozza) (d. 1959) in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. TV exec John H. Mitchell (d. 1988) on ? in New York City; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. physicist Arthur Leonard Schawlow (d. 1999); brother-in-law of Theodore maiman (1927-2007). Am. Mind Dynamics founder Alexander Everett (d. 2005) in England; emigrates to the U.S. in 1962. Am. artist Bonnie Woolsey (Benschneider) (d. 2006) on ? in Waterloo, Iowa. Canadian "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" voice actress Billie Mae Richards (nee Dinsmore) (d. 2010) on ? in Toronto, Ont. Romanian prince Michael on ? in ?. Nigerian mathematician Chike Obi on ? in ?. Deaths: British Halsbury's Laws statesman Hardinge Stanley Giffard, 1st earl of Halsbury (b. 1823) on Dec. 11 - an old giffard? Am. female mainstream Protestant minister #1 Antoinette Brown Blackwell (b. 1825) on Nov. 5 in Elizabeth, N.J. Am. historian James Phinney Baxter (b. 1831) on May 8 in Portland, Maine. Am. cardinal James Gibbons (b. 1834) on Mar. 24 in Baltimore, Md. French PM #69 (1902-5) Emile Combes (b. 1835) on May 25 in Pons. Austrian painter Franz von Defregger (b. 1835) on Jan. 2 in Munich. French composer Charles-Camille Saint-Saens (b. 1835) on Dec. 16. Am. poet-novelist Harriet Prescott Spofford (b. 1835). Am. naturalist John Burroughs (b. 1837) on Mar. 29 near Kingsville, Ohio; dies on a train. English poet Henry Austin Dobson (b. 1840) on Sept. 2. Scottish pneumatic rubber tire king John Boyd Dunlop (b. 1840). German geologist Paul Gussfeldt (b. 1840) on Jan. 18. Austrian economist Carl Menger (b. 1840) on Feb. 26. English Theosophist wriiter Alfred Percy Sinnett (b. 1840) on June 26; leaves Autobiography of Alfred Percy Sinnett. English actress-mgr. Marie Effie Wilton, Lady Bancroft (b. 1840). Montenegran king (1910-18) Nicholas I (b. 1841) on Mar. 1 in Cap d'Antibes, France. British Adm. Charles Cooper Penrose-Fitzgerald (b. 1841) on Aug. 11 in Folkestone, Kent. English Socialist reformer Henry Mayers Hyndman (b. 1842). Am. psychologist George Trumbull Ladd (b. 1842) on Aug. 8 in New Haven, Conn. Russian geographer-anarchist Prince Petr Alekseyevich Kropotkin (b. 1842) near Moscow. English artist Sir William Blake Richmond (b. 1842) on Feb. 11. Italian poet Renato Fucini (b. 1843) on Feb. 25 in Empoli. Swedish soprano Christine Nilsson (b. 1843) on Nov. 20 in Vaxjo. Am. Bible scholar Cyrus Ingerson Scofield (b. 1843) on July 24 in Douglaston, Long Island, N.Y. Iranian Baha'i leader (1892-1921) Abdul-Baha (b. 1844) on Nov. 28 in Akka, Palestine. French novelist Anatole France (b. 1844) on Oct. 12 in Tours; 1921 Nobel Lit. Prize. English actor-mgr. Sir John Hare (b. 1844) on Dec. 28. Serbian king Peter I (b. 1844) on Aug. 16. French physicist Gabriel Lippmann (b. 1845) on July 13 in the Atlantic Ocean on SS France en route from Canada; 1908 Nobel Physics Prize. Bavarian king (last) (1913-18) Ludwig III (b. 1845) on Oct. 18 in Sarvar, Hungary. U.S. chief justice #9 (1910-21) Edward Douglass White (b. 1845). Am. Boston Globe journalist-politician Gen. Charles H. Taylor (b. 1846) on June 22 in Boston, Mass. Am. Ouija Board inventor Elijah Jefferson Bond (b. 1847) on Apr. 14 in Baltimore, Md. German diplomat Prince Philip of Eulenburg-Hertefeld (b. 1847) on Sept. 17 in Liebenberg. English historian William Warde Fowler (b. 1847) on June 15. German sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand (b. 1847) on Jan. 18. Russian aerodynamic mathematician Nikolai Zhukovsky (b. 1847) on Mar. 17 in Moscow. Am. newspaper ed. John B. Bogart (b. 1848) on Nov. 16 in New York City: "When a dog bites a man, that is not news, because it happens so often. But if a man bites a dog, that is news." German king (1891-1918) William II of Wurttemberg (b. 1848) on Oct. 2 in Bebenhausen. Scottish statesman A.H. Bruce, 6th Baron Balfour of Burleigh (b. 1849) on July 6. Canadian-born Am. minister Rev. Donald George Fletcher (b. 1849) on Jan. 2 in San Leandro, Calif. Am. painter (camouflage inventor) Abbott Handerson Thayer (b. 1849) on May 29 in Dublin, N.Y. German gen. Hans Hartwig von Beseler (b. 1850) on Dec. 20 in Potsdam. U.S. Dem. House Speaker (1911-9) Champ Clark (b. 1850) on Mar. 2 in Washington, D.C. Hungarian scholar Ignac Goldhizer (b. 1850) on Nov. 13 Bulgarian poet Ivan Vazov (b. 1850) on Sept. 22 in Sofia. Spanish novelist Emilia Pardo Bazan (b. 1851). German-born Am. Berlitz Language Schools founder Maximilian Berlitz (b. 1852) on Apr. 6 in New York City. Canadian-born Am. lawman and sports writer living legend Bat Masterson (b. 1853) on Oct. 25 in New York City (heart attack); dies at his desk at the Morning Telegraph; his funeral service is attended by 500; pallbearers incl. Damon Runyon; bured in Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, N.Y. U.S. atty.-gen. (1906-9) Charles Joseph Bonaparte (b. 1856) on June 28 in Baltimore, Md.; cause of death is listed as "St. Vitus Dance". English financier-philanthropist Sir Ernest Cassel (b. 1852) on Sept. 21 in London; converts to a Roman Catholic before death, leaving an estate worth £6M. Am. archeologist John Punnett Peters (b. 1852). Am. politician Philander Chase Knox (b. 1853) on Oct. 12 in Washington, D.C. Russian novelist V.G. Korolenko (b. 1853). German Petri Dish inventor Julius Richard Petri (b. 1853) on Dec. 20 in Zeitz. English celeb Lady Randolph Churchill (b. 1854) on June 9 in London; dies after slipping on a staircase in new high-heeles shoes, breaking an ankle and having it amputated after gangrene sets in; mother of Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965). German composer Engelbert Humperdinck (b. 1854) on Sept. 27. British Adm. Louis Alexander Mountbatten, 1st marquess of Milford Haven (b. 1854) on Sept. 11 in London. English film pioneer William Friese-Greene (b. 1855) on May 5 in London. Serbian Gen. Zivojin Misic (b. 1855) on Jan. 20 in Belgrade. Am. writer Edgar Saltus (b. 1855) on July 31 in New York City; "Style is a synonym for Saltus": "Skepticism is history's bedfellow." Croatian-born petroleum engineer Anthony Francis Lucas (b. 1855) on Sept. 2 in Washington, D.C. Am. bacteriologist William Thompson Sedgwick (b. 1855) on Jan. 25 in Boston, Mass. Am. scholar-educator Barrett Wendell (b. 1855). Spanish PM (1913-15, 1917, 1920-1) Eduardo Dato (b. 1856) on Mar. 8 in Madrid (assassinated). Japanese liberal PM Takashi Hara (b. 1856) on Nov. 4 in Tokyo (assassinated). German chancellor (1909-17) Theobold von Bethmann-Hollweg (b. 1856) on Jan. 1 (pneumonia). Cuban pres. (1909-13) Jose Miguel Gomez (b. 1858) on June 13 in New York City. French archeologist Joseph Reinach (b. 1856). French Gen. Louis de Maud'huy (b. 1857) on July 16 in Paris. Belgian painter Fernand Khnopff (b. 1858) on Nov. 12 in Brussels. Argentine politician Luis Maria Drago (b. 1859). English mountaineer Oscar Eckenstein (b. 1859). Am. man of letters J.G. Huneker (b. 1860). U.S. Sen. (R-Penn.) "Boss" Boies Penrose (b. 1860) on Dec. 31 in Washington, D.C. Belgian-born British composer Ivan Caryll (b. 1861) on Nov. 29 in New York City (hemorrhage). Am. engineer-inventor Peter Cooper Hewitt (b. 1861) on Aug. 25. Am. ethnographer James Mooney (b. 1861) on Dec. 22 in Washington, D.C. (heart disease). British Quartermaster-Gen. Sir John S. Cowans (b. 1862). German physiologist Max Verworn (b. 1863) on Nov. 23. Austrian journalist Alfred Hermann Fried (b. 1864) on May 5 in Vienna; 1911 Nobel Peace Prize. Canadian-born Am. Dem. politician Franklin Knight Lane (b. 1864) on May 18 in Rochester, Minn. Am. theatrical mgr. Alf Hayman (b. 1865). English tenor Gervase Elwes (b. 1866) on Jan. 12 in Boston, Mass. (accidental death at the railway platform). Am. humorist poet Bert Leston Taylor (b. 1866) on Mar. 19 in Chicago, Ill. (pneumonia). Scottish Arctic explorer William Speirs Bruce (b. 1867) on Oct. 28 in Edinburgh. German writer Ludwig Thoma (b. 1867) on Aug. 28 in Rotach am Deganse. Am. atty. Prescott Farnsworth Hall (b. 1868) on May 28 in Brookline, Mass. Am. astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt (b. 1868) on Dec. 12 in Cambridge, Mass. (cancer); passed over for a Nobel Prize because of her gender? French composer Deodat de Severac (b. 1872) on Mar. 24 in Ceret, Pyrenees-Orientales. Italian tenor Enrico Caruso (b. 1873) on Aug. 2 in Naples; kept on public display in a glass coffin for five years. British WWI nurse Annie Brewer (b. 1874) in Newport (kidney disease). Am. Monel (nickel-copper alloy) metal manufacturer Ambrose Monell (b. 1874) on May 2 in Beacon, N.Y.; dies in a sanitarium. Turkish minister Talaat Pasha (b. 1874) on Mar. 15 in Charlottenburg, Germany (assassinated by Armenians paid by the Brits for organizing against them). German politician Matthias Erzberger (b. 1875) on Aug. 26 in Bad Griesbach (assassinated). English singer George Formby Sr. (b. 1875) on Feb. 8 in Stockton Heath, Cheshire. Russian poet Alexander Alexandrovich Blok (b. 1880) on Aug. 7 (famine?). Am. silent film dir. George Loane Tucker (b. 1880) on June 20 in Los Angeles, Calif. German "Bloody White Baron" gen. Roman Nikolai Maximilian von Ungern-Sternberg (b. 1886) on Sept. 15 in Novosibirsk, Siberia (executed). Australian aviation pioneer Harry Hawker (b. 1889) on July 12 in Hendon Aerodrome, North London, England (hemorrage resulting in aircraft crash). British Peter Pan model Michael Llewelyn Davies (b. 1900) on May 19 in Sandford-on-Thames (drowns with gay bud Rupert Buxton) (suicide?)
1922 Chinese Year: Dog. The U.S. govt. this year has revenues of $4.919B and expenditures of $4.068B, and cuts federal spending from $6.3B in 1920 to $3.2B, while cutting federal taxes from $6.6B in 1920 to $4B; federal taxes reach a low point in 1924 as the federal debt, which had been $24.2B in 1920 continues to decline until 1930; U.S. GNP: $74.1B; unemployed in the U.S.: 2.8M (6.7%); unemployment reaches a low of 1.8% in 1926 at the peak of the Roaring Twenties, and is only lower in 1944; "The seven years from the autumn of 1922 to the autumn of 1929 were arguably the brightest period in the economic history of the United States. Virtually all the measures of economic well-being suggested that the economy had reached new heights in terms of prosperity and the achievement of improvements in human welfare. Real gross national product increased every year, consumer prices were stable (as measured by the consumer price index), real wages rose as a consequence of productivity advance, stock prices tripled. Automobile production in 1929 was almost precisely double the level of 1922. It was in the twenties that Americans bought their first car, their first radio, made their first long-distance telephone call, took their first out-of-state vacation. This was the decade when America entered 'the age of mass consumption.'" (Veder and Gallaway). British textile exports (yards): cotton: 4.313B, linens: 77M, silk: 5M; British trade union membership: 5.6M. Marriages in the U.S.: 1.126M; divorces: 148K (13%). Japanese pop. growth becomes a public concern as emigration doesn't ease it, causing a turn to foreign trade to provide employment. After pogroms in Europe and the opening of the Suez Canal attract them, the Jewish pop. of Egypt is 75K-80K; by 2004 it is less than 100. On Jan. 1 Flemish (the English-like W Germanic Dutch dialect of N Belgium) is put on a par with French as an official language in Belgium. On Jan. 2 Calif. and Washington and Jeferson College play to a scoreless tie in the 1922 Rose Bowl - anyone breathing the perfumed airs of the Rose Bowl could have problems? On Jan. 4 U.S. Senate Resolution No. 127 directs the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate the home furnishings industry; on Oct. 6, 1924 Vol. 3 is pub., covering vacuum cleaners, with Ch. 2 reporting that four cos. account for over half the industry's dollar volume, and that the rate of return on investment in the vacuum cleaner industry is 44.1%, "very much higher than the average rates of return... on house furnishings, domestic appliances" due to it being "a comparatively new device, the market for which is far from fully exploited and was protected by patents with limited competition." On Jan. 8 a Polish-controlled plebiscite boycotted by Lithuanians is used as an excuse by Poland to annex the Lithuanian capital city of Vilnius, causing the Lithuanian govt. to sever diplomatic relations with Poland (until 1938); in Nov. the Vatican recognizes Lithuania, with a stipulation by Cardinal Pietro Gasparri that Lithuania "have friendly relations with Poland", pissing it off and causing it to refuse virtually all episcopal appointments. On Jan. 14 after the Fatty Arbuckle scandal, U.S. postmaster gen. #46 (since ?, 1921) William Harrison "Will" Hays (1879-1954) (known for working with other Repubs. to wreck the League of Nations) resigns to become pres. of the new Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of Am., formed by the "Big Three" studios MGM, First National, and Famous Players-Lasky, taking office on Mar. 6 with a $100K/year salary, helping the film industry's six major Hollywood studios police themselves to forestall govt. censorship, but with no formal code. On Jan. 17 Ion I.C. Bratianu becomes PM of Romania again (until Mar. 29, 1926), and this time rules as a virtual dictator, nationalizing the mines and forests, and instituting universal suffrage - which is all token anyway? On Jan. 21 conservative atty. Raymond Poincare (1860-1934), who unsuccessfully defended sci-fi writer Jules Verne in a libel suit in the 1890s over a mad scientist novel becomes PM of France (until 1913), forming a new cabinet with an agenda of forcing reparation payments from Germany to pay for restoring devastated regions; Alexander Millerand remains pres. On Jan. 22 Pope (since 1914) Benedict XV (b. 1854) dies, and after a 5-day conclave (longest of the 20th cent.) on Feb. 6 Cardinal (since 1921, a total of only 8 mo.) Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti is elected Pope (#259) Pius XI (1857-1939), going on to strongly condemn Communism, and forbid the growing movement of devotion to Mary as a priest(ess) - too pagan even for them? On Jan. 23 after two years of talks with Britain, the Egyptian Wafdist (nationalist) leaders proclaim a policy of passive resistance to British rule; on Feb. 28 Britain relents and grants Egypt its independence, but retains authority over its foreign policy and defense, the Suez Canal and the Sudan, along with the Capitulations (special courts for foreigners), ending the 1919 Egyptian Rev.; on Mar. 15 sultan (since Oct. 9, 1917) Fuad (Fouad) I (1868-1936) is demoted from sultan to king of Egypt (until Apr. 28, 1936); since it is a unilateral declaration with four hated reservations, the Egyptians accept it grumblingly while waiting for their chance, the pot bubbling ever harder until the 1952 rev., while 32 different govts. are formed, with a stable pool of cabinet members dominated by the landholding class and the Wafdist Party; the only opposition party at first is the Liberal Constitutional Party, led by Adli Yakan (Yegen) Pasha (1864-1933), based on the writings of Ahmad Lutfi al-Sayyid (1872-1963) and Muhammad Husayn Haykal (1888-1956); an Egyptian Communist Party is formed, but it never attracts much support; the success of the nonviolent Egyptian rev. inspires Gandhi - where did all the good times go? Speaking of good times? On Jan. 24 after inventing the idea and in 1919 and launching sales last year, Danish-born Onawa, Iowa chemist Christian Kent Nelson (1893-1999) receives a patent for "I-Scream Bars", with a special chocolate shell that hardens in the cold and retains the ice cream inside, going into business with Alton, Kan.-born chocolate manufacturer Russell William Stover (1888-1954), who trademarks the name Eskimo Pie, a chocolate-dipped ice cream bar, which becomes a big hit until copycats nearly put them out of business in 1924, after which Stover and his wife Clara sell-out for $25K and move to Denver, Colo. in 1925, marketing chocolates under the name Russell Stover Candies (originally Mrs. Stover's Bungalow Candies), selling-out to box maker Louis Ward in 1969, who sells it to Lindt of Switzerland on July 14, 2014; meanwhile Nelson sells-out to U.S. Foil Co. (later Reynolds Metal Co.), rejoining in 1935 and inventing new manufacturing and shipping methods until his retirement in 1992, when Eskimo Pie Corp. is acquired by Nestle, followed in 2000 by CoolBrands Internat. of Markham, Ont., Canada; meanwhile in Jan. 1922 after hearing about the Eskimo Pie and sending 12 ice cream trucks out in 1920 selling his own version door-to-door under the name Good Humor Ice Cream Suckers, Harry B. Burt (1875-1926) of Youngstown, Ohio applies for a patent for the Good Humor Bar chocolate-coated ice cream on a stick, receiving it in Oct. 1923, and operating trucks until the 1970s; meanwhile in 1925 he files a patent violation lawsuit against Popsicle Corp., which is settled out of court. In Jan. Marxist Felipe Carrillo Puerto (1874-1924), AKA "Red Dragon with Jade Eyes" and "Apostle of the Indians" of the Southeast Socialist Party (PSS) becomes gov. of Yucatan, Mexico (until 1924), instituting agrarian reform and land redistribution, and having an affair with U.S. journalist Alma Reed (1889-1966) On Jan. 27-28 the Knickerbocker Blizzard (Storm) in the upper South and mid-Alantic U.S. dumps 20+ in. of snow and causes the flat-roofed Knickerbocker Theatre movie house in Washington, D.C. (founded 1917) to collapse on Jan. 28 (9:00 p.m.), killing 98 incl. ex-Congressman Andrew Jackson Barchfield and injuring 133, becoming the biggest snowstorm in Washington, D.C. since the Washington-Jefferson Storm of Jan. 1772; Congress is adjourned during the storm; architect Reginald Geare commits suicide in 1927, followed in 1937 by owner Harry Crandall. until they bump him off - maybe you think you have a going problem? On Feb. 1 after insisting on honoring the Treaty of Versailles, Jewish industrialist Walther Rathenau (b. 1867), known for opposing Zionism and Socialism in favor of assimilation of Jews into German society is named German foreign minister, then on June 24 is assassinated by three Protocols of the Elders of Zion-thumping German ultra-nationalists (Erwin Kern, Hermann Fischer, Ernst Werner Techow), causing the fledgling Nazi Party to point to him as proof of the Jewish Communist conspiracy and declare his assassins nat. heroes on June 24, 1933; Albert Einstein comments that the assassination caused him to be "greatly disturbed"; on Nov. 22 after Joseph Wirth resigns, Wilhelm Cuno (1876-1933) becomes German chancellor (until Aug. 12, 1923), going on to run the printing presses to pay German debts, leading to hyperinflation, which peaks next summer; Friedrich Ebert Sr. is reelected pres. of Germany. On Feb. 1 Irish-born Hollywood movie dir. (head of Paramount subsidiary Famous Players-Lasky and dir. of the Screen Directors' Guild) William Desmond Taylor (William Cunningham Deane-Tanner) (b. 1872) (who vanished from his home in New York City on Oct. 23, 1908, leaving a wife and daughter, moving to Hollywood and changing his name) is murdered in his bungalow apt. on Alvarado St. in the Westlake district of Los Angeles, Calif., with his body discovered the next morning by his black servant Henry Peavey, laying on his back on the floor of his study, with his large lucky diamond ring still on his finger and two .38 bullets in his heart, causing him to run down the street crying "Dey've kilt Massa!"; he is later found out to have been carrying on simultaneous affairs with Mabel Normand (who rushed to the bungalow to search for love letters before the police got there, along with Famous Players-Lasky gen. mgr. Charles Eyton, and Paramount boss Adolph Zukor?), Mary Miles Minter (Juliet Reilly) (1902-84) and her manipulative actress mother Charlotte Shelby (1877-1957), and to have a cache of porno and locked closet full of women's underwear tagged with initials and dates, incl. one embroidered MMM, causing Minter's rep as a virgin to tank and her career to skid; it is also found out that he visited queer dens that served drugs, and that Normand spent $2K a mo. for cocaine, forcing her to retire; the case is never solved, but the lurid revelations of hanky-panky, drugs, and bisexuality spur the growing movement to clean up Hollywood, ending in the 1930 Code of Decency; gossip pins the murder on Shelby, ruining Minter's career, causing her to retire in 1923, after which she and her mother go to fat. On Feb. 5 a railroad train in ?, Japan is buried by an avalanche, killing 110. On Feb. 6 the Russian Cheka is changed to the GPU (State Political Directorate, a section of the NKVD, with "Iron" Felix Dzerzhinsky still in total control; dissolved on Nov. 15, 1923 - pass the potato chips? On Feb. 8 Pres. Harding has a radio installed in the White House. On Feb. 9 the Bonomi cabinet resigns, and on Feb. 26 Luigi Facta (1861-1930) becomes Italian PM #39 with a new cabinet, but de facta is he doesn't last the year as he fails to deal with Mussolini, getting fired and reappointed in July, then deciding to declare martial law, only to have the king refuse to sign it and sack him on Oct. 31 because the Fascists are advancing on Rome and taking over the provinces - is that a facta? The final shrine to White is Right in America? On Feb. 12 (Pres. Abraham Lincoln's birthday) the $3M Lincoln Memorial in West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C. is dedicated, designed by Watseka, Ill.-born architect Henry Bacon (1866-1924), with the seated statue of Lincoln designed in 1920 by Exeter, N.H.-born sculptor Daniel Chester French (1850-1931), and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, with interior murals painted by St. Louis, Mo.-born Jules Vallee Guerin (Jules Vallée Guérin) (1866-1946); poet Edwin Markham reads his poem Lincoln, the Man of the People, containing the soundbyte: "Into the shape she breathed a flame to light/ That tender, tragic, ever-changing face./ Here was a man to hold against the world,/ A man to match the mountains and the sea"; chief justice William H. Taft dedicates it again on May 30; the bldg. is of marble, granite, and limestone (all white), and there are 36 Doric pillars representing the 36 states in the Union in 1865; the white marble statue of Lincoln is designed by Daniel Chester French, and behind it are the words "In this temple, as in the hearts of the people for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever"; the S wall decorations depict the Emancipation of the Black Race, with subordinate groups representing Civilization and Progress; the N wall represents Reunion and Progress in the Arts and Sciences; other walls contain the Gettysburg Speech and Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address; the 2,029 ft. x 167 ft. Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is designed by Henry Bacon. On Feb. 12 Jewish-Am. sportswriter Nathaniel Stanley "Nat" Fleischer (1887-1972) begins pub. the mag. The Ring, covering the boxing world. On Feb. 18 Pres. Harding signs the U.S. Capper-Volstead Act, exempting farmers' cooperatives from antitrust legislation. On Feb. 21 the U.S. dirigible Roma crashes and burns in Norfolk, Va., killing Capt. Dale Mabry (b. 1891) and 33 others, becoming the worst U.S. aviation accident so far. On Feb. 25 "French Bluebeard" Henri Desire (Henri Désiré) Landru (b. 1869) is guillotined after being convicted of placing lonely hearts ads seeking lonely widows, then luring them to his villa and murdering them to get their money, then burning their bodies in his oven to get rid of the evidence; too bad, he has so many aliases that he keeps ledgers, which condemn him. On Feb. 27 the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upholds the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, and women's votes are safe. On Mar. 3 a Fascist coup overthrows the govt. in Fiume, and on Mar. 17 it is occupied by Italian troops, straining relations with Yugoslavia. The dirtier the laundry, the longer it takes to launder? The Earp legend is a long time in coming? On Mar. 12 the Los Angeles Times pub. the story Lurid Trails Left By Older-Day Bandits, claiming that the "Earp Gang" started the Oct. 26, 1881 O.K. Corral Gunfight "when four cowboys refused to recognize the right of the Earp gang to rule the town", and "the Earps ordered the cowboys out of town and they were preparing to leave when they were waylaid and a gun battle followed", causing Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (1848-1929) and his wife Josie Marcus to go nonlinear and write to silent film cowboy actor William S. Hart to vindicate them with a film, which he tries but fails to make; meanwhile Earp gets his secy. John H. Flood Jr. to write his bio., but the style is so stilted that every publisher rejects it, then in 1928 he hires San Diego, Calif. writer Stuart N. Lake, who writes Wyatt Earp, Frontier Marshal, which is pub. in 1931, two years after Earp's death; Josie then pub. I Married Wyatt Earp; Earp's own self-glorifying version of the O.K. Corral gunfight, Wyatt Earp by Wyatt S. Earp is not pub. until 1981 - by then it's too late, Star Trek took it over? On Mar. 18 Gandhi is sentenced to six years on civil disobedience pip-pip sedition charges; he is released after two years. On Mar. 23 the Yakut rebels take the main town of Yakutsk from the Red Army with their six machine guns, and proclaim a people's govt., causing the Soviets on Apr. 27 to declare the Yakut SSR instead and send an army down to take it back, ousting the White rebels from Yakutsk in the summer, causing them to retreat to the E Russian ports of Okhotsk and Ayan and call on the people's govt. of Vladivostok for aid. On Mar. 31 the Dallas Historical Society is founded in Dallas, Tex.; in 1938 it assumes mgt. of the Hall of State at Fair Park. On Apr. 10 the Genoa Conference opens between 24 creditor and debtor nations from WWI; it ends on May 19 without resolution after the Apr. 16 announcement of the Treaty of Rapallo between the "outcast powers" Germany and the Soviet Union, which mutually cancels war debts and gives Germany most-favored nation status; in this decade the Germans and Soviets are great pals, and the Germans secretly manufacture munitions and train troops in the Soviet Union in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. On Apr. 18-22 the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs holds hearings on a resolution expressing satisfaction with the Balfour Declaration, with France, Italy, Serbia, Greece, Netherlands, Siam, China, and Japan sending letters expressing support; on June 30 a joint resolution of both houses of the U.S. Congress endorses a mandate for Palestine, and confirms the right of Jews to settle anywhere between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River. On Apr. 26 a 6.8 earthquake hits Tokyo, Japan. In Apr. the Union Treaty formally joins Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus into the Union of Soviet Socialist Repubs. (Soviet Union) (ends Dec. 8, 1991); on Dec. 20 the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Repub. (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) is accepted into the Soviet Union; Germany formally recognizes the Soviet Union; Armenia becomes a Soviet success story as its pop. increases by 50% by 1939 and its industrial production goes from 20% to 75% of the country's total in 50 years; Soviet means "a transmission belt from the party to the masses" (Joseph Stalin). On May 10 the first Dia de la Madre (Mother's Day) is celebrated in Mexico after lobbying by newspaper publisher Rafael Alducin (1878-1924). On May 11 100-watt 857 kHz BBC 2LO becomes the 2nd radio station to begin regular broadcasts in Britain. On May 13 the Hitler Youth (Hitler-Jugend) are formed by the Nazi Party. On May 16 the govt. of Demetrius Gounaris narrowly survives a vote of confidence over the deepening military crisis, causing Gounaris to resign and accept a demotion to justice minister, while engineer-politician Petros Protopapadakis (1854-1922) becomes patsy, er, PM (until Sept. 26). On May 21 Buffalo, N.Y.-born liberal Presbyterian preacher Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878-1960) delivers the sermon Shall the Fundamentalists Win?, defending the unpopular modernist position, regarding the Bible as a record of the unfolding of God's will not the literal Word of God, taking an evolutionary view of Christian history itself, calling for an open-minded, intellectual, and tolerant “Christian fellowship”; the sermon gets him fired from his post at New York's First Presbyterian Church, after which Riverside Church is built for him by John D. Rockefeller. On May 26 Am. stage actor Alfred Lunt (1892-1977) and English stage actress Lynn Fontanne (1887-1983) marry and begin acting opposite each other, becoming the leading acting couple in the U.S. through the 1950s, when they are replaced by Hollywood actors Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward - six n's vs. 3 n's and 3 o's? In May the Fascists drive out the Communist city govt. of Bologna, and attempt to follow suit all over Italy. In May Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) becomes gen. secy. of the CPSU (Soviet Communist Party), promoting his buddy Lazar Kaganovich (1893-1991) to head the Orgburo (org. dept.) of the secretariat so that he can promote his supporters to key positions in the bureaucracy; in 1925-8 Kaganovich becomes first secy. of the Ukrainian Communist Party, working to bloodily suppress kulaks (rich peasants), after which he is transferred back to Moscow to become secy. of the central committee until 1939, overseeing the development of the underground Moscow Metro while mentoring young Nikita Khrushchev. On June 7 State Farm Insurance is founded in Bloomington, Ill. by retired farmer George Jacob Mecherle (1877-1951) (pr. ma-herl) to sell automobile insurance to farmers sans coverage for city driving, expanding to all types of insurance, with 67K employees, 17K agents, and 77M policies incl. 40M automobiles by 2009; in 1971 Barry Manilow writes the jingle "Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there." On June 30 a joint resolution of both houses of the U.S. Congress endorses a mandate for Palestine, and confirms the right of Jews to settle anywhere between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River. In June seeing their chance, the Kurdish Revolt in N Iraq begins (ends July 1924), led by Sheik Mahmud al-Barzinji, who declares himself king of the independent state of Kurdistan. On July 1 the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 (Railway Shopmen's Strike) by 400K workers in seven of 16 railroad labor orgs. begins, collapsing in Aug. after 11 are killed, becoming the largest railway strike in the U.S. since the 1894 Pullman strike, and biggest strike of any kind since the 1919 steel strike; on July 27 "Sage of Emporia" William Allen White (1868-1944) pub the editorial "To an Anxious Friend" in the Emporia Gazette, airing his gripes about being arrested for protesting the way the state of Kan. treated the strikers. On July 2 (11:30 p.m.) the Winslow Junction Train Derailment in N.J. sees Train 33 of the Philadelphia & Reading Railway's Atlantic City Railroad derail near Winslow Tower killing seven and injuring 89. On July 16 French Pres. Millerand dedicates the Monument to Cpl. Andre Peugeot (-1914) at Jonchery-sur-Vesle, the first soldier KIA in WWI; after the Germans destroy it in July 1940, it is rebuilt in 1959. On July 24 after both houses of the U.S. Congress approve it on June 30, the League of Nations enacts the British Mandate for Palestine as a first step towards implementation of the Balfour Declaration, calling for the establishment of a Jewish nat. home incl. the right to increase Jewish settlement in all of the historical territory of Israel, incl. Judea, Samaria, and Jerusalem; in Aug. the 5th Arab Congress in Nablus rejects the mandate, and Arab riots and pressure lead to the Churchill White Paper, which postpones the provisions of the mandate in Eastern Palestine (E of the Jordan River), giving it to the Arab Hashemi family and effectively denying Jews access to three-fourths of Palestine for the purpose of settlement in the new state of Transjordan, with Sharif Abdullah Ibn Hussein granted autonomy by Britain within the Palestinian mandate; Winston's Hiccup (Churchill's Sneeze), a narrow of strip of Transjordan extending into Iraq is attributed to Winston Churchill drawing the boundary after a big meal; later Article 80 of the U.N. Charter stipulates that the U.N. shall recognize all decisions made by the League of Nations council. In July the Tenente Rebellion in Brazil by middle class officers and poor enlisted men against the Brazilian agarian oligarchies, led by Communist revolutionary Luis Carlos Prestes (1898-1990) is crushed after the 25K km "Long March" through the Brazilian interior shows they have the numbers. On Aug. 3-4 the Fascists seize control of the Milan city govt. On Aug. 14 Arthur Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe (b. 1865) dies, and John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever (1886-1971) purchases the London Times, becoming chmn. (until 1959), going on to sponsor Edmund Hillary's Mount Everest expedition. On Aug. 18 the Turks begin a counteroffensive against the Greeks, and take Smyrna on Aug. 27-Sept. 9, followed by Edirne (Adrianople), causing the Greeks to evacuate Anatolia (Turkey) in a hurry, becoming known as the Asia Minor Catastrophe; the People's Party govt. of Demetrios Gounaris is on its last legs; meanwhile on Nov. 1 the grand assembly abolishes the sultanate, with the intention of introducing Ataboy's pro-Western modernization reforms, which the ignorant Muslim pop. mixes-up, thinking they're returning to the days of the first caliphs?; sultan (since 1918) Mehmed VI (b. 1861) flees to Malta, and on Nov. 19 is succeeded by Abdul Mejid (Abdulmecid) II (1868-1944), who is demoted from sultan #37 to caliph (until Mar. 3, 1924). On Aug. 30 750 White Russian volunteers under gen. Anatoly Nikolaevich Pepelyayev (1891-1938) (brother of Viktor Pepelyayev) sail from Vladivostok to help the Yakut rebels, landing in Ayan on Sept. 2 and marching to Yakutsk, going on to occupy Nelkan, only to learn that the Red Army has captured Vladivostok, effectively ending the Russian Civil War (begun Dec. 31, 1917), turning them into doomed suckers. On Sept. 5 after being nominated by Pres. Harding, English-born U.S. Rep. (R-Utah) (1901-3) and U.S. Sen. (1905-17) Alexander George Sutherland (1862-1942) becomes U.S. Supreme Court justice #70 (until Jan. 17, 1938); on Dec. 21 Dakota County, Minn.-born Dem. Pierce Butler (1866-1939) (son of Irish Roman Catholic immigrants) becomes U.S. Supreme Court justice #71 (until Nov. 16 1939) (firt from Minn.) to fill the vacancies left by John H. Clarke (1916-22), William D. Day (1903-22), and Mahlon Pitney (1912-22), leaving the court at eight members until next year, and going on to become two of the Four Horsemen who strike down FDR's New Deal legislation. On Sept. 7 the Miss America 1922 contest is held at the Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City, N.J., with the Bathing Review of 57 beauty pageant contestants joined by the mayor and his entire police force in bathing atire; Miss Columbus, Ohio Mary Katherine Campbell (1905-90) edges out last year's winner Margaret Gorman; judges incl. Norman Rockwell, James Montgomery Flagg, and Howard Chandler Christy, who start out with a body part points system then switch to overall beauty; the last time that the Inter-City champ (Campbell) must compete against prof. (Dorothy Knapp) and amateur (Gladys Grenemeyer) winners. On Sept. 13 the highest temp. ever recorded on Earth (136.4 F) (58.0 C) is recorded in 'Aziziya (El Azizia) (Al-Azizyah), Libya (until ?) - get used to it? ON Sept. 9 Turkish forces regain control of Smyrna (Izmir); on Sept. 13-22 the Great Fire of Smyrna (Izmir) kills 10K-100, destroying the Greek and Armenian quarters but not touching the Muslim and Jewish quarters; the fire was started by Turkish soldiers setting fire to Greek and Armenian homes and businesses, although they claim that the Greeks and Armenians fired their own bldgs. to tarnish the Turks' rep; 50K-400K Greek and Armenian refugees seek refuge in the waterfront for up to two weeks, while Turkish troops commit atrocities on them and deport 25K-100K to the interior. On Sept. 19 Pres. Harding vetoes a WWI vets' bonus bill, despite the House passing it by 333-70 and the Senate by 35-17, saying that it is unfair to add to the burdens of 110M taxpayers. On Sept. 26 a pro-Venizelos military coup in Greece led by Col. Nikolaos Plastiras (1883-1953) and Col. Stylianos Gonatas (1876-1966) takes power and sets up a token civilian govt., with Alexandros Zaimis (1855-1936) as PM, who demands the abdication of Constantine I; he abdicates on Sept. 27 and dies next Jan. 11 in exile in Palermo, Italy; meanwhile his son George II (1890-1947) becomes king of Greece (1922-3, 1935-47) as a military puppet; on Nov. 13 after Zaimis resigns, Constantine's ministers and military cmdrs. are tried for treason over the Asia Minor Catrastophe, and after the Trial of the Six, Demetrios Gounaris, Petros Protopapadakis, Nikolaos Stratos, and three others are convicted on shot at Goudi on Nov. 15 despite a telegram from Venizelos in Paris; on Dec. 4 the ex-king's brother Prince Andrew is banished from Greece for life, settling in London; Panayotis (Panagis) (Panagiotis) Tsaldaris (1868-1936) becomes the new leader of the wounded People's Party, which takes until 1932 to recover. In Sept. the Repub.-backed U.S. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act, sponsored by U.S. Rep. (R-Mich.) Joseph Warren Fordney (1853-1932) and U.S. Sen. (R-N.D.) Porter James McCumber (1858-1933) raises avg. rates on imports to 38.5% in a record-breaking attempt to encumber and deny the ford with the rest of the world and achieve U.S. economic and political isolation after WWI; too bad, other countries retaliate with high tariffs, hurting U.S. agriculture and helping to bring on the Great Depression. In Sept. the unsolved double-murder of Rev. Edwin Wheeler Hall and Mrs. James Mills in a lover's lane in N.J. is called the Crime of the Cent. - for starters maybe? On Oct. 4-8 the 93-61 New York Giants (NL) defeat the 94-60 New York Yankees (AL) 4-0-1 in the Nineteenth (19th) (1922) World Series (the format is changed back to best-of-7); Rogers Hornsby (1896-1963) of St. Louis becomes player #3 to win baseball's triple crown (#2 is Heinie Zimmerman in 1912); this season Babe Ruth swats only 35 homers, losing to Ken Williams, who has 44; Ruth leads in homers for every other season from 1914-34 except for 1925 (Stan Musial with 33), and ties in 1918 (11, Tilly Walker of Philadelphia) and 1931 (46, Lou Gehrig). On Oct. 10 the Anglo-Iraq Treaty (ratified in 1924) gives Britain management of Iraq's foreign affairs and defense, along with advisors in the govt., while giving a Iraq a constitution that makes Iraqis pay for their British bosses; in an attempt to end border disputes Sir Percy Cox, British high commissioner in Iraq draws new borders between Iraq, Kuwait, and Arabia. Once Italy goes black it'll never go back? On Oct. 16 Mussolini forms a quadrumvirate to rule Italy, consisting of Michele Bianchi (1883-1930), Italo Balbo (1896-1940), Gen. Emilio De Bono (1866-1944), and Robert De Niro lookalike Dino Grandi (1895-1988), who becomes Italian foreign affairs minister in Sept. 12, 1929-July 20, 1932. On Oct. 18 the British Broadcasting Co. (BBC) is licensed as a monopoly, and begins domestic radio service on Nov. 14, with Sir John Charles Walsham Reith (1889-1971) as gen. mgr.; initiating broadcasts from London Station 2LO on Nov. 4; next Jan. 8 it broadcasts the British Nat. Opera Co.'s production of The Magic Flute from Covent Garden; next June 6 Edgar Wallace reports on the Epsom Derby, becoming the first British radio sports journalist; on Apr. 23, 1924 George V makes his first broadcast on the BBC from Wembly Stadium, opening the British Empire Exhibition. On Oct. 20 Chicago, Ill.-born Army Air Service Lt. Harold Ross Harris (1895-1988) bails out of a crippled test plane at McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio, becoming the first member of the Caterpillar Club for those who have been saved by a parachute; Harris goes on to make the first flight by a U.S.pilot over the Alps from Italy to Franc4, invent crop-dusting, test the world's first pressurized aicrraft, rise to brig. gen. in the USAF, and become vice-pres. of Pan Am. On Oct. 22 the secret Tupolev Co. (originally Tupolev Design Bureau OKB-156) is founded in Fili, Moscow, Russia by Hugo Junkers to get around the Versailles Treaty, concentrating on R&D into all-metal aircraft; in 1925 he turns it over to Russian aerospace engineer Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev (1888-1972), going oon to manufacture the ANT-4 twin-engine bomber (1925), the ANT-6 4-engine bomber (1932), and the 8-engine Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky (first flight May 19, 1934), which becomes the largest airplane of the 1930s and is used for propaganda. On Oct. 22-29 after Mussolini hears that PM Luigi Facta gave Gabriele d'Annunzio the go-ahead to organize a large anti-Fascist demonstration on Nov. 22, the March on Rome sees ? of 700K Fascist Party members march on Rome; on Oct. 24 before 60K at the Fascist Congress in Naples, Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) calls for the resignation of Luigi Facta and formation of a Fascist cabinet; after Facta refuses, on Oct. 28 Mussolini's Blackshirts (known for bludgeoning enemies then force-feeding them castor oil to humiliate them) march on Rome to make him an offer he can't refuse; on Oct. 29 Mussolini is summoned from Milan, and on Mar. 30 is appointed PM #40 of Italy by King Victor Emmanuel III, being sworn-in on Oct. 31 (until July 25, 1943) and forming a cabinet of Fascists and Nationalists; on Nov. 25 the king and parliament grant him dictatorial powers until Dec. 31, 1923, and he assumes the title of Julius, er, Il Duce, appointing prefects and subprefects for a new govt. modeled on the kaput ancient Roman Empire, while still mouthing support for the constitution; chamber of deputies pres. Vittorio Orlando supports the Fascist govt. (until 1925); Alessandro Pavolini (1903-45) becomes Fascist Party secy. On Oct. 23 after gen. elections in Britain give Conservatives 344 seats, Labour 138, and Liberals 117, Kingston, New Brunswick, Canada-born Conservative leader Andrew Bonar Law (1858-1923), known for working for tariff reform and against Irish Home Rule, becomes the first province-born British PM (until May 20, 1923), and first to be born outside the British Isles (until ?), going on to negotiate its war debt with the U.S.; too bad, he contracts terminal throat cancer. On Oct. 27 (birthday of Pres. Theodore Roosevelt) the first annual celebration of Navy Day is organized by the Navy League of the U.S.; in 1775 it changes the date to Oct. 13 to concide with the birthday of the Continental Navy; meanwhile in 1949 the U.S. Navy changes the date to Armed Forces Day on the 3rd Sat. in May. In Oct. Am.-born Anglophile T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) founds the quarterly lit. journal The Criterion (until Jan. 1939), and becomes a British subject in 1927, writing pessimistic poems until 1927, when he gets religion and hope? On Nov. 2 the Associated Press (AP) pub. a Report on Global Warming, with the soundbyte: "The Arctic Ocean is warming up, icebergs are growing scarcer, and in some places the seals are finding the water too hot. Reports from fishermen, seal hunters, and explorers all point to a radical change in climate conditions and hitherto unheard-of temperatures in the Arctic zone. Exploration expeditions report that scarcely any ice has been met as far north as 81 degrees 29 minutes. Within a few years it is predicted that due to the ice melt the sea will rise and make most coastal cities uninhabitable." On Nov. 4 Kensington, London-born English Egyptologist Howard Carter (1874-1939) announces his discovery, along with financial backer George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl Carnarvon (1866-1923) of KV62, the Valley of the Kings tomb of 18-y.-o. king Tut (Tutankhamun) (d. -1323) underneath workmen's huts from the Ramesside Period, becoming the first Egyptian tomb discovered unopened in modern times, containing more than 5K objects, incl. his lifelike Gold Death Mask of King Tutankhamun on his mummy, found inside nine outer cases and a 300-lb. gold inner case; on Nov. 26 Carter makes a "tiny breach in the top left hand corner", allowing them to peer by candlelight at the "wonderful things" of glimmering gold and ebony. On Nov. 7 the 1922 U.S. Congressional Election reduces the Repub. majority in the House by 77 seats (225 vs. 207 for the Dems.), making it hard for Pres. Hardly to govern. On Nov. 14 Janis Cakste (1859-1927) becomes pres. #1 of Latvia (until Mar. 14, 1927). On Nov. 21 the Conference of Lausanne of 1922-3 (ends 1923) in Switzerland convenes to parley with Kemal Ataturk, who sends his chief of staff Ismet Pasa (hero of a double V over the Greeks in Inonu) as new foreign minister with instructions to take a hard stand on Turkish sovereignty, promoting him to Lt. Gen., after which he changes him name to Mustafa Ismet Inonu (Inönü) (1884-1973) in 1934. On Nov. 21 Rebecca Ann Felton (1835-1930) becomes the first woman to sit in the U.S. Senate, serving 24 hours after the gov. of Ga. appoints her to fill the vacancy left by her hubby Thomas E. Watson - the original Granny Clampett? In Nov. Gen. Josef Pilsudski resigns as pres. of Poland. On Dec. 10 elections in Australia gives the Nationalist Party 27 seats, the Labour Party 29, and the anti-Nationalist Country Party 14 and a balance of power. On Dec. 13 Houston East & West Texas Railway passenger train No. 28 en route for Shreveport, La. sideswipes a light engine in Humble, Tex., killing 22 and injuring 11 after high-pressure steam enters the first three passenger coaches. On Dec. 18 (10:30 a.m.) a Federal Reserve truck parked at a loading dock of the Denver Mint near the State Capitol in Denver, Colo. (W. Colfax Ave. and Delaware St.) is robbed of $200K in $5 bills by five men in a black Buick touring car carrying shotguns, killing guard Charles Linton; on Jan. 14 their car is found in a garage nearby on Gilpin St. in Denver's Capitol Hill, complete with the frozen body of 36-y.-o. Nicholas "Chaw Jimmie" Trainor, who was shot in the jaw by mint guards; on Feb. 17 $80K of the loot is recovered near Minneapolis, Minn., but the case is never solved, although in 1934 police claim that five men and two women were conspirators, but do not release names, claiming they are all dead or in prison already; the case is officially closed on Dec. 1, 1934. On Dec. 19 24-y.-o. Mrs. Theresa Vaughn admits to a police court in Sheffield, England that she has married 62 men in the past five years without obtaining any divorces - the polyandry loophole? On Dec. 30 Vladimir I. Lenin proclaims the establishment of the atheist Union of Soviet Socialist Repubs. (U.S.S.R.) (Soviet Union); the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan near Nevsky Prospekt in Leningrad becomes known as the Museum of Atheism; a small enclave of White Russians still hold "Pepelyayevshchina" in E Russia - the Atheistic New Jerusalem with its own Christ and Holy Sepulchre, and a few remaining doubting Thomases, whom the regime can't wait to nail? Ignaz Seipel (1876-1932) becomes federal chancellor of Austria's First Repub. (until 1924), going on to promote cooperation between the Heimwehr and wealthy industrialists - and these are my employees? Hipolito Irigoyen retires as required by the Argentine constitution, and Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (1868-1942) becomes pres. of Argentina (until 1928). Germany secedes Upper Silesia to Poland. Gen. elections in Australia give Labour 29 seats, Nationalists 27, and the Country Party 14. The Irish Free State is officially proclaimed. Afghanistan establishes its first nat. budget. Russian troops led by Gen. Vasili Blucher take Vladivostok, terminus of the Trans-Siberian railway from Japanese occupation troops. The Teapot Dome scandal over the leasing of naval oil reserves is investigated by the U.S. Senate under the leadership of Thomas James Walsh (1859-1933) (D-Mont.) and Burton Kendall Wheeler (1882-1975) (D-Mont.). The Federal Narcotics Control Board is established by Pres. Harding, which is consolidated with the Drug Enforcement Assoc. on June 14, 1930. Unemployed Glasgow workers stage a hunger march to London. Niger is made a French colony after numerous rebellions are quashed and order restored. The League of Nations gives final approval to the French mandate for Syria. The British Empire Settlement Act promises British govt. assistance in promoting emigration to Australia, becoming the first large-scale state-assisted migration program by the British govt., with 400K receiving £6M in subsidies. After her daughter Margaret was denied in 1919, Welsh suffragette Sybil Margaret Thomas, 1st Viscountess Rhondda (1857-1941) is permitted to take a seat in the British House of Lords, then summarily refused before her fanny can hit the cushion; it takes until 1958 for Lady Stella Reading to do it. The Trust (ends 1925) is created by Cheka head Felix Dzerzhinsky et al. as a fake anti-Bolshevik govt. in order to lure real anti-Bolsheviks into supporting it so they can neutralize them; it proves extremely successful, bringing in $3M a year and thwarting the efforts of real anti-Bolsheviks. Italian anti-Fascist historian Guglielmo Ferrero (1871-1942) is cracked down on by the govt. and forbidden to leave Italy until 1930, when he becomes a prof. at the U. of Geneva and continues dissing them, causing the govt. to seize all his writings in Italian. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that Japanese are not eligible for naturalization because they are not "free white persons" under the 1790 naturalization law, and not "persons of African descent" under the 1870 law. East Africa adopts a decimal currency system. Ra'anana, Israel on the S Sharon Plain is founded. The Aniakchak Volcano on the coast of Alaska is discovered - couldn't sit down for a week? The world's first concentration camp is set up by the Soviets in the Solovki Islands in the White Sea. Count Richard Nikolas Coudenhove-Kalergi (1894-1972) of Austria-Hungary, whose mother is Japanese and whose father speaks 16 languages founds the Pan-European Union (PEU), later backed by Crown Prince Otto von Hapsburg (1912-) as "the only way to prevent a world hegemony by Russia"; next year it pub. the Pan-Europa Manifesto; in 1925 Kalergi pub. the Kalergi Plan (AKA Coudenhove-Kalergi Conspiracy) in his book "Praktischer Idealismus" (Practical Idealism), predicting the disappearance of the pure European white race and replacement by a Eurasian-Negroid race similar to the ancient Egyptians; it becomes a favorite of the far-right. Germany achieves up to 3 hours flight with gliders; the first Experimental Gliding Congress is held in Vauville (near Cherbourg) in France. Southern Rhodesia votes down a proposal to become the 5th province of the Union of South Africa in favor of self-autonomy, and next Sept. 12 it is annexed by the U.K., adopting a constitution on Oct. 1 (until Apr. 1980). The Austin Seven microcar begins production in Britain (until 1939), monopolizing the British market and becoming the British Model T, with 290K units sold. The Benedictines of Solesmes, revivers of authentic Gregorian chants return to their abbey after 21 years of exile on the (enchanted?) Isle of Wight. Lenin decides that cinema is the most important of all the arts for the future education of good Soviets. Willia Cather's babe Isabelle McClung moves to Europe with her hubby, ending their 17-year love relationship; Cather says, "In 1922 or thereabouts the world broke in half, and I belong with the former half", and refuses to change with the times in her writing? Despite grossing $10.5M in the previous two years, the Ku Klux Klan is almost bankrupt through mismanagement. Florence Harding becomes the first First Lady with a fortune teller in the White House. The Internat. Brotherhood of Magicians is founded; members promise not to tell how their tricks work - like how they use fake legs and a trap door for the sawing the lady in half trick? A 42.90 gram silver decadrachm piece, made in 470 B.C.E. to celebrate the Greek victory over the Persians is found in Sparta, becoming the most valuable non-U.S. coin among coin collectors ($272,240 in 1974). C.B.C., later known as Columbia Pictures is founded; their Gem of the Ocean Logo features 16-y.-o. Jane Chester as the Proud Lady, holding a torch aloft in her right hand; retired in 1976. Ford buys the Lincoln Motor Co. for $8M. U.S. agriculture secy. (1920-1) Edwin Thomas Meredith (1876-1928), pub. of "Successful Farming" since 1914 (circ. 600K) founds Better Homes and Gardens mag. The information explosion shows signs of arrival with the debut of Reader's Digest of condensed books and mags. ("articles of lasting interest"), founded by Dewitt Wallace (1889-1981) and Lila Bell Wallace (nee Acheson) (1889-1984) in Greenwich Village, N.Y.; in 1955 it begins carrying ads. Gas gauges are now featured on car instrument panels, and backup lights on a few models. Mercedes-Daimler cars become #1 in auto racing. Essex Motor Co. is founded by Roy Dikeman Chapman of Hudson Motor Car Co., producing the first affordable mass-produced enclosed automobile, and causing the U.S. auto industry to move away from open touring cars to coaches. U.S.-style cocktails become popular in Europe after English novelist Alec Waugh (1898-1981) (brother of novelist Evelyn Waugh) serves rum swizzles to shocked friends who came for tea, inventing the Cocktail Party. Am. vaudeville performer Ted Healy (1896-1937) (real name Clarence Ernst Nash) hires old friend Moe Howard (Horwitz) (1897-1975) for his act as a stooge (a shill pretending to be an audience member who comes onstage, with Healy as the straight man), and next year hires Moe's older brother Shemp Howard (Horwitz) (1895-1955), then Larry Fine (Louis Feinberg) (1902-75) in 1925, and Moe's younger brother Jerome "Curly" Howard (Horwitz) (1903-52) in 1932, forming the act later known as the Three Stooges (all Jewish, nyuk nyuk). New York City cartoonist Rollin Kirby (1875-1972) wins a Pulitzer Prize for his 1921 editorial cartoon On the Road to Moscow, becoming the first cartoon to win; he does it again in 1925 and 1929. The U.S. Honeybee Act prohibits the importation of adult honeybees into the U.S. The League of Nations bans white-lead interior paint; the U.S. declines to join the ban. Manufactured cigarettes surpass plug tobacco to become the highest grossing tobacco product in the U.S. When the spotlight's on, I gotta be on? Lord Northcliffe (b. 1865) dies, and his brother Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere (1868-1940) inherits the London Daily Mail; Boston, Mass.-born historian Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976) (distant relative of T.S. Eliot) becomes the first to hold the position of Harmsworth Visiting Prof. of Am. History at Queen's College, Oxford U. for visiting Am. historians, established by Lord Rothermere in memory of his sons Vyvyan and Vere, who were KIA in WWI; in 1925 Morison returns to Harvard U., becoming the last prof. to arrive on campus on horseback. Maxim Gorky moves to Sorrento, Italy for his health until 1928, and on his return to the Soviet Union is received with official honors. The U.S. military goes band-crazy, and founds the U.S. Army Band ("Pershing's Own") this year, followed by the U.S. Navy Band and U.S. Coast Guard Band in 1925, and the U.S. Air Force Band in 1941. New York City-born Jewish-Am. failed atty. Samuel Irving Newhouse Sr. (Solomon Isadore Neuhaus) (1895-1979) founds Advance Pubs., starting with the Staten Island Advance newspaper, going on to build an empire of newspapers with monopolies incl. Long Island Daily Press (1932), Syracuse Herald and Journal (1939), Portland Oregonian (1950), The Birmingham News (1955), The Huntsville Times (1955), the St. Louis Globe-Democrat (1955), Conde Nast Pubs. (1959), Times-Picayune (1962), Cleveland Plain Dealer (1967), and Booth Newspapers (1976); he also builds an empire of mags. incl. Parade, Allure, Architectural Digest, Bon Apetit, Gentlemen's Quarterly, Glamour, Gourmet, The New Yorker, Mademoiselle, Vanity Fair, and Vogue; his son Samuel Irving "S.I." Newhouse Jr. (1927-2017) becomes chmn.-CEO, with a net worth of $9.5B, and his other son Donald Edward Newhouse (1929-) becomes pres., with a net worth of $10.5B; by Oct. 2014 it is the 44th largest privately held co. in the U.S., holding 31% of Discovery cable channel, and 13% of Charter Communications. The word "oops" first appears in a cartoon in the Washington Post. The elegant Classic Style takes over women's fashions in the U.S. Joseph P. Babcock of Standard Oil Co. begins importing Mah Jong (Jongg) (Chin. "cluttering birds") sets from Shanghai to the U.S., starting a worldwide craze by 1924, with a flurry of books on it pub., calling it Pung-Chow, Mah Chang, Mahjunk, Ma Cheuk, the Game of Sparrow (the Bird of 100 Intelligences) et al. Columbia U. man Carl Van Doren leaves The Nation and becomes literary ed. of Century Mag. (founded 1881) (until 1925); his younger brother and fellow Colombia U. man Mark Van Doren (1894-1972) becomes lit. editor of The Nation in 1924-8 - how adorable - that makes me sweat? The Detroit Inst. of Arts in Mich. acquires its own version of Rodin's The Thinker, sitting it at the entrance. The city of Sacramento, Calif. passes an ordinance requiring "all male citizens over the age of consent to grow whiskers and thus make the town look like it used to" in 1849; enthusiastic men found a Whiskerino Club, and the longest pair is 17 ft. long. The Internat. Union for Cultural Cooperation is founded in Vienna. The Internat. Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) is founded in Salzburg, Austria following the "Young Viennese" composers' concert. The first John Newbery Medal is awarded by the Assoc. for Library Service to Children, a div. of the Am. Library Assoc. for "the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children" to Hendrik Willem van Loon for The Story of Mankind. Les Nouvelles Litteraires, Artistique et Scientifiques mag. is founded in Paris. The State Inst. for Racial Biology is founded in Uppsala, Sweden, headed by Herman Lundborg, becoming the first govt.-sponsored racial biology research institute, with the goal of using eugenics and racial hygiene to fight criminality and psychiatric problems incl. alcoholism, going on to pub. the h.s. textbook "Swedish Racial Studies"; in 1936 after going too anti-Semitic, Lundborg is replaced by Gunnar Dahlberg; in 1959 it is integrated into Uppsala U. Corsican-born French perfume magnate Francois Coty (Joseph Marie Francois Spoturno) (1874-1934) (relative of Napoleon Bonaparte) purchases the daily Parisian newspaper Le Figaro (founded Jan. 15, 1826). Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui (1865-1926) founds Reiki, a spiritual practice based on fasting and meditation on Mt. Kurama in Japan, signing up mainly students from the military. The Izaak Walton League of Am. in Chicago, Ill. is founded to preserve fishing streams. Internat. PEN (Poets, Essayists, and Novelists) Club, an internat. club for writers is founded on Oct. 5 in London by Mrs. Catherine Amy Dawson Scott (1865-1934), with "Forsyte Saga" novelist John Galsworthy (1867-1933) as pres. #1, going on to fight for writers' rights, becoming the first human rights org. and first internat. lit. org.; in 2010 it becomes PEN Internat. The Wampas Baby Stars promotional campaign is founded by the Western Assoc. of Motion Picture Advertisers (until 1934, except 1930 and 1933), honoring 13 hot new starlets at the Wampas Frolic each year (15 in 1932); 150 stars are eventually honored, some who get hot and most not, incl. Bessie Love (1898-1986) (1922), Jacqueline Medura Logan (1904-83) (1922), Evelyn Brent (1899-1975) (1923), Jobyna Ralston (1899-1967) (1923), Clara Bow (1905-65) (1924), Janet Gaynor (1906-84) (1926), June Collyer (1906-68) (1928), Jean Arthur (1900-91) (1929), Loretta Young (1913-2000) (1929), Joan Blondell (1906-79) (1931), Eleanor Holm (1913-2004) (1932), Gloria Stuart (1910-2010) (1932), Marian Shockley (1911-81) (1932), Ginger Rogers (1911-95) (1932), and Judith Arlen (Laurette Rutherford) (1914-68) (1934). Cameo Records is founded in Manattan, N.Y. in Feb. to produce 50-cent jazz dance records (until 1930). New Orleans, La.-born Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong (1901-71) launches his career with Joe "King" Oliver's Creole Jazz Band in New Orleans. Fritz Busch (1890-1951) becomes dir. of the State Opera in Dresden, Germany. Marc Chagall leaves grim cold Russia for gay warm sunny Paris - no brainer? T.E. Lawrence of Arabia resigns from the Middle East div. of the British Colonial Office (1921-2) and enlists as a private with the RAF under the name Ross to escape publicity hounds. Charlie Chaplin (Chaplain?) (known in Hollywood for being well-endowed) auditions for a role as Jesus Christ, with the soundbyte: "I want to play the role of Jesus. I'm a logical choice. I look the part. I'm a Jew. And I'm a comedian... And I'm an atheist, so I'd be able to look at the character objectively." Am. actor John Barrymore (John Sidney "Jack" Blyth) (1882-1942), "the Great Profile" achieves stardom playing Hamlet in New York City this year and in England in 1925 before leaving the stage to return to Hollywood in 1926. The Webb Schools (originally Webb School of Calif.) boarding schools for grades 9-12 are founded in Claremont, Calif. by Thompson Webb (1887-1975), with the motto "Principes, non homines" (Leaders, not ordinary men); the Vivian Webb School for girls is founded in 1981. Beaconsfield Film Studios is founded in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire by producer George Clark (1888-1946) and actor-dir. Guy Newhall (1885-1937), selling-out to British Lion Film Corp. in 1929, going on to produce Britain's first talkie, and found a film-TV production school in 1971 that results in the animated chars. Wallace and Gromit. Wilhelm Furtwangler (1886-1954) conducts the Gewandhaus Concerts in Leipzig. Cigar-chomping German Jewish film dir. Ernst Lubitsch (1894-1947) leaves Berlin for Hollywood after Mary Pickford hires him, then gets a 3-year 6-film contract with Warner Bros. The Newbery Medal for children's lit., named for British children's lit. pub. John Newbery (1713-67) begins to be awarded by the Am. Library Assoc.; the first goes to Hendrik Willem Van Loon (1882-1944) for The Story of Mankind. Russian abstract art founder Vassily Kandinsky becomes a prof. at the Bauhaus in Weimar, Germany (until 1933). Archibald Leach (Cary Grant) gets a job as a stiltwalker at Coney Island in N.Y. Austrian Jewish bass Emanuel List (1888-1967) makes his opera debut at the Volksoper in Vienna as Mephistopheles in Charles Gounod's "Faust"; in 1933 after doing the entire Wagnerian Ring Cycle in Bayreuth, he flees Germany for the U.S. German soprano Elisabeth Rethberg (1894-1976) makes her debut with the Metropolitan Opera as Verdi's Aida, going on to remain with them for 20 seasons, becoming a favorite of conductor Arturo Toscanini and the #1 opera soprano, with Rosa Ponselle as #2. Constantin S. Stanislavsky goes on a European tour with the Moscow Arts Theater (1922-4). David Warfield begins touring the U.S. as Shylock in Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice" (until 1924) - Dustin who? Russian Symbolist theatrical dir. Vsevolod Emilevich Meyerhold (1874-1942) opens the Meyerhold Theater in Moscow, staging avant-garde shows and tutoring filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein; too bad, he disses Stalin's Socialist realism, and his theater is closed in Jan. 1938, and on June 20, 1939 he is arrested, tortured, and executed as a spy. Raytheon ("Gr. "light from the gods") Co. (originally the Am. Appliance Co.) is founded in Cambridge, Mass. by engineers Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) and Laurence K. Marshall, and scientist Charles G. Smith to produce refrigerators, switching to electronics, manufacturing a rectifier tube for radios that allows them to plug into the house current and eliminate batteries; in WWII it manufactures magnetron tubes; in 1945 it invents the microwave oven, manufacturing the Radarange microwave oven in 1947; in 1945 it acquires the Submarine Signal Co. (founded 1901) and goes into defense work. The Checker Taxicab begins to be manufactured in Kalamazoo, Mich. (until 1982). Am. shoe manufacturer John Ward Melville (1877-1977) creates the Thom McAn shoe line, named after Scottish golfer Thomas McCann, opening 650 stores by 1939 and becoming known for quality leather at affordable prices. Candymaker Hans Riegel Sr. of Bonn, Germany founds Haribo (Hans Reigel, Bonn) on Dec. 13 to manufacture Gummi Bears. Wheaties brand breakfast cereal is invented accidentally on a hot stove by a clinician working for the Washburn Crosby Co. (later Gen. Mills) in Minn., and 1924 after being perfected by head miller George Cormack, they are introduced as Washburn's Gold Medal Whole Wheat Flakes, with the final name selected via an employee contest won by export mgr. Jane Bausman; in 1927 they advertise in the minor league baseball Nicollette Park in Minneapolis, Minn., beginning their association with sports, after adman Knox Reeves of Minneapolis coins the slogan "The Breakfast of Champions", which peaks in the 1930s and 1940s, with 46 of 51 players of the 1939 ML All-Star Game endorsing it, and sponsoring the first ML baseball game ever televised on Aug. 29, 1939 on NBC-TV; the first Athlete on a Wheaties box is Lou Gehrig in 1934; Ronald Reagan launches his Hollywood career as the most popular Wheaties announcer of the year 1937. Heinkel Flugzeugwerke is founded in Warnemunde, Mecklenburg-Worpommern, Germany by Ernst Heinkel (1888-1958), going on to produce bomber aircraft for the Luftwaffe in WWII and pioneer liquid-fueled rockets and turbojet-powered aircraft. Jaguar Cars (originally the Swallow Sidecar Co.) is founded in Whitley, Coventry, England by "Mr. Jaguar" Sir William Lyons (1901-85) and William Walmsley (1892-1961) to make motorcycle sidecars, founding SS Cars Ltd. in 1935, and first using the Jaguar name in 1935, going on to produce a series of ultra-cool sports cars incl. the Jaguar SS100 (1936-40), Jaguar XK120 (1948-54), Jaguar XK 140 (1954-7), Jaguar XK150 (1957-61), and Jaguar E-Type (XK-E) (1961-75); in 1945 after WWII causes their initials SS to become un-PC, they change their name to Jaguar Cars Ltd.; in 1966 they are acquired by British Motor Corp., and in 1968 merge with Leyland Motor Corp., which is nationalized in 1975-84, then in 1990 are acquired by Ford. Grupo Modelo brewery is founded in Mexico City, Mexico, introducing Modelo Especial in 1925, which becomes the #2 imported beer in the U.S., known for cute stubby bottles, and Corona Extra brand beer in 1925, becoming the best-selling beer in Mexico, and the #1 imported beer in the U.S., known for clear glass long neck bottles into which consumer stick lime or lemon slices; the logo is red poppies; the co. goes on to capture 63% of the Mexican beer market; in ? Anheuser-Busch InBev acquires 50% ownership. Sports: On Feb. 25 the first invitational World Classic Bowling Tournament is held in Chicago, Ill., with 24 bowlers bowling 115 games on four specially-built lanes in the Chicago Coliseum, with the winner having to defaet the 2nd-4th place finishers in separate 60-game matches; the winner is Jimmy Blouin, winning $1,200 prize money; Blouin goes on to defeat Phil Wolf on Sept. 22, Mort Lindsey on Nov. 11, and Jimmy Smith on Dec. 19, becoming the official World Match Game champion, defending his title aganist Joe Falcaro on Oct. 23, 1923, and against Joe Scribner on Jan. 31, 1925. On Mar. 17-28 the 1922 Stanley Cup Finals in Arena Gardens in Toronto see the Toronto St. Patricks of the NHL defeat the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA 3-2; Vancouver center Jack Adams is the star, scoring 6 goals. On Apr. 29-May 5 the 1922 WNBA Nat. Tournament sees Emma Jaeger (1888-1964) of Toledo, Ohio win the singles competition with a score of 603, becoming the first over 600 to win; she goes on to threepeat in 1921-3, and win the WBNA all-events title in 1918, 1921, 1928, and 1929. On May 18 Irish driver Kenelm Edward Lee Guinness (1887-1937) (member of the Guinness brewing family) sets a new land speed record of 136.05 mph in his Sunbeam 350HP with V12 Manitou engine, becoming the last to be set on a racetrack rather than a beach or salt flat. On May 30 the 1922 (10th) Indianapolis 500 is won by James Anthony "Jimmy" Murphy (1894-1924), who becomes the first to win from the pole position; Ralph De Palma comes in 4th. On Aug. 25 after jumping to a 25-6 lead in the 4th inning, and seeing the Phillies close the score and load the bases in the 9th inning, after which CF Bevo LeBourveau is struck out by relief pitcher Tiny Osborne, the Cubs defeat the Phillies by 26-23 before 7K fans at Cubs Park, becoming the highest scoring ML baseball game of the 20th cent. (until ?). On Nov. 11 the Commonwealth Five all-black basketball team, founded by boxing promoters Ed McMahon and Jess McMahon makes its debut at the Commonwealth Sporting Club and Casino at 135th St. and Madison Ave. in Harlem, N.Y., defeating the all-white Monarch Elks Five by 25-13, becoming the first all-black pro basketball team, going on win the Colored Basketball World Championship in 1924. The U.S. Congress grants anti-trust action immunity to ML baseball. Joyce Wethered (Lady Heathcote-Amory) (1901-97) of England wins the first of four golf championships; Jesse W. "Jess" Sweetser (1902-89) defeats Bobby Jones and Chick Evans to win the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Gene Sarazen (1902-99) wins the U.S. Open along with the PGA Championship, going on to win a career Grand Slam; in 1926 Sweetser becomes the first U.S.-born player to win the British amateur golf title. George V of Britain opens a new 15K-seat concrete tennis stadium at Wimbledon; Bill Tilden and W.M. Johnston win the singles, and Tilden and V. Richards lose the doubles but win the Davis Cup in tennis; Suzanne Lenglen avenges the previous year's loss to Molla Mallory with a 26-min. 6-2, 6-0 win at Wimbledon; in the summer they play for the last time, and Lenglen wins 6-0, 6-0. The NFL begins requiring players to sign contracts instead of oral agreements sealed with a handshake. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team backfield from 1922 to the Rose Bowl game of 1925 gains legendary status as the Four Horsemen, incl. QB Harry Augustus Stuhldreher (1901-65), HB Don "Midnight" Miller (1902-79), HB James Harold "Jim" Crowley (1902-86), and FB Elmer Francis Layden (1903-73). Bobby "Rube" Marshall (1890-1958) (end) of the Rock Island Independents and Frederick Douglass "Fritz" Pollard (1894-1986) (halfback) of the Akron Pros break the color barrier to become the first black players in pro football, joining the NFL. Honkbal Hoofdklasse becomes the first prof. baseball league in the Netherlands. The ABC separates bowling alley owners and employees in separate membership classes; in 1929 it adds financial backers and instructors; the rule is dropped in 1948. Austrian skiing champ Hannes Schneider (1890-1955) opens a ski school in St. Anton am Arlberg. Victor Marlborough Silvester (1900-78) of Britain becomes the world ballroom dancing champ, going on to conduct the Ballroom Orchestra, which sells 75M records from the 1930s-1980s. The Chosun Racing Club in South Korea is founded to sponsor horse races; nexst year it adopts the parimutuel betting system; in 1933 the Chosun Horse Racing Authority is established to regulate the sport nationally, being renamed in 1945 to the Korea Racing Authority. Architecture: On July 11 the Hollywood Bowl (cap. 17,376) at 2301 N Highland Ave. S of the Hollywood Hills behind the famous Hollywood sign opens, with seating on wooden benches on the hillsides of Bolton Canyon, becoming the summer home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic; the debut performance is conducted by Alfred Hertz; in 1927 Frank Lloyd Wright builds a pyramidal shell to improve the acoustics, replacing it with a fiberglass shell in 1928. Canadian-born Pentecostal preacher Sister Aimee Elizabeth Simple McPherson (nee Kennedy) (1899-1944) builds the spaceship-like Angelus Temple in Echo Park, Los Angeles, Calif. (cap. 5.3K) (dedicated Jan. 1, 1923) - making California the home of the UFO cult way back in 1922? The Earl Carroll Theatre at 753 Seventh Ave. & West 50th Street in Manhattan, N.Y. opens, reopening on a more lavish scale in Aug. 1931, billed as "the largest legitimate theater in the world" before going bankrupt in 1932 and purchased by Florenz Ziegfeld, who renames it the Casino Theatre, successfully reviving "Show Boat" before going bankrupt in 1933, after which it is acquired by Billy Rose, who turns it into a nightclub; in 1939, and in 1940 it becomes a Woolworth's store; a second Earl Carroll Theatre at 6230 Sunset Blvd. in Hollywood, Calif. opens on Dec. 26, 1938, featuring "the most beautiful girls in the world", with a 20-ft.-high neon portrait of Beryl Wallace; in 1948 after Carroll and Wallace are killed in the crash of Airlines Flight 624, it is sold, and operates until the 1950s. London County Council Hall in London, England is built. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) (Norway) [Nansen Passports]; Lit.: Jacinto Benavente y Martinez (1866-1954) (Spain); Physics: Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885-1962) (Denmark) [quantum physics]; Chem.: Francis William Aston (1877-1945) (England) [mass spectrograph and isotopes]. Inventions: On Mar. 20 converted coal carrier USS Langley (CV-1) (originally commissioned Apr. 7, 1913 as USS Jupiter and renamed for Samuel Pierpont Langley) becomes the first aircraft carrier; on Oct. 17 Lt. Virgil C. Griffin takes off in his Vought VE-7 from it, launching the aircraft carrier era. On July 16 German-born Jewish-Am. gramophone inventor Emile Berliner (1851-1929) and his son Henry Adler Berliner (1895-1970) demonstrate a working helicopter to the U.S. Army, consisting of a Nieuport 23 fighter aircraft fuselage with two horizontal rotors mounted on a truss, becoming the first working helicopter; in 1923 he adds triple wings as a backup; too bad, it never reaches an elevation higher than 15 ft. The first Snowmobile is built by Joseph-Armand Bombardier (1907-64) of Canada, who goes on to patent it in 1937, calling it the B-7, featuring a sprocket caterpillar half-track in the back and skis in front, followed by the 12-passenger B-12 in 1942. German inventors Josef Engl (1893-1942), Joseph Massolle (1889-1957) and Hans Vogt (1890-1979) develop the Tri-Ergon (Gr. "work of three") sound film system using photoelectric cells, but can't perfect it, and sell it to Fox Movie Corp., who hire Theodore Willard Case (1888-1944) to perfect it, creating the Fox Movietone Sound-on-Film System in 1927. Anton Flettner (1885-1961) of Germany invents the cool-looking look-ma-no-sails Flettner Rotorship, based on the Magnus Spin Drift Effect, which causes a rotating object to move through the water in a constant direction perpendicular to the airflow; in 1924 constructs the 3-masted 960-ton roto schooner Buckau, which works fine but wears out before it can pay for itself, causing the rotor ship idea to fizzle (until ?); in 1926 Anton Flettner's Magnus effect rotor ship Baden-Baden sails from Hamburg to New York City, causing a sensation. 18-y.-o. George Frost of Lane High School in Chicago, Ill. invents the car radio by fitting one to the door of a Ford Model T. John Harwood (1895-1963) of England invents a self-winding wristwatch (patented 1924) - masturbation jokes here? Chelsea, Mass.-born engineer Herbert Thomas Kalmus (1881-1963) develops Technicolor, the first commercially successful color process for motion pictures; he names it in tribute to his alma mater MIT; ex-wife Natalie Kalmus (1878-1965) appears as "color coordinator" on virtually every Technicolor film from 1934-49, becoming unpopular on sets for trying to make them make colors more bland while being unable to fire her. Fla. citrus grower Charles Murcott Smith develops the easily-peeled "big red" Murcott Honey Orange (really a tangerine). Stephen Poplawski invents the Blender (Liquidiser), putting a spinning blade at the bottom of a container to make soda fountain drinks. Am. sculptor Grace Storey Putnam invents the Bye-Lo Baby, becoming a popular doll. English aviator Maj. J.C. Savage invents Skywriting after watching WWI airplanes leaving smoke trails. RCA buys the 1918 patent for the Superheterodyne Radio from Edwin Howard Armstrong, creating a monopoly for the rest of the decade as it only requires one dial and everybody ditches the multi-dial regenerative models for it. Eureka ignores the 1926 expiration date of the original Hoover patents to introduce the $45 Eureka Model 9 upright vacuum cleaner, which is half the price of a Hoover and 6 lbs. lighter (11 lbs.) with the same motor horsepower, along with a front-mounted bag that won't hit furniture and spew dust unlike the rear-mounted bag on competitors' models, offering a 10-day free trial, becoming their best-selling model of all time, doing for vacuum cleaners what Henry Ford's Model T did for automobiles, selling 1M units in three years, vs. 713K for Hoover, and 2M units by 1927, reaching a one-third share, allowing them to expand into electric ranges and other appliances. Science: English physicist Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897-1974) experiments with element transmutation, winning the 1948 Nobel Physics Prize. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) of France discovers white corpuscles. Am. physicist William Weber Coblentz (1873-1962) measures the relative thermal intensities of stellar images. The rare (#47) metallic element Hafnium (Lat. "Copenhagen") (#72), naturally occuring in most zirconium minerals (5% strength) is discovered in Copenhagen by Dutch physicist Dirk Coster (1889-1950) and Hungarian chemist George Charles de (Georg Karl von) Hevesy (1885-1966) based on Niels Bohr's prediction that it should resemble zirconium in structure, causing them to look in guess what kind of ores. Vitamin E (antisterility factor X) (alpha-tocopherol) is discovered by Am. embyrologist Herbert McLean Evans (1882-1971) and his asst. Katherine S. Bishop of the U. of Calif.; named by E.V. Shute in 1924. Czech chemist Jaroslav Heyrovsky (1890-1967) of Charles U. in Prague invents Polarography during investigations of the electrode potential of aluminum, pioneering the electroanalytic method and the field of Electrochemistry, winning him the 1959 Nobel Chem. Prize. Vitamin D is discovered in cod liver oil by Am. biochemist Elmer Verner McCollum (1879-1967). Am. zoologist T.H. Morgan experiments with the heredity mechanisms of fruit flies - I'm already on the pullout couch but we can make room? French philosopher Edouard Le Roy introduces the term "noosphere" for the future evolutionary state of the biosphere. Emil Werner and James Bell first describe the biguanide Metformin (Glucophage), found in French lilac (goat's rue); in 1929 its sugar-lowering action is discovered in rabbits; in 1958 it is introduced in Britain by Aaron subsidiary Rona; it is approved in Canada in 1972, and the U.S. FDA in 1994, with Bristol-Myers Squibb introducing it in the U.S. on Mar. 3, 1995, going on to become the world's most widely prescribed antidiabetic medication. Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) is appointed to the Pasteur Inst. in Brie-Comte-Robert, France, where he discovers and documents the biological process of nitrification and the cycle of life. Nonfiction: Max Adler (1873-1937), Die Staatsauffassung des Marxismus; criticizes Ludwig von Mises' 1919 work "Nation, State and Economy" as exmplifying "der neueren und eifervollsten des Neoliberalismus", coining the term "neoliberalism" for believers in free market economics who cling to laissez-faire but adopt marginalism in their analysis, challenging the Marxist labor-theory dogma. Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949), Initiation, Human and Solar; first in a series channeling the Ageless Wisdom of Tibetan ascended master D.K. (Djwal Khul), who first contacted her in 1919; she becomes known for the teaching that St. Germain (AKA Master Rakoczi or Master R.) (the resurrected Sir Francis Bacon) will be chmn. of the Executive Council of Christ, who will return and stay and bring world peace for the entire 2,150-year period of the Age of Aquarius; too bad, she claims that Christ will return in an airplane on global TV - I think Neil Armstrong beat him to it? R.S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (3 vols.). Clive Bell (1881-1964), Art. Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953), The Jews; "The anti-Semitic movement is essentially a reaction against the abnormal growth in Jewish power, and the new strength of anti-Semitism is largely due to the Jews themselves." Diedrich Bischoff, The Religion of the Freemasons. Max Born (1882-1970), Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Paul Bourget (1852-1935), Nouvelles Pages de Critique et de Doctrine. Abraham Arden Brill (1874-1948), Fundamental Conceptions of Psychoanalysis. C.E.P. Brooks (1888-1957), The Evolution of Climate; followed in 1926 by Climate Through the Ages; attributes the onset of the ice ages to geographical changes incl. evolving continental shapes, denying any role for astronomical forces except for solar activity variations, which he relegates to fluctuations of 100K years or less, rejecting CO2 as a cause of climate change; it contains the humorous soundbyte: "There are at least nine and twenty ways of constructing a theory of climate change, and there is probably some truth in quite a number of them." William Cabell Bruce (1860-1946), John Randolph of Roanoke, 1773-1883: A Biography Based Largely on New Material (2 vols.). Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970), The Space; logical positivism. G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936), Eugenics and Other Evils; What I Saw In America; "America is the only nation in the world that is founded on a creed. That creed is set forth with dogmatic and even theological lucidity in the Declaration of Independence; perhaps the only piece of practical politics that is also theoretical politics and also great literature. It enunciates that all men are equal in their claim to justice, that governments exist to give them that justice, and that their authority is for that reason just. It certainly does condemn anarchism, and it does also by inference condemn atheism, since it clearly names the Creator as the ultimate authority from whom these equal rights are derived. Nobody expects a modern political system to proceed logically in the application of such dogmas, and in the matter of God and Government it is naturally God whose claim is taken more lightly. The point is that there is a creed, if not about divine, at least about human things." Arthur Holly Compton (1892-1962), Secondary Radiations Produced by X-Rays. James John Davis (1873-1947), The Iron Puddler (autobio.). Richard Dehmel (1863-1920), Mein Leben (autobio.) (posth.). Tyler Dennett (1883-1949), Americans in Eastern Asia. Chauncey M. Depew (1834-1928), My Memories of Eighty Years (autobio.). John Dewey (1859-1952), Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology. Alfred Einstein (ed.), Riemann's Musiklexikon (10th ed.). Sidney Bradshaw Fay (1876-) (ed.), Fueter's World History 1815-1920. Lucien Febvre (1878-1956) and Lionel Bataillon, A Geographical Introduction to History. H.J. Fleure, Races of England and Wales. Henry Ford (1863-1947), My Life and Work (autobio.). Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878-1969), Christianity and Progress. Marshall J. Gauvin (1881-1978), Did Jesus Christ Really Live?; makes him a hit on the freethought circuit; "The orthodox idea that Christ was the son of God - God himself in human form - that he was the creator of the countless millions of glowing suns and wheeling worlds that strew the infinite expanse of the universe; that the forces of nature were the servants of his will and changed their courses at his command - such an idea has been abandoned by every independent thinker in the world - by e very thinker who relies on reason and experience rather than mere faith--by every man of science who places the integrity of nature above the challenge of ancient religious tales. Not only has the divinity of Christ been given up, but his existence as a man is being more and more seriously questioned. Some of the ablest scholars of the world deny that he ever lived at all. A commanding literature dealing with the inquiry, intense in its seriousness and profound and thorough in its research, is growing up in all countries, and spreading the conviction that Christ is a myth. The question is one of tremendous importance. For the Freethinker, as well as for the Christian, it is of the weightiest significance. The Christian religion has been and is a mighty fact in the world. For good or for ill, it has absorbed for many centuries the best energies of mankind. It has stayed the march of civilization, and made martyrs of some of the noblest men and women of the race: and it is to-day the greatest enemy of knowledge, of freedom, of social and industrial improvement, and of the genuine brotherhood of mankind. The progressive forces of the world are at war with this Asiatic superstition, and this war will continue until the triumph of truth and freedom is complete. The question, 'Did Jesus Christ Really Live?' goes to the very root of the conflict between reason and faith; and upon its determination depends, to some degree, the decision as to whether religion or humanity shall rule the world." Yes, the character of Christ could have been invented! The literature of the world is filled with invented characters; and the imaginary lives of the splendid men and women of fiction will forever arrest the interest of the mind and hold the heart enthralled. But how account for Christianity if Christ did not live? Let me ask another question. How account for the Renaissance, for the Reformation, for the French Revolution, or for Socialism? Not one of these movements was created by an individual. They grew. Christianity grew. The Christian church is older than the oldest Christian writings. Christ did not produce the church. The church produced the story of Christ. "The Jesus Christ of the Gospels could not possibly have been a real person. He is a combination of impossible elements. There may have lived in Palestine, nineteen centuries ago, a man whose name was Jesus, who went about doing good, who was followed by admiring associates, and who in the end met a violent death. But of this possible person, not a line was written when he lived, and of his life and character the world of to-day knows absolutely nothing. This Jesus, if he lived, was a man; and if he was a reformer, he was but one of many that have lived and died in every age of the world. W hen the world shall have learned that the Christ of the Gospels is a myth, that Christianity is untrue, it will turn its attention from the religious fictions of the past to the vital problems of to-day, and endeavor to solve them for the improvement of the well-being of the real men and women whom we know, and whom we ought to help and love." Etienne Gilson (1884-1978), Le Thomisme. Giovanni Giolitti (1842-1928), Memorie della Mia Vita (2 vols.). Hans Gunther (1891-1968), Racial Science of the German People (Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes); bestseller (500K copies) defining a German racial superiority pyramid with Nordics at the top, followed by Mediterranean, Alpine, East Baltic, and Dinaric, while calling Jews "a thing of ferment and disturbance, a wedge driven by Asia into the European structure", making a fan of Adolf Hitler, who adopts his advice to avoid race-mixing and practice eugenics. Burton J. Hendrick (1870-1949), The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page (Pulitzer Prize). David George Hogarth (1862-1927), Arabia. Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), American Individualism. Karen Horney (1885-1952), Feminine Psychology (14 essays) (1922-37); takes on Sigmund Freud's theory of Penis Envy, founding Feminist Psychology - she's horney even without a penis? W.H. Hudson (1841-1922), A Hind in Richmond Park. Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947) and Stephen Sargent Visher, Climatic Changes: Their Nature and Causes; "Thus the races, though alike in their physical response to climate, may possibly be different in their mental response because they have approached America by different paths"; "The human organism inherits so delicate an adjustment to climate that, in spite of man's boasted ability to live anywhere, the strain of the frozen North eliminates the more nervous and active types of mind." Dudley Wright Knox (1877-1960), The Eclipse of American Sea Power. Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), Perception: An Introduction to the Gestalt Theory. Nikolai Kondratiev (1892-1938), The World Economy and Its Conjectures During and After the War. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), Fantasia of the Unconscious. Lucien Levy-Bruhl (1857-1939), La Mentalite Primitive (The Primitive Mentality). Walter Lippmann (1889-1974), Public Opinion; coins the phrase "the manufacture of consent". Hendrik Willem van Loon (1882-1944), The Story of Mankind; "The people of the early Middle Ages never saw a textbook of Roman history. They were ignorant of many things which every school-boy to-day knows before he has entered the third grade. But the Roman Empire, which is merely a name to you, was to them something very much alive." Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), Bismarck: The Story of a Fighter (3 vols.) (1922-3). Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942), Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea; about the Trobriand People in the Kiriwina Islands NE of Papua New Guinea; founds the science of ethnography, or study of one culture via direct contact, which is combined into multi-cultural studies by library ethnologists, who are considered second class since they're just paper-pushers?; followed by "The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia" (1929), and "Coral Gardens and Their Magic" (1935). Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Children of the Market Place: A Fictitious Autobiography; life of Stephen Douglas. Shailer Mathews (1863-1941), The Validity of American Ideals. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis; an all-out attempt to refute socialism, which contains the soundbyte: "The only certain fact about Russian affairs under the Soviet regime with regard to which all people agree is: that the standard of living of the Russian masses is much lower than that of the masses in the country which is universally considered as the paragon of capitalism, the United States of America. If we were to regard the Soviet regime as an experiment, we would have to say that the experiment has clearly demonstrated the superiority of capitalism and the inferiority of socialism." Charles Edward Montague (1867-1928), Disenchantment; criticizes the way WWI was fought. De Lacy O'Leary (1872-1957), Islam at the Cross Roads: A Brief Survey of the Present Position and Problems of the World of Islam; A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate. Sylvia Pankhurst (1858-1928), The Truth About the Oil War; "Oil concessions are those for which the great capitalists scramble most eagerly to-day." Emily Post (1872-1960), Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home; giant hit, updated yearly, brings the way the upper-classes live to the lower classes, esp. immigrants; "Manners are made up of trivialities of deportment which can be easily learned if one does not happen to know them; manner is personality - the outward manifestation of one's innate character and attitude toward life"; makes her an instant star, and becomes the bible of social graces. James Harvey Robinson (1863-1936), The Humanizing of Knowledge; article in Science, July 28. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), The Problem of China. Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. (1888-1965), New Viewpoints in American History; pioneers social history and urban history, containing the soundbyte: "From reading history in textbooks one would think half of our population made only a negligible contribution to history", along with the essay "The Significance of Jacksonian Democracy", with the soundbyte: "While democracy was working out its destiny in the forests of the Mississippi Valley, the men left behind in the eastern cities were engaging in a struggle to establish conditions of equality and social well-being adapted to their special circumstances"; in 1924 he becomes a history prof. at Harvard U. Carl Schmitt (1888-1985), Political Theology; uses Roman Catholicism to deny free will and bolster dictatorship; "Sovereign is he who decides on the exception"; "All significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularized theological concepts". Boris Sidis (1867-1923), Nervous Ills: Their Cause and Cure; blames fear as the underlying cause of much mental illness. Alfred Percy Sinnett (1840-1921), The Early Days of Theosophy in Europe (posth.). Frederick Soddy (1877-1956), Cartesian Economies. Lothrop Stoddard (1883-1950), The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man; "Usually highly prolific, often endowed with extaordinary physical vigor, and able to migrate easily, owing to modern facilities of transportation, the more backward people of the earth tend increasingly to seek the centres of civilization, attracted thither by the higher wages and easier conditions which there prevail. The influx of such lower elements into civilized societies is an unmitigated disaster. It upsets living standards, socially sterilizes the higher native stocks, and if (as usually happens in the long run) interbreeding occurs, the racial foundations of civilization are undermined, and the mongrelized population, unable to bear the burden, sinks to a lower plane"; The New World of Islam; the rise and fall story up to today. Bert Leston Taylor (1866-1921) and Henry B. Fuller, The So-Called Human Race (essays) (posth.). Sir John Arthur Thompson (1861-1933), Outline of Science; big hit claiming to reconcile science and religion, selling 100K copies. Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936), Kritik der Offentlichen Meinung (Critique of Public Opinion). Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975), The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilizations. John Venn (1834-1923) and John Archibald Venn (1883-1958), The Biographical History of Cambridge University (10 vols.) (1922-53); son takes over his dead daddy's project. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Public School Life: Boys, Parents, Masters. Max Weber (1864-1920), Methodology of the Social Sciences: The Meaning of Ethical Neutrality in Sociology and Economics. H.G. Wells (1866-1946), A Short History of the World - just look inside the music? Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus; a model of clarity, only 75 pages long; "The sum-total of reality is the world". William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), The Trembling of the Veil (autobio.). Music: Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Symphony No. 1; The Happy Forest; Mediterranean. Irving Berlin (1888-1989), April Showers. Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), A Color Symphony; incl. Pyonepsion (last movement). Henri Busser (1872-1973), Les Noces Corinthiennes (opera). John Alden Carpenter (1876-1951), Krazy Kat (blues ballet); based on the comics. Leo Fall (1873-1925), Madame Pompadour (operetta) (Vienna). Fred Fisher (1875-1942), Chicago; made into a hit by Frank Sinatra in the 1940s. P. Grainger and E. Robbins, 'T Ain't Nobody's Business (If I Do) (song). Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Sancta Susanna (one-act opera) (Frankfurt). Jacques Ibert (1890-1962), Escales. Isham Jones (1894-1956), On the Alamo (#1 in the U.S.). Heinrich Kaminsky (1886-1946), Concerto Grosso for Double Orchestra. Nick Lucas (1897-1982), Picking the Guitar; Teasing the Frets. Joseph Marx (1882-1964), Eine Symphonische Nachtmusik. Carl Nielsen, Symphony No. 5. Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936), Concerto Gregoriano. Trixie Smith (1895-1943), My Man Rocks Me With One Steady Roll; first record to use the phrase "rock and roll" outside a Gospel context, with the sexual double entendre. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Mavra (comic opera) (Paris Opera). Harry Warren (1893-1981) and Edgar Leslie (1885-1976), Rose of the Rio Grande; launches the career of Harry Warren (Salvatore Antonio Guaragna) (1893-1981), who remains virtually anon. while writing 800+ songs and pub. 500+ of them, which are used in 300 films and 112 Warner Brothers Looney Tunes Cartoons, incl. "I Only Have Eyes For You", "Chattanooga Choo-Choo", "We're In the Money", "Lullaby of Broadway", "Jeepers Creepers" et al. Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958), Pastoral Symphony, No. 3 (London). Movies: William A. Seiter's The Beautiful and the Damned (Dec. 10) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1922 F. Scott Fitzgerald novel stars Kenneth Harlan (1895-1967) and Marie Prevost (Marie Bickford Dunn) (1898-1937), who marry on the set for publicity, which backfires when Prevost's secret first hubby Sonny Gerke materializes, causing Jack Warner to get the secret marriage annulled so that the marriage can go through in 1924; too bad, in 1926 their contract is not renewed, driving Prevost to alcoholism, and they separate in 1927; after he career spirals downward, compounded by obesity, she is finally found dead in her house on Jan. 21, 1937 of acute alcoholism, with her barking dog feasting on body parts to survive; her estate is valued at $300, and a promissory note to Joan Crawford is found, causing the Hollywood community to create the Motion Picture Country House in San Fernando Valley, Calif. in 1942, followed by the Motion Picture House in 1948, later extended to TV stars. Fred Niblo's Blood and Sand (Aug. 5), written by June Mathis based on the 1909 Vicente Blasco-Ibanez novel stars "every woman's dream", "Latin Lover" "Dark Lover" Rudolph Valentino as illiterate Spanish peasant bullfighter Juan Gallardo, who cheats on his virtuous wife Carmen (Lila Lee) with seductive vamp widow Dona Sol (Nita Naldi); Rouben Mamoulian remakes it in sound and technicolor in 1941 starring Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell (wife), and Rita Hayworth (vamp); Naldi and Valentino co-star in two more films, "A Sainted Devil" (1924), "Cobra" (1925). E. Mason Hopper's Brothers Under the Skin (Nov. 19) (Goldwyn Pictures) stars Pat O'Malley, Helene Chadwick, Norman Kerry, and Claire Windsor, becoming the film debut (uncredited) of William "Billy" Haines (Charles William Haines) (1900-73), an open gay who in 1926 hooks up with James "Jimmie" Shields and becomes brothers under the skin, staying with him for life ("the happiest married couple in Hollywood" - Joan Crawford); with the studio covering for him, he becomes a top star from 1928-32; too bad, in 1933 he is arrested in a YMCA doing the wild thing with a sailor, causing Louis B. Mayer to give him an ultimatum to engage in a sham "lavender" marriage or be fired, and he chooses the latter, becoming a top interior designer with his gay bud Shields. Edward F. Cline's Cops (Mar.) (First Nat.), filmed during the Kafka-esque rape-murder trial of his mentor Fatty Arbuckle stars Buster Keaton, who flees hundreds LAPD cops in a Kafka-esque nightmare; the film ends with the title "The End" written on a tombstone with Keaton's pork pie hat propped on it; "A roar from the riot squad." Paul Powell's A Daughter of Luxury (Dec. 25), based on a play by Leonard Merrick stars Agnes Ayres as Mary Fenton, Tom Gallery as Blake Walford, Edith Yorke as Ellen Marsh, and ZaSu Pitts as Mary Cosgrove. Marcel L'Herbier's Don Juan and Faust (Oct. 7) stars Vanni Marcoux as Faust. Fritz Lang's Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler (May 26), based on the Norbert Jacques novel stars Rudolf Klein-Rogge as the evil Berlin doctor (a criticism of post-WWI Germany); "He's the damnation and the salvation"; spawns three sequels. Erich von Stroheim's Foolish Wives (Jan. 11) stars Stroheim as fake Count Wladislaw Sergius Karamzin, who tries to seduce Miss DuPont (Helen Hughes), wife of U.S. envoy to Monaco Andrew J. Hughes (Rudolph Christians) to get her money; billed by Universal Pictures as "the first real million dollar picture"; the uncredited debut of producer Irving Thalberg; too bad, the studio cuts the film down from 10 hours to 117 min. J. Stuart Blackton's Glorious Adventure (Apr. 23) stars Diana Manners as Lady Beatrice Fair, Gerald Lawrence as Hugh Argyle, Cecil Humphreys as Walter Roderick, and Victor McLaglen as Bulfinch. Emile Chautard's The Glory of Clementina (May 28) stars Pauline Frederick, George Cowl, Edward Martindel, Lincoln Plumer, Edward Hearn, Jean Calhoun, and Clarence Wilson, and is the film debut of Evansville, Ind.-born Louise Dresser (Louise Josephine Kerlin) (1878-1965) (friend of Buster Keaton since his childhood days, and friend of songwriter Paul Dresser, whose name she adopts) as Lena Fontaine. Tom Buckingham's and Larry Semon's Golf (Sept. 3) stars Lucille Carlisle as a blonde Flapper girl. Fred C. Newmeyer's Grandma's Boy (Sept. 3) stars Harold Lloyd as Grandma's Boy, who joins a posse after looking for a tramp accused of murder. Benjamin Christiansen's Haxan: Witchcraft Through the Ages stars the dir. as the Devil. Edward D. Venturini's The Headless Horseman (Nov. 5) (Sleepy Hollow Corp.), produced by Carl Stearns Clancy, based on the 1820 Washington Irving story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" set in 1790 stars Will Rogers as Ichabod Crane, Lois Meredith as Katrina Van Tessel, and Ben Hendricks Jr. as Abraham Van Brunt AKA Brom Bones, becoming the first B&W panchromatic feature film; watch video. Ernst Lubitsch's The Loves of Pharaoh (Das Weib des Pharao) (Feb. 1) stars Emil Jannings as Pharaoh Amenes. Richard Oswald's Lucrezia Borgia (Oct. 20) stars Liane Haid as Lucrezia, Conrad Veidt as Cesare Borgia, and Albert Bassermann as Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia). Irving Cummings' The Man From Hell's River (May); the debut (as a wolf) of German Shepherd wonder dog Rin Tin Tin (Rin-Tin-Tin) (Rinty) (1918-32), who was born in a trench in France during WWI and found in a bombed dog kennel by Cpl. Lee Duncan, and saved along with his sister Nannette, then shipped to Los Angeles, Calif., where Nannette dies; he is voted the most popular film star in 1926, and has four sons who become dog stars playing him; he is later buried in France and his bloodline continues in a Tex. kennel; he is stationed at Ft. Apache. Robert Flaherty's Nanook of the North: A Story of Life and Love in the Actual Arctic (June 11) stars Allakariallak as Eskimo Nanook, and Nyla and Cunayou as his wives. Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau's Nosferatu: Eine Symphonie des Grauens (Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror) (Mar. 4) (Prana Film) (Gr. "nosophoros" = plague carrier), filmed in Bremen, Bavaria stars Max Schreck as Count Orlok, becoming the first film to feature vampires; too bad, they make the mistake of advertising it as "freely adapted from Bram Stoker's Dracula", pissing-off his widow Florence Balcombe Stoker (1858-1937), who tries to get all the prints destroyed, winning her copyright lawsuit in July 1925; luckily some prints survive and the first U.S. screenings take place on June 3, 1929 - so who's under the red light of doom next? Alfred Hitchcock's Number 13 (Mrs. Peabody) is the dir. debut of London-born Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (1899-1980); too bad, the budget falls through, and it is never finished; Hitchcock goes on to direct 50+ films over six decades, becoming the #1 film director of all time?; he becomes known for cameo appearances in his own films, innovative movement of the camera, innovative editing, icy blonde female chars., twist endings, and Freudian sexual overtones, becoming known as "the Master of Suspense". D.W. Griffith's The Orphans of the Storm, based on the French play "The Two Orphans" stars Lillian Gish and Dorothy Gish as sisters who are separated, one raised by thieves, the other by aristocrats before the French Rev. Dimitri Buchowetzki's Othello (Feb.); based on the Shakespeare play, becoming the first major film production; stars Emil Jannings as Othello, Werner Krauss as Iago, and Ica von Lenkeffy as Desdemona. Hal Roach's Our Gang debuts, a series showing cute children sans acting lessons or racism; it converts to sound in Apr. 1929; in 1938 it is acquired by MGM, which ends production in 1944 after 220 shorts featuring 41 child actors; in 1955 the 80 talkie versions are syndicated for TV under the title "The Little Rascals"; early stars incl. Ernie "Sunshine Sammy" Morrison, Allen "Farina" Hoskins, Jackie Condon, Mickey Daniels, Joe Cobb, and Pete the Pup, a pit bull terrier with a ring around his eye; in 1929 new actors are added incl. Jackie Cooper, Norman "Chubby" Chaney, Dorothy DeBorba, Matthew "Stymie" Beard, and Donald Haines; June Marlowe plays teacher Miss Crabtree; in 1931 George "Spanky" McFarland joins, becoming the top star; in 1935 Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer and his brother Harold Switzer join, along with Darla Hood and Eugene "Porky" Lee; in 1939 Robert Blake (Mickey Gubitosi), Janet Burston, and Bill "Froggy" Laughlin join; by May 2014 only Robert Blake, Sidney Kibrick, Jean Darling, Marianne Edwards, Dickie Moore, Jerry Tucker, Lassie Lou Ahern, Mildred Kornman, and Leonard Landy are still living. Dimitri Buchowetzki's Peter der Grosse (Peter the Great) (Nov. 2) stars Emil Jannings. Rex Ingram's The Prisoner of Zenda (Sept. 11), based on the 1894 Anthony Hope novel and 1896 play by Hope and Edward Rose stars Lewis Shepard Stone (1879-1953) and Alice Terry (1899-1987), who marries dir. Rex Ingram (Reginald Ingram Montgomery Hitchcock) (1892-1950) for the rest of his life. Allan Dwan's Robin Hood (Oct. 18) (Douglas Fairbanks Pictures) stars swashbuckler Douglas Fairbanks Sr. (1883-1939) as the Earl of Huntington, who fights to save good King Richard Lionheart's throne from the bad Sheriff of Nottingham; debuts on Oct. 18 at the Egyptian Theater in Los Angeles, Calif., becoming their first-ever silent film premiere; does $1M box office. Tom Forman's Shadows (Nov. 10) (Preferred Pictures Corp.) stars Walter Long as fisherman Daniel Gibbson, Harrison Ford as John Malden, Marguerite De La Motte as Sympathy Gibbs, and Lon Chaney Sr. as mysterious Chinaman Yen Sin. Sidney Franklin's Smilin' Through (Feb. 13 (First Nat. Pictures)), based on the 1919 Jane Cowl play and produced by Joseph M. Schenck stars Norma Talmadge as Kathleen/Moonyeen in her biggest box-office smash; Harrison Ford (1884-1957) stars as Kenneth/Jeremiah Wayne, and Wyndham Standing plays John Carteret; the film debut of Canadian-born Edwin Eugene "Gene" Lockhart (1891-1957); does $1M box office; remade in 1932 and 1941 by MGM. Robert G. Vignola's When Knighthood Was in Flower (Sept. 14) (Paramount) (12 reels), based on the novel by Charles Major and play by Paul Kester stars Marion Davies as Mary Tudor, Lyn Harding as Henry VIII, Teresa Maxwell-Conover as Queen Catherine, and Forrest Stanley as Charles Brandon; the $1.8M budget makes it the most expensive picture made to date; refilmed in 1953 as "The Sword and the Rose". Art: Max Beckmann (1884-1950), Before the Bell. Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), Rossetti and His Circle (drawings). Robert Delaunay (1885-1941), Portrait of Louis Aragon; Portrait of Andre Breton. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Oedipus Rex; A Friend's Reunion (Au Rendezvous des Amis). Tsuguhara Foujita (1886-1968), Morning Glories. Eric Rowland Gill (1882-1940), Christ Driving the Moneylenders Out of the Temple (sculpture) (Leeds U.); freaks the critics by depicting the figures wearing top hats and frock coats. Paul Klee (1879-1940), The Twittering Machine. David Low (1891-1963), Lloyd George and Co. (cartoons). John Marin (1870-1953), Sunset. Andre Masson (1896-1987), Pedestal Table in the Studio. Joan Miro (1893-1983), The Farm. P.W. Steer, Mrs. Raynes. Lorado Taft (1860-1936), Fountain of Time (sculpture) (Midway Plaisance, Chicago, Ill.). Josef Thorak (1889-1952), Der Sterbende Krieger (statue); memorial to the WWI dead of Stolpmuende. Plays: Leonid Nikolaevich Andreyev (1871-1919), The Rape of the Sabine Women; He Who Gets Slapped (posth.). Solomon Ansky (1863-1920), The Dyubbuk; a dead soul takes possession of a living body to right a wrong; Eugene Vakhtangov's first Habima production. Jean-Jacques Bernard (1888-1972), Martine. Ugo Betti (1892-1953), The Thoughtful King. Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956), Baal (first play); a travelling musician destroys lives with ease; Drums in the Night (Trommeln in der Nacht). Jean Cocteau (1889-1963), Oedipe-Roi (Oedipus Rex). Francois de Curel (1854-1928), L'Ivresse du Sage. James Elroy Flecker (1884-1915), The Story of Hassan of Bagdad and How He Came to Make the Golden Journey to Samarkand (posth). Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874-1929), Das Grosse Salzburger Welttheater. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), Berlud, Unlimited (Chelsea, London); The Lucky One. Anne Nichols (1891-1966), Abie's Irish Rose (comedy) (Fulton Theatre, New York) (May 23) (2,327 perf.); an Irish Roman Catholic girl marries a Jewish man despite their families' objections; filmed in 1928 and 1946. Charles Gilman Norris (1881-1945) and Nino Marcelli, The Rout of the Philistines. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), The Hairy Ape. Sir Arthur Wing Pinero (1855-1934), The Enchanged Cottage (comedy). Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), Enrico IV (Henry IV). Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), The Woods of Meadowside (debut). Austin Strong, Seventh Heaven (Booth Theatre, New York) (Oct. 22) (704 perf.); produced by John Golden; stars Helen Menken as Diane, and George Gaul as Chico, a street cleaner who saves her life; also features Frank Morgan as Brissac; filmed in 1927 as "7th Heaven", and in 1937. Ben Travers (1886-1980), The Dippers (first play); launches his career of writing farces which are performed at the Aldwych Theatre in West End, London. John Willard (1885-1942), The Cat and the Canary (New York City) (Feb. 7); black comedy; filmed in 1927. Poetry: Maurice Baring (1874-1945), The Puppet Show of Memory. Andrei Bely (1880-1934), The First Encounter. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Young People's Pride. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), The Waste Land (Dec.) (434 lines); about the legend of the Holy Grail and Fisher King combined with vignettes of contemporary British society mixed with Buddhism and Hinduism; divided into five sections: "The Burial of the Dead", "A Game of Chess", "The Fire Sermon", "Brief Lyrical Petition", "What the Thunder Said"; "The human engine waits/ Like a taxi throbbing waiting"; "April is the cruelest month,/ Breeding Lilacs out of the dead land.../ Stirring Dull roots with spring rain"; "I will show you fear in a handful of dust"; "Shantih shantih shantih"; "Ends the idea of poetry for ladies." (James Joyce) Paul Eluard (1895-1952), Repetitions (Répétitions); cover by Max Ernst. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), Late Lyrics and Earlier. Hermann Hesse (1877-1962), Gedichte. A.E. Housman (1859-1936), Last Poems (Sept.); his 2nd slender vol. of poetry, cementing his top-shelf rep.; "A stranger and afraid/ In a world I never made." Claude McKay (1889-1948), Harlem Shadows. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), A Few Figs from Thistles; incl. First Fig; "My candle burns at both ends;/ It will not last the night;/ But ah, my foes, and oh, my friends - / It gives a lovely light!"; The Harp-Weaver and Other Poems (Pulitzer Prize); beats out T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" for the 1923 Pulitzer for Poetry, after which she goes silly? Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957), Desolacion. Marianne Moore (1887-1972), Observations. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), The Cluster. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Youth Grows Old (debut). Amado Nervo (1870-1919), The Motionless Loved One (La Amada Inmovil) (posth.). Boris Pasternak (1890-1960), Life, My Sister. Gene Porter (1868-1924), The Fire Bird. Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926), Sonnets to Orpheus (Sonette au Orpheus); "The trees you planted in childhood have grown/ too heavy. You cannot bring them along./ Give yourself to the air, to what you cannot hold" - beautiful sonnets in ugly German? Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), Slabs of the Sunburnt West; "I am Chicago, I am a name given out by the breaths of/ working men, laughing men, a child, a belonging." Edith Sitwell (1887-1964), Facade. Genevieve Taggard (1894-1948), For Eager Lovers. Julian Tuwim (1894-1953), The Seventh Autumn. Paul Valery (1875-1945), Charmes. Yvor Winters (1900-68), The Magpie's Shadow. Novels: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Les Aventures de Telemaque. Michael Arlen (1895-1956), Piracy. Enoch Arnold Bennett (1867-1931), Mr. Prohack. + Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), The Giant's Causeway (La Chaussee des Geants); The Forgotten Man (L'Oublie). Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), Environment; first in her series of novels about life in West Yorkshire, England. J.J. Bernard, Martine. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Kingfisher. John Buchan (1875-1940), Huntingtower. Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950), The Chessmen of Mars; features the chess variant called Jetan. Barbara Cartland (1901-2000), Jigsaw (first novel); bestseller, followed by a torrent of 723 books pub. by 2000, making her the #1-selling novelist on Earth and the Queen of Romance. Willa Cather (1873-1947), One Of Ours (Pulitzer Prize); a critical failure, Hemingway claiming she got her WWI scenes from movies, but it becomes her first bestseller. Robert William Chambers (1865-1933), The Flaming Jewel. G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936), The Man Who Knew Too Much and Other Stories; filmed in 1935 by Alfred Hitchcock. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Secret Adversary; introduces Thomas "Tommy" Tuppence and Prudence "Tuppence" Cowley, who start out as blackmailers but find out that being detectives is more profitable. Richmal Crompton (1890-1969), Just William; 11-y.-o. scruffy English schoolboy William Brown, leader of the Outlaws, rivals of the Hubert Laneites; first of a series of 38 (ends 1970). Aleister Crowley (1875-1947), The Diary of a Drug Fiend. E.R. Eddison (1882-1945), The Worm Ouroboros; the war between King Gorice of Witchland and the Lords of Demonland on planet Mercury. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), The Beautiful and Damned about the downhill slide of a wealthy young couple (him and Zelda?); also Tales of the Jazz Age (short stories); incl. The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, about a baby that is born old and grows young. Roger Martin du Gard (1881-1958), The Thibaults (Les Thibault) (8 vols.) (1922-40); giant epic of a middle-class French Roman Catholic bourgeois family from 1904 to the end of WWI, incl. brothers Jacques and Antonine Thibault, and passionate artist Daniel de Fontanin, who try to live without belief in God, winning him the 1937 Nobel Lit. Prize; makes a fan of Andre Gide and Albert Camus; influences Evelyn Waugh's "Brideshead Revisited" (1945); "A work whose learned obtuseness is, so far as I know, unequaled in fiction." (Mary McCarthy) David Garnett (1892-1981), Lady into Fox; 24-y.-o. Sylvia Tebrick, wife of Richard Tebrick turns into a fox in the woods, after which she tries to act human but ends up back in the woods, bearing five cubs then getting killed by dogs. Jean Giraudoux (1882-1944), Siegfried et le Limousin; the hostility between France and Germany dissected. Madame Sarah Grand (1854-1943), Variety. H. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), The Virgin of the Sun. Cicely Hamilton (1872-1952), Theodore Savage: A Story of the Past or the Future. Hermann Hesse (1877-1962), Siddhartha; the search for you-taught-it-to-me-too spiritual happiness by Siddhartha (Sansk. "siddha" + "artha" = achieved meaning) and his friend Govinda during the time of Siddhartha Gautama, Prince of Kapilavastu (the Buddha); first chapter is titled "Son of the Brahman"; "Knowledge can be communicated, but not wisdom. One can find it, live it, do wonders through it, but one cannot communicate and teach it." A.S.M. Hutchinson, If Winter Comes; bestseller about 34-y.-o. Mark Sabre in Penny Green in 1912, who watches a girl being abandoned by her family for unwed motherhood. Douglas Hyde (1860-1949), An Leath-rann. Johannes V. Jensen, Den Lange Rejse (The Long Journey) (trilogy). Sir Harry Johnston, Mrs. Warren's Daughter; sequel to George Bernard Shaw's 1893 play "Mrs. Warren's Profession". Mary Johnston (1870-1936), 1492. James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses (Feb. 2) (2/2/22) (his 40th birthday) (Paris) (265K words); it-has-to-be Jewish ad space salesman Leopold Bloom (Ulysses) (Hungarian Jewish father, Irish mother), wife Molly (Penelope), future son Stephen Dedalus; 18 episodes, each based on an academic discipline and a bodily organ; "To read it with ease, one should have a Ph.D. in comparative languages and literature; to read it with difficulty, one should know the Odyssey, The Golden Bough, Joyce's life and other works, E. K. Chambers' William Shakespeare, and much about the history of English literature, the Celtic Renaissance, Irish politics, and Roman Catholic liturgy... a vocabulary of nearly 25,000 words, Joyce transcends the bounds of Webster's International." (John Greenway); "All perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I will Yes" (ending); after it uses the word "fuck" twice (once as a noun, once as a verb), the U.S. Post Office burns 500 copies upon arrival in the U.S., and govt. censorship causes Joyce to become a star; the 1935 ed. features illustrations by Henri Matisse; "History is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake" (Stephen Dedalus). Bernhard Kellermann (1879-1951), Die Heiligen (The Saints). Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), One Thing is Certain. Joseph Kessel (1898-1979), La Steppe Rouge. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), Aaron's Rod; Aaron Sisson. Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), Babbitt; a businessman who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards; "I have never done a thing that I wanted to do in all my life"; set in the fictional town of Zenith (pop. 361K) in the fictional state of Winnemac (capital Galop de Vache) to appease the residents of Sauke Center, Minn., who got pissed-off at his novel "Main Street"; "The state of Winnemac is bounded by Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, and like them it is half Eastern, half Midwestern. There is a feeling of New England in its brick and sycamore villages, its stable industries, and a tradition which goes back to the Revolutionary War. Zenith, the largest city in the state, was founded in 1792. But Winnemac is Midwestern in its fields of corn and wheat, its red barns and silos, and, despite the immense antiquity of Zenith, many counties were not settled till 1860." ("Arrowsmith") William John Locke (1863-1930), The Tale of Triona. Hugh John Lofting (1886-1947), The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle (Newbery Medal); Dr. Dolittle #2; set in 1839. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), Mystery at Geneva: An Improbable Tale of Singular Happenings. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Bill the Bachelor. Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), The Altar Steps. Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), The Garden Party (short stories). Victor Margueritte (1866-1942), La Gorconne. Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), The Kiss to the Leper (Le Baiser au Lépreux; the world is so bad to a Roman Catholic? William Babington Maxwell (1866-1938), A Little More; Spinster of This Parish. William McFee (1881-1966), Harbours of Memory; Command. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), The Red House Mystery; first mystery to use light humor as an important feature? Paul Morand (1889-1976), Ouvert la Nuit. Kathleen Norris (1880-1966), Certain People of Importance. Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Evil Shepherd; The Great Prince Shan. Sir Gilbert Parker (1862-1932), Carnac's Folly. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), A Pushcart at the Curb; Rosinante to the Road Again. Elliott Harold Paul (1891-1958), Indelible. Olive Higgins Prouty (1882-1974), Stella Dallas. Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), The Breaking Point. Romain Rolland (1866-1944), The Enchanted Soul (L'Ame Enchantee) (7 vols.) (1922-33); roman fleuve; vol. 1 is "Annette et Sylvie". Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), Captain Blood; pirate Adm. Peter Blood; filmed in 1935 starring Errol Flynn. Edgar Saltus (1855-1921), The Ghost Girl (posth.). Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), Rootabaga Stories; for his kids. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Men, Women, and Beasts; Vanderdecken: The Story of a Man. T.S. Stribling (1881-1965), Birthright; Harvard-educated mulatto Peter Siner returns to Hooker's Bend, Tenn., and is treated like an N-word. Gene Stratton-Porter (1863-1924), The Fire Bird. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Three Lovers. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1965), Aguri. Ben Travers (1886-1980), A Cuckoo in the Nest. Hugh Seymour Walpole (1884-1941), The Cathedral; The Young Enchanted. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), The Lonely Unicorn. Rebecca West (1892-1983), The Judge. Grace Miller White (1868-1957), The Marriage of Patricia Pepperday. Margery Williams (1881-1944), The Velveteen Rabbit or How Toys Become Real; illustrated by Sir William Nicholson (1872-1949); "He was fat and bunchy, as a rabbit should be; his coat was spotted brown and white, he had real thread whiskers, and his ears were lined with pink sateen"; loved to a nub, tossed out with the trash, and saved by a magic fairy, who turns him "into Real" to live in the forest with the other rabbits; "Generally, by the time you are Real, most of your hair has been loved off, and your eyes drop out and you get loose in the joints and very shabby. But these things don't matter at all, because once you are Real you can't be ugly, except to people who don't understand." Henry Williamson (1895-1977), Dandelion Days. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), Jacob's Room. Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), Amok and Other Stories. Births: U.S. Sen. (D-S.C.) (1966-2005) Ernest Frederick "Fritz" Hollings on Jan. 1 in Charleston, S.C.; educated at the U. of S.C. Am. actor Jason (Herb) Evers (d. 2005) on Jan. 2 in New York City. Am. baseball player-mgr. (SS) Alvin Ralph "Blackie" "Swamp Fox" Dark on Jan. 7 in Comanche, Okla. French flautist Jean-Pierre Louis Rampal (d. 2000) on Jan. 7 in Marseille. Am. biochemist Har Gobind (Hargobind) Khorana (d. 2011) on Jan. 9 in Raipur, Punjab, British India; becomes a U.S. citizen in 1966; educated at the U. of Liverpool. Guinea pres. (1958-84) Ahmed Sekou Toure (Sékou Touré) (Ahmen Seku Ture) (d. 1984) on Jan. 9 in Faranah; of Mandinka (Mandingo) descent. Russian-Israeli physicist (Jewish) Yuri Abramovich Golfand (d. 1994) on Jan. 10 in Kharkiv. French novelist-phiosopher Michel Henry (d. 2002) on Jan. 10 in Haiphong, French Indochina (Vietnam). Mexican pres. (1970-6) Luis Echeverria Alvarez (Álvarez) on Jan. 17 in Mexico City. U.S. atty. gen. #65 (1965-6) Nicholas deBelleville "Nick" Katzenbach (d. 2012) on Jan. 17 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, Princeton U., Yale U., and Balliol College, Oxford U. Am. abstract expressionist painter (bi) Robert Mario De Niro Sr. (d. 1993) on Jan. 17 in Syracuse, N.Y.; husband (1942-) of Virginia Admiral (1915-2000); father of Robert De Niro Jr. (1943-); lover of Robert Edward Duncan (1919-88). Am. "Golden Girls" actress Betty Marion White Ludden (d. 2021) on Jan. 17 in Oak Park, Ill.; wife (1963-81) of Allen Ludden (1917-81). Am. "Bozo the Clown" actor Robert Lewis "Bob" Bell (d. 1997) on Jan. 18 in Flint, Mich. Am. "Wild Bill Hickock" actor Guy Madison (Robert Ozell Moseley) (d. 1996) on Jan. 19 in Bakersfield, Calif. Am. "The Bunny Hop", "The Hokey Pokey", "Theme from Peter Gunn" bandleader-trumpeter Ray Anthony (Raymond Antonini) on Jan. 20 in Bentleyville, Penn.; grows up in Cleveland, Ohio; husband (1955-61) of Mamie Van Doren (1931-). English "Sir Thomas More in A Man for All Seasons" actor David Paul Scofield (d. 2008) on Jan. 21 in Birmingham, Warwickshire; grows up in Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. Am. poet-dramatist-critic Howard Moss (d. 1987) on Jan. 22 in New York City; educated at the U. of Mich.; discoverer of Anne Sexton and Amy Clampitt; "Is Robert Lowell/ Better than Noel/ Coward/ Howard?" - W.H. Auden (1907-73) and Chester Kallman (1921-75). English Price's Law physicist Derek J. de Solla Price (d. 1983) on Jan. 22 in Leyton; educated at the U. of London. Italian population geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza on Jan. 25 in Genoa; educated at the U. of Pavia. Am. "Laugh-In" comedian-dir. Thomas Richard "Dick" Martin (d. 2008) on Jan. 30 in Battle Creek, Mich. Am. "Red River, "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" actress Joanne Dru (Joanne Letitia LaCock) (d. 1996) on Jan. 31 in Logan, W. Va.; sister of Peter Marshall (1930-). Am. scientist (co-discoverer of streptomycin) (Jewish) Albert Schatz (d. 2005) on Feb. 2 in Norwich, Conn.; of Russian Jewish descent. Am. economist Hans F. Sennholz (d. 2007) on Feb. 3 in Brambauer, Unna, Germany; student of Ludwig von Mises; educated at NYU. English "John Steed in The Avengers" actor Daniel Patrick Macnee (d. 2015) on Feb. 6 in Paddington, London; son of horse trainer Daniel "Shrimp" Macnee and Dorothea Mary Macnee, who becomes a lesbian and divorces him. Am. "Alice Kramden in The Honeymooners" actress Audrey Meadows Six (nee Cotter) (d. 1996) on Feb. 8 in Wuchang, China; Episcopal missionary parents; sister of Jayne Meadows (1920-); wife (1961-86) of Robert Six (1907-86). Am. "Show Boat", "Kiss Me, Kate" actress-singer Kathryn Grayson (Zelma Kathryn Elisabeth Hedrick) on Feb. 9 in Winston-Salem, N.C. Am. 6'6" basketball player (black) (Tri-Cities Blackhawks, 1950-1) Henry Lincoln "Hank" Dezonie (d. 2009) on Feb. 12 in ?; educated at Clark Atlanta U. U.S. "We Were Soldiers" Army lt. gen. Harold Gregory "Hal" Moore Jr. (d. 2017) on Feb. 13 in Bardstown, Ky. Am. "The Calculus of Consent" economist Gordon Tullock (d. 2014) on Feb. 13 in Rockford, Ill.; educated at the U. of Chicago. U.S. liberal Rep. (R-Ill.) (1961-81) John Bayard Anderson (d. 2017) on Feb. 15 in Rockford, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill., and Harvard U. Am. "On Thermonuclear War" military strategist (Jewish-turned-atheist) (founder of the Hudson Inst.) ("the Real Dr. Strangelove") Herman Kahn (d. 1983) on Feb. 15 in Bayonne, N.J.; Eastern European Jewish immigrant parents; raised in Bronx, N.Y. and Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCLA, and Caltech. Am. impresario Harry Charles "Enrico" Banducci (d. 2007) on Feb. 17 in Bakersfield, Calif. Am. "It's All in the Game" singer-songwriter (black) Thomas "Tommy" Edwards (d. 1969) on Feb. 17 in Richmond, Va. Am. "Sex and the Single Girl", "Cosmopolitan" mag. editor (1965-97) Helen Gurley Brown (nee Helen Marie Gurley) on Feb. 18 in Green Forest, Ark.; teacher parents. Grenadian PM #1 (1967-79) (black) Sir Eric Matthew Gairy (d. 1997) on Feb. 18 in St. Andrew's Parish (near Grenville). Israeli shipping magnate (Jewish) Sammy (Sami) Ofer (Samuel Herskovich) (d. 2011) on Feb. 22 in Galati, Romania; emigrates to Haifa in 1924; brother of Yuli Ofer (1924-2011); father of Eyal Ofer (1950-) and Idan Ofer (1955-). English pop artist Richard Hamilton on Feb. 24 in Pimlico, London. Am. "Dan Briggs in Mission: Impossible", "Adam Schiff in Law & Order" actor (Jewish) Steven Hill (Solomon Krakovsky) (Solomon Berg) (d. 2016) on Feb. 24 in Seattle, Wash.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents. Am. economist William Jack Baumol on Feb. 26 in New York City; educated at CCNY, and London School of Economics. English "Separate Tables" actress Margaret Leighton (d. 1976) on Feb. 26 in Barnt Green, Worcestershire. Israeli PM #5 (1974-7, 1992-5) (Jewish) Yitzhak Rabin (d. 1995) on Mar. 1 in Jerusalem; first native-born Israeli PM. Am. "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie", "Marnie", "Cabaret", "Funny Lady" playwright-novelist and screenwriter-dir.-producer (Jewish) Jay (Jacqueline) Presson Allen (d. 2006) on Mar. 3 in San Angelo, Tex.; uses her first initial until a Social Security clerk flubs it into Jay? Am. "Gov. Eugene Gatling in Benson" actor James Noble on Mar. 5 in Dallas, Tex. Italian "The Gospel According to Matthew" dir.-novelist-poet (atheist) Pier Paolo Pasolini (d. 1975) on Mar. 5 in Bologna; expelled from his hometown and the Communist Party for a sex scandal, ending up in Rome, and deciding to become a dir. Am. 6'5" conservative writer-activist (Jewish) Herbert Ira London (d. 2018) on Mar. 6 in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U.; student of Jacques Barzun (1907-201). Am. engineer (video game pioneer) (Jewish) ("the Father of Video Games") Ralph Henry (Rudolf Heinrich) Baer (d. 2014) on Mar. 8 in Rodalben, Palatinate, Germany; emigrates to the U.S. in 1938; inventor of the Magnavox Odyssey video game, Simon, and the light gun. Am. "Dion Patrick in The Californians", "Raise the Titanic" actor-writer-novelist-artist Adam Kennedy (d. 1997) on Mar. 10 in Otterbein, Ind.; educated at DePauw U. Malaysian PM #2 (1970-76) Abdul Razak bin Haji Dato' Hussein Al-Haj (d. 1976) on Mar. 11 in Pekan, Pahang. Am. "Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope" playwright-actress (black) Vinnette Justine Carroll (d. 2002) on Mar. 11 in New York City; educated at NYU and Columbia U.; first African-Am. woman to direct on Broadway (1972). Am. Roman Catholic-turned-Buddhist Beat poet-writer Jack Kerouac (Jean-Louis Kérouac) (Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac) (d. 1969) on Mar. 12 in Lowell, Mass.; educated at Columbia U. Am. AFL-CIO pres. (1979-95) Lane Kirkland (d. 1999) on Mar. 12 in Camden, S.C. German historian Karl Dietrich Bracher on Mar. 13 in Stuttgart; educated at the U. of Tubingen, and Havard U. Am. basketball exec (Nat. Collegiate Athletic Assoc. dir. #1, 1951-88) Walter Byers (d. 2015) on Mar. 13 in ?. Am. sociologist (Jewish) Seymour Martin Lipset (d. 2006) on Mar. 18 in New York City; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at CCNY; starts out Socialist, then goes centrist in 1960. Am. civil rights activist (black) Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth (Freddie Lee Robinson) (d. 2011) on Mar. 18 in Mt. Meigs, Ala.; namesake of the Birmingham Airport.
Am. "Salvatore in The War of the Worlds" actor (Jewish) Jacob "Jack" Kruschen (d. 2002) on mar. 20 in Winnipeg, Man.; grows up in New York City. Am. "The Dick Van Dyke Show" dir.-writer-comedian (Jewish) Carl Reiner (d. 2020) on Mar. 20 in Bronx, N.Y.; Austrian Jewish immigrant father, Romanian Jewish immigrant mother; father of Rob Reiner (1947-), Annie Reiner (1949-), and Lucas Reiner (1960-); grandfather of Tracy Reiner (1964-); starts out repairing sewing machines. Am. "Vixen!" porno dir.-producer-writer-actor Russell Albion "Russ" Meyer (d. 2004) on Mar. 21 in San Leandro, Calif. Am. "The Last of the Secret Agents?", "Hello Dere" actor-comedian (Jewish) Marty Allen (Morton Alpern) on Mar. 23 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Kiwi chemist Vincent Richard Gray (d. 2018) on Mar. 24 in London, England; educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge U. Am. "Bones and body, body and bones" modeling agency founder Eileen Ford (nee Otte) on Mar. 25 in Great Neck, N.Y. English "Babe the Gallant Pig" children's writer Dick King-Smith on Mar. 27 in March Bitton, Gloucestershire. Am. abstract Color Field painter Jules Olitski (Jevel Demikovski) (d. 2007) on Mar. 27 in Snovsk, Russia; emigrates to the U.S. in 1923. English "The Night of Wenceslas" spy novelist (Jewish) Lionel Davidson (d. 2009) on Mar. 31 in Hull, Yorkshire. Am. educator (black) (first black suptd. of the Oakland United School District) Marcus Aurelius Foster (d. 1973) on Mar. 31 in Athens, Ga.; educated at the U. of Penn. Am. "Don Quixote in Man of La Mancha", "voice in Jurassic Park" actor-singer Richard Paul Kiley (d. 1999) on Mar. 31 in Chicago, Ill. Irish "Marat/Sade" actor-dir. Patrick George Magee (McGee) (d. 1982) on Mar. 31 in Armagh, Northern Ireland. Am. "The Death of a President" writer William Manchester (d. 2004) on Apr. 1 in Springfield, Mass. Tanzanian pres. #1 (1961-85) (black) Julius Kambarage Nyerere (d. 1999) on Apr. 3 in Tanganyika. Am. "The Magnificent Seven", "To Kill a Mockingbird" film composer (Jewish) Elmer Bernstein (d. 2004) on Apr. 4 in New York City; no relation to Leonard Bernstein (1918-90), but their resemblance causes Elmer to be called Bernstein West and Leonard to be called Bernstein East. English "Mr. Belvedere" actor-dir. Christopher Michael Hewett (d. 2001) on Apr. 5 in Worthing, Sussex. Am. "My Little Margie" actress-singer Gale Storm (Josephine Owaissa Cottle) (d. 2009) on Apr. 5 in Bloomington, Tex.; Owaissa is Indian for "bluebird". Am. "Air Hostess" actress Audrey Long on Apr. 12 in Orlando, Fla.; wife of Leslie Charteris (1907-93). English "Room at the Top" novelist John Gerard Braine (d. 1986) on Apr. 13 in Bingley (near Bradford), Yorkshire. Am. "Cochise in Broken Arrow" 6'3" actor Michael George Ansara (d. 2013 on Apr. 15 in Syria; emigrates to the U.S. in 1924; grows up in Calif.; educated at Los Angeles City College; husband (1955-6) of Jean Byron, and (1958-74) Barbara Eden. Am. psychologist (Jewish) Stanley Schachter (d. 1997) on Apr. 15 in Flushing, N.Y.; Romanian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Yale U., and the U. of Mich.; student of Leon Festinger. Am. Dem. Chicago mayor #51 (first African-Am.) (1983-7) (black) Harold Lee Washington (d. 1987) on Apr. 15 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Roosevelt U., and Northwestern U. English "The Death of Grass" sci-fi novelist John Christopher (Sam Youd) (d. 2012) on Apr. 16 in Huyton, Lancashire. Trinidadian calypso musician (black) Lord Kitchener (Kitch) (Aldwin Roberts) (d. 2000) on Apr. 18 in Arima. English WWII French Resistance hero Anthony Morris "Tony" Brooks (d. 2007) on Apr. 21 in Essex, England; raised in France and Switzerland; is staying with relatives in France in 1939 when the Germans invade, and joins the Resistance, earning a Distinguished Service Order for exceptional valor at age 20; learns in 1945 that his daddy flew secret missions in WWI. Am. "Pithecanthropus Erectus" jazz bassist-pianist-composer-bandleader (black) ("the Angry Man of Jazz") Charles Mingus Jr. (d. 1979) on Apr. 22 in Nogales, Ariz.; African-Swedish father, African-Chinese-English mother; raised in Watts, Los Angeles, Calif.; heir of Duke Ellington? Am. abstract expressionist painter Richard Clifford Diebenkorn Jr. (d. 1993) on Apr. 22 in Portland, Ore.; educated at Stanford U. Am. occultist artist Marjorie Cameron (d. 1995) on Apr. 23 in Belle Plaine, Iowa; wife of Jack Parsons (1914-52). Turkish Sufi imam Sheikh Nazim (Nazeem) Kubrisi (al-Qubrusi) on Apr. 23 in Larnaca, Cyprus. Am. "Chief Clifford in McCloud" actor J.D. (John Donovan) Cannon (d. 2005) on Apr. 24 in Salmon, Idaho. English "Lucky Jim" novelist-poet-critic (alcoholic) Sir Kingsley William Amis (d. 1995) on Apr. 26 in Clapham, South London; educated at St. John's College, Oxford U.; knighted in 1990; friend of Philip Larkin (1922-85); father of Martin Amis (1949-); starts out Communist then turns conservative after the 1956 Hungarian Rev. Am. "Oscar Madison in The Odd Couple", "Quincy, M.E.", "Juror #5 in 12 Angry Men" actor (Jewish) Jacob Joachim "Jack" Klugman (d. 2012) on Apr. 27 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Carnegie Mellon U. Am. writer and USAF undersecy. (1967-9) Townsend Walter Hoopes II (d. 2004) on Apr. 28 in Duluth, Minn.; educated at Phillips Academy, and Yale U. (Skull & Bones). Scottish "The Guns of Navarrone", "Where Eagles Dare" novelist Alistair Stuart MacLean (d. 1987) on Apr. 28 in Glasgow. Am. medical researcher (Jewish) Ernest Ludwig Wydner (d. 1999) on Apr. 30 in Herford; emigrates to the U.S. in 1938; first to show with partner Evarts Ambrose Graham (1883-1957) that tobacco smoke tar causes cancer in mice (1953). Am. "All the Way Home" playwright George Ault "Tad" Mosel Jr. on May 1 in Steubenville, Ohio; educated at Columbia U. Am. "Saunders the Butler in Soap" (black) actor-dir. Roscoe Lee Browne (d. 2007) on May 2 in Woodbury, N.J.; educated at Lincoln U. Am. actor-singer-musician Lewis Burr "Lew" Anderson (d. 2006) on May 7 in Kirkman, Iowa; 3rd and final Clarabell the Clown in "The Howdy Doody Show". Am. "Carl Kolchak in Kolchak: The Night Stalker", "Mr. Parker in A Christmas Story" actor Darren McGavin (William Lyle Richardson) (d. 2006) on May 7 in San Joaquin, Calif.; husband (1968-2003) of Kathie Browne (1930-2003). Canadian billionaire real estate tycoon (Jewish) David Joshua Azrieli (d. 2014) on May 10 in Makow, Mazowiecki, Poland; emigrates to Canada in 1954; educated at Carelton U. German 1972 Summer Olympics pictocgrams font designer Otto "Otl" Aicher (d 1991) on May 13 in Ulm, Baden-Wurttemberg. Am. 5'10" "Maude Findlay in Maude", "Dorothy Zbornak in Golden Girls" actress (Jewish) Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (Bernice Frankel) (d. 2009) on May 13 in New York City. Am. Arby's co-founder Forrest Bernard "Fuzzy" Raffel (d. 2008) on May 14 in Fairmont, Marion, W.V.; brother of Leroy Raffel (1926-). Am. "Walter Findlay in Maude" actor (Jewish) Bill Macy (Wolf Martin Garber) on May 18 in Revere, Mass. Am. movie reviewer (Jewish) Judith Crist on May 22; educated at Hunter College and Columbia U. Am. "Little Things Mean a Lot" singer (Jewish) Kitty Kallen on May 25 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. Sonic Drive-In founder Troy Nuel Smith Sr. (d. 2009) on May 26 in Oilton, Okla.; grows up in Seminole, Okla. English 6'5" "Dracula", "The Mummy", "Francisco Scaramanga in The Man with the Golden Gun", "Saruman in The Lord of the Rings" actor-musician Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee (d. 2015) on May 27 in Belgravia, Westminster; son of Lt. Col. Geoffrey Trollope Lee and Contessa Estelle Marie; great-grandson of Marie Carandini (1826-94); knighted in 2009; record 266 acting roles since 1948. Am. Repub. Colo. gov. #37 (1973-5) John David Vanderhoof (d. 2013) on May 27 in Rocky Ford, Colo.; educated at Glendale College. Am. psychologist James Olds (d. 1976) on May 30 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Amherst College, and Harvard U. Am. "Mission of Gravity" hard sci-fi novelist Hal Clement (Harry Clement Stubbs) (d. 2003) (AKA George Richard) on May 30 in Somerville, Mass.; educated at Harvard U., Boston U., and Simmons College. English "Dr. Marcus Brody in Raiders of the Lost Ark" actor (bi) Denholm Mitchell Elliott (d. 1992) on May 31 in Ealing, London. Am. geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson (d. 1995) on June 2 in Mitchelville, Iowa.; educated at Grinnell College and the U. of Iowa U.S. vice-adm. (black) Samuel Lee Gravely Jr. (d. 2004) on June 4 in Richmond, Va.; first African-Am. to command a U.S. Navy warship and to rise to massuh, er, Adm. (1971). Canadian "Hee Haw" comedian Gordon Robert "Gordie" Tapp on June 4 in London, Ont. English actress Sheila Beryl Grant Attenborough, Lady Attenborough on June 5 in Liverpool; wife (1945-) of Richard Attenborough (1923-2014). Am. "The Seven Year Itch", "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "The Manchurian Candidate" playwright-producer-dir.-screenwriter (Jewish) George Axelrod (d. 2003) on June 9 in New York City; Russian Jewish father, Scottish-English mother. Am. "Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz", "A Star is Born" 4'11" singer-actress (lefty) Judy Garland (Frances Ethel Gumm) (d. 1969) on June 10 in Grand Rapids, Minn.; Hollywood's leading musical comedy star in the 1940s; wife of (1941-4) David Rose, (1945-51) Vincente Minnelli (1903-86), (1952-65) Sidney Luft (1915-2005), (1965-7) Mark Herron, and (1969) Mickey Deans; mother of Liza Minnelli (1946-) and Lorna Luft (1952-). Am. "Butterflies Are Free" playwright-screenwriter Leonard Gershe (d. 2002) on June 10 in New York City. Greek Cypriot "Zorba the Greek" dir. Michael Cacoyannis on June 11 in Limassol, Cyprus. Am. architect Kevin Roche on June 14 in Dublin, Ireland; educated at Univ. College Dublin U.S. 6'5" liberal rep. (D-Ariz.) (1961-91) (Mormon) Morris King "Mo" Udall (d. 1998) on June 15 in St. Johns, Ariz.; loses an eye at age 6; plays with the Denver Nuggets NBA team. Danish nuclear physicist Aage Niels Bohr (d. 2009) on June 19 in Copenhagen; son of Niels Bohr (1885-1962) and Margrethe Bohr. U.S. 1st Lt. (first officer over the Rhine River in WWII) Karl Heinrich Timmermann (d. 1951) on June 19 in Frankfurt, Germany. Am. "timeless American style" fashion designer (gay) William Ralph "Bill" Blass (d. 2002) on June 22 in Ft. Wayne, Ind. Am. "Harvey Cookie Cook in Stalag 17" actor-sportscaster ("Time to call 'em as I see 'em") Gil Stratton Jr. (d. 2008) on June 22 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Caged", "Detective Story", "Interrupted Melody", "Baroness Elsa Schraeder in The Sound of Music" actress Eleanor Jean Parker on June 26 in Cedarville, Ohio; grows up in East Cleveland, Ohio. Am. social psychologist Carolyn Wood Sherif (d. 1982) on ? in Loogootee, Ind.; educated at Purdue U., and Iowa State U.; wife ( Am. "Lilacs" composer (black) George Theophilus Walker on June 27 in Washington, D.C.; West Indian immigrant father, African-Am. mother; educated at Oberlin College. French fashion designer Pierre (Pietro) Cardin on July 22 in San Biagio di Callalta (near Treviso), Italy. Am. "Laugh-In" comedian Daniel Hale "Dan" Rowan (d. 1987) on July 22 in Beggs, Okla. Am. "Martin Lane in The Patty Duke Show", "Leander Pomfritt in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis", "Nilz Baris in Star Trek" actor William Joseph Schallert (d. 2016) on July 6 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of LA Times drama critic Edwin Francis Schallert; educated at UCLA. Am. "Please Don't Eat the Dasies", "The Song of Bernadette" writer-playwright Jean Kerr (Bridget Jean Collins) (d. 2003) on July 10 in Scranton, Penn.; wife of Walter Kerr (1913-96). German July 20 Plotter Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin (d. 2013) on July 10 in Schmenzin, Pomerania; son of Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin (1890-1945). Am. 6'1-1/2" "Sgt. Zack in The Steel Helmet", "Tom McCord in Cattle Queen of Montana" actor (redhead) Eugene Barton "Gene" Evans (d. 1998) on July 11 in Holbrook, Ariz. Am. "Booker T. Washington" biographer Louis Rudolph Harlan (d. 2010) on July 13 near West Point, Miss.; educated at Emory U., and Johns Hopkins U. British Pvt. William "Piper Bill" Millin (d. 2010) on July 14 in Regina, Sask.; Scottish father; grows up in Glasgow. Am. physicist (Jewish) Leon Max Lederman (d. 2018) on July 15 in New York City; educated at CCNY and Columbia U.; 1988 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. labor economist Jacob Mincer (d. 2006) on July 15 in Tomaszow, Poland; educated at Emory U., and Columbia U. Am. "Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon" novelist Marjorie Kellogg (d. 2005) on July 17 in Santa Barbara, Calif.; educated at UCB. Japanese "Tiger Tanaka in You Only Live Twice" actor Tetsuro Tamba (d. 2006) on July 17 in Tokyo. Am. "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" philosopher (of science) Thomas Samuel Kuhn (d. 1996) on July 18 in Cincinnati, Ohio; educated at Harvard U. U.S. Sen. (D-S.D.) (1963-81) George Stanley McGovern on July 19 in Avon, S.D.; educated at Dakota Wesleyan U., and Northwestern U. Am. "Wheel of Fortune", "The Rock and Roll Waltz" jazz singer Kay Starr (Katherine Laverne Starks) on July 21 in Dougherty, Okla.; Iroquois father, Irish-Am. Indian mother. English "Mrs. Slocombe in Are You Being Served" actress Mary Isobel "Mollie" Sugden (d. 2009) on July 21 in Keighley, Yorkshire. U.S. Senator (R-Md.) (1969-87) Charles McCurdy "Mac" Mathias Jr. (d. 2010) on July 24 in Frederick, Md.; educated at Yale U. and the U. of Md. Am. physicist John Bannister Goodenough on July 25 in Jena, Germany; educated at Yale U. (Skull & Bones), and U. of Chicago; 2019 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "Pink Panther", "Days of Wine and Roses" dir. Blake Edwards (William Blake Crump) (d. 2010) on July 26 in Tulsa, Okla.; husband (1969-) of Julie Andrews (1935-). Am. "Ben Bradlee in All the President's Men", "Henry P.G. Drummond in A Big Hand for the Little Lady", "Howard Hughes in Melvin and Howard" actor (alcoholic) Jason Nelson Robards Jr. (d. 2000) on July 26 in Chicago, Ill.; son of Jason Robards Sr. (1892-1963); husband (1961-9) of Lauren Bacall (1924-2014); father of Sam Robards (1961-). Am. "All in the Family", "Sanford and Son", "The Jeffersons", Maude", "Good Times" TV producer (Jewish) Norman Milton Lear (d. 2023) on July 27 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at Emerson College. Am. baseball player-mgr. (New York Yankees, 1948-59) (Kansas City Athletics, 1960-1) (Baltimore Orioles, 1964-8) Henry Albert "Hank" Bauer (d. 2007) on July 31 in East St. Louis, Ill. Am. "We Never Went to the Moon" writer William Charles "Bill" Kaysing (d. 2005) on July 31 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Redlands. Canadian "Dr. Jeremy Stone in The Andromeda Strain", "Owen Marshal: Counselor at Law" actor Arthur Edward Spence Hill (d. 2006) on Aug. 1 in Melfort, Sask.; educated at the U. of British Columbia. Am. Chicago blues singer-drummer (black) ("the Memphis Blues Boy") Willie Nix (d. 1991) on Aug. 6 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. child psychiatrist (Jewish) ("the Father of ADHD") Leon Eisenberg (d. 2009) on Aug. 8 in Philadelphia, Penn.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at the U. of Penn. U.S. Sen. (R-Nev.) (1974-87) and Nev. gov. #22 (1967-71) ("Ronald Reagan's best friend in politics") Paul Dominique Laxalt (d. 2018) on Aug. 2 in Reno, Nev.; educated at Santa Clara U., and U. of Denver. Am. paleontologist-zoologist Charles Repenning (d. 2005) on Aug. 4 in Oak Park, Ill.; educated at UCB. Am. golfer-weightlifter Frank Richard Stranahan on Aug. 5 in Toledo, Ohio. English no-frills airline entrepreneur Sir Freddie Laker (d. 2006) on Aug. 6 in Canterbury, Kent. Am. photographer (black) Ernest Columbus Withers Sr. (d. 2007) on Aug. 7 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. "Domino Kid", "River of No Return" actor-producer Rory Calhoun (Francis Timothy McCown) (d. 1999) on Aug. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. historian (Jewish) Gertrude Himmelfarb (Bea Kristol) on Aug. 8 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Chicago, and Girton College, Cambridge U.; wife (1942-) of Irving Kristol (1920-2009); sister of Milton Himmelfarb (1918-2006). English "The North Ship" poet-novelist Philip Arthur Larkin (d. 1985) on Aug. 9 in Coventry, Warwickshire; educated at St. John's College, Oxford U. Am. "On the Way to Cape May" singer-composer Al Alberts (Albertini) (Four Aces) on Aug. 10 in Chester, Penn. Chinese Communist official Wang Li (Guangbin) (d. 1996) on Aug. 11 in Huai'an, Jiangsu Province. Leonard Baskin (d. 2000) on Aug. 15 in New Brunswick, N.J.; educated at Yale U.; cousin of Sophie Maslow (1911-2006). Am. "Hogan's Goat" playwright William Alfred (d. 1999) on Aug. 16 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Brooklyn College, and Harvard U. French "Le Voyeur" Nouveau Roman writer-filmmaker Alain Robbe-Grillet (d. 2008) on Aug. 18 in Brest. Canadian Quebec PM #23 (1976-85) Rene Levesque (d. 1987) on Aug. 24 in Campbellton, N.B.; raised in New Carlisle, Quebec. Am. "A People's History of the United States" Communist activist historian-playwright (Jewish) Howard Zinn (d. 2010) on Aug. 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Austrian-Hungarian Jewish father, Russian Siberian Jewish mother; educated at NYU, and Columbia U. Am. economist Walter Adams (d. 1998) on Aug. 27 in Vienna, Austria; emigrates to the U.S. in 1935; educated at Yale U. Am. "Ten Worst Dressed Women List" fashionista (Jewish) (gay) Richard "Mr." Blackwell (Richard Sylvan Seltzer) (d. 2008) on Aug. 29 in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, N.Y; partner of Robert Spencer. French "Do You Hear What I Hear?", "Rain, Rain Go Away", "Goodbye, Cruel World", "Dominique" songwriter (Unitarian) Noel (Noël) Regney (Leon Schlienger) (d. 2002) on Aug. 29 in Strasbourg, Alsace, France; husband of Gloria Shayne Baker (1923-2008) and Dominique Gillain. English "Col. Charles Reynolds in It Ain't Half Hot Mum" actor Donald Hewlett on Aug. 30 in Northenden, Manchester, Lancashire. Am. mezzo-soprano opera singer Regina Resnik on Aug. 30 in New York City. Am. "Sephora in The Ten Commandments", "Lily Munster in The Munsters" actress Yvonne De Carlo (Peggy Yvonne Middleton) (d. 2007) on Sept. 1 in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. U.S. Repub. defense secy. #10 (1969-73) Melvin Robert "Bom" Laird on Sept. 1 in Omaha, Neb.; educated at Carleton College. Am. physicist (Jewish) ("the Father of Optical Tweezers") Arthur Ashkin on Sept. 2 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Ukrainian Jewish descent; educated at Columbia U., and Cornell U.; 2018 Nobel Physics Prize. English "Are You Being Served?" actor-writer-producer Maj. David John Croft (Sharland) on Sept. 7 in Sandbanks, Poole, Dorset. Am. "Your Show of Shows" comedian (Jewish) Isaac Sidney "Sid" Caesar (d. 2014) on Sept. 8 in Yonkers, N.Y.; Jewish immigrant parents. English "Bride of the Monster" film producer-writer Alex Gordon (d. 2003) on Sept. 8. Am. nuclear fusion political activist Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche Jr. on Sept. 8 in Rochester, N.H.; Quaker parents; descendant of Mayflower leader William Brewster the Elder (1566-1644); goes from a radical Communist to a backer of the "American System", with heroes Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin? Am. physicist Hans Georg Dehmelt on Sept. 9 in Gorlitz, Germany; educated at the U. of Gottingen; emigrates to the U.S. in 1952. Am. psychologist (Jewish) Mark Richard Rosenzweig (d. 2009) on Sept. 12 in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Driftin' Blues", "Merry Christmas Baby" blues singer-pianist (black) Tony Russell "Charles" Brown (d. 1999) on Sept. 13 in Texas City, Tex. Am. "Our Gang", "The Champ", "Perry White in Superman" actor-dir.-producer John "Jackie" Cooper Jr. (d. 2011) on Sept. 15 in Los Angeles, Calif.; newphew of Norman Taurog (1899-1981). Angolan pres. #1 (195-9) and #1 poet (black) Antonio Agostinho Neto (d. 1979) on Sept. 17 in Bengo. English Hammer Film Productions writer-producer Anthony Frank "Tony" Hinds (d. 2013) on Sept. 19 in Uxbridge, Middlesex; son of William Hinds (1887-1957). Am. "The Sun Saboteurs" sci-fi writer Damon Francis Knight (d. 2002) on Sept. 19 in Baker, Ore. Czech Olympic runner Emil Zatopek (Zátopek) (d. 2000) on Sept. 19 in Koprivnice. Am. Anthora paper cup inventor (Jewish) Leslie Buck (Laszlo Buch) (Büch) (d. 2010) on Sept. 20 in Khust, Czech.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1946. Am. pianist (Jewish) William Kapell (d. 1953) on Sept. 20 in New York City; of Russian descent. Am. "Yang-Mills Theory" nuclear physicist Chen-Ning Franklin Yang on Sept. 22 in in Hofei, Anwhei, China; emigrates to the U.S. in 1946; educated at the U. of Chicago; 1957 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Bonnie and Clyde", "The Miracle Woker", "Alice's Restaurant" dir.-producer (Jewish) Arthur Hiller Penn (d. 2010) on Sept. 27 in Philadelphia, Penn.; brother of Irving Penn (1917-2009). Am. historian William Edward Leuchtenburg on Sept. 28 in New York City; educated at Cornell U., and Columbia U. Am. economist (AIM founder) Reed John Irvine (d. 2004) on Sept. 29 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Am. "The Strange Love of Martha Ivers" actress Lizabeth Scott (Emma Matzo) on Sept. 29 in Scranton, Penn.; Slovakian immigrant parents. U.S. asst. atty. gen. (1961-4) Burke Marshall (d. 2003) on Oct. 1 in Plainfield, N.J.; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and Yale U. Am. "The Family Circus" cartoonist William Aloysius "Bil" Keane (d. 2011) on Oct. 5 in Philadelphia, Penn.; only one l in Bil. Am. "Route 66", "Naked City" writer-producer (Jewish) Herbert Breiter "Bert" Leonard (d. 2006) on Oct. 8 in New York City; educated at NYU. Am. "Harvey Lipschultz in Boston Public" actor (Jewish) Fyvush Finkel on Oct. 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y. U.S. ambassador to Iran (1977-9) William Healy Sullivan on Oct. 12 in R.I. Am. "Backstage" journalist Allen Zwerdling (d. 2009) on Oct. 12 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; collaborator of Ira Eaker (1922-2002). Am. 6'8" basketball player (New York Knicks #8, 1950-56) (black) Nathaniel "Sweetwater" C lifton (Clifton Nathaniel) (d. 1990) on Oct. 13 in Little Rock, Ark.; educated at Xavier U. of La. Armenian astronomer Grigor Burzadyan (d. 2014) on Oct. 15 in Baghdad, Iraq; educated at Yrevan Polytechnic Inst.; father of Vahe Burzadyan (1955-). Am. "The Christmas Song" songwriter-producer Robert Wells (d. 1998) on Oct. 15 in Raymond, Wash.; educated at USC; collaborator of Mel Torme (1925-99). Am. civil rights leader (black) Rev. Leon Howard Sullivan (d. 2001) on Oct. 16 in Charleston, W. Va. Am. muckraking columnist Jack Anderson on Oct. 19 in Long Beach, Calif. Am. glaciologist John H. Mercer (d. 1987) on Oct. 19 in Cheltenham, England; educated at Cambridge U., and McGill U. Am. 6'2" "California Charlie in Psycho" , "MacGyver's grandfather Harry Jackson" char. actor John Robert Anderson (d. 1992) on Oct. 20 in Quincy, Ill.; educated at the U. of Iowa; doesn't bear a resemblance to Abraham Lincoln, but plays him 3x? French philanthropist Liliane Henriette Charlotte Bettencourt (nee Schueller) on Oct. 21 in Paris; only child of L'Oreal founder Eugene Schueller; wife (1950-) of Andre Bettencourt (1919-2007). U.S. R.I. gov. #66 (1963-) and U.S. Sen. (R-R.I.) (1976-99) (Episcopalian) John Lester Hubbard Chafee (d. 1999) on Oct. 22 in Providence, R.I.; educated at Yale U. (Skull & Bones), and Harvard U. Am. "Private Benjamin" dir. (Jewish) Howard Zieff (d. 2009) on Oct. 21 in Chicago, Ill. Romanian king (1927-30, 1940-7) Michael I on Oct. 25 in Sinaia; son of Carol II (1893-1953). Am. baseball hall-of-fame outfielder-announcer Ralph McPherran Kiner (d. 2014) on Oct. 27 in Santa Rita, N.M.; raised in Alhambra, Calif. Venezuelan pres. (1974-9, 1989-93) Carlos Andres Perez (Andrés Pérez) Rodríguez (CAP) (d. 2010) on Oct. 27 in Rubio, Tachira; educated at the Central U. of Venezuela, and Free U. of Colombia. Am. "Dr. Matthew Matt Powers in The Doctors" actor James Turner Pritchett Jr. (d. 2011) on Oct. 27 in Lenoir, N.C. Am. "Flying Home" jazz tenor saxophonist (black) Jean-Baptiste Illinois Jacquet (d. 2004) on Oct. 31 in Broussard, La.; grows up in Houston, Tex. Cambodian king/head of state (1941-55, 1960-70, 1975-6, 1993-2004) Norodom Sihanouk (pr. see-HAN-nook) (d. 2012) on Oct. 31 in Phnom Penh; Norodom Suramarit (1896-1960); father of 14 children incl. Norodom Ranariddh (1944-)and Sihamoni (1953-); the politician who has held the greatest variety of political offices (until ?). U.S. Rep. (R-N.Y.) (1965-85) and World Bank pres. (1986-91) Barber Benjamin Conable Jr. (d. 2003) on Nov. 2 in Warsaw, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U. (Quill & Dagger). Am. "Honey in the Horn", "Cotton Candy" trumpeter Alois Maxwell "Al" Hirt (d. 1999) on Nov. 7 in New Orleans, La. Hungarian philosopher of science (Jewish) Imre Lakatos (Hungarian "locksmith") (Avrum Lipschitz) (d. 1974) on Nov. 9 in Debrecen. Am. "Slaughterhouse-Five" novelist Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (b. 1922) on Nov. 11 in Indianapolis, Ind. Am. "Zira in The Planet of the Apes" actress (progressive Dem.) Kim Hunter (nee Janet Cole) (d. 2002) on Nov. 12 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Concentration" TV show host (Jewish) John William "Jack" Narz Jr. (d. 2008) on Nov. 13 in Louisville, Ky.; brother of Tom Kennedy (1927-); brother-in-law of Bill Cullen. Austrian "Montag in Fahrenheit 451", "Dr. Schumann in Ship of Fools" actor (pacifist) (alcoholic) Oskar Werner (Oskar Josef Bschliessmayer) (d. 1984) on Nov. 13 in Vienna. Egyptian U.N. secy.-gen. #6 (1992-6) Boutros Boutros-Ghali on Nov. 14 in Cairo; born into a Coptic Christian family (Boutros = Petros = Peter); educated at Cairo U., and U. of Paris. Am. "This Gun for Hire", "I Married a Witch" actress ("Queen of Film Noir") Veronica Lake (Constance Frances Marie Ockelman) (d. 1973) on Nov. 14 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Danish-Irish descent father. Am. computer engineer Gene Myron Amdahl (d. 2015) on Nov. 16 in Flandreau, S.C.; educated t the S.D. State U., and U. of Wisc. Am. "Abraham Lincoln in Mr. Lincoln, "Honest Abe in The Rifleman" "Elijah in Moby Dick"", "Simon Peter in King of Kings", "Voice of Lincoln at Disneyland" actor (Freemason) Royal Edward Dano Sr. (d. 1994) on Nov. 16 in New York City; Irish immigrant mother. Am. biochemist (Jewish) Stanley Cohen on Nov. 17; educated at Oberlin College and the U. of Mich.; 1986 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Bang the Drum Slowly" novelist (Jewish) Mark Harris (Finkelstein) (d. 2007) on Nov. 19 in Mount Vernon, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Denver, and U. of Minn. Russian Mayan language philologist Yuri Valentinovich Knorosov (Knorozov) (d. 1999) on Nov. 19 in Kharkov, Ukraine. Indonesian air vice-marshal Abdul Halim Perdanakusuma (d. 1947) on Nov. 22 in Sampang. Am. pianist Bruce (Leonard) Hungerford (d. 1977) on Nov. 24 in Korumburra, Victoria, Australia. Portuguese "The Stone Raft", "Blindness" Communist novelist-playwright (atheist) Jose de Sousa Saramago (d. 2010) on Nov. 22 in Azinhaga, Ribatejo. Am. M16 weapons designer Eugene Morrison Stoner (d. 1997) on Nov. 22 in Gosport, Ind. Am. photosynthesis chemist James Alan Bassham (d. 2012) on Nov. 26 in Sacramento, Calif.; educated at the U. of Calif. Am. "Peanuts" cartoonist Charles Monroe "Sparky" Schulz (d. 2000) on Nov. 26 in Minneapolis, Minn.; German father, Norwegian mother; nicknamed "Sparky" after Spark Plug, the horse in the "Barney Google" comic strip. British military historian Sir Michael Eliot Howard on Nov. 29 in Ashmore, Dorset; educated at Wellington College, and Christ Church, Oxford U. Canadian bodybuilding magnate (Jewish) Josef E. "Joe" Weider on Nov. 29 in Montreal, Quebec; brother of Ben Weider (1924-2008). Am. "Lee Hobson in The Untouchables" actor Paul Picerni on Dec. 1 in Queens, N.Y. Scottish esotericist (ed. of Share Internat. mag.) Benjamin Creme (pr. krem) on Dec. 5 in Glasgow. English painter-printmaker (Jewish) Lucian Michael Freud on Dec. 8 in Berlin, Germany; grandson of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939); brother of writer Clement Raphael Freud and Stephan Gabriel Freud; moves with family to Britain in 1933; husband (1953-8) of Lady Caroline Blackwood (1931-96); father of Esther Freud (1963-); rumored to have 40 illegitimate children by 2001. Am. actress Jean Porter (AKA Than Hall) on Dec. 8 in Cisco, Tex.; wife (1948-99) of Edward Dmytryk (1908-99). Am. "My Dear Companion" folk singer-songwriter ("the Mother of Folk") (Baptist) Jean Ritchie (d. 2015) on Dec. 8 in Viper, Ky. Am. "Fred Sanford in Sanford and Son" actor-comedian (black) Redd Foxx (John Elroy Sanford) (d. 1991) on Dec. 9 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "The Little Disturbances of Man" writer-activist (Jewish) Grace Paley (nee Goodside) (d. 2007) on Dec. 11 in Bronx, N.Y.; Ukrainian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Hunter College, and NYU. Am. "Death Ship" sculptor-printmaker Horace Clifford "Cliff" Westermann (d. 1981) on Dec. 11 in Los Angeles, Calif. Soviet laser physicist Nikolay (Nikolai) Gennadiyevich Basov (d. 2001) on Dec. 14 in Usman, Lipetsk Oblast. Am. CBS "60 Minutes" exec producer (Jewish) Donald S. "Don" Hewitt (d. 2009) on Dec. 14 in New York City; Russian Jewish immigrant father, German Jewish descent mother; educated at NYU; coins the term "anchorman". French "La Mise en scene" nouveau roman novelist Claude Ollier (d. 2014) on Dec. 17. Am. microbiologist (Jewish) Esther Miriam Zimmer Lederberg (d. 2006) on Dec . 18 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Hunter College, Stanford U., and U. of Wisc.; wife (1946-68) of Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008). Am. "Jerry Mahoney, Knucklehead Smiff and Mortimer Snerd" ventriloquist (Jewish) Paul Winchell (Pinkus Wilchinski) (d. 2005) on Dec. 21 in New York City. Am. "Strangers on a Train" actress Ruth (Norma) Roman (d. 1999) on Dec. 22 in Lynn, Mass.; Lithuanian Jewish immigrant parents; fortuneteller claims that the name Norma is unlucky, causing her to change it. U.S. Dem. House Speaker #56 (1987-9) James Claude "Jim" Wright Jr. on Dec. 22 in Ft. Worth, Tex.; educated at UTA. Am. "Paths of Glory", "One-Eyed Jacks", "The Graduate" novelist-screenwriter Calder Baynard Willingham Jr. on Dec. 23 in Atlanta, Ga. Am. "Eloyise Y. Honey Bear Kelly in Mogambo", "Julie LaVerne in Show Boat", "Maria Vargas in The Barefoot Contessa" actress Ava Lavinia Gardner (Lucy Johnson) (d. 1990) on Dec. 24 in Johnston County, N.C.; tobacco farmer father of Irish and Tuscarora descent; likes to go barefoot. Lithuanian filmmaker (not Jewish) ("Godfather of American Avant-Garde Cinema") Jonas Mekas on Dec. 24 in Semeniskiai (near Birzai); collaborator of Lionel Rogosin (1924-2000). Am. "Cal Calhoun in Bourbon Street Beat" actor Andrew Duggan (d. 1988) on Dec. 28 in Franklin, Ind. Am. "Spider-Man" comic book author (Jewish) Stan Lee (Stanley Martin Lieber) (d. 2018) on Dec. 28 in New York City; Romanian Jewish immigrant parents; brother of Lawrence D. "Larry" Lieber (1931-). Am. "JR" novelist William Gaddis (d. 1998) on Dec. 29 in New York City; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Name That Tune" TV host-singer-comedian George DeWitt (Florentine) (d. 1979) on Dec. 30 in Atlantic City, N.J. Am. neurologist and cryosurgery pioneer Irving S. Cooper (d. 1985); educated at George Washington U. and the U. of Minn. Soviet engineer Georgy Pavlovich Lyshchinsky (d. 1995) on ? in ?. Am. "The News Twisters" journalist Edith Efron (d. 2001) on ? in ?; educated at Columbia U.; student of John Chamberlain. Am. "Backstage" publisher Ira Eaker (d. 2002); collaborator of Allen Zwerdling (1922-2009); educated at CCNY. British "Epitaph for George Dillon" playwright-actor Anthony Creighton (d. 2005) in Swanage. Iranian grand ayatollah (Shiite Muslim) Hossein (Hussein) Ali Montazeri Najafabi (d. 2009) on ? in Najafabad. Am. historian Lacey Baldwin Smith (d. 2013); educated at Bowdoin College, and Princeton U. Am. historian Bernard Bailyn on ? in Hartford, Conn.; educated at Williams College and Harvard U. Am. ex-Jehovah's Witness activist Raymond Franz on ? in ?. Am. anthropologist Edmund Snow "Ted" Carpenter on ? in Rochester, N.Y. Am. McDonnell Douglas CEO Sanford N. "Sandy" McDonnell on ? in Little Rock, Ark.; nephew of James Smith McDonnell (1899-1980); educated at Princeton U., U. of Colo., and Washington State U. Deaths: English explorer (Australia) rear Adm. John Moresby (b. 1830) on July 12 in Fareham, Hampshire. Am. physician Horatio Robinson Storer (b. 1830) on Sept. 18. French painter Leon Joseph Florentin Bonnat (b. 1833) on Sept. 8 in Paris. English baritone Sir Charles Santley (b. 1834). Am. writer-theologian Lyman Abbott (b. 1835) on Oct. 22. English jurist Albert Venn Dicey (b. 1835) on Apr. 7. Danish pacifist Fredrik Bajer (b. 1837) on Jan. 22; 1908 Nobel Peace Prize: "Always bear in mind that law must be substituted for power, and care taken to serve the interests of law." British historian-diplomat James Bryce, 1st viscount Bryce (b. 1838) on Jan. 22 in Sidmouth, Devon. French mathematician Camille Jordan (b. 1838) on Jan. 22 in Paris. Belgium chemist Ernest Solvay (b. 1838) on May 26 in Brussels. Am. merchant John Wanamaker (b. 1838): "The customer is always right". English chocolate manufacturer and social reformer George Cadbury (b. 1839) on Oct. 24 in Northfield Manor. Catalan-born Moulin Rouge French impresario Joseph Oller (b. 1839) in Paris. Am. Okla. Territory gov. #1 (1890-1) George Washington Steele (b. 1839) on July 12 in Marion, Ind. Irish portraitist John Butler Yeats (b. 1839) on Feb. 3 in Chestertown, N.Y. English poet-traveller Sir Wilfred Scawen Blunt (b. 1840) on Sept. 10. Italian novelist-dramatist Giovanni Verga (b. 1840) on Jan. 27 in Catania. Argentina-born English "Green Mansions" naturalist novelist William Henry Hudson (b. 1841) on Aug. 18 in London; in 1925 the Rima Memorial in the bird sanctuary of Kensington Gardens, London is built by Jacob Epstein. Spanish Catalan composer Felip Pedrell (b. 1841) on Aug. 19 in Barcelona. Am. Standard Oil Co. co-founder William Avery Rockefeller Jr. (b. 1841) on June 24 in Tarryton, N.Y.; leaves a $102M estate. French historian Ernest Lavisse (b. 1842). Am. painter Charles Henry Miller (b. 1842) on Jan. 21. German surgeon Heinrich Quincke (b. 1842) on May 19. Tasmanian-born English evangelist Elizabeth Reid, Lady Hope (b. 1842) on Mar. 8 in Sydney, Australia (cancer). Am. Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker (b. 1843) on Apr. 29 in County Dublin, Ireland; buried in Kilgobbin Cemetery in County Dublin, where his Glencairn Estate in Sandyford has an exact replica of the Epsom Downs race track incl. the left-hand downhill Tattenham Corner. Am. lawyer Richard Theodore Greener (b. 1844) on May 2 in Chicago, Ill. Scottish malaria research pioneer Sir Patrick Manson (b. 1844) on Apr. 9 in London. English scholar Sir John Edwin Sandys (b. 1844) on July 6 in Cambridge. Am. Okla. gov. #3 (1893-7) William Cary Renfrow (b. 1845) on Jan. 31 in Bentonville, Ark.; dies while sitting in the lobby of the Massey Hotel en route to visit his sick brother in Russellville. French malaria physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (b. 1845) on May 18 in Paris; 1907 Nobel Medicine Prize. Italian "Funiculi Funicula" composer Luigi Denza (b. 1846) on Jan. 26 in London. Am. automobile inventor George B. Selden (b. 1846) on Jan. 17 in Rochester, N.Y. Scottish telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell (b. 1847) on Aug. 2 in Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, Canada; upon his death all telephones in the U.S. stop ringing for 1 min.: "America is a country of inventors, and the greatest of inventors are the newspaper men." English poet Alice Meynell (b. 1847) on Nov. 27 in London. Italian PM #19 (1906, 1909-10) Baron Sidney Sonnino (b. 1847) on Nov. 24 in Rome. French syndicalist philosopher Georges Sorel (b. 1847) on Aug. 29. Monaco prince Albert I (b. 1848) on June 26 in Paris. English historian Sir George Walter Prothero (b. 1848) on July 10. German Assyriologist Friedrich Delitzsch (b. 1850) on Dec. 19 in Langenschwalbach bei Wiesbaden. French celeb Marie-Hortense Fiquet Cezanne (b. 1850) in Paris; "My wife only cares for Switzerland and lemonade" (Paul Cezanne). Am. amateur archeologist George McJunkin (b. 1851) in Folsom, N.M. English cartoonist Sir Leslie Ward (AKA Spy) (b. 1851) on May 15. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player Cap Anson (b. 1852) on Apr. 14 in Chicago, Ill; first with 3K+ career hits. Am. surgeon William Stewart Halsted (b. 1852) on Sept. 7 in Baltimore, Md. English singer-actor Rutland Barrington (b. 1853) on May 31 in South London; dies in poverty after suffering a stroke in 1919. French journalist Pierre Giffard (b. 1853) on jan. 21 in Maisons-Laffitte. Am. mathematician George Bruce Halsted (b. 1853) on Mar. 16. Am. "Old South" writer-diplomat Thomas Nelson Page (b. 1853) on Nov. 1 in Hanover County, Va. Italian pope (1914-22) Benedict XV (b. 1854) on Jan. 22 in Rome. Am. millionaire J.J. Brown (b. 1854) on Sept. 5 in Nassau, N.Y.; husband (1886-) of Molly Brown (1867-1932); dies intestate, causing a 5-year fight over his assets. English naval historian Sir Julian Stafford Corbett (b. 1854) on Sept. 21 in Stopham, Pulborough, Sussex. Japanese-born Am. chemist Jokichi Takamine (b. 1854) on July 22. South African Boer politician-gen. Christiaan De Wet (b. 1854) on Feb. 3. Hungarian conductor Arthur Nikisch (b. 1855) on Jan. 23 in Leipzig, Germany. U.S. Rep. (R-Ill.) (1897-1903) James Robert Mann (b. 1856) on Nov. 30 in Washington, D.C. Russian mathematician Andrei Markov (b. 1856) on July 22 in Petrograd. Am. populist politician Tom Watson (b. 1856) on Sept. 26 in Washington, D.C. Am. historian William Archibald Dunning (b. 1857) on Aug. 25. Italian last castrato Alessandro Moreschi (b. 1858) on Apr. 21 in Rome. Lithuanian-born Zionist founder Elieser Ben-Yehuda (b. 1858) on Dec. 16 in Jerusalem (TB); leaves an unfinished comprehensive Hebrew dictionary. German physicist Wilhelm Hallwachs (b. 1859) on June 20 in Dresden. Am. singer-actress Lillian Russell (b. 1860) on June 6. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player Big Sam Thompson (b. 1860) on Nov. 7 in Detroit, Mich.; career batting avg.: .331; career RBIs/games played ratio of .923 is highest of all time (until ?). Korean nationalist leader Son Byong-Hi (b. 1861). German gen. Erich von Falkenhayn (b. 1861) on Apr. 8 in Schloss Lindstedt (near Potsdam). Hungarian novelist Geza Gardonyi (b. 1863) on Oct. 30 in Eger. German serial murderer Carl Grossmann (b. 1863) on July 5 (suicide by hanging). British politician Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt (b. 1863) on Feb. 24 in London. Am. journalist Nellie Bly (b. 1864) on Jan. 27 in New York City (pneumonia). Swedish political scientist Johan Rudolf Kjellen (b. 1864) on Nov. 14 in Uppsala. British Conservative politician and Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson (b. 1864) on June 22 in London (assassinated by the IRA). English newspaper publisher Arthur Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe (b. 1865) on Aug. 14. Greek PM (1915, 1921-2) Demetrios Gounaris (b. 1866) on Nov. 15 in Athens (executed). Am. inventor David T. Kenney (b. 1866) on May 24 near Beacon, N.Y. (suicide); his body is found on June 4; he recently lost his wife and a sister. German-born Am. Tootsie Roll candy inventor Leo Hirschfeld (b. 1867) on Jan. 13 in Manhattan, N.Y. (suicide); shoots himself in his room at the Monterey Hotel in Manhattan, leaving the note: "I'm sorry, but I couldn't help it". Turkish journalist-minister Ali Kemal Bey (b. 1922) on Nov. 6 in Izmit (lynched by a mob). Australian writer Henry Lawson (b. 1867) on Sept. 2 in Sydney. German industrialist-statesman Walther Rathenau (b. 1867) on Feb. 1 (assassinated). Am. sculptor Solon Hannibal Borglum (b. 1868). French serial murderer (10 widows plus one of their sons) Henri Landru (b. 1869) on Feb. 25 (guillotined); "I did it. I burned their bodies in my kitchen stove" (alleged confession note). Irish writer and IRA activist Robert Erskine Childers (b. 1870) on Nov. 24 (executed by the Irish Free State for possession of an automatic pistol given to him by Michael Collins); tells his 16-y.-o. son Erskine Hamilton Childers to seek out and shake the hand of every man who signed his death warrant, then shakes hands with each member of the firing squad before uttering the soundbyte: "Take a step or two forward, lads, it will be easier that way." English music hall star Marie Lloyd (b. 1870) on Oct. 7 in London; dies after taking sick on stage at the Empire Music Hall in Edmonton, London; her Oct. 12 funeral in Hampstead is attended by 100K. Am. naturalist Enos Mills (b. 1870) on Sept. 21 (blood poisoning from an infected tooth): "Within National Parks is room - glorious room - room in which to find ourselves, in which to think and hope, to dream and plan, to rest and resolve." Am. minister William Joseph Seymour (b. 1870) on Sept. 28 in Los Angeles, Calif. Hawaiian prince Jonah Kuhio Kalaniana'ole (b. 1871) on Jan. 15 in Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii. Croatian inventor Eduard Penkala (b. 1871) on Feb. 5 in Zagreb. French asthmatic novelist Marcel Proust (b. 1871); leaves the final 3 vols. of his 7-vol. "Remembrance of Things Past" in ms. form - what, no Nobel? French dramatist Henri Bataille (b. 1872). Am. archeologist Howard Crosby Butler (b. 1872) on Aug. 13/14 in Neuilly, Paris, France. Irish Sinn Fein founder Arthur Griffith (b. 1872) on Aug. 12 in Dublin. Turkish gen. Djemal Pasha (b. 1872) on July 21 in Tbilisi, Georgia. Am. movie dir. William Desmond Taylor (b. 1872) on Feb. 1 in Los Angeles, Calif. (murdered). Irish-born British Antarctic explorer Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (b. 1874) on Jan. 5 in South Georgia Island. English silent film actor Roy Redgrave (b. 1873) on May 25 in Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. Lebanese Christian journalist Farah Antun (b. 1874). Mexican rev. leader Ricardo Flores Magon (b. 1874) on Nov. 21. Bahamas-born Am. actor-singer-dir. Bert Williams (b. 1874) on Mar. 4 in Manhattan, N.Y.; "The funniest man I ever saw, and the saddest man I ever knew." (W.C. Fields) English composer James William Tate (b. 1875) on Feb. 5 in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire (pneumonia). Turkish leader Enver Pasha (b. 1881) on Aug. 4 in Turkestan; KIA in a battle with the Bolsheviks. Swiss "inkblot" psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach (b. 1884). Austrian exiled emperor (1916-18) Charles I (b. 1887) on Apr. 1 in Madeira, Portugal (pneumonia); beatified on Oct. 3, 2004. Irish rev. leader (IRA founder) Michael "Mick" Collins (b. 1890) on Aug. 22 in Beal na m'Blath (Mouth of the Flowers), County Cork (assassinated) - the good die young? Danish-born Australian WWI Pvt. Jorgen Christian Jensen (b. 1891) on May 31 in Adelaide. Sicilian-born mobster Umberto Valenti (b. 1891) on Aug. 11 in New York City (murdered by Lucky Luciano outside a cafe at the corner of 2nd Ave. and E. 12th St.).
1923
Chinese Year: Pig.
Trade union membership: Germany: 9.2M, Soviet Union: 4.6M, Britain: 4.4M, U.S.: 3.6M.
In 1923 trade union membership: Germany: 9.2M, Soviet Union: 4.6M, Britain: 4.4M, U.S.: 3.6M.
Hyperinflation rages in Germany;
by fall the German mark plummets to one-trillionth of its pre-war value (4M to one U.S. dollar); on Oct. 15 the
Rentenmark,
based on mortgages on land is introduced, finally bringing inflation under control.
On Jan. 1 USC defeats Penn State by 14-3 to win the 1923 Rose Bowl,
played in the new Rose Bowl Stadium.
On Jan. 9 Friends Colony, Mich.-born Quaker ex-Progressive Repub. newspaper publisher
Friend William Richardson (1865-1943)
becomes Calif. gov. #25 (until Jan. 4, 1927), going on to reverse the Progressive reforms of previous govs. Hiram Johnson and William Stephens, fighting the legislature
after Progressives regain control in 1924 and pocket-vetoing a bill to create a prof. state bar.
On Jan. 11 French and Belgian troops invade the Ruhr Valley,
occupying it by Jan. 23 in order to collect reparations from Germany for WWI, causing the German people to stage a gen. strike in protest and
abandon passive resistance; the U.S. Senate calls for recall of the occupation forces; France occupies Darmstadt, Karlsruhe, and Mannheim.
On Jan. 14 Italian king Victor Emmanuel III authorizes a voluntary Fascist military.
On Jan. 29 after Pres. Harding nominates him on Jan. 24 to the seat vacated by Mahlon Pitney upon the advice of chief justice William Howard Taft,
Knoxville, Tenn.-born Edward Terry Sanford (1865-1930)
is appointed as U.S. Supreme Court justice #72 (until Mar. 8, 1930), bringing the court members back up to nine.
In Jan. Adolf Hitler convinces the Bavarian authorities to permit him to hold a rally in the
Marsfeld
in Munich, and 1K storm troopers and 4K party members attend; in Mar. he links up with Capt. Ernst Rohem's
Reich War Flag, and almost stages a putsch in May, but backs down when Gen.
Otto von Lossow (1868-1938),
military cmdr. of Bavaria (Wehrkreis VII) flops - what a lossow?
In Jan. British chancellor of the exchequer Stanley Baldwin goes to the U.S. with the British Financial Mission to fund the war debt.
On Feb. 3 the Australian govt. of William M. Hughes (in power since 1915) resigns under pressure of the Country Party, and on Feb. 9
Stanley Melbourne Bruce (1883-1967)
becomes PM #12 of Australia (until 1929), forming a coalition cabinet of Nationalist and Country Party members - in the white room with black curtains in the station?
On Feb. 9 the Soviet Union founds Aeroflot (Russ. "air fleet"), which begins operations on July 15, becoming the world's largest airline.
On Feb. 12 the Red Army under Gen. Ivan Strod
defeats the White Army under Gen. Anatoly Pepelyayev at the Battle of Sasyl-Sasyg, ousting them from Amga in Mar.
On Feb. 16 the sealed burial chamber of the Tomb of King Tutankhamen (King Tut),
unearthed last Nov. 4 by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt is unsealed, bringing
King Tut's Curse on all 20 involved, starting on Apr. 5 with Lord Carnarvon, along with his personal secy.
Capt. Richard Bethell (Nov. 15, 1929) and his father Lord Westbury (Feb. 20, 1930), Carnarvon's half-brother Aubrey Herbert (Sept. 23, 1923), and Carnarvon's friend
Sir Ernest Wallis Budge (Nov. 23, 1934), but not Carter himself, who lives for 17 years and dies at the age of 65; "Everywhere the glint of gold";
six mysterious London deaths attributed to the curse were really ritual revenge murderers by "wickedest man in the world" English Satanist
Aleister Crowley (1875-1947)?
On Mar. 1 Greece adopts the Gregorian Calendar for civil purposes only.
On Mar. 3 weekly Time mag., founded by Yale classmates (both inducted into Skull & Bones in 1920)
Briton Hadden (1898-1929) and
Henry Robinson Luce (1898-1967) begins pub., becoming the first and most successful
news mag., giving small town hicks a source of nat. news and analysis with clever invented words and inverted sentences;
Roy Edward Larsen (1899-1979) replaces Luce, becoming pres. in 1939-60 - the original Great Track of Time one week at a time with no ability to revise?
On Mar. 9 after a massive stroke, Vladimir Lenin resigns as leader of the Communist Party - hard to give speeches now?
On Mar. 14 Pres. Harding becomes the first U.S. pres. to file an income tax return.
On Mar. 15 the comic strip Skippy by
Brooklyn, N.Y.-born Percy Lee Crosby (1891-1964) debuts in Life mag., going into syndication in 1925 and earning Crosby $2,350/week,
inspiring Charles Schulz's "Peanuts" comic strip and made into a 1931 Oscar-winning film; about young Skippy Skinner, who wears a huge collar and tie and floppy checked hat, and gets into mischief; in
1925 Crosby registers Skippy as a trademark, licensing it to toymakers, clothing makers et al.; newspaper syndication ends in 1945.
On Mar. 16 the Egyptian Women's Union
is formed by upper-class Egyptian women led by
Hoda (Huda) Shaarawi (1879-1947),
calling for a ban on polygamy and a man's right to summary divorce, and demanding equality for women;
Huda shocks the country by publicly unveiling at a railway station in Cairo after returning from a
women's conference in Italy, even though it's only practiced by upper class women anyway; too bad,
the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood causes many Egyptian women to wear veils again by the early 21st cent.
On Mar. 24 the Italian judicial system is reformed by the Fascists - deformed?
On Mar. 31 the first dance marathon in the U.S., held in New York City ends with
Alma Cummings
setting a world record of 27 hours on her feet - looking for my date, kind of short, very handsome, probably has his shoes untied?
On Apr. 1 compulsory military service in France is reduced to 1.5 years.
On Apr. 9 Afghanistan proclaims the 1923 Afghan Constitution,
giving the emir all executive powers and the right to appoint half of the legislature, which has mainly consultative functions.
On Apr. 9 the U.S. Supeme (Taft) Court rules 5-3 in
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
that federal minimum wage legislation for women is an unconstitutional violation of liberty of contract as protected by the
5th Amendment's Due Process Clause, with Chief Justice William Taft writing the soundbyte:
"Legislatures in limiting freedom of contract between employee and employer by a minimum wage proceed on the assumption that employees, in the class
receiving least pay, are not upon a full level of equality of choice with their employer and in their necessitous circumstances are prone to accept
pretty much anything that is offered. They are peculiarly subject to the overreaching of the harsh and greedy employer. The evils of the sweating system
and of the long hours and low wages which are characteristic of it are well known. Now, I agree that it is a disputable question in the field of political
economy how far a statutory requirement of maximum hours or minimum wages may be a useful remedy for these evils, and whether it may not make the case of
the oppressed employee worse than it was before. But it is not the function of this court to hold congressional acts invalid simply because they are passed
to carry out economic views which the court believes to be unwise or unsound"; dissenting Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes writes the soundbyte:
"The earlier decisions upon the same words in the Fourteenth Amendment began within our memory and went no farther than an unpretentious assertion of the
liberty to follow the ordinary callings. Later that innocuous generality was expanded into the dogma, Liberty of Contract. Contract is not specially mentioned
in the text that we have to construe. It is merely an example of doing what you want to do, embodied in the word liberty. But pretty much all law consists
in forbidding men to do some things that they want to do, and contract is no more exempt from law than other acts. Without enumerating all the restrictive laws
that have been upheld I will mention a few that seem to me to have interfered with liberty of contract quite as seriously and directly as the one before us.
Usury laws prohibit contracts by which a man receives more than so much interest for the money that he lends. Statutes of frauds restrict many contracts to
certain forms. Some Sunday laws prohibit practically all contracts during one-seventh of our whole life. Insurance rates may be regulated";
Justice Louis Brandeis recuses himself; overturned by West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937).
On Apr. 20 (Hitler's birthday) Der Stuermer (Stürmer)
(The Attacker) begins pub. in Germany, ed. by loyal Hitler follower
Julius Streicher (1885-1946) (until 1945),
who utters the soundbyte "We will be slaves of the Jew, therefore he must go."
On Apr. 21 Egypt proclaims the
1923 Egyptian Constitution,
with a bicameral legislature, and power shared between King Fouad I and the cabinet, which the king appoints; on Sept. 23 the first elections are
held, and the Wafdist Party scores an overwhelming V; too bad, since the king also schedules elections, and the British have him on puppet
strings, he goes on to regularly defeat popular elected govts. by dismissing their cabinets and putting in his own, hamstringing the Wafdists.
On Apr. 26 Prince Albert Windsor (b. 1895) (later George VI) marries Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (1900-2002),
whom his brother Prince David (later Edward VIII) calls "Cookie" because she looks like a plump Scottish cook?; she goes on to become the mother of Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret.
In Apr. Brussels-born French Gen. Maxime Weygand (1867-1965) arrives in Syria as the new French high commissioner (until 1925).
On May 2-3 Am. test pilots Lts. John Arthur Macready (1887-1979) and
Oakley George Kelly (1891-1966) fly a single-engine Fokker T-2 nonstop from New York to San Diego (2.5K mi.) in 26 hours, 50 min.,
becoming the first nonstop transcontinental flight; on June 13, 1924 Macready becomes the first pilot to bail out of an airplane at night near Dayton, Ohio.
On May 20 British PM (since Oct. 23, 1922) Bonar Law (b. 1858) resigns, and dies of throat cancer on Oct. 30, and on May 22 Conservative chancellor of the exchequer (since Oct. 27, 1922)
Stanley Baldwin (1867-1947) (first cousin of Rudyard Kipling)
(whose portrait bears a striking resemblance to actor Robert De Niro (1943-)?)
becomes British PM (until Jan. 22, 1924), with Neville Chamberlain becoming chancellor of the exchequer in Aug. (until Dec. 6); on Dec. 6 the
1923 British gen. election gives Conservatives 258 seats, Labour 191, and Liberals 158,
resulting in a hung Parliament, becoming the last British gen. election in which the third party wins more than 100 seats or 26% of the vote (until ?).
On May 23 Sabena, the nat. airline of Belgium is founded (until Nov. 7, 2001).
On May 25 the Anglo-Transjordanian Treaty
separates Transjordan
from the Palestine mandate and gives it independence with a permanent govt. but with foreign policy controlled by Britain; the
Arab Legion (founded 1921),
led by British Lt. Col. Frederick Gerard Peake (1886-1970)
acts as its army and police force.
In May the Catholic Popular Party in Italy is ousted by the Fascists; Popular Party founder
Don Luigi Sturzo (1871-1959),
leader of the left wing resists, but Pope Pius XI denounces him - thanka youa papa?
On June 9 Spanish engineer On June 9 Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva y Codorniu (1895-1936)
makes the first successful flight in a rotary wing autogiro (autogyro)
aircraft in Madrid, using a normal airplane propeller instead of the fancy articulated rotor blade with cyclic pitch control.
On June 11 Britain's King George V awards Benito Mussolini the Order of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath - and tells him to take one?
On June 17 after being defeated near Okhotsk on June 6 and near Ayan on June 16, Gen. Anatoly Pepelyayev surrenders the last 230 White Russian soldiers and 103 officers in Ayano-Maysky District
on the Pacific Coast, ending the Russian Civil War (begun 1918), securing the vast Soviet territory for Communism with a total of 13M civilian casualties (incl. 1M refugees leaving Russian permanently),
1.2M Bolshevik, and 300K White Russian casualties - Dirty Linen's gang are now free to create the myth of the Soviet Paradise?
I can't stand the suspense, shoot me?
In June Pres. Harding goes on a nat. speaking tour to assure the people that he isn't a crook?; Jess Smith (b. 1872),
an aide working for U.S. atty.-gen. Harry M. Daugherty, known for showing off huge sums of money that he "earned" by corruption is found shot one morning in the left temple,
his head in a waste basket and a pistol in his right (wrong, since he's a leftie?) hand; the pistol disappears and the body is buried without an autopsy; on Aug. 2 (eve.) after
returning from Alaska (first pres. to visit it), where he drives the first (golden) spike in a railroad in Nenana, Pres. (since Mar. 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding (b. 1865) dies unexpectedly of
a heart attack ("apoplexy") in a San Francisco, Calif. hotel, becoming the 5th straight victim of the Zero-Year Pres. Curse after W.H. Harrison, Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley;
his body is returned to Washington, D.C. on a funeral train greeted by 9M; no autopsy is performed; did Harding's wife "The Duchess" have him poisoned to avoid the disgrace of an imminent impeachment?
In June Ind. Repub. Sen. (1899-1911) Albert Jeremiah Beveridge (1862-1927),
who bolted to the doomed Progressive Party in 1912, ruining his career gives a speech at the annual dinner of the Sons of the Revolution,
decrying his former support of govt. regulation, with the soundbyte:
"America would be better off as a country and Americans happier and more prosperous as a people if half of our Government boards, bureaus and
commissions were abolished, hundreds of thousands of our Government officials, agents and employees were discharged, and two-thirds of our
Government regulations, restrictions, and inhibitions were removed."
On July 6 the Union of Soviet Socialist Repubs. is officially formed.
On July 24 the Treaty of Lausanne
between Turkey and Greece recognizes Turkish independence, after which Allied forces leave Istanbul in 10 weeks; all remaining Christians
in Turkey are evacuated; the Turkish Pop. Directorate
enables the govt. to register people and give them ancestry codes (1=Greek, 2=Armenian, 3=Jewish), which are used until ? for govt.-backed
discrimination; on Sept. 4-11 the Sivas Congress
in CE Turkey, called by Mustafa Kemal Pasha is held, and on Sept. 9 officially establishes the
Repub. People's Party (CHP)
as the founding party of modern 1-party Turkey, with a party flag consisting of six white arrows on a red background; on Oct. 29 the
Repub. of Turkey
is proclaimed, with Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as pres. #1 (until Nov. 10, 1938) and Ismet Inonu (who signed the treaty for Turkey) as PM #1 (until 1937),
going on to play Ataturk ball and try to secularize medieval, er, Muslim Turkey; the 1923 Pop. Exchange
sees 1.25M Greeks repatriated in 1923-30 with the help of the League of Nations and the Near East Relief Commission, causing the pop. of Greece
to rise from 2.6M in 1907 to 6.2M in 1928; meanwhile the Greek pop. in Turkey goes from 2M in 1900 to 48K in 1965 and less than 5K by 2006.
In July the Fascists begin Italianizing the South Tyrol (Upper Adige).
Silent Cal presides over a contented U.S.?
On Aug. 3 (Fri.) (early a.m.) after the death of Pres. Harding the previous evening, Vt.-born storekeeper's son (Amherst College grad.) (former Boston mayor and Mass. gov.)
(one of three mayors to become U.S. pres.), reserved, publicly noncommittal Vt. farmboy "Silent Cal" (high nasal voice)
John Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) becomes the 30th U.S. pres. (until Mar. 4, 1929) in the
40th U.S. Pres. Inauguration at the Coolidge homestead in Plymouth Notch, Vt.; his storekeeper daddy swears him in;
his old-fashioned homespun look-feel rescues the stinking presidency, even though his gung-ho capitalism and famous soundbyte "The chief business of America is business" gives a blank check to crooks?;
his inaugural address starts out:
"No one can contemplate current conditions without finding much that is satisfying and still more that is encouraging. Our own country is leading the world in the general readjustment to the results
of the great conflict. Many of its burdens will bear heavily upon us for years, and the secondary and indirect effects we must expect to experience for some time. But we are beginning to comprehend
more definitely what course should be pursued, what remedies ought to be applied, what actions should be taken for our deliverance, and are clearly manifesting a determined will faithfully and
conscientiously to adopt these methods of relief. Already we have sufficiently rearranged our domestic affairs so that confidence has returned, business has revived, and we appear to be entering an
era of prosperity which is gradually reaching into every part of the nation. Realizing that we can not live unto ourselves alone, we have contributed of our resources and our counsel to the relief
of the suffering and the settlement of the disputes among the European nations. Because of what America is and what America has done, a firmer courage, a higher hope, inspires the heart of all humanity";
gives 520 press conferences (most by a U.S. pres. until ?); first U.S. pres. to appear on a sound film (Aug. 11, 1924);
in 1926 he becomes the first U.S. pres. to have his portrait on a coin during his lifetime (until ?), the
Sesquicentennial of Am. Independence Half Dollar (1M coins struck at the Philly Mint);
his act is carefully shaped by PR men Bruce Fairchild Barton (1886-1967) and "the Father of PR"
Edward Louis James Bernays (1891-1995), who use newsreels and radio to portray him as that's no lie this is what you get gee ain't he cute
and doesn't say much; First Lady Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (1879-1957) (married 1905) was a teacher at the
Clarke Inst. for the Deaf in Northampton, Mass. (perfect match?);
he holds twice-weekly press conferences, silent or not; he keeps a mechanical horse in his White House dressing room for exercise, and gambles away a set of china from Benjamin Harrison's admin.
at a White House poker game.
The Corfu Incident gives Mussolini a chance to flex his muscles?
On Aug. 27 the Corfu Incident sees Gen. Enrico Tellini (b. 1871)
and four members of his staff assassinated on the Greek-Albanian frontier, causing the Italian govt. to send Greece an ultimatum on Aug. 29, then
bombard and occupy Corfu on Aug. 31, causing Greece to appeal to the League of Nations; the Italians evacuate Corfu on Sept. 27 after pressure from Britain et al.
In Aug. Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929)
is elected chancellor of Germany (until Nov. 30), and orders an end to the strike, declaring martial law over the whole nation on Aug. 13-Nov. 23; on Nov. 30
Wilhelm Marx (1863-1946)
succeeds Stresemann as German chancellor (until May 12, 1926).
On Sept. 1 (11:58 a.m. local time) the 7.9 Great Kanto Earthquake
in Japan kills 142K in Tokyo, and 8K in Yokohama; the Maya Revival Imperial Hotel,
designed by Richland Center, Wisc.-born architect Frank Lloyd (nee Lincoln) Wright (1867-1959),
which opened in June survives due to its shallow foundation that floats on the soft mud beneath it, with Baron Kihachiro Okura sending a telegram to Wright reading:
"Hotel stands undamaged as a monument of your genius. Hundreds of homeless proviced by perfectly mainted service. Congratulations",
causing a legend that it was completely undamaged, when in reality the main bldg. sunk further into the mud, which amplified the earthquake, causing it to have
to be demolished decades later.
On Sept. 7 the Miss America 1923
contest is held at the Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City, N.J.; 1922 winner Mary Katherine Campbell repeats, becoming the first (until ?).
On Sept. 8 the Honda Point Disaster
sees seven Navy destroyers run aground in the Santa Barbara Channel in Calif., killing 23 sailors: the U.S.S. Chauncy, Delphy
(flagship), Fuller, S.P. Lee, Nicholas, Woodbury, and Young; the Farragut and Somers are damaged.
On Sept. 12 the Spanish garrison in Barcelona, Spain mutinies, and a separatist movement breaks out; on Sept. 13 Catalonian Capt. gen.
Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja (1870-1930)
stages a military coup with the approval of the king, taking Barcelona, followed by Madrid on Sept. 15, then on Sept. 15 dissolving the Cortes (until 1931)
and proclaiming martial law (until 1927), becoming the dictator of Spain, suspending civil liberties and causing the exile of writers
Miguel de Unamuno (in 1924), Vicente Blasco-Ibanez (in voluntary exile in France since WWI) et al.;
the Confederaciones Sindical Hidrografica,
a public works program runs up a 1B peseta budget deficit by 1928.
On Sept. 25 Hitler addresses a meeting of the heads of all the right-wing groups in Munich, and convinces them to place themselves under his
overall command - I saw that on the Twilight Zone?
On Sept. 30 Adolf Hitler visits the Bavarian town of Beyreuth, and
Villa Wahnfried,
home of German composer Richard Wagner (1813-83),
and meets his 86-y.-o. widow Cosima, along with his son Siegfried, his English-born wife Winifred,
his son-in-law, arch German nationalist Houston Stewart Chamberlain (son of an English adm. from
Portsmouth), and finds them all to be admiring fans, helping him believe he is the new German Messiah
and not just "eine kleine Johannisnatur" (John the Baptist type).
On Oct. 2 the Boulevard of the Allies
between Pittsburgh and Oakland, Penn. opens.
On Oct. 5 after being elected in absentia on Aug. 6, pres. (since Oct. 5, 1919) Antonio Jose de Almeida is succeeded by "Maria Adelaide" novelist
Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860-1941)
(vice-pres. of the gen. assembly of the League of Nations) of the Liberal Repub. Party as pres. #7 of the First Portuguese Repub. (founded 1910),
arriving in Lisbon on Oct. 3 (until Dec. 11, 1925), going on to suppress four major revolts by radicals and the military in 1924-5 while being
harassed by the Nationalist Party.
On Oct. 10-15 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the New York Giants (NL) 4-2 to win the
Twentieth (20th) World Series,
with future "Old Perfessor" Charles Dillon "Casey" Stengel (1890-1975)
hitting homers to win the two games for the Giants (incl. the first WS homer in Yankee Stadium), which doesn't stop
Giants mgr. (1902-32) John Joseph McGraw (1873-1934)
(AKA Little Napoleon and Muggsy) from trading him to the 2nd tier Boston Braves, causing Stengel to comment
"It's lucky I didn't hit three home runs in three games, or McGraw would have traded me to the 3-I League" (Ill.-Ind.-Iowa minor league, 1901-61).
On Oct. 23 the Communist-led Hamburg Uprising
is quashed, with 100+ killed.
On Oct. 23 Albert Tagora
of Paterson, N.J. sets a record by typing 8,840 words in one hour, averaging 147 words a min. and 12.5 strokes a sec. - what a waste of a good C++ programmer?
On Oct. 29 the new Repub. of Turkey
is proclaimed, with Kemal Ataturk as pres.; the capital is moved from Constantinople to Ankara;
Ataturk begins a modernization and secularization program - the impossible dream, secular Muslims?
In Oct. German airship pioneer Dr. Hugo Eckener (1868-1954),
lead of the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin flies his ZR-3
dirigible from Friedrichshafen, Germany across the Atlantic to Lakehurst, N.Y. for deliverty to
the U.S. Navy, which names it USS Los Angeles, becoming the largest airship in the world;
;it is commissioned next Nov. 25; it flies 5K mi., the longest Zeppelin flight to date; it is
decommissioned on June 30, 1932 at Lakehurst, N.J.
On Nov.. 4
1924 Chinese Year: Rat. Mass immigration to the U.S. stops this year until 1965, allowing the immigrants to assimilate into the melting pot and learn the culture and language, making a unified nation that practically rules the world after WWII; too bad, after Ted Kennedy swindles Congress to open immigration to the non-white pop. of the world, the fix is in to flood the U.S. with people who have no intention of assimilating, neutralizing opposition by calling them racists or by claiming that their ancestors were immigrants, hence the U.S. is a "nation of immigrants", and they have no right to close the gates behind them or to demand assimilation. The U.S. begins iodizing salt to reduce the incidence of goiter, also raising IQs during gestation. On Jan. 1 10-1 Washington and 5-1-2 Navy tie 14-14 in the 1924 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 3 Yucatan gov. (since 1922) Felipe Carrillo Puerto (b. 1874) is assassinated, along with three brothers and eight friends, after which the town of Felipe Carrillo Puerto in Quintana Roo is named after him; meanwhile Alma Reed, who had been planning a Jan. 14 wedding with him in San Fran is out of luck. On Jan. 6 the French Roman Catholic Church is allowed to reoccupy its property under a system of diocesan assocs. In early Jan. a coup in Greece causes king (since 1922) George II to abdicate, and on Jan. 11 Eleutherios Venizelos arrives in Athens from the U.S. and becomes PM again, but tries to get the king reinstated and resigns on Feb. 3, claiming ill health; on Apr. 13 a plebiscite overwhelmingly votes for a Greek repub., which is proclaimed on May 1, with Adm. Paul Koundouriotis (1855-1935) as provisional pres. (until 1929); too bad, the govt. is unstable, and there are six govts. by June of 1925. Communism teaches the Rabbit Lesson? On Jan. 21 (6:50 p.m.) Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin (b. 1870) dies at age 54 from a 4th stroke (brought on by syphilis?) (his brain had shrunk to 25% normal size?); a triumvirate (troika) of Caligula-reincarnation (gen.-secy. of the CPSU since 1922) Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Russ. "iron") (Djugashvili) (1879-1953) of Georgia, Grigori Zinoviev (Hirsch Apfelbaum) (1883-1936) of Ukraine, and Lev Borisovich Kamenev (1883-1936) of Moscow is formed to govern the wild wild Soviet Union, and begins army purges; on Jan. 24 Petrograd (St. Petersburg until 1914) is renamed Leningrad (until 1991); Lenin's birthplace of Simbirsk in SW Russia on the Volga River is renamed Ulyanovsk; on Jan. 27 atheist pharaoh Lenin's well-preserved body is laid in the Lenin Mausoleum in Red Square (the roof makes a great place for an official reviewing stand?); the clock is stopped at guess what, and visitors are not allowed to insult him by putting their hands in their pockets; a statue of him is erected in a park opposite Finland Station in Leningrad, where he first arrived from exile, followed by zillions of others all over the country; his widow Nadezhda Krupskaya is immediately rendered powerless, Stalin calling her a "syphilitic whore", and after she doesn't like the way his body is displayed, she utters the soundbyte "Comrade Lenin may be in need of a new widow", but she is never arrested since she's a sacred red herring; Bolshoi Dom (Big House) in Leningrad near the E end of the Neva River Embankment, where Lenin's brother was once tried for attempting to assassinate Alexander III becomes HQ of the Soviet secret police, and later the HQ for the Red Terror; Stalin's war commissioner Nikolai Vasilyevich Krylenko (1885-1938) sets up the All-Union Chess Section to train Communist youth in chess; meanwhile Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Leon Trotsky (Lev Davidovich Bronstein) (1879-1940) form a conspiracy against Stalin in the neverending reality check story Red Workers' Paradise. On Jan. 22 British PM (since May 22, 1923) Stanley Baldwin resigns after he appeals to the nation to let him renege on his pledge to Bonar Law not to levy protective tarrifs, resulting in a Labor and Liberal majority in the elections, and on Jan. 22 Labour Party leader James Ramsay MacDonald (1866-1937) becomes PM of Britain (until Nov. 4), forming Britain's first Labour govt., which soon jumps the gun and recognizes the False Labour Paradise of the Soviet Union; former Liberal lord chancellor (1912-5) Richard Burdon Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane (1856-1928) (who was forced to resign after being falsely accused of German sympathies, and switched parties) becomes the "Labour Lord Chancellor", being portrayed in Punch as drinking a mug of beer and smoking a pipe like any working man in a pub.; too bad, in Oct. four days before the 1924 British gen. election the Zinoviev Letter, in which Grigory Zinoviev, hed of the Comintern in Moscow allegedly instructs Britons to provoke a Commie rev. is pub. by the London Foreign Office, bringing down the Labour Party before the paint is dry on Downing St.; it is later claimed to be a dirty trick forgery by Odessa-born "Ace of Spies" Sidney George Reilly (Sigmund Georgevich Rosenblum) (1874-1925); in Nov. the Conservatives handily win the gen. election with 413 seats vs. 150 for Labour and only 40 for the Liberals, and on Nov. 4 Stanley Baldwin becomes PM again (until June 4, 1929); Winston Churchill (1874-1965) smartly switches from the Liberals to the Conservatives, and is rewarded by being made chancellor of the exchequer on Nov. 6 (until June 4, 1929) - just in time for the Stock Market Crash of 1929, because it's all a conspiracy? On Jan. 25-Feb. 5 the I (1st) (First) Winter Olympic Games (originally called "Internat. Winter Sports Week") are held in Chamonix, France, at the foot of Mount Blanc, with 293 participants from 16 nations in eight sports and 16 events; Winter Games are held the same year as the Summer Games until 1992; the first gold medal goes to Charles Jewtraw (1900-96) of the U.S. in 500m speedskating; 11-y.-o. Sonja Henie of Norway comes in last in the ladies' figure skating competition, but takes gold in the next three Winter Olympics; after the judges goof, Anders Haugen (1888-1984) of the U.S. (who really came in 4th) is awarded the bronze medal in ski jumping, becoming the final medal awarded, and it takes 50 years to discover that the real winner should have been Thorleif Haug (1894-1934) of Norway, who won all three Nordic skiing events; in 2006 the IOC retroactively awards medals to the curling teams. On Jan. 26 Wafdist leader Saad Zaghlul (1859-1927) becomes PM #17 of Egypt (until Nov. 24). On Jan. 27 the Treaty of Rome between Italy and Yugoslavia (Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) is signed in Rome, awarding Fiume and the surrounding district to Italy, while recognizing Yugoslav sovereignty over the small part of Baross in Fiume Harbor, and declaring the Fiume railway station as an internat. frontier station; Italy controls Fiume until 1945. In Jan. after the French govt. refuses to raise taxes and relies on loans from the Bank of France, causing a flight of capital, the franc falls dramatically, creating an economic crisis; on Feb. 8 Pres. Raymond Poincare is given extraordinary powers to handle the crisis, and the franc regains stability on Mar. 10, although the crisis continues until 1926. In Jan. after his son John Hadley Nicanor "Bumby" Hemingway (1923-) is born, Ernest Hemingway and his wife Elizabeth return to Paris, where he hooks up with wealthy Am. expatriate Pauline Marie Pfeiffer (1895-1951) in early 1925, causing his wife to divorce him in Jan. 1927, then in 1933 marry Am. expatriate Paul Scott Mowrer (1887-1971), who in 1929 becomes the first recipient of a Pulitzer Prize awarded for foreign correspondence; meanwhile Hemingway marries Pauline on May 10, 1927 (until Nov. 4, 1940). The U.S. Marines ensure once again that the U.S. has bananas? On Feb. 1 after elections the previous year prove indecisive, Honduran pres. (since Feb. 1, 1919) gen. Rafael Salvador Lopez Gutierrez (1854-1924) establishes a dictatorship, causing the conservatives, led by Tiburcio Carias (Carías) (1876-1960) to revolt and march on the capital; after the U.S. severs relations with Gutierrez and lands Marines on Feb. 28, he dies on Mar. 10 while trying to flee to the U.S. to get insulin for his diabetes; on Mar. 31 after the Marines leave, the rebels occupy the capital, causing the U.S. to send a mission led by Sumner Welles to deprive them of their bases; on Apr. 30 Vicente Tosta Carrasco (1886-1930) becomes provisional pres. (until Feb. 1, 1925), and on May 3 the Pact of Ampala is signed with the rebels in Ampala (the same port that the U.S. Pacific Squadron cruised to in 1903 to wield Teddy Roosevelt's big stick); another revolt in Aug. led by Gregorio Ferrara is suppressed after more U.S. troops arrive on Sept. 10 and leave on Sept. 15, after which Tosta proclaims the 1924 Honduran Constitution. On Feb. 3 U.S. pres. #28 (1913-21) Woodrow Wilson (b. 1856) dies in retirement in his sleep in Washington, D.C., becoming the first U.S. pres. buried there (in the Nat. Cathedral). On Feb. 8 the gas chamber is used for the 1st time to execute a murderer when Maj. D.A. Turner of the U.S. Medical Corps uses hydrocyanic gas on alleged Chinese Tong member Gee Jon (b. 1895) at the Nevada State Prison in Carson City - a new kind of bitter almond chicken? On Feb. 14 Thomas John Watson Sr. (1874-1956) renames the Computing Tabulating Recording Corp. (CTR) (which he joined on May 1, 1914) into Internat. Business Machines (IBM), going on to create a monopoly - and set the bar for future monopolist Bill Gates? On Feb. 22 "Silent Cal" Calvin Coolidge delivers the first pres. radio broadcast from the White House - using sign language? On Feb. 26 the Am. Heart Assoc. (AHA) (originally the Am. Assoc. for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease) is founded in New York City by six cardiologists. On Feb. 26-Apr. 1 Hitler, Ludendorff et al. are put on trial for the Munich Putsch of 1923; Hitler's defense speech legitimizes his actions by pointing to Kemal Ataturk in 1920 and Mussolini in 1922; on Apr. 1 Adolf Hitler begins serving his 5-year sentence at the Fortress of Landsberg am Lech for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch (cell #7); he is released on Dec. 20. In Feb. a clique led by Texas dentist Hiram Walker buys out Ku Klux Klan (KKK) owner William J. Simmons for $146.5K; the annual Klonvocation is attended by 1K delegates in Kansas City, Mo.; the Klux Klan (KKK) reaches its peak of strength in the U.S. with a membership of 3M-4M, only to find itself all dressed up with nowhere to go as it has no actual program other than keeping niggers in their place and away from their white women while they dip their white wicks in black women every chance they get?; after a campaign against Roman Catholics and the foreign-born, the KKK takes over both chambers in the Ind. Statehouse, plus the gov.'s office and most seats in Congress. On Mar. 3 after experimenting with making sultan (since Nov. 19, 1922) Abdul Mejid II a caliph only, with pressure from Kemal Ataturk, who utters the soundbyte "The religion of Islam will be elevated if it will cease to be a political instrument", the horrible blood-soaked Muslim Caliphate (line of rulers tracing back to Muhammad in 632 C.E. who claim to head Sunni Islam) is abolished in Turkey in hopes that Islam might peacefully co-exist with the West; Abdul Mejid II flees to Paris and becomes a painter; the Ottoman Dynasty (founded 1299) ends; Ataturk tries to make Turkey a modern European state (first non-Communist 1-party state?), turning Adolf Hitler and his Nazis into adoring fans; Turks are ordered to give up the Arabic alphabet and traditional costume; too bad, this only pisses-off hardcore violent fundamentalist Muslims, who begin to regroup, taking decades to build up momentum; in his Oct. 7, 2001 video Osama bin Laden calls it a "humiliation and disgrace" - ever since, no Muslim is quite sure if they have the right to call for a jihad like he already did? On Mar. 10 the U.S. Supreme Court in Radice v. New York upholds a New York state law forbidding late-night work for women - because they'll turn tricks? On Mar. 10 U.S. Navy secy. (since 1921) Edwin C. Denby (1870-1929) is forced to resign over the Teapot Dome oil lease scandal. On Mar. 10 after new (since 1923) Greek Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Gregory VII (1850-1924) overcomes strong religious opposition and dumps the Julian Calendar and introduces the use of the 1582 Gregorian Calendar in the Greek Orthodox Church, Mar. 9 is followed by Mar. 23; in Mar. he also assumes jurisdiction of Greek Orthodox Christians living in the Greek Diaspora (Australia, New Zealand et al.); the Greek Orthodox Church finally repeals its prohibition against using modern Greek translations of the Bible. On Mar. 13 the Reichstag is dissolved for the 5th time in German history. On Mar. 14 English textile worker Nellie Kershaw (1891-1924) dies, becoming the first case of Asbestosis to be described in medical lit., and the first pub. account of a disease caused by occupational asbestos exposure; when her employer Turner Brothers Asbestos refuses to accept any responsibility, there is a British govt. investigation, which officially acknowledges the existence of asbestosis and its causation by asbestos inhalation, passing the first asbestos industry regulations in 1931, taking effect on Mar. 1, 1932; meanwhile the first lawsuit against an asbestos manufacturer is filed in 1929. On Mar. 15 Sweden recognizes the Soviet Union. On Mar. 17 the First World Flight sees eight U.S. Army airmen take off from Clover Field in Santa Monica, Calif. in four single engine open cockpit biplane Douglas Aircraft World Cruisers, land in Seattle, Wash., take off again on Apr. 6 and circle the globe, three of them landing back in Clover Field on Sept. 18 after 175 days and 28,945 mi.; the planes are Seattle, piloted by Maj. (later Maj. Gen.) Frederick L. Martin (1882-1944) and SSgt. Alva L. Harvey, which crashes off Alaska on Apr. 30 and does not finish the flight; Chicago, piloted by Lt. Lowell H. Smith (1892-1945) and Lt. Leslie P. Arnold; Boston, piloted by Lt. (later Maj. Gen. Leigh Wade (1897-1991) and Lt. Henry H. Ogden; and New Orleans, piloted by Lt. (later Maj. Gen.) Erik H. Nelson and Lt. Jack Harding. On Mar. 31 British Imperial Airways is founded. In Mar. in Albania Ahmed Zogu's party wins the election for the Nat. Assembly, but Zogu steps down after a financial scandal and an assassination attempt. On Apr. 6 in Italy the Fascists strong-arm, er, poll 65% of the votes in the gen. election, and receive 375 seats, up from their previous 35; Italian PM Giovanni Giolitti approves their rise to power at first, but after a perid in the chamber of deputies with the Benito Bums he wakes up and becomes an opponent. The original She Bangs? On Apr. 11 elections in Denmark increase the Socialist seats from 39 to 55, and Socialist Thorvald Stauning (1873-1942) becomes PM of Denmark (until 1926); Nina Henriette Wendeline Bang (1866-1928) becomes the first Danish woman elected to a nat. post (minister of education) (until 1926), and the first female minister in Europe? On Apr. 12 the French Nat. Assembly revises laws on civil and military pensions, increasing the number of pensioners. On Apr. 17 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Studios) is founded by Marcus Loew from a merger of Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures. On Apr. 19 the National Barn Dance debuts on WLS-AM in Chicago, Ill. (owned by Sears, Roebuck & Co., hence the initials WLS stand for World's Largest Store), founded by Edgar L. Bill, reaching an audience of 20M in the 1930s-1940s, featuring Orvon Grover "Gene" Autry (1907-98), Clyde Julian "Red" Foley (1910-68), Judy Martin (Eva Alaine Overstake) (1917-51) (2nd wife of Red Foley) (grandmother of Debby Boone), Jenny Lou Carson (Virginia Lucille Overstake) (1915-78) (who performs an Annie Oakley act), and Evelyn Carson AKA the Three Little Maids (Overstake Sisters), Eddie Dean (Edgar Dean Glosup) (1907-99) and his brother Jimmie Dean (not to be confused with Jimmy Dean), Lulu Belle and Scotty ("the Sweethearts of Country Music") incl. Myrtle Eleanor Cooper (1913-99) and Scott Greene Wiseman (1908-81), Maxwell Emmett "Pat" Buttram (1915-94), George Leslie Gobel (1919-91), the Williams Brothers incl. Bob Williams, Don Williams, Dick Williams, and Andy Williams, the DeZurik Sisters Mary Jane DeZurik (1917-81) and Carolyn DeZurik (1918-2006), the Hoosier Hot Shots, Lester Alvin "Smiley" Burnett (1911-67), Edwin Ellsworth "Eddie" Peabody (1902-70) ("King of the Banjo"), and Joe Kelly; NBC-Radio picks it up in 1933-46, followed by ABC-Radio in 1946-52; live performances cease in 1957, and it is discontinued in 1959. On Apr. 23 the U.S. passes the Soldiers' Bonus Bill, putting off the promised wartime service bonus until 1945. On Apr. 23 George V makes his first broadcast on BBC from Wembly Stadium, opening the British Empire Exhibition. In Apr. the Khost Rebellion in Afghanistan by the Mangal tribe in opposition to govt. modernization efforts begins (ends 1925). In Apr. Dillsboro, N.C.-born fiddler and 5-string banjo player "Aunt" Samantha Bumgarner (1878-1960) and guitarist Eva Davis become the first female musicians to release country music records, recording about a dozen with Columbia Records in New York City, inspiring Pete Seeger et al. On May 2 Craters of the Moon Nat. Monument and Preserve in C Idaho on the Snake River Plain is established, known for its well-preserved flood basalt areas. Chariots of Fire? On May 4-July 27 the VIII (8th) (Eighth) Summer Olympic Games are held in Paris, with 3,092 participants from 44 nations in 24 sports and 137 events; the U.S. wins 12 gold medals; "Flying Finn" Paavo Nurmi (1897-1973) wins four gold medals; British runners Harold Maurice Arahams (1899-1978) (Jewish) (known for the Abrahams Dip) and "the Flying Scotsman" Eric Henry Liddell (1902-45) (rhymes with fiddle) (Christian) win gold medals in the 100m (Sun.) and 400m races, respectively, wearing newfangled spiked running shoes made by Reebok Internat. Ltd. of England, originally J.W. Foster & Sons, which introduced the first spiked running shoes in 1895; Abrahams stirs displeasure of English Christian elitists by hiring half-Italian half-Arab prof. trainer Scipio Africanus "Sam" Musabini (1867-1927); starting blocks aren't used for another 10 years; after making worldwide news for refusing to run on Sun. (the Sabbath), devout Scottish Presbyterian Liddell becomes the first Scot to win a gold medal; before the 400m race an Am. masseur slips a piece of paper into his hand with a quotation from 1 Sam. 2:30 ("Those who honor me I will honor"), which he runs with; Abrahams becomes the first Euro to win the 100m, beating U.S. favorites "the Calif. Cannonball" Charles William "Charlie" Paddock (1900-43) and "the New York Thunderbolt" Jackson Volney Scholz (1897-1986); Yale U. medical student Benjamin McLane Spock (1903-98) wins a gold medal as part of the men's 8-man rowing team; Romanian-born Am. swimmer Peter John "Johnny" Weismuller (1904-84) wins a record two solo golds in swimming, incl. the 100m freestyle, with Hawaii's Duke Kahanamoku (1890-1968) winning silver and his brother Samuel Alapai Kahanamoku (1902-66) winning bronze; "Little Miss Poker Face" Helen Wills Moody (Helen Newington Wills Roark) (1905-98) wins two golds in tennis (singles and doubles), going on to win 31 Grand Slam titles incl. 19 singles titles, and a record eight Wimbledon singles titles, which isn't surprassed until Martina Navratilova in 1990; William Butler Yeats' brother Jack B. Yeats wins a silver medal in painting for his work "The Liffey Swim"; the last year that tennis is an Olympic sport until 1988; 60K watch Uruguay defeat Switzerland 3-0 for the gold medal in soccer, becoming the sport's first worldwide exposure. On May 10 29-y.-o. John Edgar Hoover (1875-1972) is appointed head of the Bureau of Investigation (renamed FBI in 1935). Speaking of chariots of fire? On May 11 French elections give the Radical leftist-Socialist Cartel des Gauches of Edouard Herriot (1872-1957) a majority in the chamber over Poincare's failure to coerce German reparations, causing him to resign, and the defeated and stunned right to fall back on its instincts and form its first Fascist party, the Faisceau, along with a paramilitary group, the Jeunesses Patriotes (Young Patriots), who flourish until the economic recovery begins in 1926; on June 11 French pres. (since 1920) Alexandre Millerand is forced to resign, and Herriot becomes PM (until 1925); on June 13 Pierre Gaston Doumergue (1863-1937) becomes pres. #13 of France (until June 13, 1931); Socialist mathematician and former PM Paul Painleve returns as pres. of the chamber of deputies (until 1925). On May 17 the Giant Dipper roller coaster in Santa Cruz, Calif. opens. On May 19 the U.S. World War Veterans Adjusted Compensation (Soldier's Bonus) Act is passed over a veto by Pres. Coolidge, granting a cash payment for loss of wages during wartime service. On May 21 the sensational Leopold and Loeb Case sees 14-y.-o. Robert "Bobby" Franks murdered in a "thrill killing" committed by brainy rich gay lovers Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr. (1904-71) (son of the pres. of the Fibre Can Co.) and Richard Albert Loeb (1905-36) (son of a vice-pres. of Sears), two rich Jewish college kids at the U. of Chicago who think they're Nietzsche's Supermen; Franks is Loeb's cousin, and they kill him with four chisel smashes to the head; not-so-smart Leopold's eyeglasses are discovered near his body, and Loeb breaks down and confesses, followed by Leopold; the sensational murder trial features the most eloquent attack on the death penalty in a U.S. courtroom to date by famed atty. Clarence Seward Darrow (1857-1938), who saves them from capital punishment by blaming the univ. for teaching them Nietzsche (plus playing the "Jew card"?), getting them life sentences plus 99 years each; they had intended to murder Armand Deutsch, an heir to the Sears & Roebuck fortune, but he was ill and stayed home that day (he later becomes a successful Hollywood producer); Loeb is murdered by another convict in 1936; Leopold is paroled in 1958. On May 23 Greenland-born Danish explorer Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen (1879-1933) reaches Point Barrow after completing the longest dog sledge journey ever made across the North Am. Arctic, becoming the first Euro to cross the Northwest Pessage via dog sled. On May 24 the U.S. Congress passes the U.S. Rogers Act, combining the diplomatic and consular services into the U.S. Foreign Service as a div. of the U.S. Dept. of State, which traces its origins all the way back to Benjamin Franklin in 1776; the merit system is extended to all categories of the foreign service. Speaking of rats? On May 26 after eugenics experts Henry Herbert Goddard (1866-1957) et al. influence them, the U.S. govt. enacts the Ugly Betty U.S. Immigration (Johnson-Reed) (Asian Exclusion) (Nat. Origins) Act of 1924, closing U.S. borders and restricting the annual immigration of any nationality to 2% of the number that were U.S. residents in 1890 (meaning no Eastern Hemisphere people) while prohibiting the immigration of "aliens ineligible for citizenship" and "undesirable" racial groups, incl. the Japanese, with Pres. Coolidge issuing the soundbyte "America must remain American"; on July 1 the Japanese observe Humiliation Day with anti-U.S. demonstrations in Tokyo - we brought Pearl Harbor on right here, thanks to Henry Herbert Goddard? On May 30 the first airplanes designed for crop dusting are flown in the Mississippi Delta by Collett Everman Woolman (1889-1966) of Macon, Ga., who sprays calcium arsenate powder to control pesky boll weevils, then goes on to expand into cargo and passenger service, moving to Monroe, La. in 1925, purchasing Huff Daland on Sept. 13, 1928, and founding Delta Air Lines, expanding E to Atlanta, Ga. and W to Ft. Worth, Tex. in 1930, only to go bankrupt after the Post Office awards their route to Am. Airlines, then being resurrected after Congress enacts the 1934 U.S. Air Mail Act; in 1941 it moves its HQ from Monroe, La. to Atlanta, Ga. In May Gen. Ludendorff is elected to the Reichstag as a Nat. Socialist. Unemployed white Am. cowboys find a new gig? On June 1 the U.S. Immigration (Johnson-Reed) (Nat. Origins) (Asian Exclusion) Act is passed, establishing the U.S. Immigration Service under the Dept. of Labor, relieving mounted Immigrations and Customs inspectors along the U.S. borders so that they can man official ports of entry; until now the only excludable aliens were Orientals or "Celestials", who liked to come in at Fairbanks, Alaska by the San Pedro River; the U.S. Border Patrol, organized by Wisc.-born Clifford Alan Perkins, with the motto "Honor First" starts out with 600 men, and now gets to nab Mexicans, but in practice they spend most of their time catching rumrunners, beginning the 10-year Volstead Wild West Show, getting in a gunfight every 17 days in the El Paso district alone, and losing five men in their first two years in gunfights; after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 it is tamed down. On June 2 the Pres. Coolidge signs the U.S. Indian Citizenship (Snyder) Act, sponsored by lily white U.S. Rep. (R-N.Y.) (1915-25) Homer Peter Snyder (1863-1937), granting U.S. citizenship to all "domestic dependent nations", i.e. Amerindians - that's mighty white of you palefaces who stole my country? On June 6 after the London Conference approves it, the German Reichstag accepts the Dawes Plan, drafted by Charles Gates Dawes (1865-1951), the U.S. plan to help Germany pay the 20B mark war reparations debt and take it out of the sphere of political controversy by ending the Allied occupation of the Ruhr and providing for staggered payments. On June 7 street gangster Joey Chill shoots and kills Thomas Wayne, father of young Bruce in Gotham City; at the sight of her husband being shot, his wife Martha dies of a heart attack; pissed-off Bruce Wayne dedicates himself to fighting crime and avenging his parents' death, becoming Batman, the Caped Crusader :) On June 8 English mountaineer George Herbert Leigh Mallory (b. 1886) of Cambridge U. and Oxford U. student Andrew Comyne "Sandy" Irvine (b. 1902) attempt to reach the top of 29K-ft. Mt. Everest from their camp at 26.8K ft. (the Death Zone begins at 26K ft.) using the North to Northeast Ridge route; neither return; the body of Mallory is found May 1, 1999 on a ledge on the N face at 26,760 ft.; Mallory earlier claimed he wants to climb it "because it is there" ("the most famous four words in mountaineering"). On June 10 the Italian Socialist anti-Fascist deputy Giacomo Matteotti (b. 1885) (author of The Fascists Exposed, detailing their violent modus operandi) is kidnapped and assassinated by Fascist Quadristi in Roma (Rome), who are later acquitted or given slaps on the wrists; on June 15 the non-Fascist third of the chamber secedes in the Aventine Secession (an attempt to repeat the one of 494 B.C.E.), vowing not to return until the Matteotti Affair has been cleared up, and demanding the disbanding of the Fascist militia; hi there? on June 17 the Fascist militia marches into Rome and settles things; rigid press censorship is introduced on July 1, and opposition parties are forbidden on Aug. 3; the opposition never returns to parliament - why hold any more elections, he's Il Duce? On June 10-12 the 1924 Repub. Nat. Convention in Cleveland, Ohio nominates Calvin Coolidge of Mass. for pres., and Charles Gates Dawes of Ill. (of Dawes Plan fame) for vice-pres.; the campaign ads feature an electric fan and the slogan "Keep Cool With Cal". On June 24 the tabloid New York Daily Mirror is founded by William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) to compete with the #1-in-the-U.S. New York Daily News, attracting top talent incl. Ringgold Wilmer "Ring" Lardner Jr. (1915-2000), sports photographer Hy Peskin (1915-2005) (who helps make the Brooklyn Dodgers famous), and liberal Jewish-Am. former vaudeville performer Walter Winchell (1897-1972), whose gossip column "On Broadway" ends up being syndicated in 2K papers worldwide and read by 50M a day until the early 1960s; in 1930 Winchell begins Sun. night radio broadcasts, ending up on NBC's Blue Network and reaching another 20M to the late 1950s, opening with "Good morning, Mrs. and Mrs. North and South America and all the ships at sea, let's go to press", then delivering his lines at jet speed; Hearst ends up with a string of 28 newspapers, selling the Mirror in 1928, then buying it back in 1932; too bad, despite being #2 in the U.S. in circulation, it folds on Oct. 16, 1963 after the 114-day 1962 New York City newspaper strike. On June 24-July 9 the 1924 Dem. National Convention is held in New York's Madison Square Garden, becoming known as the "Klan Bake" for its large number of delegates who are members of or friends of the KKK, defeating a platform plank condemning the KKK, causing 10K hooded Klansmen to hold a rally across the Hudson River in N.J.; Lena Springs (Mrs. Leroy Springs) (-1942) is the first woman considered for the job of vice-pres.; on July 11 after 103 roll calls the Dems. bypass N.Y. gov. Alfred E. Smith and William G. McAdoo of Calif., and nominate famous constitutional lawyer John William Davis (1873-1955) of W. Va. and Charles Wayland Bryan (1867-1945) (younger brother of William Jennings Bryan) to run against Calvin Coolidge. On June 26 after eight years of occupation, U.S. troops leave the Dominican Repub. On June 28 four tornadoes rock Ohio and Penn., killing 96 and causing $13M in property damage. On June 30 Jan Christiaan Smuts of the South African Party is replaced as PM of South Africa by anti-British statesman James Barry Munnik Hertzog (1866-1942) of the Nat. Party (until 1939); the two parties merge in 1934 to form the United Party. On June 30 after the orthodox Eida Chareidis group splits with the secular Jewish Zionists over their program to create a secular "new Jew" for a future state of Israel and begins contacting Arabs and Brits, Dutch-born Eida Chareidis leader Jacob Israel de Haan (b. 1881) is assassinated by the Haganah under Yitzhak Ben-Zvi as he leaves the synagogue of the Shaarei Tzedek Hospital in Jerusalem, stopping the group from negotiating with the British for a separate peace, becoming the first victim of Zionist political violence, and launching an eternal war between secular and religious Jews. In June the U.S. Senate remits all of China's 1900 Boxer indemnity payments. In June after a May visit to Sicily sees Mafia boss Francesco Cuccia snub him, pissing him off, Benito Mussolini and his Italian Fascists begin a campaign against the Sicilian Mafia, which had dominated Sicilian politics for the past half cent., appointing "Iron Prefect" Cesare Mori (1871-1942) as prefect of Palermo next Oct. 25 (until June 1929), resulting in mass arrests and trials (11K by 1929); too bad, it causes a mass exodus to the U.S. - now the Fascists are doomed? In June-July a peasant-backed insurgency wins control of Tirana, Albania; on July 10 conservative backers of Zogu get even for an assassination attempt on him by assassinating liberal leader Avni Rustemi (Rrustemi) (b. 1895); on July 17 Albanian chief Orthodox bishop Theofan "Fan" Stilian Noli (1882-1965) gives a speech at Rustemi's funeral so powerful that it causes Zogu to flee to Yugoslavia, and Noli becomes PM, unsuccessfully attempting a 20-point reform program; too bad, Zogu returns during Christmas (Dec. 25) backed by the Yugoslavians, and Noli flees to Italy under sentence of death, then moves to the U.S. in 1932 to form a repub. opposition. On July 44 Italian-born chef Caesar Cardini (1896-1956) of scam-city bordertown Tijuana, Mexico invents Caesar Salad (Romaine lettuce, Parmesan cheese, 2-min. eggs, olive oil, Worcestershire sauce et al.), making Caesar's Restaurant popular with Hollywood stars; in 1926 his brother Alex adds anchovies; it was really invented in 1903 by Italian cook Giacomo Junia of Chicago, Ill. at the New York Cafe, who named it after Julius Caesar? - the English version is Richard the Lettuce Heart? On July 25 Greece announces the deportation of 50K Armenians - on Noah's Ark? In July the Kurdish tribal revolt in N Iraq (begun 1922) is quashed. On Aug. 5 the comic strip Little Orphan Annie by Kankakee, Ill.-born Harold Lincoln Gray (1894-1968) (a Freemason) debuts in the New York Daily News (until June 13, 2010), featuring Annie and her little dog Sandy, becoming the first comic strip to express a political philosophy - she's got red hair, hence must be Mary Magdalene in disguise? In Aug. the British issue an ultimatum to Transjordan, causing it to cave in and accept greater British control; Lt. Col. Sir Henry Cox (1880-1953) becomes British rep. to Transjordan (until 1939); the Tribal Courts Law gives tribal sheiks official legal powers. On Sept. 3 after discontent with low salaries, 56 military officers "rattle their sabers" at Chilean pres. (since 1920) Arturo Alessandri, and after he gets an income tax passed on Sept. 8 to pay for higher salaries, he resigns on Sept. 9 and requests asylum at the U.S. embassy, after which the nat. congress grants him a 6 mo. leave of absence, allowing him to flee to Italy; on Sept. 11 a military junta led by Gen. Luis Altamirano Talavera (1867-1938) dissolves the assembly and rules as a dictator, but fails to control the economic crisis and is overthrown next Jan. 23 by another military coup led by AF Col. Marmaduque Grove Vallejo (1878-1954) and Lt. Carlos Ibanez del Camp (Carlos Ibáñez del Campo) (1877-1960), with atty. Emilio Bello Codecido (1868-1941) as interim pres. (until Mar. 20, 1925), who asks Alessandri to return from exile, which he does next year, naming Ibanez as minister of war and interior and drafting a new constitution reducing the powers of the congress and providing for direct pres. elections; after Alessandri is called Ibanez's puppet, he resigns on Oct. 1 and goes into exile again. On Sept. 6 the Miss America 1924 contest is held at the Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City, N.J.; the winner is Miss Philadelphia Ruth Malcomson (1906-88), last year's amateur winner; last year's winner Mary Katherine Campbell is runner-up; future actress Beatrice Roberts is a finalist; repeat winners are prohibited. On Sept. 24 the 1K-y.-old Thunder Pagoda in China falls down after too many people steal bricks from it to ward off evil spirits. On Sept. 28 two U.S. Army planes land in Seattle after having completed the first round-the-world flight in 175 days - 95 days too long, sorry? On Oct. 4-10 the Washington Senators (AL) defeat the New York Giants (NL) 4-3 to win the Twenty-First (21st) World Series. In Oct. the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Repub. is proclaimed, with capital at Dushanbe ("two days after Saturday", "Monday"), becoming a center for cotton and silk production after forced relocation of tens of thousands from around the Soviet Union; it changes its name to Tajik Soviet Socialist Repub. in 1929, with Dushanbe renamed to Stalinabad until 1961. On Nov. 1 legendary Okla. marshal Bill Tilghman (b. 1856) is gunned down by a drunk in Cromwell, Okla. On Nov. 4 the 1924 U.S. Pres. Election elects "Keep Cool with" Calvin Coolidge on a pro-business platform, becoming the 2nd Repub. vice-pres. to succeed to the presidency then get reelected (first Teddy Roosevelt in 1904); the Dems. win just 29% of the popular vote in a 3-way race with Coolidge and Sen. Robert "Fighting Bob" LaFolette of Wisc. of the Progressive Party (382 to 186 electoral votes); the 3rd time that a third party polls more than 10% of the vote in a U.S. Pres. Election (1892, 1912, 1968); Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876-1977) of Wyo. is elected America's first woman gov., serving the remaining term of her husband William B. Ross, who died in office; 15 days later Dem. Miriam Amanda Wallace "Ma" Ferguson (1875-1961), wife of impeached gov. (1915-17) James Edward "Pa" Ferguson (1871-1944) becomes the first woman gov. of Texas and the 2nd woman state gov. in the U.S. (until 1927) (reelected 1933-5). On Nov. 10 Chicago bootlegger Charles Dean "Dion" O'Banion (b. 1892) (leader of the North Side Gang and rival of Al Capone and Johnny Torio), known for his florist business, boyish face, and trigger-happy ways, who lavishes flowers on funerals and starts a fashion is gunned down by Frankie Yale, John Scalise, and Albert Anselmi, his well-flowered funeral attended by 15K; his death starts a 5-year gang war between the North Side Gang and the Chicago Outfit that ends in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre of 1929. On Nov. 14 the Additional Protocol to the Pan-American Sanitary Code is signed in Havana, Cuba. On Nov. 14 Le Vieux-Colombier, the first avante-garde film theater opens in Paris. On Nov. 20 Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack (b. 1868), CIC (sirdar) of the Egyptian army is assassinated, causing the first Wafdist govt. to fall, and Saad Zaghlul to be removed as PM; the pissed-off Brits demand indemnities and the withdrawal of Egyptian troops from the Sudan. On Nov. 19-28 Alfonso XIII of Spain and Pres. Primo de Rivera visit Rome in return for a visit of the king and queen of Italy next June, and establish friendly relations with the Fascisti. On Nov. 23 the remains of Jean Jaures are transferred to the French Pantheon. On Nov. 24 Chinese gens. Feng Yu-Hsiang and Chang Tso-lin stage another coup, making Gen. Tuan Ch'i-jui (1864-1936) pres. of China (until ?); meanwhile China having degenerated into the control of warlords Chang (Manchuria), Feng (the "Christian general", N of Peking), Lu, Wu, Yen, et al., Russian Communist Mikhail Borodin (1884-1951) assists Dr. Sun Yat-sen (who utters the soundbyte that the Chinese people don't have a nat. spirit but are "just a heap of loose sand") in organizing the Chinese Kuomintang Party in Canton based on his Three Principles: Nationalism, Democracy, Social Justice (Popular Livelihood) (take from the rich and give to the poor?); the military section is led by young Chinese officer Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975), husband of Sun's sister-in-law; Russian Gen. Vasili Blucher becomes their military advisor (under the name Ga Lin) until 1928, then becomes cmdr. of Soviet military forces in E Siberia until 1938, when he is mysteriously dismissed and vanishes. On Nov. 24 after making her pregnant, 35-y.-o. Charlie Chaplin marries 16-y.-o. Lita Grey (Lillita "Lolita" McMurray) (1908-) in a highly-publicized event in Empalme, Sonora, Mexico where they run from reporters; they first met at Kitty's Come-On Inn in 1915 where her scheming mother Nana McMurray worked as a waitress, and he kept his eye on her as she grew up, watching her role as an angel in "The Kid", then getting her a role as a dance hall girl in The Gold Rush, putting her name on Edna Purviance's dressing room door and filming tons of unusable scenes because she can't act or take direction; her stage name comes from a grey angora cat Charlie gave her; after the marriage Nana moves in along with the whole McMurray clan; they have son Charles Chaplin Jr. on June 28, 1925, and 2nd son Sydney Earle Chaplin on Mar. 30, 1926; on Dec. 1, 1926 (night) Charlie returns home to find a drunken circus, kicking the whole McMurray clan out, and Lita files for divorce on Jan. 10, 1927, demanding $1M, causing a bitter court battle that turns Charlie's hair white, featuring salacious newspaper accounts of him demanding fellatio, saying "all married people do it" that paint him as a pervert and her as a saint; to prevent the names of five actresses he allegedly hooked up with (incl. Marion Davies) from being revealed, he settles out of court, and on Aug. 22, 1927 Lita is awarded $625K, after which Chaplin returns to work on "The Circus", which had been interrupted for a year, dying his hair black. On Nov. 26 the Mongolian People's Repub. (ends June 29, 1990) is proclaimed, becoming the 2nd Communist country on Earth after the Soviet Union; the name of the capital city Urga is changed to Ulan Bator (Ulaan Baatar) (Ulaanbaatar) ("red hero"). On Nov. 27 150 Communists are tried, convicted and imprisoned in Estonia, causing an Estonian Communist Uprising on Dec. 1, which is suppressed. On Nov. 27 (Thanksgiving Day) the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held in New York City from Central Park West to Herald Square on Broadway, from 145th St. down to 34th St., watched by 250K, with employees dressed in costumes, with floats, bands, and bears borrowed from Central Park Zoo, which scare the kids so much that balloons replace them in 1927, starting with silent cartoon star Fritz the Cat. On Dec. 1 after the Mexican revolt of Adolfo de la Huerta (begun 1923) is crushed, Plutarco Elias Calles (1877-1945) becomes pres. #40 of Mexico (until Nov. 30, 1928), beginning a decade of direct and indirect authoritarian rule called the Maximato. On Dec. 3 Pres. Coolidge gives his 1924 State of the Union Address to Congress, becoming the first to be broadcast on radio. On Dec. 9 the Wupatki Nat. Monument near Flagstaff in NC Ariz. is established, featuring farm dwellings built by ancestors of the Hopis. On Dec. 15 the Soviets warn the U.S. against repeated entry of ships into their territorial waters. On Dec. 20 Adolf Hitler is released from Landsberg Prison - you take care of business, office depot takes care of you? On Dec. 24 after former pres. (1910-14) Ricardo Jimenez Oreamuno (1859-1945) is elected pres. of Costa Rica (until 1928), he withdraws the country from the Tides of Barbarism, er, League of Nations. An attempt is made on the life of Austrian Chancellor Ignaz Seipel. Rama VI of Siam establishes the Palace Law of Succession. Gandhi fasts for 21 days in protest against the Hindu-Moslem feuds in India - no cow, no pork, no nothing? The Fed (U.S. Federal Reserve System) adopts an easy money policy. Germany returns to the gold standard and adopts the Reichmark, which has a value equivalent to the pre-war gold mark. The World Power Conference is held in Wembley, London (1.7K delegates from 40 countries), along with the British Empire Exhibition. The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1924 prohibits the discharge of any kind of oil into navigable waters. The Racial Integrity Act is passed in Va., prohibiting interracial marriage; overturned in 1967; too bad, the act classifies most Indian aborigines in Va. as black. Afghanistan promulgates a new penal code which incl. secular law aspects, pissing-off the religious establishment, which considers it an attempt to invade their turf. Spanish Cortes deputy and lit. giant Miguel de Unamuno is exiled to the Canary Islands, then granted amnesty after a few mo., causing him to tell them to stuff it and move to Paris (until 1930). German gay serial murderer Friedrich Heinrich Karl "Fritz" Haarmann (1879-1925), "the Butcher of Hanover", "the Hanover Vampire", "the Wolf Man", who killed 27 boys and young men since 1918 by biting them in the neck then decapitating and stripping their flesh is convicted of 24 murders and sentenced to death by guillotine, and executed on Apr. 15, 1925 in Hanover - what a waste of a good potential Nazi? In France the Ile St.-Louis makes an unsuccessful attempt to secede from Paris and France, and issues its own passports. In Belgium the Flemish cause a commercial treaty with France to be rejected. In Belgium old age pensions become obligatory - the commode is stopped up with a diaper and it's a bad day at Black Rock? The first traffic light in Europe is set up on the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin - and Hitler gets the first ticket? Stalin divides the remnants of Turkestan into the Central Asian repubs.; Kyrgyzstan becomes a Soviet federated Socialist repub.; the Bolsheviks form a tiny Soviet repub. in Transnistria as a basis for later taking over a chunk of Romania. Nejd ruler Ibn Saud invades Hejaz, conquering it by next year, and in 1926 proclaims himself king of Hejaz - Louis Armstrong would dispute that? Xuantong (Aisingyoro Henry Puyi), the last Chinese emperor goes to the puppet state of Manchuria (Manchukuo) in NE China after he is evicted from the Forbidden City by a warlord. The British govt. takes over admin. of Northern Rhodesia from the British South Africa Co. An expedition sponsored by Johns Hopkins U. and led by Am. engineer Lincoln Ellsworth (1880-1951) makes a geological survey of the Andes Mts. from the Pacific Ocean E to the headwaters of the Amazon River; in 1925 he inherits a bundle from his daddy and hooks up with Roald Amundsen. Cool French flower girl (spiritualist anarchist Buddhist) Alexandra David-Neel (David-Néel)(d. 1969) becomes the first Euro woman to visit Lhasa, Tibet. Walter Herschel Beech (1879-1950) and Clyde Vernon Cessna (1879-1954) found Travel Air Manufacturing Co. in Wichita, Kan., turning the town into a leading aircraft manufacturer; they part ways in 1927. Greenland becomes a Danish crown colony following Danish agreements with Norway and Great Britain. Herzliya, (named after Zionism founder Theodor Herzl) near Tel Aviv in Palestine is founded as a Jewish farming community. F.M. Bailey, H.T. Morsehead, and F.K. Ward find the source of the Brahmaputra-Tsangpo River in Tibet. The Royal Fine Art Commission is founded in Britain to advise on public memorials and buildings. The Soviets found the Central Office for the Examination of Rocket Problems in Moscow. The U.S. bans heroin use. The Lithuanian Embassy in Washington, D.C. at 622 16th St. N.W. is founded, going on to become the longest continuously-owned embassy bldg. in Washington, D.C.; in 1930 193K Lithuanians live in the U.S., 6% of the total pop. After a campaign against Roman Catholics and the foreign-born, the KKK takes over both chambers in the Ind. Statehouse, plus the gov.'s office and most seats in Congress. The Russian Urals city of Ekaterinburg (Yekaterinburg) (named after Peter the Great's wife Yekaterina AKA Tsar Catherine I) is renamed Sverdlovsk after deceased Bolshevik leader Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (1885-1919), becoming an industrial center, known for some of Russia's tallest skyscrapers. The Technion (Israel Institute of Technology) in Haifa, Palestine, endorsed by Albert Einstein, who visited in 1923 and planted the first palm tree finally opens its doors with 17 students after foundations were laid in 1912; next year British Zionist industrialist Alfred Moritz Mond, 1st Baron Melchett (1868-1930) becomes pres. #1. The last known wolf is eliminated from Calif. Tularemia, an acute infectious rural febrile disease makes its debut in Tulare, Calif., and is later traced to rabbits after a false lead of deer flies. The Vienna Circle is founded (until 1936) in Austria by physics-trained Austrian philosopher Moritz Schlick (1882-1936), along with a bunch of other Jewish philosophers and scientists incl. Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970), Kurt Friedrich Godel (Gödel) (1906-78), Otto Neurath (1882-1945), Hans Hahn (1879-1934), Herbert Feigl (1902-88), Friedrich Waisman (1896-1959) et al. to discuss metaphysics-free Logical Positivism and the exciting new Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and when the latter interacts with them he ends up writing his exciting new Philosophical Investigations; too bad, the rise of the Nazis shuts them down - they gave up the Hebrew Scriptures but are still in love with the truth in words? Russian conductor Serge Koussevitzky (1874-1951), who settled in Paris in 1920 moves to the U.S. and becomes conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (until 1949). Mary Louise Curtis Bok (1876-1970) founds the Curtis Inst. of Music in Philadelphia, Penn., marrying violinist Efrem Zimbalist Sr. (1889-1985) in 1943 and running it together to crank out top musicians. St. Louis, Mo.-born naughty African-Am. jazz singer ("the Bronze Venus") ("the Bronze Pearl") ("the Jazz Cleopatra") ("the Creole Goddess") Josephine Baker (Freda Josephine McDonald) (1906-75) becomes a star in Paris with such acts as the seminude "Danse Sauvage", and the "Banana Dance", costumed in a girdle of rhinestone-studded bananas; in 1974 she makes a 50th anniv. comeback with an entrance on a motorcyle. Danish feminist writer Maria Kirstine Dorothea "Thit" Jensen (1876-1957) founds the Org. for Sexual Awareness (Foreiningen for Seksuel Oplysning) to give women the choice of having an abortion, with their own doctor. Vitezslav Nezval (1900-58) and Frantisek Halas (1901-49) found the Poetismus (Poetist) movement in Czech., which junks social content in favor of "pure" poetry. French tenor Georges Thill (1897-1984) debuts in the Paris Opera, going on to become #1 in France, and record the hit Cantique de Noel (O Holy Night). Henry Ford startles the world by offering the Model T for only $290 (same price that the Asians offer kids' motorized Pocket Rockets for in the year 2004?); Ford Motor Co. produces its 10 millionth car; there is a widespread movement to run Ford for pres. Over 73B cigarettes are sold in the U.S. this year; Philip Morris Co. begins marketing "mild as May" Marlboro brand cigarettes to well-born ladies, which ruse backfires when it has to make it their first filtered brand in the 1950s. European-born Jewish immigrants Louis Burt Mayer (1884-1957), Marcus Loew (1870-1927) and Samuel Goldwyn (Goldfish) (Szmuel Gelbfisz) (1879-1974) found Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM) Pictures to produce motion pictures, becoming known as Hollywood's greatest studio, where "The Wizard of Oz" (1939) is shot on Lot 15; in 1986 it is sold to Columbia Pictures; in 1928 its logo becomes Leo the Lion (1919-36),, who is buried in Gillette, N.J. CBS Film Sales, named after founders Cohn-Brandt-Cohn is renamed to Columbia Pictures; the company icon "Our Lady of Columbia" debuts clad in a flag and holding a torch; the flag is changed to a cape in 1941. Am. drama critic George Jean Nathan (1882-1958) and witty writer ("the Sage of Baltimore") H.L. (Henry Louis) Mencken (1880-1956) found The American Mercury mag. (ends 1981) (after Mencken quits as ed. of Smart Set), going on to shake America up with their irreverent observations; it never reaches over 84K circ., but manages to stir up the religious and the yokels from time to time; "What we need is something that looks highly respectable outwardly... What will go on inside the tent is another story" (Mencken); "The dead hand of the yokelry on the instinct for beauty cannot be so heavy if the handsome green and black cover of the American Mercury exists" (Simeon Strunsky, New York Times). Louis Armstrong moves to New York City at the invitation of Fletcher Henderson to play with his orchestra, moving the focus of Am. jazz from Chicago to the Big Apple. Alderson, W. Va.-born cigar-chomping jazz singer Ada Beatrice Queen Victoria Louise Virginia Smith (1894-1984) opens the Chez Bricktop jazz cabaret in Paris (until 1939), attracting clientele incl. Cole Porter, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, John Steinbeck, and F. Scott Fitzgerald, becoming known as "the Doyenne of Cafe Society", having a lezzie affair with Josephine Baker; Cole Porter writes the song Miss Otis Regrets for her; in 1929 it moves to 66 Rue Pigalle, and shuts down in 1939 after the Nazis invade Paris. Mich.-born cartoonist Jay Norwood "Ding" Darling (1876-1962) wins the Pulitzer Prize for cartooning, going on to ridicule FDR's relief programs and promote conservation, winning another one in 1943. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986) marries 23-year-older photographer Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946). Austrian-born Jewish actor Max Reinhardt (Goldmann) (1873-1943) opens the Theater in der Josefstadt in Vienna (until 1933), going on to found the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna, introducing innovations in theater before the Nazis kick him out. MCA (Music Corp. of America) is founded by Jules C. Stein (1896-1981) et al. as a music booking agency in Chicago, Ill., going on to book big bands incl. King Oliver and Jelly Roll Morton and His Red Hot Pepper, becoming the world's largest talent agency by the late 1930s, moving to Beverly Hills in 1939 and gaining the nickname "The Octopus", triggering endless monopoly investigations by the U.S. Dept. of Justice; in 1936 Lewis Robert "Lew" Wasserman (1913-2002) joins it, rising to head in 1948, and becoming famous for taking down the Hollywood studio system, causing him to be known as the Pope of Hollywood. Tsukiji Little Theater opens in Tokyo, inaugurating the modern theater movement in Japan, staging many plays by Eugene O'Neill. After being inspired by Magnus Hirschfeld, Bavarian-born Henry Gerbert (Henry Joseph Dittmar) (1892-1972) founds the Society for Human Rights (SHR) in Chicago, Ill., becoming the first homosexual org. in the U.S.; too bad, the police shut it down after a few mo.; on June 22, 2015 the Henry Gerber House in Chicago is designated a nat. historic landmark. The British Tank Museum in Bovington, England is established; exhibits incl. the first British tank, known as Big Willie, His Majesty's Landship Centipede, and Mother; too bad, it is sent to a munitions factory in 1940. The World Union of Jewish Students (WUJA) is founded in Jerusalem by internat. lawyer Sir Hersch Lauterpacht (1897-1960), with Albert Einstein as pres. #1. The Slump of 1924 in Britain causes many film studios to close. Italian Cubist painter Giorgio de Chirico arrives in Paris. Juan Gris gives the definitive lecture Possibilites de la Peinture at the Sorbonne. Swiss-born French architect Le Corbusier (1887-1965) starts the how-can-you-be-against-it Functionalist Movement in architecture, with the motto "A house is a machine for living in." Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) returns to Africa and builds a hospital that cares for thousands, incl. 300 lepers, staying permanently except for occasional tours of Europe for lectures and organ recitals; otherwise a saint, his opinions that African blacks are lazy, shiftless, and untrustworthy is later covered up, along with his soundbyte "They [Africans] have neither the intellectual, mental or emotional abilities to equate or to share equally with white men in any of the functions of our civilization." Russian pianist Alexander Brailowsky (1896-1976), who debuted in Paris in 1919 performs his first complete historical recital of the works of Frederic Chopin (1810-49), using Chopin's own piano for part of it. The Blauen Vier (Blue Four) German expressionist artists' group is formed by art dealer Galka "Emmy" Esther Scheyer (1889-1945) of Weimar from painters Lyonel Charles Feininger (1871-1956), Alexei von Jawlensky (1864-1941), Wassily (Vassily) Kandinsky (1866-1944), and Paul Klee (1879-1940); she travels to New York City to sell their works, and finds the Yanks unenthusiastic about this modern art crap? Sergei Koussevitzky beecomes chief conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (until 1949). Russian-born Jewish immigrant Samuel Bronfman (1889-1971) founds the Distillers Corp. in Montreal, Canada, making a fortune selling cheap whiskey to U.S. bootleggers, then in 1928 buys a classy joint, Joseph E. Seagram & Sons of Waterloo, Ont., growing to the largest owner of alcoholic beverage lines in the world in the 1990s. Bavarian brothers Adolf "Adi" Dassler (1900-78) and Rudolf Dassler (1898-1974) found Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory, supplying shoes and spikes to athletes incl. Jesse Owens in 1936; after they both become Nazis and Adi rats Rudolf out after the war as SS, they split, Rudolf founds Puma nearby across the Aurach River, while Adi changes the name of his co. to Adidas. Gainsborough Pictures is founded in Hoxton, Shoreditch London on the S bank of Regent's Canal by Sir Michael Elias Balcon (1896-1977); in 1915 it builds Lime Grove Studios in shepherd's Bush, West London, becoming the first bldg. built in Britain solely for film production; in 1927 it becomes sister co. to Gaumont British, which acquires Islington Studios; it closes in 1951. The MG Car Co. Ltd. (Morris Garages) in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England is founded by Cecil Kimber (1888-1945) to make 2-seater sports cars, becoming a separate div. of Morris Motors; in 1952 it merges with Austin. Bit-O-Honey honey-flavored taffy candy with almond bits is introduced by Schutter-Johnson Co. of Chicago, Ill.; in 1969 it merges with Ward Candy Co. of New York City, which is acquired by Nestle Co. in 1984, who in May 2013 sells it to Pearson's Candy Co. of St. Paul, Minn. Dum Dums brand sphere-shaped lollipops are invented by I.C. Bahr of the Akron Candy Co. in Bellevue, Ohio, which is later acquired by Spangler Candy Co. Sports: On Jan. 18 the Lahore Race Club in India (later Pakistan) is founded, surviving the break with India. On Mar. 22-25 the 1924 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Tigers of the NHL defeat the Calgary Tigers of the WCHL 2-0, becoming their 2nd title; the last Final until 1983 with a team from Alberta, and the last Final until 1986 with a team from Calgary; after the 1923-4 season the Hart Memorial Trophy is established by the NHL for the "player judged most valuable to his team"; it is first awarded to Julius Francis "Frank" "Pembroke Peach" Nighbor (1893-1966) of the Ottawa Senators; in 1960 the original trophy is retired and a new one substituted. On May 30 the 1924 (12th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Joseph "Joe" Boyer (1890-1924) after he is relieved on lap 109, and on lap 111 relieves Lora Lawrence Corum (1899-1949), leading for the last 24 laps, becoming the first Indy 500 in which the relief driver finishes the race, causing them to be declared co-winners; Boyer's car is taken over by Ernie Ansterberg, Corum, and Thane Houser, who crashes it on turn 1 after 176 laps; Jimmy Murphy finishes 3rd. On July 6 Indianapolis 500 winner Rene (René) Thomas (1886-1975) sets a new world land speed record of 143.31 mph in his Delage. On July 20 Federation Internationale des Echecs (FIDE) (Internat. Federation of Chess) is founded in Paris, France. On July 24 George Carpentier loses by TKO after 15 rounds to Gene Tunney at the Polo Grounds in New York; he retires in 1927. On Oct. 20 baseball's first Negro (Colored) World Series is held in Kansas City, Mo., and the Kansas City Monarchs defeat the Hilldale Daisies, who get even next year. Nellie Morse (1921-41), owned by "Mutt and Jeff" cartoonist Bud Fisher becomes the 4th filly to win the Preakness Stakes (until ?); his colt Mr. Mutt finishes 2nd in the Belmont Stakes. Exterminator (Old Bones), winner of the 1918 Kentucky Derby is put out to pasture. The 1924 Notre Dame football team (coach Knute Rockne) becomes famous not only for its Four Horsemen but its Seven Mules (linemen), with a 9-0 record, incl. an upset of Army at the Polo Grounds in N.Y. Walter Hagen of the U.S. wins the British Open golf title for a 2nd time; Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Cyril Walker wins the Open. The U.S. team of Bill Tilden, V. Richards, and W.M. Johnston defeats Australia to win the Davis Cup in tennis; the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title is won by Bill Tilden, and the women's singles title by Helen N. Willis. Marie Boyd of Lonaconing Central H.S. in Md. scores a nat. girl h.s. record of 156 points in 162-3 V over Cumberland Ursuline Academy of Md. Rogers Hornsby bats a record .424 this season. Steel shafts are permitted in golf; being cheaper than hickory shafts, more people can afford to play. The All Blacks rugby football team from New Zealand makes an undefeated tour of Britain. Boston becomes the first U.S. city to join the Nat. Hockey League (NHL) (founded 1917), with the Boston Bruins. who play their home games at Boston Arena, winning their first game against the Montreal Maroons on Dec. 1, 1924 by 2-1 before end up last place for the season with a 6-24 record; first gen. mgr. is former star player Arthur Howey "Art" Ross (1886-1964), who becomes coach 4x until his 1945 retirement; in 1928 they move to the $10M Boston Garden (opened Nov. 17, 1928), losing their first game on Nov. 20, 1928 to the Montreal Canadians 1-0. The Montreal Maroons (Montreal Prof. Hockey Club) is founded, backed by the English-speaking community of Montreal against French-speaking favorite Montreal Canadiens, playing their home games in the new $1.5M Montreal Forum (opened Nov. 29, 1924); they suspend play in 1938, and their franchise is canceled in 1947. 5'9" center ("the Stratford Streak") ("the Mitchell Meteor") Howard William "Howie" Morenz (1902-37) begins playing for the Montreal Canadiens, leading them in goals and points for seven seasons, and helping them win three Stanley Cups, winning league MVP 3x, playing for 14 seasons until his leg is fractured in four places by Chicago Black Hawks player Earl Seibert on Jan. 28, 1937, dying of a heart attack in the hospital on Mar. 8, after which 50K attend his funeral on Mar. 11 at the Montreal Forum, and his jersey number #7 is retired by the Canadiens (first time for any player), becoming of the first 12 players inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1945; the Canadian Press calls him the best ice hockey player of the first half of the 20th cent. 6'4" Denver, Colo. boxer Eddie Bohn (1902-90) is crowned Rocky Mountain Heavyweight Champion after working as Jack Dempsey's sparring partner at $100 a round, helping him to found the Pig 'N Whistle restaurant on U.S. Highway 40 (West Colfax Ave. and Wolff St.) in Denver on June 24 (Dempsey's birthday), which until closure in 1991 hosts an endless stream of boxing-connected visitors incl. Dempsey, Gene Tunney, Max Baer, Carmen Basilio, Primo Carnera, and other celebs incl. Roy Rogers, Babe Didrikson Zaharias, the Dorsey brothers, Wally Schirra, Billy Martin (manages the Denver Bears before going to the New York Yankees), even Clint Eastwood; meanwhile Bohn becomes Colo. boxing commissioner for 40 years under six governors. Architecture: On Oct. 9 Soldier Field in Chicago, Ill. (begun 1922) opens, becoming the home of the NFL Chicago Bears (until ?). On Nov. 8 the Fortune Theatre on Russell St. near Covent Garden in Westminster, West End, London (cap. 422) opens with "Sinners" by Lawrence Cowen; after WWII it becomes a receiving house, going on to host "The Woman in Black" starting in 1989. On Nov. 11 the Martin Beck Theatre at 302 West 45th St. in Manhattan, N.Y. (cap. 1,424) opens with "Madame Pompadour", becoming the only theater in New York City without a mortgage, and the most opulent theater of the time, with dressing rooms for 200 actors; on June 21, 2003 it is renamed the Al Hirschfeld Theatre. The D.H. Lawrence Ranch (formerly the Kiowa Ranch) on Lobo Mt. near San cristoal in Taos County 18 mi. NW of Taos, N.M. is given to his wife Frieda by Mabel Dodge Luhan, becoming her home for life (1956); he only lives there about two years; in summer 1929 Georgia O'Keeffe visits and paints The Lawrence Tree, a large ponderosa pine near the cabin. 126-room 58-bedroom 62.5K-sq.-ft. Mar-a-Lago (Sp. "sea to lake") (Atlantic Ocean to Lake Worth) mansion in Palm Beach, Fla., designed by Am. architect Marion Sims Wyeth (1889-1982) (exterior) and Ziegfeld Follies designer Joseph Urban (1872-1933) (interior) is begun for cereal co. heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post (1887-1973) and her 2nd hubby (1920-35) Edward Francis Hutton (1875-1962), finished in 1927 for $30M; she leaves it to the U.S. Nat. Park Service, who can't afford its upkeep, after which it is returned to the Post Foundation by Congress in 1981, then purchased by New York City real estate tycoon Donald Trump in 1985 for $30M. Henry Wright, Clarence S. Stein et al. design Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, N.Y. (finished 1929) on land purchased from the Penn. Railroad Co. The Pasadena Museum of Mondern Art, later named the Norton Simon Museum is founded on Colorado Blvd. in Pasadena, Calif., on the route of the annual Rose Bowl Parade. The 9'x5'x5' 50-room Queen Mary Doll House is presented to Queen Mary of England, and has its own electric generator, functioning elevator, plumbing system, wine cellar with genuine cobwebs and real vintage wine mini-bottles, and a library with hundreds of actual books, most handwritten by Rudyard Kipling et al. Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, N.Y., a working-class suburb with cul-de-sac streets to deter crime and its own private park, backed by a group incl. Louis Mumford and Eleanor Roosevelt. Jewish-Am. banker-philanthropist Herbert Fleishhacker (1872-1957)Fleishhacker Pool in San Francisco, Calif. (finished in 1925), becoming the world's largest outdoor saltwater swimming pool (closes 1971). The Wilhelm-Marx-Haus in Dusseldorf, Germany (begun in 1922) is completed, becoming the first German skyscraper. Edwin Lutyens designs Britannic House in Finsbury Circus, London; a new one is built in Moor Lane in 1967. Nobel Prizes: Peace: no award; Lit.: Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont (1868-1925) (Poland); Physics: Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (1886-1978) (Sweden) [X-ray spectroscopy]; Chem.: no award; Med.: Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) (Netherlands) [EKG]. Inventions: The modern-day AM radio band (550-1550 KHz) is assigned in the U.S., with the U.S. govt. adopting the position that it owns the airwaves and has the power to allocate frequencies and coverage; 1.4K radio stations are broadcasting to 2.5M-3M radio sets in the U.S. The Rhon-Rossitten (Rhön-Rossitten) Gesellschaft (RRG) in Darmstadt, Germany is founded by "the Father of German Gliding" ("the Rhon Father") ("Rhönvater") Carl Oskar Ursinus (1877-1952) as a German nat. gliding org. to get around the Treaty of Versailles' prohibition of powered flight in Germany, which is partially lifted in 1925; in 1933 the Nazis nationalize it, renaming it the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Segelflug, going on to produce the DFS 194 rocket-powered plane (first flight 1940), forerunner of the Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket plane. The 3:2 aspect ratio Leica (Leitz) Camera, developed by Oskar Barnack (1879-1936) of the Leitz Co. in Wetzlar, Hesse, Germany begins production, becoming the first mass-marketed 35mm camera (36 exposures per roll), with the motto "Small negatives - large images"; he invented it in 1913, but the war delayed production. Am. engineer William H. Mason (1877-1947) invents Masonite hardboard, made of recycled wood chips. Richard Howland Ranger (1899-1962) of RCA Corp. invents the wireless photogradiogram, AKA transoceanic radio facsimile; on Nov. 29 a photo of Pres. Calvin Coolidge is sent from New York City to London, becoming the first photo TRF; radio fax ends up being used for transmitting weather charts and info. into the next cent.; meanwhile Herbert Eugene Ives (1882-1953) of AT&T transmits and receives the first color fax. DuPont and GM combine efforts to produce a fast-drying color lacquer that has a longer lasting finish; the result, "true blue" first appears on the 1924 GM Oakland model. 16-y.-o. Lionel Sternberger (1908-64) of Pasadena, Calif. invents the cheeseburger at his father's sandwich shop, getting the credit in the Feb. 7, 1964 issue of Time mag. The frosted incandescent lamp is invented in the U.S. Insecticides are first used. The Du Pont Co. introduces Rayon, a synthetic fiber manufactured from the cellulose fiber of natural wood pulp; in 1931 Ellery J. Chun (1909-2000) begins selling the first colored Hawaiian Aloha shirts, designed by his sister Ethel Chun Lum from his King-Smith Clothiers shop in Waikiki, Honolulu, trademarking the name in 1936; in 1936 George Brangier founds Kahala Spotswear in Waikiki to sell Aloha shirts, making fans of John Wayne et al., after which they proliferate like tropical vines, making fans of Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Montgomery Clift and other Hollywood stars. Science: English scientist Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892-1965) utilizes short wavelength radio waves (shortwaves) to penetrate the Heaviside (E-Layer) in the upper atmosphere at about 100 km, proving the existence of the ionosphere; radar is born. Roy Chapman Andrews (1884-1960) discovers Mesozoic dinosaur fossils in the Gobi Desert. German neurologist Hans Berger (1873-1941) of the U. of Jena invents Electroencephalograpy (EEG), proving that the mind exhibits continuous electrical activity, casting doubt on the Pavlovian model of perception and response; in 1934 B.C.H. Matthews and Edgar Douglas Adrian verify his conclusions by tracing a single impulse in a single nerve fiber using a galvanometer. Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974) gets Albert Einstein's help to pub. a paper deriving Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics, and Einstein becomes co-author, creating Bose-Einstein Statistics, which predicts a new form of matter known as the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC), which is experimentally verified in 1995; too bad, blackish-skinned doctorateless Bose is snubbed for a Nobel Prize. Am. surgeons Warren Henry Cole (1898-1990) and Evarts Ambrose Graham (1883-1957) develop Oral Cholecystography to visualize the gallbladder and bile ducts to detect disease. French physicist Prince Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892-1987) pub. his Wave Theory of Matter, a mathematical analysis of matter based on the assumption that particles of matter have wavelike properties (de Broglie waves), or are essentially superpositions of waves of all wavelengths; in 1923-7 Am. physicists Clinton Joseph Davisson (1881-1958) and Lester Halbert Germer (1896-1971) of Western Electric experimentally verify it in the Davisson-Germer Experiment, winning Davisson a share of the 1937 Nobel Physics Prize - but I don't like broccoli? The Taung Baby (Child), Australopithecus africanus is discovered in South Africa by Australian anthropologist Raymond Dart (1893-1988). English astrophysicist Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington discovers a Mass-Luminosity Relation for stars; meanwhile Am. astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) uses Cepheid Variables to determine the absolute brightness of a star as a guide to finding its distance, causing him to announce that stars in the Andromeda Galaxy are not inside the Milky Way Galaxy, and that the latter is just one of many in a vast cosmic sea, throwing Earth centrists into a tizzy; in 2010 it is discovered that they shrink in mass, affecting calculations. The Henry Draper Star Catalog, (begun 1918) containing the spectra of 225K stars is pub. by Harvard Observatory. Nonfiction: Lascelles Abercrombie (1881-1938), The Theory of Poetry. Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950), The Mother; manual on his Integral Yoga. Irving Babbitt (1865-1933), Democracy and Leadership. Baron Napoleon-Eugene Beyens (1855-1934), The Second Empire. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Sociology and Political Theory: A Consideration of the Sociological Basis of Politics. Karl Barth (1886-1968), The Word of God and the Word of Man. Sir Gavin de Beer (1899-1972), Growth. Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), Around Theatres. Paul Bekker, Wagner, the Life in His Work. Arthur Christopher Benson (1862-1925), Memoirs and Friends (autobio.). Augustine Birrell (1850-1933), More Obiter Dicta. Marc Bloch (1886-1944), The Magic-Working Kings; or, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in France and England (Les Rois Thaumaturges: Etude sur le caractère surnaturel attribué à la puissance royale particulièrement en France et en Angleterre), about the ancient tradition that kings can cure scrofula by touching the afflicted. A. Bogdanov, The Workers' Artistic Inheritance. James Henry Breasted (1865-1935), Oriental Forerunners of Byzantine Painting: First-Century Wall Paintings from the Fortress of Dura on the Middle Euphrates. Andre Breton (1896-1966), First Surrealist Manifesto; 2nd ed. in 1929; defines Surrealism as "Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express - verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner - the actual functioning of thought. Dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern"; his stable of writers incl. Louis Aragon, Antonin Artaud, Rene Crevel, Robert Desnos, Paul Eluard, Michel Leiris, Benjamin Peret, and Philippe Soupault. J.B. Bury (1861-1927) et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History (12 vols.) (1924-39) (2nd ed., 14 vols., 1970-2005); covers Euro history to the victory of Constantine the Great in 324 C.E.; companion to "The Cambridge Medieval History" and "The Cambridge Modern History"; "Europeans, who wish to follow the history of their own development from its origins, must first of all become acquainted with the civilizations of Egyptian, Sumerian, Hittite, Semitic and other peoples of north-eastern Africa and south-western Asia." Nicholas Murray Butler (1862-1947), The Faith of a Liberal. Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), The Historical Novel; expresses admiration for the art form; in later years he flops, calling it a "bad book". John Rogers Commons (1862-1945), Legal Foundations of Capitalism. Dorothy Day (1897-1980), The Eleventh Virgin (autobio.); writes it while still an agnostic who had two common law marriages and an abortion, after which she gives birth to daughter Tamar (1926-2008), causing her to reembrace Roman Catholicism and found the Catholic Worker Movement in 1933 with Peter Maurin (1877-1949). Tyler Dennett (1883-1949), President Roosevelt's Secret Pact with Japan; claims that the 1905 Taft-Katsura Agreement laid out the spheres of influence for the U.S. and Japan. Maj. Clifford Hugh Douglas (1879-1952), Social Credit; in 1929 he makes a tour of Japan lecturing on his Theory of Social Credit which pays a basic income or nat. dividend to each citizen, which is enthusiastically received by industry and govt. Norman Douglas (1868-1952), D.H. Lawrence and Maurice Magnus: A Plea for Better Manners. W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963), The Gift of the Black Folk. Will Durant (1885-1981), The Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the Greater Philosophers; pub. as a series of Little Blue Books, then repub. in 1926 by Simon & Schuster; covers from Socrates and Plato through Bertrand Russell, popularizing the subject. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), Homage to John Dryden. Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929), What I Remember (autobio.). Auguste Forel, Why We Should Avoid Alcohol. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Collected Writings (12 vols.) (1924-39). Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), My Universities, or Reminiscences of My Youth (autobio.); Fragments of My Diary. Karl Haushofer (1869-1946), Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean (Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans). Francis John Haverfield (1860-1919), The Roman Occupation of Britain. Sir Charles Hawtry (1858-1923), The Truth at Last (autobio.) (posth.); ed. by W. Somerset Maugham. Louis Hemon (1880-1913), Journal (posth.). Harry Houdini (1874-1926), A Magician Among the Spirits; debunks Spiritualism, showing how he turned ghostbuster and exposed many mediums and spiritualists as con artists; causes a break with his friend Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (who, despite going 180 degrees against the type of his own character Sherlock Holmes went into it whole hog after his son Kingsley was killed in WWI), which turns into a battle of giants and makes the Spiritualist Mafia want to get him - K boy, is that you? Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe Jr. (1864-1960), Barrett Wendell and His Letters (Pulitzer Prize). Johan Huizinga (1872-1945), Erasmus of Rotterdam (Erasmus and the Age of Reformation). Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947), The Character of Races. Franz Kafka (1883-1924), Ein Hungerkunstler. Jacob Robert Kantor (1888-1984), Interbehavioral Psychology (Principles of Psychology) (2 vols.) (1924, 1926); defines a new field based on a combo of John Dewey and Albert Einstein which he calls "Field-theoretic, not lineal-mechanistic, self-actional, or mediational; a system that is naturalistic, not dualistic; and a system that is comprehensive, not narrowly focused", with the formula PE = C(k, sf, rf, hi, st, md), where PE = psychological event, C = interdependence, k = specificity of each behavior segment, sf = stimulus function, rf = response function, hi = history of interactions, st = interactional setting, and md = medium of contact. Ellen Key (1849-1926), The All Conqueror. E.E. Kisch, Der Rasende Reporter. Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), Growth of the Mind. W.P. Koppen and Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930), The Climates of Primeval Geological Periods. Prince Peter Kropotkin (1841-1921), Ethics, Origin and Development (posth.). Rodolfo Lanciani (1846-1919), Wanderings Through Ancient Roman Churches. Georges Lefebvre (1874-1959), Les Paysans du Nord pendant la Revolution Francaise (The Peasants of the North during the French Revolution); groks how they think. Josef Lhevinne (1874-1944), Basic Principles in Pianoforte Playing; becomes a classic. Jacques Loeb (1859-1924), Regeneration. Robert Harry Lowie (1883-1957), Primitive Religion. Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), Napoleon. E.F.T. Marinetti, Futurism and Fascism. Shailer Mathews (1863-1941), The Faith of Modernism. Charles Howard McIlwain (1871-1968), The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation (Pulitzer Prize). George Moore (1852-1933), Conversations in Ebury Street (autobio.). John Bassett Moore (1860-1947), International Law and Some Current Illusions and Other Essays; by a judge of the Permanent Court of Internat. Justice (1921-8). Lewis Mumford (1895-1990), Sticks and Stones. New York World, First Book of Crosswords; the first crosswords book, launching a worldwide craze in the winter of 1924-5, and causing newspapers to scramble, er, rush to incl. them; by the mid-50s half of the adult U.S. pop. has solved at least one. Thomas Mott Osborne (1859-1926), Prisons and Common Sense. Amedee Ozenfant (1886-1966), La Peinture Moderne. Frederic Logan Paxson (1877-1948), History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893 (Pulitzer Prize); becomes the first Am. historian to portray the Am. Rev. from both sides. William Lyon Phelps (1865-1943), Essays on American Authors. Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), Honey and Gall (autobio.); Cup-Bearers of Wine and Hellebore. Otto Rank (1884-1939), The Trauma of Birth (Das Trauma der Geburt); coins the term "pre-Oedipal" for the "phase before the development of the Oedipus Complex", causing Freud to break with his right-hand man since 1905, with Rank responding that "Surgical therapy is uprooting and isolates the individual emotionally, as it tries to deny the emotional life." Agnes Repplier (1855-1950), Under Dispute. Otto Rank (1884-1939), The Development of Psychoanalysis. Lothrop Stoddard (1883-1950), Racial Realities in Europe; Robert John Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh (1875-1942), Life of John William Rayleigh, 3rd Baron Rayleigh; a physicist writes about his physicist daddy (1842-1919). Edward Alsworth Ross (1866-1951), Roads to Social Peace. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Icarus, or the Future of Science. Max Scheler (1874-1928), Man and History; founds Philosophical Anthropology, differing with Aristotle's mind-body "rational animal" distinction by claiming that a human has a tripartite structure of body, soul, and spirit, with love and hatred not psychological emotions but intentional spiritual acts, which he calls "intentional feelings", allowing him to base his philosophical anthropology in a Christian metaphysics of the spirit, claiming that man is born with a tabula rasa vis a vis the ideas of religion, philosophy, and science, and that even if one rejects God like Nietzsche, the ubiquitousness of the concept makes it still necessary to study and deconstuct the basic concepts to build a philosophically foundational science of man, which whole idea is rejected by Martin Heidegger et al.; too bad, he dies before he can pub. his magnum opus showing how philosophical anthropology will address the totality of man while staying informed of all the sciences incl. biology, psychology, and sociology; in 1954 Karol Wojtyla (future Pope John Paul II) pub. his doctorial thesis "An Evaluation of the Possibility of Constructing a Christian Ethics on the Basis of the System of Max Scheler". F.C.S. Schiller (1864-1937), Problems of Belief (2nd ed.). Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965), Memoirs of Childhood and Youth (autobio.). Baird Thomas Spalding (1872-1953), Life and Teaching of the Masters of the Far East (6 vols.) (1924-??); about an alleged trip to India and Tibet in 1894 by 11 scientists who make contact with "the Great Masters of the Himalayas", popularizing the concept of Ascended Masters. Constantin Sergeyevich Stanislavsky (1863-1938), My Life in Art. Henri Louis Sullivan (1856-1924), The Autobiography of an Idea; Skyscrapers R Us? Bert Leston Taylor (1866-1921), The East Window, and The Car Window (essays) (posth.). Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936), Soziologische Studien und Kritiken (3 vols.) (1924, 1926, 1929). Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975), Greece Civilization and Character: The Self-Revelation of Ancient Greek Society; Greek Historical Thought from Homer to the Age of Heraclius. Mark Twain (1835-1910), The Autobiography of Mark Twain (posth.). Arthur Edward Waite (1857-1942), The Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross: Being Records of the House of the Holy Spirit in its Inward and Outward History (London). Nesta Helen Webster (1876-1960), Secret Societies and Subversive Movements. William Allen White (1868-1944), Woodrow Wilson: The Man, His Times, and His Tasks; Politics: The Citizen's Business. Samuel Zwemer, The Law of Apostasy in Islam. Music: Eugene d'Albert (1864-1932), Aschenputtel Suite, Op. 33; Symphonic Prelude to Tiefland, Op. 34. Alban Berg (1885-1935), Chamber Concerto; written for Arnold Schonberg's 50th birthday. Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra. Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1895-1968), La Mandragola (first opera). Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965), Adagio for Cello and Thunder Stick. Vernon Dalhart (1883-1948), Wreck of the Old 97 (Victor Talking Machine Co.); becomes the first U.S. nat. country music hit, selling 7M copies. Paul Dukas (1865-1935), Sonnet de Ronsard (for voice and piano). Rudolf Friml (1879-1972), Herbert Stothart (1885-1949), Otto Harbach, and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), Rose-Marie (Sept. 2) (Imperial Theatre, New York); features Indian Love Call. George Gershwin (1898-1937) and the Paul Whiteman Band, Rhapsody in Blue (Feb. 12) (Aeolian Hall, New York City); founds the "symphonic jazz" school; Lady Be Good (New York). George Gershwin (1898-1937), Ballard MacDonald (1881-1935), and Edwin Franko Goldman (1878-1956), On the Mall. Victor Herbert (1859-1924), The Dream Girl (operetta). Leos Janacek (1854-1928), The Cunning Little Vixen (opera) (Brno); all the cast are cunning little animals. Isham Jones (1894-1956), I'll See You In My Dreams (#1 in the U.S.); It Had to Be You (#1 in the U.S.); Spain (#1 in the U.S.); The One I Love (Belongs to Somebody Else). Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Countess Maritza (operetta) (Vienna); Die Zirkusprinzessin (The Circus Princess) (operetta) (Vienna). Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936), Ancient Airs and Dances, Suite No. 2. Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951), The Student Prince (New York); student life at the renowned U. of Heidelberg. Arnold Schonberg (1874-1951), Erwartung (monodrama) (Prague); Die gluckliche Hand (Vienna). Jean Sibelius (1865-1957), Symphony No. 7 in C major, Op. 105. Richard Strauss (1864-1949), Intermezzo (opera) (Dresden); Schlagobers (ballet) (Vienna). Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Piano Concerto. B.G. De Sylva (1895-1950), Somebody Loves Me; featured in "George White's Scandals of 1924". Sophie Tucker (1884-1966), My Yiddish Momme. Anton Webern (1883-1945), Drei Geistliche Volkslieder. Ted Weems, Somebody Stole My Gal. Movies: Walt Disney's Alice and the Dog Catcher is a B&W cartoon. D.W. Griffith's America (Feb. 21) features a love affair between Am. patriot Nathan Holden (Neil Hamilton) and Va. Tory Carol Dempster while evil redcoat Capt. Butler (Lionel Barrymore) leads murderous Mohawks against the colonists. Spencer Gordon Bennet's The Atonement of Gosta Berling (Gosta Berlings Saga) (Mar. 9), based on the novel by Selma Lagerlof about alcoholic ex-priest Berling (Lars Hanson) falling for married Countess Elizabeth Dolina, played by Swedish actress Greta Garbo (Gustaffson) (1905-90), giving her enough success to be invited to the U.S. Fernand Leger's Le Ballet Mecanique (Sept. 24) is an avante garde surrealist film about machines taking over humans, with a mind-blowing score with 16 synchronized player pianos. J. Stuart Blackton's The Beloved Brute launches the U.S. career of British leading man Victor McLaglen (1886-1959), who started out as a heavyweight boxer, and isn't Irish but ends up playing one several times after dir. John Ford begins using him in his best films. James Cruze, The City that Never Sleeps (Sept. 28) is about the Big Apple. George A. Cooper's The Eleventh Commandment (July 31), based on the Brandon Fleming play stars Fay Compton, Stewart Rome, and Lillian Hall-Davis, and is the film debut of English stage actor Brian Aherne (William Brian de Lacy Aherne) (1902-86) (as Norman Barchester), who goes on to become a leading man in Hollywood in the 1930s-1950s, marrying Joan Fontaine in 1939-45. Rene Clair's Entr'acte is a Dada-surrealist short about a crazy chase. Pat Sullivan's Felix Dopes It Out is a B&W cartoon. Robert Land's Der Fluch is the screen debut of blonde English-born German actress Lilian Harvey (1906-68) as Jewish girl Ruth. Erich von Stroheim's Greed (Dec. 4) (MGM), based on the 1899 Frank Norris novel "McTeague" stars Gibson Gowland as San Francisco dentist Dr. John McTeague, and comedy actress ZaSu Pitts (1894-1963) in her first major tragic role as McTeague's wife Trina Sieppe, who wins $5K in a lottery and won't spend it even when they live in poverty, turning him into an alcoholic then a murderer who flees to Death Valley (filmed on location), and Jean Hersholt as McTeague's frienemy Marcus Schouler; earns kudos from critics but flops at the box office after the 8-hour flick is cut down to 2.5 hours on the orders of MGM production chief Irving Thalberg (his enemy, who fired from "Merry-Go-Round" in 1923 allegedly for ordering silk underwear with the monogram of the imperial guard for the guardsmen), losing the rest; does $275K box office on a $666K budget; greatest film ever made? Robert Wiene's Aistroam horror film The Hands of Orlac (May 6) (Pan-Film), based on the story "Les Mains d'Orlac" by Maurice Renard stars Conrad Veidt as concert pianist Paul Orlac, who loses his hands in a railway accident and has a surgeon transplant new ones from the recently executed murderer Vasseur, only to discover that he has inherited his murderous ways and can't play the piano anymore; watch movie. Bruce M. Mitchell's The Hellion (July 15) (Sunset Productions) stars Marin Sais, featuring Boris Karloff as the Outlaw. Victor Sjostrom's He Who Gets Slapped (Nov. 9), based on a 1914 play by Leonid Andreyev about a scientist whose discoveries are stolen, causing him to end up in a circus is the first produced by MGM, and stars new moustached romantic leading man John Gilbert (1895-1936), "the Great Lover of the Silent Screen" as circus daredevil rider Bezano; co-stars Lon Chaney Sr, and Norma Shearer as scientist-turned-clown Paul Beaumont (who gets slapped in his act) and bareback rider Consuelo; Gilbert later has a sizzling romance with Greta Garbo and becomes a case of talkie transition failure. King Vidor's His Hour, written by Elinor Glyn stars John Gilbert. John Ford's The Iron Horse marks Ford's dir. debut, and casts George O'Brien (1900-85) (former stunt rider for Tom Mix) in the starring role, becoming the first unknown lead in a major Hollywood film production, and the start of a 50-year friendship; the film has O'Brien exhorting fellow Irish workers to finish the railroad and defend it from Indian attacks because the pesky Chinese, Pawnee and Anglo-Saxons can't be counted on; it becomes the top-grossing film of the year and makes O'Brien a star, with Fox signing him up, billing him as "A man's man and the idol of women", and making him their top cowboy B-film oater star of the 1930s, even though he has no famous horse or sidekick. Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau's' The Last Laugh (Der Letzte Mann) stars Emile Jannings as an aging upper-class hotel doorman demoted to washroom attendant, and marks the abandonment of expressionism for sauerkraut-potato realism. Dimitri Buchowetzki's Lily of the Dust (Aug. 24), based on the novel "Das Hohe Lied" by Hermann Sudermann and the Broadway play "The Song of Songs" by Edward Sheldon stars Pola Negri. Dimitri Buchowetzki's Men (May 4), distributed by Paramount (her 5th feature for them) stars Pola Negri as Cleo. Ernst Lubitsch's The Marriage Circle, based on the Lothar Schmidt play "Only a Dream" stars Adolphe Menjou, Florence Vidor and Monte Blue in an infidelity story. Vincent Ward's The Navigator is a super-funny flick starring Buster Keaton and Kathryn McGuire on a steamer. Fritz Lang's The Nibelungs. Raoul Walsh's The Thief of Bagdad: An Arabian Nights Fantasy (Mar. 18), the ultimate SFX thrill ride of the decade, based on "The 1001 Arabian Nights" stars shirtless hunk Douglas Fairbanks Sr. as Ahmed the Thief, who is smitten with beautiful princess Julianne Johnston, and takes on Mongol Prince Cham Shang of Ho Sho and his slave Anna May Wong, the Valley of Fire, the Valley of the Monsters, the Cavern of the Enchanted Trees, the Old Man of the Midnight Sea, and the Abode of the Winged Horse; set designed by William Cameron Menzies; does $1.5M on a $1.14M budget; future British Lt. Col. "Mad Jack" Churchill (1906-96) has a small role using his bow and arrow and playing his bagpipe, going on to go into battle in WWII with a longbow and sword; "What I want I take, my reward is here, Paradise is a fool's dream and Allah is a myth." Sidney Olcott's Monsieur Beaucaire, based on the Booth Tarkington novel stars Rudolph Valentino as the Duke of Chartres, who ditches France posing as a barber, and goes to Britain to become a lawman; redone in 1946 starring Bob Hope as a barber posing as a French nobleman in Louis XV's court. Herbert Brenon's Peter Pan (Dec. 29) (Famous Players-Lasky), the first film adaptation of the J.M. Barrie play stars Elizabeth Ada "Betty" Bronson (1906-71), who wins the role over Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford because of her ballet training and because Barrie personally picks her for her glorious swan song but doesn't want to marry her, then fades quick as a movie star; also stars Ernest Torrence as Captain Hook, Mary Brian as Wendy, and Virginia Browne Faire as Tinker Bell; Anna May Wong play Indian princess Tiger Lily. Fred Niblo's The Red Lily (Sept. 8) stars Ramon Novarro and Enid Bennett as two young lovers escaping to Paris. Abel Gance's Au Secours! (Help!) is a short comedy starring Max Linder. Frank Borzage's Secrets (Mar. 24) is a hit for Norma Talmadge. Art: Georges Braque (1882-1963), Sugar Bowl. Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Daughter Ida at the Window - look at me now, I lost 55 pounds? Otto Dix (1891-1969), Stormtroops Advancing Under Gas. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Two Children Threatened by a Nightingale. Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956), Gaberndorf II. Othon Friesz (1879-1949), Nude with Big Bush. Gwen John, The Convalescent. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Venice. Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Arabesque; Pianist with Checkers Players. Joan Miro (1893-1983), Catalan Landscape; Harlequin's Carnival (1924-5). Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), Petunia and Coleus. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Mandolin and Guitar; his "real me" abstract surrealistic period begins? Man Ray (1890-1976), Le Violon d'Ingres; model Kiki de Montparnasse. Georges Rouault (1871-1958), Circus Trio. Kurt Schwitters (1887-1948), The Cathedral of Erotic Misery (Merzbau) (Hanover) (1924-37); later destroyed. Chaim Soutine (1893-1943), Still Life With Skate. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (1875-1942), sculpts the bronze statue The Scout (bronze statue); commemorates Buffalo Bill Cody in Cody, Wyo.; dedicated on July 4; located near Cedar Mountain, which Cody chose as his gravesite, only to be buried against his wishes at Lookout Mountain outside Denver, Colo. Plays: Marcel Achard (1899-1974), Marlborough Gets Himself Off to War (Marlbrough s'en va-t-en Guerre). Maxwell Anderson (1888-1959) and Laurence Stallings (1894-1968), What Price Glory? (comedy-drama) (Plymouth Theatre, New York) (Sept. 3) (433 perf.); two U.S. Marines in WWI France; stars Louis Wolheim; "toot goddam sweet" and other profanity pisses-off military and religious groups, who attempt censorship, until journalist Heywood Broun reveals that Rear Adm. Charles P. Plunkett used more vulgar profanity in letters to Gen. Chatelaine; Anderson's first commercial success, allowing him to quit journalism and go proand go pro; filmed in 1926 starring Edwmund Lowe and Victor McLaglen, and in 1952 starring Dan Dailey and James Cagney. Philip Barry (1896-1949), The Youngest. Jacinto Benavente y Martinez (1866-1954), La Otra Honra; Alfilerazos. Jean-Jacques Bernard (1888-1972), Le Printemps des Autres (The Springtime of Others). Noel Coward (1899-1973), The Vortex (Nov. 25) (Everyman Theatre, Hampstead, London) (Royalty Theate, West End, London) (Dec. 16) (Comedy Theatre, 1925) (The Little Theatre, 1925); financed by Michael Arlen; a succes de scandale which becomes Coward's first big hit for its shock value, showing how far 1920s modernity has gone, incl. sex and cocaine abuse, although if they only knew what he does in private yi yi yi?; handsome young Guards officer Tom Veryan (Alan Hollis), his middle-aged lover Florence Lancaster (Lillian Braithwaite)and her 29-y.-o. feckless cocaine-addicted son Nicky (Noel Coward/John Gielgud), who is engaged to crypto dyke Bunty Mainwaring (Molly Kerr) while carrying on a crypto gay affair with John Bagot (never seen), effeminate Pawnie (Pauncefort) (F. Kinsky Peile), who uses the perfume Narcise Noir, Florence's friend Helen Saville (Mary Robson), "emaciated soprano" Clara; ends with Nicky taking his mother to task for her immoral life, then both vowing to give up their evil ways; features Coward's first hit song Poor Little Rich Girl ("Poor little rich girl, don't drop a stitch too soon"); Coward produces it himself and stars in the leading role with John Gielgud as his understudy, creating his dressing-gowned Jazz Age persona, then appears next year in the New York City production, making him a star, starting a fad for wearing colored turtle-necked jerseys, his clipped speech and mannerisms also becoming fashionable, e.g., calling people "Darling" and using "madly", "divine", "terribly" and "lots of fun"; "The great thing in this world is not to be obvious, Nicky, over anything" (Helen). Owen Davis Sr. (1874-1956), The Haunted House; Lazybones. Hamilton Deane (1880-1958), Dracula (Grant Theatre, Derby) (June); stars Raymond Huntley as Dracula, and Deane as Van Helsing; first authorized adaptation of the 1897 Bram Stoker novel; revised in 1927 by John L. Balderston (1889-1954), and debuts on Broadway starring unknown Hungarian actor Bela Lugosi (1882-1956), who becomes an instant success. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), Tetes de Bois (Blockheads); Miracle in the Suburb; Le Mystere de la Passion de Notre-Seigneur Jesus Christ (marionette play). Cicely Hamilton (1872-1952), The Old Adam Avery Hopwood (1882-1928) and David Gray, The Best People. Hatcher Hughes, Hell-Bent For Heaven. Georg Kaiser (1878-1945), Kolportage (comedy). George S. Kaufman (1889-1961) and Marc Connelly (1890-1980), Beggar on Horseback. George Kelly, The Show-Off. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), East of Suez. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), The Man in the Bowler Hat; To Have the Honour (To Meet the Prince) (Wyndham Theatre, London) (Apr. 24); When We Were Very Young; Ariadne: Or, Business First (Apr. 22) (New York) (comedy). Ferenc Molnar (1878-1952), Play at the Castle. Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), Juno and the Paycock. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), All God's Chillun Got Wings (Greenwich Village Theatre, New York) (May 15); about miscegeneration; stars Paul Robeson as Jim Harris, the black husband of abusive white woman Ella Downey (Mary Blair) of Lower New York City, who ruins his career as an atty. after she is called a "nigger-lover"; after Robeson kisses Blair's hand on stage, it causes a nat. uproar, causing it to shut down after the Oct. 24 performance; Desire under the Elms (Greenwich Village Theatre, New York) (Nov. 11) (Earl Carroll Theater, New York) (Jan. 1925) (Daly's 63rd Street Theatre, New York) (420 perf.); based on the Euripides play "Hippolytus", about the Greek myths of Phaedra (Abbie Putnam) (Mary Morris), Hippolytus (Eben Cabot) (Charles Ellis), and Theseus (Ephraim Cabot) (Walter Huston), set in 1850 rural New England; filmed in 1958 starring Sophia Loren. Dorothy Parker (1893-1967) and Elmer Rice (1892-1967), Close Harmony. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), La Boule de Verre. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Back to Methuselah. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), Comlow-in-the-Downs. Franz Werfel (1890-1945), Juarez und Maximilian. Stefan Zeromski (1864-1925), My Little Quail Has Flown Away. Poetry: Conrad Aiken (1889-1973), Selected Poems. Richard Aldington (1892-1962), A Fool I' the Forest: A Phantasmagoria. Joseph Auslander (1897-1965), Sunrise Trumpets. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943) and John Farrar, Nerves; That Awful Mrs. Eaton. Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), Luna de Enfrente. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), Heliodora and Other Poems. William Faulkner (1897-1962), The Marble Faun. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Mock Beggar Hall. Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), Tamar and Other Poems. John Masefield (1878-1967), Sard Harker. Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), The New Spoon River. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), Distressing Dialogues. Harriet Monroe (1860-1936), The Difference. Pablo Neruda (1904-73), Veinte Poemas de Amor y Una Cancion Desesperada (Twenty Love Poems and One Desperate Song). Charles Norman (1904-96), The Far Harbor: A Sea Narrative (debut). Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935), The Man Who Died Twice (Pulitzer Prize). Novels: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Libertinage. Michael Arlen (1895-1956), The Green Hat; Irish March, who wears a green cloche; quintessential decadent 1920s novel? George A. Birmingham (1865-1950), The Grand Duchess. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), The Perfect Wife; Life of Olive Schreiner. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), The Green Bay Tree (first novel); first in the 4-vol. Escape Series (1924-7). Agatha Christie (1890-1976), Poirot Investigates (short stories) (Mar.); Hercule Poirot #3; The Man in the Brown Suit (Aug.); Anne Beddingfeld and Col. Race in South Africa. Richard Connell, The Most Dangerous Game (short story); about a big game hunter who decides man is the you know what; a favorite of the Zodiac Killer? James Gould Cozzens (1903-78), Confusion (first novel); pub. while a student at Harvard U.; Michael Scarlett. Rene Crevel (1900-35), Detours (Détours) (first novel). Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), The Crooked Mile (first novel). Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Novel of the Nearsighted Adolescent. Jessie Redmon Fauset (1882-1961), There is Confusion. Konstantin Fedin (1892-1977), Cities and Years (first novel). Edna Ferber (1887-1968), So Big (Pulitzer Prize); bestseller inspired by Antje Paarlberg of the Dutch community in South Holland (near Chicago), Ill., about Selina Peake De Jong, who marries farmer Pervus and has Dirk, nicknamed you know what, who grows up to be a stockbroker instead of an architect, alienating his artist babe Dallas O'Mara, who leaves him for famous sculptor Roelf Pool. Ronald Firbank (1886-1926), Prancing Nigger (Sorrow in Sunlight); Concerning the Eccentricities of Cardinal Pirelli; The New Rythum. Svend Fleuron, Af en Vikings Saga. Ford Madox Ford (1873-1939), Parade's End (vol. 1 of 4). E.M. Forster (1879-1970), A Passage to India; based on his 1922 trip to India; Dr. Aziz; "For so young a man he had read largely; the themes he preferred were the decay of Islam and the brevity of love." Bruno Frank (1878-1945), The Days of the King; Trenck. John Galsworthy (1867-1933), The White Monkey. Andre Gide (1869-1951), Corydon; defends homosexuality as more natural than exclusive heterosexuality, making him unpopular. Paul Eliot Green (1894-1981), Salvation on a String (short stories). J. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), Heu-Heu. L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), Night Fears (short stories). Herman Heijermans (1864-1924), Droomkoninkje. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), In Our Time (short stories). Joseph Hergesheimer (1880-1954), Balisand. DuBose Heyward (1885-1940), Porgy; bestseller; a disabled black man in Catfish Row in the Am. South. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Little Mexican and Other Stories (short stories). Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), Still She Wished for Company (first novel). Margaret Kennedy (1896-1937), The Constant Nymph. Klabund (1890-1928), The Chalk Circle. John Knittel (1891-1970), A Traveller in the Night (Der Weg durch die Nacht). Ring Lardner (1885-1933), How to Write Short Stories (short stories). Leonid Leonov (1899-1994), The Badgers (first novel); The End of a Petty Man. William John Locke (1863-1930), The Golden Journey of Mr. Paradyne; The Coming of Amos. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), Orphan Island. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), The Majestic Mystery. Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), Santa Claus in Summer; The Old Men of the Sea. Thomas Mann (1875-1955), The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg) (Nov.); written in Munich; the "unremarkable" Hans Castorp, who lives in a TB sanitarium in the Alps before the Great War, which turns into microanalysis of Euro civilization; one of the Big Three Novels of the 20th cent., along with James Joyce's "Ulysses" (1922) and Marcel Proust's "Remembrance of Things Past" (1913-27); Joyce is a sculptor, Proust is a painter, and Mann is an architect? Percy Marks (1891-1956), The Plastic Age (bestseller); student Hugh Carver at Sanford College, who has to endure hazing, smoking, drinking, petting and other kinds of partying; banned in Boston, making it more popular?; filmed in 1925 starring Clara Bow, and in 1928 as "Red Lips". Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), This Sorry Scheme (first novel). William Babington Maxwell (1866-1938), Elaine at the Gates. George Barr McCutcheon (1866-1928), East of the Setting Sun. William McFee (1881-1966), Race. Herman Melville (1819-91), Billy Budd (posth.) (discovered by his biographer Raymond Weaver); Red Whiskers, Squeak; he ends up getting hung, uttering the soundbyte "God Bless Capt. Vere". A.A. Milne (1882-1956), When We Were Very Young; written for son Christopher Robin. Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957), Ternura. Henri de Montherlant (1896-1972), Le Songe (The Dream); autobio. novel about his WWI experienced; Chant Funebre pour les Morts de Verdun (Funeral Chant for the Dead at Verdun); "One must believe in a place where all that is great is unified." George Moore (1852-1933), Daphnis and Chloe (short stories). Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947), Picaro; The Pearl Lagoon. Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Wrath to Come; The Passionate Quest; The Terrible HObby of Sir Joseph Londe (short stories). James Oppenheim (1882-1932), The Sea. Martha Ostenso (1900-63), In a Far Land. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Imperturbe. Julia Peterkin (1880-1961), Green Thursday: Stories (first book); one of the first white authors to specialize in the Gullah black culture of coastal S.C.; Carl Sandburg is her lit. agent. Marcel Proust (1871-1922), La Prisonniere (Prisonnière) (The Captive) (posth.). Margaret Leech Pulitzer (1893-1974), The Back of the Book (first novel); marries Joseph Pulitzer's son Ralph Pulitzer in 1928. Raymond Radiguet (1903-23), Le Bal du Comte d'Orgel (posth.); another novel about adultery, a love triangle between married Count d'Orgel and Mahaut with teenie Francois de Seryeuse; used by Zelda Fitzgerald to learn French while hospitalized in Switzerland, after which she translates Arthur Rimbaud's "A Season in Hell" (1873); filmed in 1970; Paul Raynal, Le Tombeau sons l'Arc de Triomphe. Ole Edvart Rolvaag (1876-1931), Giants in the Earth: A Saga of the Prairie (Verdens Grode); Norwegian immigrants in the Dakota plains in the 1870s; big book at his alma mater of St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minn. Joseph Roth (1894-1939), Hotel Savoy; The Rebellion. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), The Carolinian. Arthur Schnitzler (1862-1931), Fraulein Else. Alexander Serafimovich (1863-1949), The Iron Flood; the Red Army escapes encirclement by the Whites in the Russian Civil War. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Golden Ballast; Ocean Tramps. Laurence Stallings (1894-1968), Plumes (first and only novel) (autobio. novel); big hit; adapted for King Vidor's 1925 "The Big Parade". T.S. Stribling (1881-1965), Red Sands; set in Venezuela. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1965), Naomi (A Fool's Love). Paul Valery (1875-1945), Eupalinos or the Architect. Hugh Seymour Walpole (1884-1941), The Old Ladies. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Card Castle. Mary Webb, Precious Bane; gloomy rustics on the Worcestershire-Shropshire border; gets a free plug from Worcestershire man PM Stanley Baldwin. Walter Francis White (1893-1955), The Fire in the Flint (first novel). Henry Williamson (1895-1977), The Dream of Fair Women. Stefan Zeromski (1864-1925), First Spring. Births: Am. "Ezra Cobb in Deranged", "Another World", "The Great Gatsby", "Doc Hollywood" actor-poet Roberts Blossom (Bartholomew Roberts) on Jan. 1 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at Harvard U. Equatorial Ginea pres. #1 (1968-79) (black) Francisco (Mez-m) Macias Nguemz (Masie Nguema Biyongo Negue Ndong) (d. 1979) on Jan. 1 in Nsegayong; son of a witch doctor; of the Fang ethnic group. Am. "The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South" cliometric economist Alfred Haskell Conrad (d. 1970) on Jan. 2 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U. Korean pres. (1998-2003) (Roman Catholic) ("the Nelson Mandela of Asia") Kim Dae-jung (Tae-jung) (d. 2009) on Jan. 6 in Sabu-do, Sina'n, Zenra-nando. Am. "The Ballad of Jed Clampett" bluegrass performer Earl Eugene Scruggs (1924-2012) (Flatt and Scruggs) on Jan. 6 in Shelby, N.C.; collaborator of Lester Flatt (1914-79). Am. Holocaust theologian-rabbi (Jewish) Richard Lowell Rubenstein on Jan. 8 in New York City; husband of Betty Rogers Rubenstein (-2013); educated at the U. of Cincinnati, Jewish Theological Seminary of Am., and Harvard U. Canadian ballet dancer-choroegrapher Ludmilla Chiriaeff (d. 1996) on Jan. 10 in Riga, Latvia; emigrates to Canada in 1952. Am. "Mr. Hi Hat" jazz drummer (black) Maxwell Lemuel "Max" Roach (d. 2007) on Jan. 10 in Newland, N.C.; husband (1962-70) of Abbey Lincoln (1930-2010). Am. physiologist Roger Charles Louis Guillemin on Jan. 11 in Dijon, France; becomes a U.S. citizen in 1965; 1977 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Zorro", "Prof. John Robinson in Lost in Space" 6'3" actor-model Guy Williams (Armand Joseph Catalano) (d. 1989) on Jan. 14 in New York City. German Roman Catholic priest Georg Ratzinger on Jan. 14; brother of Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Ratzinger) (1927-); grandnephew of Georg Ratzinger (1844-99). Am. 6'8" basketball player George Thomas Nostrand (d. 1981) on Jan. 25. Am. "Coach Ernie Pantusso in Cheers" actor-dir. Nicholas Colasanto (d. 1985) on Feb. 12 in Providence, R.I. Am. "Indian Love Call", "Rose Marie" Martian-killing country singer-yodeler Ottis Dewey "Slim" Whitman Jr. on Jan. 20 in Tampa, Fla. Am. "Kojak" actor Aristotelis "Telly" Savalas (d. 1994) on Jan. 21 in Garden City, N.Y. Am. New American Cinema filmmaker (Jewish) Lionel Rogosin (d. 2000) on Jan. 22; educated at Yale U. collaborator of Jonas Mekas (1922-). U.S. Sen. (D-N.J.) (1983-2001, 2003-) (Jewish) Frank Raleigh Lautenberg on Jan. 23 in Paterson, N.J.; Polish-Russian immigrant parents. Am. plant psychiatrist Grover Cleveland "Cleve" Backster Jr. on Feb. 27 in Lafayette, N.J. English "Help!", "The Magic Christian", "Superman II/III" TV/film composer Kenneth "Ken" Thorne (d. 2014) on Jan. 26 in East Dereham, Norfolk. Am. "Elephant Boy", "Thief of Baghdad" actor Sabu Dastagir (Selar Shaik Sabu) (d. 1963) on Jan. 27 in Karapur, Mysore; father is an elephant driver (mahout); begins movie career at age 13; becomes a U.S. citizen in 1944, and becomes a tail gunner in the USAF in the Pacific. Am. 6'3" football hall-of-fame placekicker (Cleveland Browns #46 1946-59, 1961-7) Louis Roy "Lou the Toe" Groza (d. 2000) on Jan. 25 in Martins Ferry, Ohio; educated at Ohio State U. Am. country musician (steel guitar) Wesley Webb "Speedy" West (d. 2003) on Jan. 25 in Springfield, Mo. Italian avant-garde composer (Communist) Luigi Nono (d. 1990) on Jan. 29 in Venice; husband (1955-) of Nuria Schoenberg (daughter of Arnold Schoenberg). Am. "The Hitler of History" Anglophile historian (not Jewish) John Adalbert Lukacs (Lukacs Janos Albert) on Jan. 31 in Budapest, Hungary; Roman Catholic father, Jewish mother; raised Roman Catholic; emigrates to the U.S. in 1946. Am. "M*A*S*H" novelist-surgeon H. Richard Hornberger (AKA Richard Hooker) (d. 1997) on Feb. 1 in Trenton, N.J.; educated at Bowdoin College and Cornell U. Canadian bodybuilding magnate and Napoleonic scholar (Jewish) Benjamin "Ben" Weider (d. 2008) on Feb. 1 in Montreal, Quebec; brother of Joe Weider (1922-). Am. bebop jazz saxophonist (black) (alcoholic) (heroin addict) ("the Lone Wolf") Edward "Sonny" Stitt (Edward Boatner Jr.) (d. 1982) (Giants of Jazz) on Feb. 24 in Boston, Mass.; grows up in Saginaw, Mich. Am. "The Outer Limits" TV writer Leslie A. Stevens III (d. 1998) on Feb. 3 in Washington, D.C.; father is a U.S. adm. English "The Making of the English Working Class" Marxist-New Left historian and nuclear disarmament activist E.P. (Edward Palmer) Thompson (d. 1993) on Feb. 3 in Oxford; educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge U.; husband (1948-) of Dorothy Thompson (1923-2011). English "Roz in Last of the Summer Wine" actress-singer Dora Bryan (Dora Mary Broadbent) on Feb. 7 in Southport, Lancashire. Am. poet Lisel Mueller on Feb. 8 in Hamburg, Germany; emigrates to the U.S. in 1924. Am. "Fun with Dick and Jane", "A Touch of Class" actor George Segal on Feb. 13 in Great Neck, Long Island, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U.; not to be confused with artist George Segal (1924-2000). French Radical politician-journalist Jean-Jacques Servan-Schriber (d. 2006) on Feb. 13 in Paris. Am. "Murder in the White House" writer-singer-actress Margaret Truman (Daniel) (d. 2008) on Feb. 17 in Independence, Mo.; only child of Pres. Harry S. Truman and Bess Truman; debuts as a prof. singer in 1947; when somebody criticizes her flat singing, daddy writes him "I have never met you, but if I do you'll need a new nose." Soviet WWII spy Gevork Andreevich Vartanian (d. 2012) on Feb. 17 in Nor Nakhichevan, Iran. Venezuelan scientist (inventor of the diamond scalpel) Humberto Fernandez-Moran Villalobos (d. 1999) on Feb. 18 in Maracaibo; educated at the U. of Munich, and U. of Chicago. Am. 6'2" "Cat Ballou", "Det. Frank Ballinger in M Squad" actor Lee Marvin (d. 1987) on Feb. 19 in New York City. Am. heiress-socialite and blue jeans designer Gloria Laura Vanderbilt (d. 2019) on Feb. 20 in New York City; daughter of railroad heir Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt (1880-1925) and 2nd wife Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt (1904-65); wife (1941-5) of Pat DiCicco, (1945-55) Leopold Stokowski, (1956-63) Sidney Lumet, and (1963-) Wyatt Emory Cooper; mother of Anderson Cooper (1967-); model for Truman Capote's Holly Golightly in "Breakfast at Tiffany's"? Am. atty. (special White House counsel to Richard Nixon) Joseph Fred Buzhardt Jr. (d. 1978) on Feb. 21 in Greenwood, S.C.; educated at the U. of S.C. Zimbabwe dictator pres. #2 (1987-2017) (black) (Roman Catholic) Robert Gabriel Mugabe (d. 2019) on Feb. 21 in Kutama, Southern Rhodesia; educated at the U. of Fort Hare, U. of South Africa, and U. of London. Am. Mr. Coffee co-creator Vincent George Marotta Sr. (d. 2015) on Feb. 22 in Cleveland, Ohio; Italian immigrant parents. South African-born CAT Scan physicist Allan MacLeod Cormac (d. 1998) on Feb. 23 in Johannesburg; educated at the U. of Cape Town, and Cambridge U. French "Vincent, Paul, Francois, et les Autres" film dir. Claude Sautet (d. 2000) on Feb. 23 in Montrouge, Hauts-de-Seine. U.S. Sen. (I-Conn.) (1989-) (Jewish) Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman on Feb. 24 in Stamford, Conn.; educated at Yale U. Japanese PM #74 (1987-9) Noboru Takeshita (d. 2000) on Feb. 26 in Unnan, Shimane. El Salvadorean pres. (1977-9) gen. Carlos Humberto Romero Mena on Feb. 29 in Chalatenango. Am. Bonding Psychotherapy psychiatrist Daniel Harold Casriel (d. 1983) on Mar. 1 in New York City; educated at the U. of Cincinnati. Am. Mercury 7 astronaut Donald Kent "Deke" Slayton (d. 1993) on Mar. 1 near Sparta, Wisc. Am. poet Edgar Bowers (d. 2000) on Mar. 2 in Rome, Ga.; educated at the U. of N.C., and Stanford U. Am. political consultant (to JFK) Kenneth Patrick "Kenny" O'Donnell (d. 1977) on Mar. 4 in Worcester, Mass.; educated at Harvard U., and Boston College. Japanese "Kangaroo Notebook" writer Kobo (Kimifusa) Abe (d. 1993) on Mar. 7 in Kita, Tokyo. English abstract sculptor Sir Anthony Alfred Caro (d. 2013) on Mar. 8 in New Malden, England; grows up in Churt, Surrey; educated at Charterhouse School, and Christ's College, Cambridge U.; starts out as asst. to Henry Moore; knighted in 1987. Irish "Jack McGivern in The Californians" actor Sean Joseph McClory (d. 2003) on Mar. 8 in Dublin; grows up in County Galway. Am. "Fathers, "He/She" novelist (Jewish) Herbert Gold on Mar. 9 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Columbia U. Am. "Radical Theology and the Death of God" theologian William Hughes Hamilton III (d. 2012) on Mar. 9 in Evanston, Ill.; educated at Oberlin College, and Union Theological Seminary. Am. "Babe Ruth's daughter in Babe Comes Home" actress Helen Parrish (d. 1959) on Mar. 12 in Columbus, Ga.; sister of Robert R. Parrish (1916-95); wife (1942-54) Charles Lang (1902-98) and (1957-9) John Guedel (1913-2001). Am. USA Today founder Allen Harold "Al" Neuharth (d. 2013) on Mar. 22 in Eureka, S.D.; educated at the U. of S.D. Am. "Stanley Roper in Three's Company" actor (Jewish) Norman Fell (Norman Noah Feld) (d. 1998) on Mar. 24 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Temple U. Am. "The Great War and Modern Memory" historian Paul Fussell Jr. on Mar. 24 in Pasadena, Calif.; educated at Pomona College, Harvard U. Am. USA Today founder Allen H. Neuharth on Mar. 22 in Eureka, S.D. Am. jazz singer (black) ("The Divine One") ("Sailor") Sarah Lois "Sassy" Vaughan (d. 1990) on Mar. 27 in Newark, N.J. Am. "Love" writer ("Dr. Love") Felice Leonardo "Leo" Buscaglia (d. 1998) on Mar. 31. Am. "freckle-faced" "Sentimental Journey", "Que Sera, Sera" singer-actress Doris Day (Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff) on Apr. 3 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Am. "Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire", "Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront", "Vito Corleone in The Godfather", "Col. Walter E. Kurtz in Apocalypse Now" actor (bi) Marlon Brando Jr. (d. 2004) on Apr. 3 [Aries] in Omaha, Neb.; son of Marlon Brando Sr. (1895-195) and Dorothy Pennebaker Brando (1897-1954); of Dutch, Irish, German, Huguenot, and English descent; family name was originally Brandau (German); father of Christian Brando (1958-2008); nominated for five Best Actor Oscars in the 1950s (the most), winning one; Brando and Doris Day are contemporaries? Am. "Mr. K in Nissan ads" actor Dale Ishimoto (d. 2004) on Apr. 3 in Delta, Colo. Canadian conductor-violinist (Jewish) Victor Feldbrill on Apr. 4 in Toronto, Ont.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents. Am. baseball 1B player-mgr. Gilbert Raymond "Gil" Hodges (d. 1972) on Apr. 4 in Princeton, Ind. Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer Jimmy Roberts (James Robert Heltsley) (d. 1999) on Apr. 6 in Madisonville, Ky. Italian journalist (atheist) (Marxist?) Eugenio Scalfari on Apr. 6 in Civitavechia; educated at the U. of Genoa; Pope Francis' favorite. Am. occultist Sara Elizabeth Bruce Northrup Hollister (d. 1997) on Apr. 8, 1924; wife (1946-51) of L. Ron Hubbard (1911-86) and (1951-97) Miles Hollister. Am. abstract Color Field painter Kenneth Noland (d. 2010) on Apr. 10 in Asheville, N.C. Am. Bible-thumping Christian comic book artist (Baptist) Jack Thomas Chick (d. 2016) on Apr. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Singin' in the Rain" film dir.-choreographer ("King of the Hollywood Musicals") Stanley Donen on Apr. 13 in Columbia, S.C. Am. "Galt in Star Trek" "Genie in The Man in the Bottle episode, and voice of the Kanamit in To Serve Man episode of The Twilight Zone" actor Joseph Ruskin on Apr. 14 in Haverhill, Mass. English "Delbert Grady in The Shining" actor Philip Stone (Stones) (d. 2003) on Apr. 14 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire. Italian cookbook writer Marcella Hazan (nee Polini) (d. 2013) on Apr. 15 in Cesenatico, Emilia-Romagna; educated at the U. of Ferrara; wife (1955-) of Victor Hazan; mother of Giuliano Hazan (1958-). Am. "Pink Panther Theme", "Moon River" composer-conductor Enrico Nicola "Henry" Mancini (d. 1994) on Apr. 16 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. U.S. Rep. (R-Ill.) (1975-2007) Henry John Hyde (d. 2007) on Apr. 18 in Chicago, Ill; educated at Duke U., Georgetown U., and Loyola U.; switches from Dem. to Repub. in 1952. Am. "Fiddler on the Roof" lyricist (Jewish) Sheldon Harnick on Apr. 20 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "The Secular Meaning of the Gospel" Episcopalian theologian Paul Matthews van Buren (d. 1998) on Apr. 20 in Norfolk, Va.; educated at Harvard U., and U. of Basel. Dutch "Milo Roberts in An American in Paris", "Marie Antoinette in Scaramouche" actress-dancer-pianist Nina Foch (Nina Consuelo Maud Fock) (d. 2008) on Apr. 20 in Leiden; daughter of composer Dirk Fock and actress Consuelo Flowerton; wife (1954-9) of James Lipton (1926-) and (1967-93) Michael Dewell (1931-94). Am. country singer Ira Louvin (Ira Lonnie Loudermilk) (d. 1965) on Apr. 21 in Section, Ala.; brother of Charlie Louvin (1927-2011); cousin of John D. Loudermilk (1934-). Dutch holistic health writer Jack Schwarz (d. 2000) on Apr. 26 in Dordrecht. French dancer Renee (Renèe) Jeanmaire on Apr. 29 in Paris. Am. "The Unbound Prometheus" economist-historian David Saul Landes (d. 2013) on Apr. 29 in New York City; educated at CCNY, and Harvard U.; father of Richard Landes (1949-). Swedish acid rain soil scientist Svante N.F. Oden (Odén) (d. 1986 on Apr. 29 in Stockholm. Rwandan pres. #2 (1962-73) (black) (Hutu) Gregoire Kayibanda (d. 1976) on May 1 in Tare. Am. writer Terry Southern (d. 1995) on May 1 in Alvarado, Tex. Austrian actor-folk singer Theodore Bikel on May 2 in Vienna. Am. "Fascination" singer Jane Morgan (Florence Catherine Currier) on May 3 in Newton, Mass.; related to Nathaniel Currier (1813-88); not to be confused with actress Jane Morgan (1890-1972). Am. socialite Patricia Helen "Pat" Kennedy Lawford (d. 2006) on May 6 in Brookline, Mass.; 6th child of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Kennedy; wife (1954-66) of Peter Lawford (1923-84). Am. "Hugh Forbes in The Quiet Man" actor-producer Charles B. FitzSimons (d. 2001) on May 8 in Ranelagh, County Dublin; brother of Maureen O'Hara (1920-) and James FitzSimons (1927-92). English radio astronomer (Hewish?) Anthony Hewish on May 11 in Fowey, Cornwall; educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge U.; 1974 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Velda in Kiss Me Deadly" actress-photographer-activist Maxine Cooper Gomberg (d. 2009) on May 2 in Chicago, Ill.; wife (1957-2001) of Sy Gomberg (1918-2001). English comedian Anthony John "Tony" Hancock (d. 1968) on May 12 in Hall Green, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Am. journalist (RFK press secy.) (Jewish) (atheist) Frank Fabian Mankiewicz II on May 16 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; son of Herman Mankiewicz (1897-1953); educated at UCLA, UCB, and Columbia U. Am. biologist ("Father of Molecular Medicine") Vernon Martin Ingram (d. 2006) on May 19 in Breslau; emigrates to the U.S. in 1938; educated at the U. of London. English "The Boy Friend" composer-lyricist (gay) Alexander Galbraith "Sandy" Wilson (d. 2014) on May 19 in Sale, Cheshire; educated at Harrow School, and Oriel College, Oxford U. French 5'3" "La Boheme" actor-singer-diplomat-activist ("France's Frank Sinatra") Charles Aznavour (Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavourian) (d. 2018) on May 22 in Saint-germain-des-Pres, Paris; Armenian immigrant parents; becomes an Armenian citizen in 2008. Am. Modern realist painter Philip Pearlstein on May 24 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at NYU; friend of Andy Warhol. Am. jazz drummer Roy S. Harte (Harstein) (d. 2003) on May 27 in New York City. Am. HUD secy. #6 (1977-9) (first African-Am. woman U.S. ambassador) Patricia Roberts Harris (d. 1985) on May 31 in Mattoon, Ill.; educated at Howard U. Am. liberal peace activist minister (Presbyterian and United Church of Christ) William Sloane Coffin Jr. (d. 2006) on June 1 in New York City; son of MoMA pres. William Sloane Coffin Sr. (1879-1933); nephew of Union Theological Seminary pres. Henry Sloane Coffin (1877-1954); educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and Yale U.; friend of future pres. George H.W. Bush, who gets him admitted into the Skull & Bones Society; model for Rev. Scott Sloan in "Doonesbury". Am. Amway co-founder Jay Van Andel (d. 2004) on June 3 in Grand Rapids, Mich.; collaborator of Richard DeVos (1926-). Swedish neurophysiologist Torsten Nils Wiesel on June 3 in Uppsala; 1981 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Chester Goode in Gunsmoke", "Sam McCloud" actor William Dennis Weaver (d. 2006) on June 4 in Joplin, Mo.; Scottish, English, Cherokee, and Osage ancestry. U.S. postmaster gen. #58 (1968-9) (Baptist) William Marvin Watson (d. 2017) on June 6 in Oakhurst, Tex.; educated at Baylor U. Welsh computer scientist (co-inventor of packet switching) Donald Watts Davies (d. 2000) on June 7 in Treorchy; educated at Imperial College, London; collaborator of Paul Baran (1926-) and Leonard Kleinrock (1934-). Irish "Thunderball" writer-dir.-producer Kevin O'Donovan McClory (d. 2006) on June 8 in Dun Laoghaire, County Dublin; distant relative of the Bronte family. Am. journalist (Reagan-Nixon advisor) Franklyn Curran "Lyn" Nofziger (d. 2006) on June 8 in Bakersfield, Calif.; educated at San Jose State College. Am. psychologist George Mandler on June 11 in Vienna, Austria; educated at NYU, and Yale U. U.S. Repub. pres. #41 (1989-93) (lefty) George Herbert Walker Bush (d. 2018) on June 12 in Milton, Norfolk County, Mass.; son of Prescott Bush Sr. (U.S. Conn. Sen. in 1953-63) and Dorothy Wear Walker Bush (1901-92); attends Philips Andover Academy, flies 58 combat missions against the Japanese for the U.S. Navy in WWII, wins the Distinguished Flying Cross for bravery, and graduates from Yale U. with an economics degree; father of Robin Bush (1950-3), Pres. George W. Bush (1946-), and Jeb Bush (1953-). Scottish Propanolol and Cimetidine physician-pharmacologist Sir James Whyte Black (d. 2010) on June 14 in Uddingston, Lanarkshire educated at the U. of St. Andrews. Am. "The Lazy Man's Guide to Enlightenment" New Age writer Thaddeus Stanley Golad (d. 1974) on June 15 in Paterson, N.J.; Polish descent parents; educated at Columbia U. Israeli pres. #7 (1993-98) (Jewish) Ezer Weizman (Weizmann) (d. 2005) on June 15 in Tel Aviv; nephew of Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952). Am. "Onori in Hawaiian Eye", "Carla Ibara in Bonanza" actress Faith Domergue (d. 1999) (pr. DAH-mure) on June 16 in New Orleans, La. English Sufi scholar Idries Shah (b. 1996) on June 16 in Simla, India; of Afghan noble descent; grows up in London. English conductor (BBC Philarmonic, 1980-91) Sir Edward Thomas "Ted" Downes (d. 2009) on June 17 in Birmingham; knighted in 1991. Scottish serial murderer, butler, and jewel thief (gay) ("the Killer/Monster Butler") Archibald Thomson Hall (d. 2002) (AKA Roy Fontaine) on June 17 in Glasgow. Australian serial murderer ("The Sydney Mutilator") William MacDonald (d. 2015) on June 17 in Liverpool. Am. "Home from the Hill" novelist William Humphrey (d. 1997) on June 18 in Clarksville, Tex. Am. 6'10" basketball player ("Mr. Basketball") George Lawrence Mikan Jr. (d. 2005) on June 18 in Joliet, Ill. Am. country musician Chet Atkins (d. 2001) on June 20 near Luttrell, Tenn. Am. "Col. Bucholtz in M*A*S*H" actress Margaret "Peggy" Feury (d. 1985) on June 20 in N.J.; wife of William Traylor (1961-85); mother of Stephanie Feury and Susan Traylor. Am. creationist theologian John Clement Whitcomb Jr. (d. 2020) on June 22 in Washington, D.C.; educated at Princeton U., and Grace Theological Seminary. Am. "Ruth Martin in Lassie", "Dr. Maureen Robinson in Lost in Space" actress June Lockhart on June 25 in New York City; daughter of Gene Lockhart (1891-1957) and Kathleen Arthur Lockhart (1894-1978); mother of Anne Lockhart (1953-). Am. "12 Angry Men", "Network", "The Verdict", "Serpico" dir. (Jewish) Sidney Lumet on June 25 in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "Beyond the Sunset" country singer-disc jockey ("the Yodeling Queen") Rosalie Allen (Julie Marlene Bedra) (d. 2003) on June 27 in Old Forge, Penn. Am. "Red Roses for a Blue Lady", "Room Full of Roses" country singer George Thomas Morgan (d. 1975) on June 28 in Waverly, Tenn.; father of Lorrie Morgan (1959-)> Am. "Edie Doyle in On the Waterfront" actress ("the Helen Hayes of TV") Eva Marie Saint on July 4 in Newark, N.J. Am. singer-musician Mary Ford (Iris Colleen Summer Hatfield) (d. 1977) on July 7 in El Monte, Calif.; wife (1949-63) of Les Paul (1915-2009). Brazilian physicist Cesare (Cesar) Mansueto Giulio Lattes (d. 2005) on July 11 in Curtiba, Parana; educated at the U. of Sao Paulo. Am. "Match Game panelist" actress Brett Somers (Audrey Johnston) (d. 2007) on July 11 in New Brunswick, Canada. Am. businessman Oscar Sherman Wyatt Jr. on July 11 in Beaumont, Tex. Am. "Price is Right", "Jeopardy!", "Supermarket Sweep" TV game show announcer Johnny Gilbert on July 13 in Newport News, Va. Am. "Sgt. Gionfriddo in The Amityville Horror" actor Val Avery (Sebouh Der Abrahamian) on July 14 in Philadelphia, Penn.; of Armenian descent. U.S. Rear Adm. and U.S. Sen. (R-Ala.) (1981-7) (Roman Catholic) Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. (d. 2014) on July 15 in Mobile, Ala. Am. New York City commissioner of consumer affairs (1969-73) (Miss America 1945) (Jewish) Bess Myerson (d. 2014) on July 16 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. "Commisioner James Gordon in Batman", "Horace the Bartender in The Quick and the Dead", "Judge Fenton in Hang 'Em High" actor Martin Patterson "Pat" Hingle (d. 2009) on July 19 in Miami, Fla.; grows up in Denver, Colo. Am. "Edie Hart in Peter Gunn" actress (blonde) Lola (Lois Jean) Albright on July 20 in Akron, Ohio. Am. "Little Big Man", "Neighbors" novelist Thomas Louis Berger on July 20 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Dutch poet (gay) Hans (Johannes August Frederik) Lodeizen (d. 1950) on July 20 in Naarden. Am. "Barney Fife in The Andy Griffith Show", "Ralph Furly in Three's Company" actor Jesse Donald "Don" Knotts (d. 2006) on July 21 in Morgantown, W. Va. Am. "Baby It's Cold Outside" singer Margaret Whiting on July 22 in Detroit, Mich.; daughter of Robert A. Whiting (1891-1938); sister of Barbara Whiting Smith (1931-2004). Am. "The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone", "Sons and Lovers" dir.-writer (gay) Gavin Lambert (d. 2005) on July 23 in Sussex; educated at Magdalen College, Oxford U.; becomes U.S. citizen in 1964. Am. "Era of the Oath: Northern Loyalty Tests during the Civil War and Reconstruction" historian Harold Melvin Hyman on July 24; educated at UCLA, and Columbia U. U.S. Sen. (D-Ohio) (1957-81) Frank Forrester Church III (d. 1984) on July 25 in Boise; educated at Stanford U. Italian auto racer Luigi Musso (d. 1958) on July 28 in rome. Canadian "Cecil Colby in Dynasty","yummy scientist in the To Serve Man episode of The Twilight Zone" handsome suave actor (Jewish) Lloyd Wolfe Bochner (d. 2005) on July 29 in Toronto, Ont.; father of Hart Bochner (1956-). Am. "Flint McCullough in Wagon Train" actor Robert Horton (Meade Howard Horton Jr.) on July 29 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "The Tunnel" novelist-critic William Howard Gass on July 30 in Fargo, N.D.; educated at Kenyon College and Cornell U. French physicist (Jewish) Georges Charpak (d. 2010) on Aug. 1 in Dabrowica, Poland (Dubrovytsia, Ukraine). Am. "Bye Bye Birdie", "Hello, Dolly!", "42nd Street" playwright-lyricist (Jewish) Michael Stewart (Rubin) (d. 1987) on Aug. 1 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at Queens College, and Yale U.; brother of Francine Pascal (1938-). Am. economist Charles Wolf Jr. (d. 2016) on Aug. 1 in Forest Hills, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Go Tell It On the Mountain" writer (black) (gay) James Arthur Baldwin (d. 1987) on Aug. 2 in Harlem, New York City; stepfather is a storefront Pentecostal preacher; preaches for a time in various Harlem churches. Am. "Archie Bunker in All in the Family", "Police Chief William Gillespie in In the Heat of the Night" actor John Carroll O'Connor (d. 2001) on Aug. 2 in New York City; educated at the U. of Mont. Am. "Exodus", "Mila 18" novelist (Jewish) (high school dropout) Leon Marcus Uris (d. 2003) (Heb. "Yerushalmi" = man of Jerusalem) on Aug. 3 in Baltimore, Md.; Polish immigrant parents; born the same day that fellow Polish novelist Joseph Conrad dies; gets out of the U.S. Army 3 mo. after being drafted in 1942, then joins the Marines; heroin addict in 1944-57; kills his wife in 1951 trying to shoot an apple off her head. Am. Vail Ski Resort founder Peter Werner "Pete" Seibert (d. 2002) on Aug. 7 in Sharon, Mass. Am. folk singer Cynthia Gooding (d. 1988) on Aug. 12 in Rochester, Minn.; grows up in Lake Forest, Ill., and Mexico City, Mexico. Pakistani pres. #6 (1977-88) gen. (Shiite Muslim) Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (d. 1988) on Aug. 12 in Jalandhar, India; member of the Arain tribe; educated at Stephens College, Delhi U. Am. nuclear physicist (Jewish) Yuri Feodorovich Orlov on Aug. 13 in Moscow; emigrates to the U.S. in 1986. Am. "Bye Bye Birdie", "Applaus", "Those Were the Days" lyricist Lee Adams on Aug. 14 in Mansfield, Ohio; educated at Columbia U.; collaborator of Charles Strouse (1928-). English "A Man for All Seasons" playwright Robert Oxton Bolt (d. 1995) on Aug. 15 in Sale, Manchester; educated at Manchester U. Am. Christian evangelical anti-feminist activist Phyllis McAlpin Stewart Schlafly (d. 2016) on Aug. 15 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "Davy Crockett", "Daniel Boone" 6'5" actor Fess Elisha Parker Jr. on Aug. 16 in Ft. Worth, Tex.; educated at the U. of Tex. and USC - what kind of name is Fess? Am. "The Connoisseur" novelist-poet Evan Shelby Connell Jr. (d. 2013) on Aug. 17 in Kansas City, Mo. Canadian physicist (co-inventor of the CCD) Willard Sterling Boyle (d. 2011) on Aug. 19 in Amherst, N.S. Swiss-Am. "How Nations Negotiate", "Every War Must End" sociologist and neocon defense expert Fred Charles (Fritz Karl) Ikle (Iklé) (d. 2011) on Aug. 21 in Samedan, Switzerland; grows up in St. Gallen; educated at the U. of zurich, and U. of Chicago; mentioned in ch. 14 of the 1962 novel "Fail-Safe" as a consultant to the USAF working to reduce the chance of accidental war. Am. "Joe Positano in Please Don't Eat the Daisies", "Pig in The Cincinnati Kid" actor (Jewish) Jack Weston (Weinstein) (d. 1996) on Aug. 21 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "A Chorus Line", "P.S. Your Cat Is Dead" novelist-playwright-actor (gay) James Kirkwood Jr. (d. 1989) on Aug. 22 in Los Angeles, Calif. Israeli "Sallah Shabati" dir.-writer (Jewish) Ephraim Kishon (Ferenc Hoffmann) (d. 2005) on Aug. 23 in Budapest, Hungary; survives a Nazi camp by playing chess?; emigrates to Israel in 1949. Am. economist (Jewish) Robert Merton Solow on Aug. 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U., and Columbia U.; 1987 Nobel Econ. Prize. Cameroon pres. (1960-82) (black) Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (d. 1989) on Aug. 24 in Garoua. Am. Primal Therapy psychologist Arthur Janov on Aug. 21 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at UCLA, and Claremont Graduate School. Am. pianist Louis Milton Teicher (d. 2008) on Aug. 24 in Wilkes-Barre, Penn.; collaborator of Arthur Ferrante (1921-2009). Kiwi writer-poet Janet Paterson Frame (d. 2004) on Aug. 28 in Dunedin; a scheduled lobotomy is canceled when her short stories win a nat. lit. prize. Am. 5'2" "Mad About the Boys" jazz-R&B singer (black) ("Queen of the Blues") ("Queen of Jam Sessions") ("Queen of the Jukebox") Dinah Washington (Ruth Lee Jones) (d. 1963) on Aug. 29 in Tuscaloosa, Ala.; grows up in Chicago, Ill. Kenyan pres. #2 (1978-2002) (black) ("Professor of Politics") ("Nyayo" = footsteps) Daniel Toroitich arap Moi on Sept. 2 in Sacho, Baringo. Canadian naval historian (founder of Canadian naval history) Donald Mackenzie Schurman (d. 2013) on Sept. 2 in Sydney, N.S.; educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge U. Am. "Ralph Monroe in Green Acres", "Howdy Doodie!" actress Mary Grace Canfield (d. 2014) on Sept. 3 in Rochester, N.Y. U.S. Sen. (D-Hawaii) (1963-2012) Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (d. 2012) on Sept. 7 in Honolulu, Hawaii; Japanese immigrant parents; loses right arm in WWII. Am. "Peyton Place" novelist ("Pandora in bluejeans") Grace Metalious (d. 1964) on Sept. 8 in Manchester, N.H. Am. Mormon leader and cardiac surgeon Russell Marion Nelson Sr. on Sept. 9 in Salt Lake City, Utah; educated at the U. of Utah, and U. of Minn. U.S. Sen. (D-Hawaii) (1990-2013) Daniel Kahikina Akaka on Sept. 11 in Honolulu, Hawaii; educated at the U. of Hawaii. Am. Dallas Cowboys football hall-of-fame coach (1960-88) Thomas Wade "Tom" Landry (d. 2000) on Sept. 11 in Mission, Tex. Am. "Cow Cow Boogie" singer Ella May Morse (d. 1999) on Sept. 24 in Mansfield, Tex. Australian aboriginal tenor-activist Harold Blair (d. 1976) on Sept. 13 near Murgon, Queensland. Am. "Shotgun Slade" actor Scott Brady (Gerard Kenneth Tierney) (d. 1985) on Sept. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; brother of Lawrence Tierney and Edward Tierney. French "Lawrence of Arabia", "Doctor Zhivago", "A Passage to India" film composer-conductor Maurice-Alexis Jarre (d. 2009) on Sept. 13 in Lyon. Dutch poet-painter Lucebert (Lubertus Jacobus Swaanswijk) (d. 1994) on Sept. 15 in Amsterdam. Am. best-dressed cabaret singer-pianist (black) Robert Waltrip "Bobby" Short (d. 2005) on Sept. 15 in Danville, Ill. Am. "The Big Sleep", "Dark Passage", "How to Marry a Millionaire" 5'9" actress (Jewish) Lauren Bacall (Betty Joan Perske) (d. 2014) on Sept. 16 [Virgo] in Bronx, N.Y.; 1st cousin of Shimon Peres; wife (1945-57) of Humphrey Bogart, and (1961-9) Jason Robards Jr. (1922-2002); mother of Stephen Bogart (1949-), Leslie Bogart (1952-), and Sam Robards (1961-). Swiss virologist-immunologist Jean Lindenmann (d. 2015) on Sept. 18 in Zagreg, Yugoslavia; Swiss father, French mother; grows up in Switzerland; educated at the U. of Zurich. Canadian "Charlie Farquharson" (pr. FARK-uh-sun) comedian-actor-dir. Donald H. "Don" Harron on Sept. 19 in Toronto, Ont. English art critic (Jewish) Anthony David Bernard Sylvester (d. 2001) on Sept. 21 in London. English "Sex and the Single Girl", "Bikini Beach", Alice Kramden in the Jackie Gleason Show" actress-comedian Sheila MacRae (Sheila Margaret Stephens) on Sept. 24 in London. Am. "The Denial of Death" cultural anthropologist (Jewish) Ernest Becker (d. 1974) on Sept. 27 in Springfield, Mass.; Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Syracuse U. Am. jazz pianist (black) (alcoholic) (schizophrenic) Earl Rudolph "Bud" Powell (d. 1966) on Sept. 27 in Harlem, N.Y.; stride pianist father; first pianist to play like Charlie Parker. Am. physicist Siegfried Fred Singer (d. 2020) on Sept. 27 in Vienna, Austria; educated at Ohio State U., and Princeton U. Soviet conductor-violinist Rudolf Borisovich Barshai (d. 2010) on Sept. 28 in Stanitsa Labinskaya, Krasnodar Krai; emigrates to the West in 1977. Italian "La Dolce Vita" actor Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni (d. 1996) on Sept. 28 in Fontana Liri. Am. "Wes Parmalee in Dallas", "Lt. Hondo Harrelson in S.W.A.T." actor Steve Forrest (William Forrest Andrews) (d. 2013) on Sept. 29 in Huntsville, Tex.; brother of Dana Andrews (1909-92); educated at UCLA; plays Mannon, the only man to gun down Matt Dillon in "Gunsmoke". Am. "In Cold Blood", "Breakfast at Tiffany's" 5'3" novelist-dramatist-screenwriter-actor (gay) (alcoholic) Truman Garcia Capote (Truman Streckfus Persons) (d. 1984) on Sept. 30 in New Orleans, La.; named after his mother's 2nd hubby, Cuban-born textile broker Joseph Capote; the model for Dill in childhood friend Harper Lee's "To Kill A Mockingbird", he uses her as a model for tomboy Idabel in "Other Voices, Other Rooms". U.S. Dem. pres. #39 (1977-81) James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr. on Oct. 1 in Plains, Ga.; son of James Earl Carter (1894-1953) and Lillian (Bessie) Gordy (1898-1983), both 5th-gen. peanut-pickin' store-running Jaw-jaw Georgians; brother of Billy Carter (1937-88); 6th cousin of Elvis Presley; related to Jesse Helms; 2002 Nobel Peace Prize; husband (1946-) of Rosalynn Carter (1927-). U.S. chief justice (1986-2005) William Hubbs Rehnquist (d. 2005) on Oct. 1 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Am. "Puritan Village: The Formation of a New England Town" historian Sumner Chilton Powell (d. 1993) on Oct. 2 in Northampton, Mass.; educated at Amherst College, and Harvard U. Am. "U.S. Marshal Frank Ragan in The Dakotas" actor Larry Ward (Ward Gaynor) (d. 1985) on Oct. 3 in Columbus, Ohio. Am. "Jose Jimenez" comedian (Jewish) Bill Dana (William Szathmary) on Oct. 5 in Quincy, Mass.; of Hungarian Jewish descent. Austrian writer (Jewish) Frederic Morton (Fritz Mendelbaum) on Oct. 5 in Vienna; emigrates to the U.S. in 1940. Am. "Shogun", "The Fly", "The Great Escape", "To Sir, With Love" novelist-screenwriter-dir. James (Charles Edmund Dumaresq) Clavell (d. 1994) on Oct. 10 in Sydney, Australia; emigrates to the U.S. in 1953. Am. "Daddy Warbucks in Annie" actor Reid Shelton (d. 1997) on Oct. 7 in Salem, Ore. Am. "Glen or Glenda", "Plan 9 from Outer Space" lame movie dir.-writer-producer-actor-editor Edward Davis "Ed" Wood Jr. (d. 1978) on Oct. 10 in Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; likes to wear women's clothing with prosthetic breasts. Am. comedian (black) Nipsey Russell (Hyram Goldstien) on Oct. 13 in Atlanta, Ga. English "Maj. Dalby in The Ipcress File", "Sgt. Frank Bourne in Zulu", "Hercules in Jason and the Argonauts" actor Nigel Green on Oct. 15 in Pretoria, South Africa; educated at King's College School, and U. of London. Am. Chrysler Corp. pres.-CEO (1978-92) Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca (d. 2019) on Oct. 15 in Allentown, Penn.; hot dog salesman father. Am. "Thelma Trixie Norton in The Honeymooners" actress ("the Garbo of Detroit") Joyce Randolph (nee Sirola) (d. 2024) on Oct. 21 in Detroit, Mich.; of Finnish descent; educated at Wayne U. Indian "The Common Man" cartoonist Rasipuram Krishnaswamy Laxman on Oct. 23 in Mysore; Tamil parents. Am. 3'9" "Noodles MacIntosh in UHF" actor (Mormon) Billy Barty (William John Bertanzetti) (d. 2000) on Oct. 25 in Millsboro, Penn. Am. "A Raisin in the Sun" actress-writer-activist (black) Ruby Dee (Ruby Ann Wallace) on Oct. 27 in Cleveland, Ohio. Malayan Communist leader Chin Peng (Ong Boon Hua) in Oct. in Sitiawan; awarded an OBE by the British govt., who later withdraw it. Turkish PM #12 (1965-71, 1975-7, 1977-8, 1979-80, 1991-3) and pres. #9 (1993-2000) Sami Suleyman (Süleyman) Gundogdu Demirel (d. 2015) on Nov. 1 in Islamkoy, Isparta; Albanian immigrant parents. Am. jazz recording engineer Rudy Van Gelder on Nov. 2 in Jersey City, N.J. Am. consumer protection activist Robert Burnett Choate Jr. (d. 2009) on Nov. 6 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Philips Exeter Academy, UCB, and Harvard U. Am. "Capt. Binghampton in McHale's Navy" ("What is it, what, what, what?") actor Joseph A. "Joe" Flynn (d. 1974) on Nov. 8 in Youngstown, Ohio; educated at Notre Dame U., and USC; runs for the Ohio Senate as a Repub. in 1950. Am. "Carmen Jones" actress (black) Dorothy Jean Dandridge (d. 1966) on Nov. 9 in Cleveland, Ohio.; first African-Am. to be nominated for an Academy Award for "Carmen Jones" (1954). Am. "The Professor in Gilligan's Island" actor Russell David Johnson (d. 2014) on Nov. 10 in Ashley, Penn. Irish "Amongst Women" novelist John McGahern (d. 2006) on Nov. 12 in Dublin. Am. "A History of Pi" libertarian pro-nuclear power physicist (founder of Golem Press) Petr Beckmann (d. 1993) on Nov. 13 in Prague, Czech.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1955. Am. biologist Alexander Rich (d. 2015) on NOv. 15 in Hartford, Conn.; educated at Harvard U. Bugandan king (1939-69) and pres. (1963-6) Sir Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Mutesa II (d. 1969) on Nov. 19; educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge U. French-Am. mathematician (Jewish) ("Father of Fractal Geometry") Benoit B. Mandelbrot (d. 2010) on Nov. 20 in Warsaw, Poland; emigrates to France in 1936, and the U.S. in 1947. Am. "Lew Wickersham in Mannix" actor Joseph Anthony Campanella on Nov. 21 in New York City; Sicilian immigrant father; educated at Manhattan College, and Columbia U. English writer Christopher Reuel Tolkien on Nov. 21 in Leeds; youngest son of J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973); father of Simon Mario Reuel Tolkien (1959-); educated at Oxford U. Am. "Amos Parker in Bonanza", "Dan Grat in Gunsmoke" actor (Jewish) Paul Richards (Paul Richard Levitt) (d. 1974) on Nov. 23 in Hollywood, Calif.; first actor to shoot Marshall Dillon in "Gunsmoke", and first person on "Hawaii Five-O" about whom Steve McGarrett says "Book 'em Dano". South African runner (Mormon) Mavis Hutchison on Nov. 24. Romanian poet (Jewish) Nina Cassian (Renee Annie Cassian-Matasaru) (d. 2014) on Nov. 27 in Galati; grows up in Bucharest. Am. comic-producer (Jewish) Allan Sherman (d. 1973) on Nov. 30 in Chicago, Ill. Am. Pop Art painter-sculptor (Jewish) George Segal (d. 2000) on Nov. 26 in New York City; educated at NYU, and Rutgers U.; likes to cast full-body molds of people with plaster of Paris and turn them into statues; not to be confused with actor George Segal Jr. (1934-). U.S. Rep. (D-N.Y.) (1969-83) (black) Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm (d. 2005) on Nov. 30 in Bedford-Stuyvesant, N.Y.; spends her childhood on a farm in Barbados, then returns at age 11. Indian army Maj. Shaitan Singh Bati (d. 1962) on Dec. 1 in Jodhpur. Canadian "Barnabas Collins in Dark Shadows" actor Jonathan (John Herbert) Frid on Dec. 2 in Hamilton, Ont.; educated at McMaster U. and Yale U. U.S. secy. of state #59 (1981-2) Gen. Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. (d. 2010) on Dec. 2 in Bala-Cynwyd (near Philadelphia), Penn.; educated at the U. of Notre Dame, Columbia U., and Georgetown U. Am. Atlanta Peachtree Center architect John C. Portman Jr. on Dec. 4 in Walhalla, S.C.; educated at Ga. Inst. of Tech. Am. "Mr. Peepers" actor-comedian (bi?) Wallace Maynard "Wally" Cox (d. 1973) on Dec. 6 in Detroit, Mich.; son of mystery writer Eleanor Atkinson (1863-1942); plays a whimpy character, but is actually athletic; longtime roommate and close childhood friend of Marlon Brando, who stirs up bi relationship rumors with the soundbyte: "If Wally had been a woman, I would have married him and we would have lived happily ever after"; after he dies, Brando keeps his ashes, which he talks to nightly, and which are eventually scattered with his - cox joke here? Portuguese pres. #17 (1986-96) (Roman Catholic-turned-atheist) Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares (d. 2017) on Dec. 7 in Lisbon; educated at the U. of Lisbon, and Pantheon-Sorbonne U. Jamaican PM #4 (1972-80, 1989-92) Michael Norman Manley (d. 1997) on Dec. 10; 2nd son of Norman Manley (1893-1969) and Edna Manley (1900-87); educated at Jamaica College, and London School of Economics. Am. Dem. New York City mayor #105 (1978-89) (Jewish) Edward Irving "Ed" Koch (d. 2013) on Dec. 12 in New York City; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; educated at CCNY, and NYU. Canadian 5'11" hockey hall-of-fame player Douglas Norman "Doug" Harvey (d. 1989) on Dec. 19 in Montreal, Quebec. French writer Michel Tournier on Dec. 19 in Paris. German political scientist Dankwart Alexander Rustow (d. 1996) on Dec. 21 in Berlin; son of Alexander Rustow (1885-1963); educated at Queens College, and Yale U. Am. 7'0" basketball player Robert Albert "Bob" Kurland (d. 2013) on Dec. 23 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Okla. State U. Chinese leader Qiao Shi (Jiang Zhitong) (d. 2015) on Dec. 24 in Shanghai. Mauritanian pres. (1960-78) (black) Moktar Ould Daddah (d. 2003) on Dec. 25 in Boutilimit. Am. "Twilight Zone" writer-producer (Jewish) Rodman Edward "Rod" Serling (d. 1975) on Dec. 25 in Syracuse, N.Y. Indian PM #10 (1996, 1998-2004) Atal Bihari Vajpayee (d. 2018) on Dec. 25 in Gwalior State; educated at the U. of Agra. U.S. Sen. (R-Idaho) (1973-91) James Albertus "Jim" McClure on Dec. 27 in Payette, Idaho; educated at Idaho State U., and U. of Idaho. Ugandan pres. #2 (1966-71, 80-85) and PM #2 (1962-66) Apollo Milton Opeto Obote (d. 2005) on Dec. 28 in Apac, N Uganda. Belarusian Communist partisan Maria "Masha" Bruskina (d. 1941) on ? in ?. Mexican actress Esperanza Baur "Chata" Diaz (Esperanza Díaz Ceballos) (d. 1961) on ? in Mexico City; 2nd wife (1946-54) of John Wayne (1907-79). Am. psychiatrist (Jewish) Louis Jolyon "Jolly" West (d. 1999) on ? in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; grows up in Madison, Wisc.; educated at the U. Minn.; calls Scientology a cult, and L. Ron Hubbard a quack and fake. Am. historian (Jewish) Karl Joachim "Jock" Weintraub (d. 2004) on ? in Darmstadt, Germany; Jewish father, Christian mother; emigrates to the U.S. in 1948; educated at the U. of Chicago. Israeli shipping magnate (Jewish) Yuli Ofer (Judah Herskovich) (d. 2011) on ? in Galati, Romania; emigrates to Haifa at age 6 mo.; brother of Sammy Ofer (1922-2011). British medical researcher Sir James W. Black on ? in ?. English parapsychologist Anthony Donald "Tony" Cornell (d. 2010) on ? in Histon, Cambridgeshire; educated at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge U. Japanese PM (1994-6) Tomiichi Murayama on ? in ?. Am. biologist Alexander Rich on ? in ?; educated at Harvard U. Am. historian (of China) Franz Schurmann on ? in ?; educated at UCB. Deaths: Am. classical scholar Basil L. Gildersleeve (b. 1831) on Jan. 9. U.S. Supreme Court justice #53 (1892-1903) George Shiras Jr. (b. 1832) on Aug. 2 in Pittsburgh, Penn. English "Onward Christian Soldiers" poet-hymnodist Sabine Baring-Gould (b. 1834) on Jan. 2 in Lew Trenchard, Devonshire; pub. 100+ books incl. 30 novels. German physicist Georg Hermann Quincke (b. 1834) on Jan. 13. Scottish geologist Sir Archibald Geikie (b. 1835) on Nov. 10. German plankton zoologist Victor Henson (b. 1835) on Apr. 5. Japanese PM (1891-2, 1896-8) Prince Matsukata Masayoshi (b. 1835) on July 2 in Tokyo. French chef Alexandre Etienne Choron (b. 1837). English historian Sir Adolphus William Ward (b. 1837) on June 19. British Adm. Sir Cyprian Bridge (b. 1839) on Aug. 16 in Kingston Hill, Surrey. Am. painter Daniel Ridgway Knight (b. 1839) on Mar. 9 in Paris. German painter Hans Thoma (b. 1839) on Nov. 7 in Karlsruhe. Am. art patron Isabella Stewart Gardner (b. 1840) on July 17. U.S. Lt. Gen. Samuel Baldwin Marks Young (b. 1840) on Sept. 1 in Helena, Mont. Am. physicist Thomas Corwin Mendenhall (b. 1841) on Mar. 28 in Ravenna, Ohio. Danish botanist Johann Eugenius Bulow Warming (b. 1841). English economist Alfred Marshall (b. 1842): "[Economics] is not a body of concrete truths but an engine for the discovery of concrete truths." Am. Tammany Hall politician George Washington Plunkitt (b. 1842) on Nov. 19 in New York City: "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em." Portuguese pres. (1915) Teofilo Braga (b. 1843) on Jan. 28 in Lisbon. Am. Ute leader Chipeta (b. 1843) on Aug. 20 in Uintah and Ouray Indian Rez, Utah. French poet-novelist Anatole France (b. 1844) on Oct. 12 in Tours; 1921 Nobel Lit. Prize: "All the historical books which contain no lies are extremely tedious." Am. psychologist Granville Stanley Hall (b. 1844) on Apr. 24. Austrian Neo-Kantian philosopher Alois Riehl (b. 1844) on Nov. 21 in Berlin. Am. Pentecostal movement founder Maria Buelah Woodworth-Etter (b. 1844) on Sept. 16. Am. Mormon leader John Willard Young (b. 1844) on Feb. 12 in New York City (cancer). French composer Gabriel Faure (b. 1845) on Nov. 4. Am. explorer-writer George Kennan (b. 1845) on May 10 in Medina, N.Y. Swiss poet Carl Spitteler (b. 1845) on Dec. 29 in Lucerne; 1919 Nobel Lit. Prize. English philosopher Frances Herbert Bradley (b. 1846) on Sept. 18. Am. "Nick Carter" novelist John R. Coryell (b. 1848). Scottish surgeon Sir William Macewen (b. 1848) on Mar. 22 in Glagow. British-Am. "Little Lord Fauntleroy", "The Secret Garden", "A Little Princess" children's writer Frances Hodgson Burnett (b. 1849) on Oct. 29 in Plandome Manor, N.Y. Belgian Flemish Impressionist painter Emile Claus (b. 1849) on June 14 in Astene. British-born Am. labor leader (AFL pres.) Samuel Gompers (b. 1850) on Dec. 13 in San Antonio, Tex.: "The worst crime against working people is a company which fails to operate at a profit." U.S. Repub. Sen. (1893-1924) Henry Cabot Lodge (b. 1850) on Nov. 9 in Cambridge, Mass. Am. New Thought writer Orison Swett Marden (b. 1850). German zoologist Wilhelm Roux (b. 1850) on Sept. 15. Norwegian Nyorsk language reformer Arne Garborg (b. 1851) on Jan. 14. Czech Pick's Disease physician Arnold Pick (b. 1851) on Apr. 4 in Prague. French diplomat Paul-Henri_Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant (b. 1852) on May 15; 1909 Nobel Peace Prize. English-born Australian chemist Henry George Smith (b. 1852) on Sept. 19. Irish composer-conductor Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (b. 1852) on Mar. 29. Am. Man o'War thoroughbred owner August Belmont Jr. (b. 1853) on Dec. 10 in New York City. French lexicographer Claude Auge (b. 1854) in Fontainebleau. British diplomat Sir George William Buchanan (b. 1854). Austrian gen. Hermann Koevess (b. 1854) on Sept. 22 in Vienna. German Neo-Kantian philosopher Paul Natorp (b. 1854) on Aug. 17. English novelist Marie Corelli (b. 1855) on Apr. 24 in Stratford-upon-Avon; known for boating on the Avon River in a gondola complete with gondolier brought in from Venice; her house called Mason Croft becomes the home of the Shakespeare Inst.; leaves her estate to her 40+-year companion Bertha Wyver. Scottish critic William Archer (b. 1856) on Dec. 27. English "His Master's Voice" painter Francis James Barraud (b. 1856) on Aug. 29. Am. Home of Truth founder Annie Rix Militz (b. 1856). French goof-up Field Marshal Robert Nivelle (b. 1856) on Mar. 22. Am. skyscraper pioneer architect Louis Henri Sullivan (b. 1856) on Apr. 14 in Chicago, Ill. U.S. Dem. pres. #28 (1913-21) Woodrow Wilson (b. 1856) on Feb. 3 in Washington, D.C.; dies in his sleep; buried in the Nat. Cathedral; "If any trait bubbles up in all one reads about Wilson, it is this: he loved, cravd, and in a sense glorified power" (Walter McDougall): "If you want to make enemies, try to change something"; "If there is one principle clearer than any other it is this: that in any business, whether of government or mere merchandising, somebody must be trusted." Polish-born English "Lord Jim" novelist Joseph Conrad (b. 1857) on Aug. 3 in Bishopsbourne. Italian economist Maffeo Pantaleoni (b. 1857) on Oct. 29 in Milan. English biologist John Beard (b. 1858). Italian actress Eleonora Duse (b. 1858) on Apr. 21 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; dies during a U.S. tour after having married Teobaldo Checchi (one daughter), leaving him for Flavio Ando, then developing new tastes and having affairs with playwright Gabriele d'Annunzio, feminist Lina Poletti, and Isadora Duncan; has the same agent as Sarah Bernhardt, and also had an affair with Arrigo Boito, Verdi's librettist. Belgian poet Iwan Gilkin (b. 1858) on Sept. 28. English children's writer Edith Nesbit (b. 1858) on May 4 in New Romney, Kent. U.S. Supreme Court Justice #65 (1912-22) Mahlon Pitney (b. 1858) on Dec. 9 in Washington, D.C. Canadian-born Am. painter Maurice Brazil Prendergast (b. 1858) on Feb. 1. Italian composer Giacomo Puccini (b. 1858) on Nov. 29 in Brussels; leaves his opera "Turandot" unfinished. English philosopher Hastings Randall (b. 1858) on Feb. 24 in Worthing: "Happiness represents satisfaction with one's existence as a whole." Italian economist Enrico Barone (b. 1859) on May 14 in Rome. Irish-born Am. "Babes in Toyland" composer Victor Herbert (b. 1859) on May 26. German archeologist Hermann Volrath Hilprecht (b. 1859) on Mar. 19 in Philadelphia, Penn.; his wife donates his Babylonian antiquity collection to the U. of Jena., incl. the City Map of Nippur. Swedish-born U.S. Rep. (R-Minn.) (1907-17) Charles August Lindbergh (b. 1859) on May 24 in Crookston, Minn. (brain cancer); father of Charles Augustus Lindbergh (1902-74): "A radical is one who speaks the truth"; "This [Federal Reserve] Act establishes the most gigantic trust on Earth. When the President signs this bill, the invisible government by the Monetary Power will be legalized, the people may not know it immediately but the day of reckoning is only a few years removed... The worst legislative crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking bill." German-born Am. physiologist Jacques Loeb (b. 1859) on Feb. 11 in Hamilton, Bermuda. English folklorist Cecil Sharp (b. 1859) on June 23. Russian Doukhobor leader Peter Verigin (b. 1859) on Oct. 29 in Farron, B.C., Canada; killed by a bomb aboard the Canadian Pacific Railway. English physiologist Sir William Bayliss (b. 1860) on Aug. 27. French aviation pioneer Armand Deprdussin (b. 1860) on June 11 (10:00 a.m.) in Paris (suicide). U.S. First Lady Florence Harding (b. 1860) on Nov. 21 in Marion, Ohio (kidney failure). Norwegian Antarctic explorer Carl Anton Larsen (b. 1860) on Dec. 8 in Ross Sea, Antarctica. British gen. Arthur Edward Aitken (b. 1861) in Rome, Italy. U.S. Rep. Calif. Rep. Julius Kahn (b. 1861) on Dec. 18 in San Francisco, Calif. (cerebral hemorrhage). English theatrical composer Lionel Monckton (b. 1861) on Feb. 15 in London. British gen. Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend (b. 1861) on May 18; leaves an estate worth £119. Hungarian novelist Sandor Brody (b. 1863) on Aug. 12 in Budapest; in 1995 his grandson Alexander Brody establishes the Sandor Brody Prize for best first Hungarian novel of the year. English academic Eleanor Jourdain (b. 1863) on Apr. 6 in Oxford (heart attack); dies soon after learning of an investigation into the reasons for firing tutor Cecilia Mary Ady. Am. "A Girl of the Limberlost" novelist Gene Stratton-Porter (b. 1863) on Dec. 6 in Los Angeles, Calif.; sells 10M copies. Dutch novelist-dramatist Herman Heijermans (b. 1864). Belgian scientist Frans Alfons Janssens (b. 1865) on Oct. 8 in Wichelen. Am. Lincoln Memorial architect Henry Bacon (b. 1866) on Feb. 17. Russian painter Leon Nikolaevich Bakst (b. 1866) on Dec. 28 in Paris (lung problems). Italian pianist-composer Ferruccio Busoni (b. 1866) on July 27. English journalist Hugh Chisholm (b. 1866) on Sept. 29. Am. novelist Gene Porter (b. 1868). Am. architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (b. 1869) on Apr. 23 in New York City; designed the Neb. State Capitol in Lincoln, St. Bartholomew's Church in New York City, Rockefeller Chapel at the U. of Chicago, and bldgs. for the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Russian Communist leader Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin (b. 1870) on Jan. 21 in Moscow; leaves a ton of stale writings and propaganda pictures and statues showing off his cool egghead; his mummified body is placed on display in Lenin's Mausoleum (Tomb) in Red Square until ?, with his clothes changed every 3 years. British diplomat Richard Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 2nd baron Acton (b. 1870) on June 16. Am. "Babes in Toyland" lyricists Glen MacDonough (b. 1870) on Mar. 30 in Stamford, Conn. Lithuanian-born Am. artist Victor D. Brenner (b. 1871) on Apr. 5 in New York City. Russian poet Valery Bryusov (b. 1873). Am. art patron John Quinn (b. 1870) on July 28 in Fostoria, Ohio (intestinal cancer); leaves his large modern Euro art collection to the world. Am. playwright George Cram Cook (b. 1873) on Jan. 14 in Delphi, Greece. Russian chess champ Stepan Levitsky (b. 1876) on Mar. 21 in Glubokaya. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player-mgr. Frank Leroy Chance (b. 1877) on Sept. 15 in Los Angeles, Calif. Dutch poet Carel Steven Adama van Scheltema (b. 1877) on May 6 in Bergen, Norway. British Liberal politican Edwin Samuel Montagu (b. 1879) on Nov. 15. Mexican statesman gen. Salvador Alvarado (b. 1880) on June 10 near Palenque, Chiapas. Am. filmmaker Thomas Harper Ince (b. 1880) on Nov. 19 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; dies mysteriously aboard William Randolph Hearst's yacht Oneida among a bevy of Hollywood stars, and Hearst takes great pains to cover up the facts (that he might have shot him?); in 1996 Patty Hearst pub. a novel about it titled "Murder at San Simeon"; subject of the 2001 film "The Cat's Meow". Dutch-born Jewish journalist Jacob Israel de Haan (b. 1881) on June 30 in Jerusalem (assassinated by the Haganah). Italian-born British auto racer Dario Resta (b. 1882) on Sept. 2 in Brooklands, Surrey (auto accident); his riding mechanic Bill Perkins is injured, causing Tom Barrett to take his place riding with driver Kenelm Lee Guinness, who crashes, killing Barrett, causing the practice of carrying riding mechanics during races to be ended. Am. Holland Tunnel engineer Clifford Milburn Holland (b. 1883) on Oct. 7 in Battle Creek, Mich. (heart attack); dies of overwork on the Holland Tunnel. Austrian Existentialist writer Franz Kafka (b. 1883) on June 3 in Kierling (TB); leaves three unfinished novels with friend Max Brod (1884-1968), with orders that they be destroyed, but he edits and pub. them. English mountaineer George Mallory (b. 1886) on June 8/9 on Mt. Everest; a court is named after him at Magdalene College, Cambridge U.; his frozen body is discovered 75 years later on May 1, 1999 on the N face at 26,760 ft. Mexican newspaper publisher Rafael Alducin (b. 1889) on Apr. 30 in Mexico City. Am. auto racer Joe Boyer (b. 1890) on Sept. 2 in Tyrone, Penn. (auto accident at Altoona Speedway). Am. gangster Dion O'Banion (b. 1892) on Nov. 10 in Chicago, Ill. (murdered). Am. auto racer Jimmy Murphy (b. 1894) on Sept. 15 in Syracuse, N.Y. (auto accident). Albanian MP Avni Rustemi (b. 1895) on Apr. 22 in Tirana. Czech poet Jiri Wolker (b. 1900) on Jan. 3 - the good die young? English mountaineer Andrew "Sandy" Irvine (b. 1902) on June 8/9 on Mt. Everest; "Irvine did not live long, but he lived well. Into his short life he crowded an overflowing measure of activity which found its climax in his last wonderful year, a year during which he rowed in the winning Oxford boat, explored Spitsbergen, fell in love with skiing, and, perhaps, conquered Everest. The English love rather to live well than to live long." (Arnold Lunn)
1925 Chinese Year: Ox. World pop.: 1.748B; Africa: 142M; North Am.: 136M; South Am.: 64M; Asia: 921M; Europe: 476M; Australasia: 9M; white: 821M; yellow: 645M; black: 139M; Semitic: 75M; brown: 40M; red: 28M; U.S.S.R.: 148M: U.S.: 115M; Japan: 85M; Germany: 64M; Britain: 45M. World religious membership: Roman Catholic 273.5M, Orthodox Catholic 121.801M, Protestant 170.9M (32.5M in the U.S., divided into 106 sects); 1.02B other (heathen); Germany has 559 male religious orders with 10K members, and 6.6K female religious orders with 74K members, and 40K blind people, 4K of them blinded in the war; the Freemasons have 4.2M members in 28K lodges. World wealth: U.S. $321B, Britain $130B, France $90B, Austria-Hungary $55B, Germany $40B, Italy $35B, Japan $22.5B, Belgium $12B, Denmark $2B. Railroad mileage: U.S. 261K, Britain 29K, Soviet Union 26K. U.S. unemployment rate: 3%. The numerically-challenged Silent Generation consists of people born in 1925-45, who live through war and depression, are born too early to be free spirits and too late to be war heroes, and tend to seek success via conformity. On Jan. 1 9-0 Notre Dame defeats 7-0-1 Stanford by 27-10 to win the 1925 Rose Bowl, becoming the last ride of the Four Horsemen; Ernest Alonzo "Ernie" Nevers (1903-76) rushes for 114 yards, more than the Four Horsemen combined, and is named MVP, causing him to be compared to Jim Thorpe, and Pop Warner to call him "the football player without a fault"; Nevers signs as a pitcher with the St. Louis Browns next year, gives up two homers to Babe Ruth in his 1927 60-homer season, then is signed by Red Grange to the NFL, saving it from bankruptcy; in 1929 he scores 6 TDs and kicks four extra points (40 points total) for the Chicago Cardinals against the Chicago Bears. On Jan. 2 Adolf Hitler's friends Rudolf Hess et al. are released from prison; Hitler reorganizes the 27K-member Nazi Party; the SS (Schutzstaffel) (protection squadron/defense corps) is formed under Hitler lookalike Julius Schreck (1898-1936); Ernst Roehm gets into a conflict with Hitler and travels to Bolivia, remaining until 1930; they take to wearing stylized Armanen sig runes. On Jan. 3 in the face of Communist and Liberal demonstrations, Fascist leader Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) dismisses the Italian parliament and assumes dictatorial powers again, reorganizing the cabinet on Jan. 5 (and again on Aug. 30); on May 19 Freemasonry is outlawed; the Legge Fascistissime represses opponents and exiles many to the Lipari Islands. On Jan. 15 Hans Luther (1885-1962) becomes chancellor #18 of Germany (until May 12, 1926). On Jan. 17 the French govt. of Radical Socialist Edouard Herriot creates the Conseil National Economique Consultatif to interface his govt. with the unions, and the Comite Consultatif Superieur du Commerce et de l'Industrie to interface his govt. with the employers; in Mar. math prof. Paul Painleve succeeds him as PM and finance minister, but is forced to resign in Nov. after opposition to his gee-whiz run-the-numbers Socialistic approach - then what, make them kiss? On Jan. 20 after her hubby James Edward "Pa" Ferguson is impeached and barred from office, and his Bell County, Tex.-born wife Miriam Amanda Wallace "Ma" Ferguson (1875-1961) runs in his place under the slogans "Two governors for the price of one" and "Me for Ma, and I Ain't Got a Durned Thing Against Pa", she becomes Dem. Tex. gov. #29 (until Jan. 18, 1927), doing it again as Tex. gov. #32 on Jan. 17, 1933-Jan. 15, 1935. On Jan. 31 gray snow falls on Japan, caused by volcano ash. In Jan. French Catholics unite to form the Federation Nationale Catholique, which by July recruits 1.8M members. In Jan. the Khost Rebellion in Afghanistan (begun 1924) is put down. In Jan. Gen. Maurice Sarrail (1856-1929) becomes French high commissioner of Syria, where his Socialist anti-clerical attitudes piss off the Christian pop.; meanwhile in June the nationalist anti-Zionist People's Party is formed by pro-Faisal nationalists, followed by an uprising in July among the Druze tribes in the mountainous Jabal Druze area SE of Damascus, which spreads through S Syria into Damascus on Oct. 14 then into Hama, becoming known as the Great Revolt (ends 1927); after being forced out of Damascus on Oct. 14, the French return on Oct. 18 and hammer it for two days with aircraft and artillery, finding the first evidence of cooperation between urban guerrillas and Druze rebels; the rebels proclaim the new state of Syria, consisting of Damascus and Alep; too bad, the French begin buying off the Syrian elite and sharing govt. power, sacking Sarrail and making him the fall guy, then replacing him with Henri de Jouvenel (1876-1935) on Nov. 6 (until 1926). On Feb. 1 after the Liberal Party (under duress by the U.S. Marines?) refuses to field a candidate, Nat. Party candidate Miguel Paz Barahona (Baraiona) (1863-1937) becomes pres. of Honduras (until Feb. 1, 1929), while the U.S. Marines go on to back his govt. in suppressing revolts - the few, the proud? On Feb. 2 the U.S. Contract Air Mail (Kelly) Act of 1925 is passed by the U.S. Congress, freeing the airmail service from total control by the U.S. Post Office, providing for fixed airmail rates and subsized contractors, who have a 4-year bidding period to begin smaller feeder routes; the first set of contracts are awarded to Colonial Air Transportation, Nat. Air Transport, Robertson Aircraft Corp., Western Air Express, and Varney Air Lines; next June 3 an amendment is passed changing the subsidy to $3/lb. of mail for the first 1K mi., and 30 cents/lb. for each 100 mi. thereafter. On Feb. 5 after being appointed by Pres. Coolidge, Chesterfield, N.H.-born liberal Harlan Fiske Stone (1872-1946) of N.Y. becomes U.S. Supreme Court justice #73 (until July 3, 1941) to fill the vacancy left by Joseph McKenna (1898-1925), leaving the court at nine members, only three of them (Stone, Holmes, Brandeis) liberal; no changes until 1930. On Feb. 10 the Polish-Vatican Concordat is signed by Vatican state secy. Cardinal Pietro Gasparri (1852-1934) and Stanislaw Grabski (1871-1949) of the 2nd Polish Repub., with 27 articles guaranteeing the freedom of the Roman Catholic Church et al. On Feb. 10 (Tues.) TLW's mother Wilma Louise Morrow (7 p.m.) (d. Dec. 17, 2010) and her fraternal twin brother Willis Leroy Morrow (6:20 p.m.) (d. May 8, 2000) are born at Willows Maternity Sanitarium at 2929 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. for wayward mothers (founded 1924) ("For the care and protection of the better class of unfortunate young women"), and originally named Willa and William (the first twins born there?); their anon. father and mother (Anna Handel?) are described as recent immigrants from Germany and/or Czech. and/or Austria, he a prosperous farmer and she perhaps his maid (with dual citizenship?); Walter and Helena "Hellcat" Morrow of Holden, Mo. adopt them a few weeks after birth, then divorce in 1929, after which Walter's sister, childless spinster Mabel "Nanny" Morrow (1893-1959) of Holden, Mo. adopts them, and keeps them even though he remarries to RN Frances Morrow, and they grow up hungry on a farm during the Depression, Wilma learning to play piano by ear and playing for the Methodist church for 10 years before winning the town beauty contest, graduating from h.s. and attending Warrensburg State College for a year and becoming friends with classmate Margaret Truman (1924-2008), then Springfield State College for 6 mo., intending to become a teacher; too bad, she contracts polio in the swimming pool and goes through a painful rehab which uses up her college funds, then moves to Denver, Colo. in 1949 to stay with music teacher Myrtle Morrow (well-fixed former Denver belle, who lives to almost 100) and house painter Baxter Morrow (Walter's uncle), becoming a low-paid secy.; in the meantime Willis, who works on the farm rather than attend h.s. is drafted in Mar. 1943, 2 mo. before Wilma graduates, and is sent to the Pacific, where he is zoomed by Screaming Mimis until he breaks and contracts schizophrenia in Luzon in early 1945, and is shipped back on a boatload of other schizos and given an honorable discharge with lifetime VA benefits, eventually moving in with newly-divorced Wilma (who never remarries) and young TLW and his younger sisters Sherry and Debby for life, becoming TLW's surrogate father, send me a pshrink?; the home is closed in 1969 after 64 years of operation, and all its records burned. On Feb. 13 the Sheikh Said Rebellion in E Turkey led by Sheikh Said (1865-1925) allies with some Naqshibendi Sikhs, but is quashed by Apr., and is he is executed on June 29. On Feb. 19 Pres. Coolidge proposes phasing-out of inheritance tax. On Feb. 21 the first issue of The New Yorker mag., founded by Colo.-born h.s. dropout Harold Wallace Ross (1892-1951) (ed.-in-chief until his death), and Austrian-born banker Raoul Herbert Fleischmann (1885-1969), cousin of yeast king Julius Fleischmann is pub., becoming the #1 lit. mag. in the U.S.; "It is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque"; the top-hatted character Eustace Tilley, created by a Victorian era-loving Rea Irvin (1881-1972) appears on the cover of the first issue and every anniv. issue thereafter; Irvin also creates the mag.'s typeface; E.B. White (1899-1985) becomes a main contributor, keeping it up for life, as does cartoonist Peter Arno (1904-68) and correspondent Janet Flanner (1892-1978), who uses the penname Genet. On Feb. 26 former gov. of Bombay (1918-22) George Ambrose Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd (1879-1941), who ran with Lawrence of Arabia in WWI is appointed British high commissioner of Egypt (until 1924); Hasan Nashat (Nash'at), composed of wealthy monarchist rural landowners becomes the 2nd opposition party to the Wafdists in Egypt. On Feb. 26 Glacier Bay Nat. Monument in SE Alaska is proclaimed. On Feb. 27 Adolf Hitler revives the Nat. Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP) (Nazi Party) (founded 1920) at the Burgerbraukeller in Munich, where 2K lucky pluckers hear him speak; on Feb. 26 he pub. the first issue of the revived Volkischer (Völkischer) Beobachter (founded 1920); immediately after the speech the Bavarian authorities revoke his right to speak, driving him to writing and publishing (until May 1927). In Feb. after its competition squeezes it out, Vitagraph Studios sells out to Warner Bros. for $735K, marking a new era in the U.S. movie biz as the action shifts from New York City to Calif. - harder for the Nazis to hit? On Mar. 2 state and federal highway officials develop a nationwide route numbering system and adopt the familiar U.S. shield-shaped numbered marker. On Mar. 4 U.S. pres. #35 (since Aug. 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge is inaugurated for his 2nd term in the 41st U.S. pres. inauguration in the Eastern Portico of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. which is broadcast live on 21 radio stations coast-to-coast, becoming the first inauguration oath administered by a former U.S. pres. (William Howard Taft); Marietta, Ohio-born banker Charles Gates Dawes (1865-1951) becomes the 30th U.S. vice-pres. (until Mar. 4, 1929). On Mar. 4 Swains Island (24 mi. N of Samoa) is included as part of the territory of Am. Samoa by an act of Congress; on Feb. 20, 1929 Congress formally accepts sovereignty over the islands and places responsibility for their admin. in the hands of the U.S. pres. (the U.S. Navy governs it from 1900-51). On Mar. 7 the Soviet Red Army occupies Outer Mongolia. On Mar. 9 the Egyptian Ministry of Public Works announces the discovery of the 5K-y.-o. tomb of 4th Dynasty Pharaoh Sneferu (c. -2600). On Mar. 18 (Wed.) the F5 Tri-State Tornado Outbreak in SE Mo., S Ill., and SW Ind. kills 595 and injures 2,027, causing $1.6B damage, a record not broken until the Apr. 27, 2011 Super Tornado Outbreak. On Mar. 21 Tenn. Dem. gov. (1923-27) Austin Peay (1876-1927) signs the Butler Act, passed on Mar. 13, prohibiting the teaching of Darwin's Theory of Evolution (Darwinism) in public schools, along with sex education (repealed in 1967); on May 5 after a group of Dayton, Tenn. businessmen approach him about being a test case, substitute teacher John Thomas Scopes (1900-70) of Rhea County High School (who attended high school in William Jennings Bryan's hometown of Salem, Ill., where Bryan gave his commencement address) becomes its first victim (or victory) as he is arrested for teaching the evolution chapter in the textbook "Civic Biology" by Hunter (1914); on July 10-25 the Scopes Monkey Trial in Tenn. forever sensationalizes and trivializes the issues for the public as Scopes' atty. Clarence Darrow (1857-1938) puts self-proclaimed Bible expert William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) and the Bible itself on a cross of gold, er, trial; fair, impartial Judge John T. Raulston has a sign that says "Read Your Bible" on the wall behind his bench; Darrow asks Bryan "Did you ever discover where Cain got his wife?", to which Bryan replies, "No, sir; I leave the agnostics to hunt for her"; these and other smug answers are allegedly a disaster for the fundamentalist cause, and are touted as proving the soundness of evolution?; on July 21 Scopes is convicted, fined $500, then later acquitted on the technicality that the judge set the fine instead of the jury; the Butler Act is not repealed until 1967; Scopes never actually taught the chapter but his students were coached to lie on the witness stand to make him their test case? On Mar. 18 the horrific Tri-State Tornado and seven other tornadoes in Missouri, Ind., Ill., Kentucky, Tenn. and Ala. kill 792 and cause $18M in property damage, becoming the worst tornado of the 20th cent. On Mar. 25 Potsdam, N.Y.-born Frank Billings Kellogg (1856-1937) becomes U.S. secy. of state #45 (until Mar. 28, 1929). On Apr. 1 the Hebrew U. of Jerusalem campus on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem is opened by Aaron Shulov and Yocheved Shulov et al., with civic planning by Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) and a bldg. designed by Eric Mendelsohn; the cornerstone is laid by Lord Balfour; chancellor #1 is San Francisco, Calif.-born Reform rabbi Judah Leon Magnes (1877-1948) (co-founder of the Am. Jewish Committee in 1906), who went to Palestine in 1922 and became a leader of the univ. movement, going on to advocate Arab-Jewish cooperation and turn the univ. into a center of Muslim as well as Hebraic learning. On Apr. 3 Belgium and the Netherlands settle their long-standing dispute regarding navigation of the Scheldt River. On Apr. 10 Tsaritsyn is renamed Stalingrad (until 1961). On Apr. 26 the German gen. elections see the Communists decisively repudiated; 77-y.-o. Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) receives 14,655,766 votes, becoming pres. of the Weimar Repub. (until 1934); Central Party leader Wilhelm Marx (1863-1946) receives 13,751,615 votes; Communist Party leader Ernst Thalmann (Thälmann) (1886-1944) receives 1,931,151; sounds-like-cough-drops Gen. Ludendorff receives only 1% of the vote. On May 5 the Am. Assoc. for the History of Medicine is founded in Washington, D.C. In May the 1925 Summer Heat Wave in the E U.S. begins, with 94F temps on May 24 in Washington, D.C. (hottest for 56 years), peaking on June 5 with 104F max temps in Mich. and 100F temps from Tex. to N.Y.; every day in June is 90+F in the Midwest; in Sept. another heat wave sees 112F on Sept. 5 in Centreville, Ala. and 106F in Birmingham, Ala.; on Sept. 20 another heat wave sees 100F temps in most of the SE U.S., incl. 107F in Ga., with almost half of the U.S. over 90F. In May Lincoln Ellsworth of the U.S. and Capt. Roald Amundsen of Norway attempt a seaplane flight from Svalbard (Sitsbergen) to the North Pole, reaching lat. 87 deg 44 min N in two amphibious phases, about 135 mi. short of the N Pole; they decide to try it again next May. On June 6 after launching the 6-cylinder Chrysler automobile last year, which features the first mass-produced 4-wheel hydraulic brakes, along with carburetor air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication and oil filter, rubber engine mounts, and a wheel with a ridged rim to keep punctured tires from flying off, Walter Percy Chrysler (1875-1940) (should be Walter Piston?) founds Chrysler Corp. out of the Maxwell Motor Co., going on to become #2 in the U.S. in 1936-49; in 1928 it acquires the Dodge Brothers Co., and spins off the low-price Plymouth brand and medium-price DeSoto brand; in 1955 it produces the first transistor car radio; in 1957 it produces the first electronic fuel injection; in 1987 it acquires Am. Motors Corp.; in 1998 it merges with Daimler-Benz; in 2009 it files for bankruptcy, and is acquired by Fiat. On June 8 the U.S. Supreme (Taft) Court rules 7-2 in Gitlow v. New York to uphold the criminal conviction of N.Y. Communist Benjamin "Ben" Gitlow (1891-1965) just for pub. a pamphlet calling for the establishment of Socialism by strikes and class action; Justice Edward Terry Sanford writes the majority opinion; Oliver Wendell Holmes objects that his poopy little pamphlet "had no chance of starting a present conflagration", hence was not a "clear and present danger"; the Court also holds that the 14th Amendment applies to the states, reversing Barron v. Baltimore (1833) and opening the barn door to the entire Bill of Rights; the first major First Amendment case argued before the U.S. Supreme Court by the Am. Civil Liberties Union (ACLU); the police now get busy sweeping the streets of pamphlet publishers; Gitlow later becomes a prominent anti-Communist - not really, but what the heck, he's a Commie, so fork the 1st Amendment protections and let him love it or leave it? On June 16 France accepts a German proposal for a security pact. On June 17 the Geneva Protocol of 1925 (Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare) is signed, banning poison gas in warfare. On June 22 France and Spain agree to join forces against Berber (Rif) leader Abd El-Krim (1882-1963) in Morocco, with Marshal Henri Philippe Petain as French CIC (ends 1926). On June 25 a bloodless military coup in Athens makes Gen. Theodoos Pangalos (1878-1952) the PM of Greece on June 26 (until Juy 19, 1926). On June 29 an earthquake strikes Santa Barbara, Calif., causing millions in property damage. In June the YWCA establishes Camp Nizhoni on Lincoln Hills on Lookout Mt. in Black Hawk, Colo. for Denver inner-city black girls to complement their all-white summer camp. On July 4 the Dreyfus Hotel in Boston, Mass. collapses, killing 44. On July 7 Afrikaans is recognized as one of the official languages of South Africa along with English and Dutch. On July 10 31-y.-o. Pune-born Indian guru Meher Baba (Merwan Sheriar Irani) (1894-1969) goes silent for life. On July 18 vol. 1 of Adolf Hitler's prison memoir Mein Kampf (My Fight) (My Struggle) (My Jihad) (My Crap?) is pub. in an ed. of 10K copies by Franz Eher of Munich, at 12 marks a copy; 9,473 copies are sold by the end of the year, but sales drop sharply next year; his secy. Rudolf Walter Richard Hess (1894-1987) assisted in its writing; Hess is a student of Gen. Karl Ernst Haushofer (1869-1946), founder of Geopolitik and originator of the idea of Lebensraum. On July 25 TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union), the official news agency of the Soviet Union is established, giving Commie disinfo. a new voice. On Aug. 3 moderate Conservative Carlos Jose Solorzano Gutierrez (Carlos José Solórzano Gutiérrez) (1860-1936) is elected pres. of Nicaragua in U.S.-supervised elections, with liberal Juan Bautista Sacasa (1874-1946) as vice-pres., taking office next Jan. 1 (until Mar. 14, 1926); the U.S. Marines are then withdrawn for a short time, during which a revolt on Oct. 25 led by former pres. (1917-21) Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1871-1966) ousts Sacasa and other liberals. On Aug. 8 the first Nat. Congress of the Klu Klux Klan (KKK) opens; 25K-50K of 3M members march in Washington, D.C. demanding immigration restrictions based on race and national origin. On Aug. 15 Norway annexes Spitsbergen (Svalbard), a 24K-sq.-mi. group of islands to the N in the Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Franz Josef Land. On Sept. 3 the 682-ft. USS Shenandoah, a dirigible built by the U.S. Navy in 1923 breaks apart in bad weather in midair over Caldwell, Ohio, killing 14. On Sept. 8 the Alhucemas (Al Hoceima) Landing in Alhucemas, Morocco by 13K Spanish army troops becomes the first amphibious landing using tanks and seaborne air support in history, defeating 9K Riffians led by Abd el-Krim, helping end the Second Moroccan Rif War (begun 1920). On Sept. 23 Sir Partab Singh (b. 1848) dies, and his nephew Sir Hari Singh (1895-1949) becomes maharaja of Kashmir, going on to criminalize child marriage, open places of worship to the low castes, and introduce compulsory education. On Sept. 23 Australia passes an Immigration Restriction Act giving the gov.-gen. authority to prohibit immigration for any economic or racial reasons, which he soon uses to keep out Italians. In Sept. after a customs scandal threatens a House of Commons vote to force him to resign, the King-Byng Affair starts when Canadian PM William Lyon Mackenzie King advises Canadian gov.-gen Lord Byng to dissolve parliament and call for a gen. election, which he refuses, asking Conservative Party leader Arthur Meighen to form a new govt., which he fails at, advising dissolution, which is finally accepted, becoming the first time in Canadian history that the gov.-gen. interferes in poltics, causing a reaction that establishes a tradition of non-interference and the Balfour Declaration of 1926; on Oct. 29 the 1925 Canadian federal election gives Arthur Meighen's Conservative Party 116 seats in Commons, vs. 101 for the Liberal Party of King, who loses his own seat (until Feb. 1926), but remains in office as PM, hoping for support of the Progressive Party and its 28 seats, informing Byng on Oct. 30, who tells him: "Well, in any event you must not at any time ask for a dissolution unless Mr. Meighen is first given a chance to show whether or not he is able to govern"; too bad, in Dec. Jacques Bureau, a King appointee in the Dept. of Customs and Excise is revealed to have taken bribes, causing Conservatives to point the finger at King after he replaces Bureau with Georges Henry Bolvin then recommends to Byng to appoint Bureau to the Senate, which alienates the Progressives. On Sept. 25 Bartow, Fla.-born black physician Ossian Sweet (1895-1960) moves his family into an all-white neighborhood in Detroit, Mich., causing an angry mob to surround their house the first night, and when the police refuse to respond and another mob surrounds them the 2nd night, firing at his house, he fires back, whereupon the pigs show up and arrest him, causing the NAACP to have to clear him at a cost of $22K; too bad, his wife and brother-in-law die of TB contracted in priz. In Sept. a massive Florida land boom is halted by bad hurricanes, causing the interest of speculators to move to the U.S. stock market - a stretch to call it the butterfly effect? In Sept. three U.S. Navy flying boats fail to reach Hawaii from Calif.; Col. William Lendrum "Billy" Mitchell (1879-1936) ("Father of the U.S. Air Force"), former brig. gen. in command of AEF aviation in WWI (angling to get a U.S. Air Force established independent of the other branches) issues the statement: "These accidents are the result of the incompetency, criminal negligence, and almost treasonable administration of the national defense by the War and Navy Departments", and is court-martialed for it, then tried before 9 generals (any of them Air Force gens.?) in Washington, D.C. from Oct. 28-Dec. 17 in a sensational trial, where he puts the Army on trial for having only 59 modern planes fit for duty and running a chickenshit outfit; Mitchell is found guilty on all counts on Dec. 17, only Maj. Gen. Douglas MacArthur dissenting, and suspended from duty and pay for five years, causing him to resign next Feb. - play the misty hero music? On Oct. 7-15 after Babe Ruth physically collapses from partying too hearty, allowing Ken Williams to lead the AL in slugging percentage (Ruth leads every other year from 1918-31), the Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) defeat the Washington Senators (AL) 4-3 to win the Twenty-Second (22nd) (1925) World Series; Rogers Hornsby wins baseball's triple crown for the 2nd time (1st time 1922). On Oct. 12 Germany and the Soviet Union sign a commercial treaty - vodka and beluga caviar for Mausers and human lampshades? On Oct. 14 Davis Cup founder and asst. war secy. (since 1923) Dwight Filley Davis (1879-1945) becomes U.S. war secy. #49 (until Mar. 4, 1929), followed by gov.-gen. of the Philippines (1929-32). On Oct. 14 German writer Erich Maria Remarque (b. 1898) marries Italian-Danish dancer-actress Jutta Ilse Ingeborg Ellen "Jeanne" Zambona (b. 1901), and begins an upscale lifestyle; he divorces her in 1930, remarries her in Jan. 1938 to keep her from being forced to return to Germany, then divorces her again in Juarez, Mexico in 1957 to marry Am. actress Paulette Goddard (Marion Levy) (b. 1911) in the U.S. On Oct. 18-23 the War of the Stray Dog (Incident at Petrich) sees Bulgarian soldiers kill a Greek capt. and a sentry near the border town of Petrich chasing a you know what, causing a short invasion of Bulgaria by Greece. On Oct. 22-23 Greek and Bulgarian forces clash on the frontier, and the Greeks invade Bulgaria; on Dec. 14 the League of Nations settles the dispute, fining Greece. On Oct. 31 Reza Pahlavi deposes Ahmad Shah Qajar, and on Dec. 15 he becomes shah Reza Ahah Pahlavi (1878-1944) (later the Great) of Persia (until Sept. 16, 1941), following the example of Ataturk in Turkey by attempting to modernize and secularize Persia - but is up against a brick wall because it's mainly Shiites not Sunnis? On Nov. 2 the Treaty of Hadda defines the border between Saudi and Transjordanian territory in an attempt to end Bedouin raids from the Saudi side. In Nov. 6 emperor (since May 18, 1916) Khai Dinh (b. 1885) of Annam (Vietnam) dies. On Nov. 11 Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong (1901-71) records the first of the Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings that define the rhythmic and improvisational foundation of jazz. On Nov. 25 Rama VI (b. 1881) dies, and his brother becomes Rama VII Prajadhipok (1893-1941), Chakri ruler #7 of Siam (until 1935), its last absolute and first constitutional ruler. On Nov. 28 the Grand Ole Opry (WSM Barn Dance) is founded by former Nat. Barn Dance announcer "Solemn Ole Judge" George Dewey Hay (1895-1968) on radio station WSM in Nashville, Tenn.; in 1939 it debuts on NBC Radio; in 1943 it moves to Ryman Auditorium at 116-5th Ave. N (until 1974), helping turn Nashville into the country music capital of the U.S., with regulars incl. Roy Acuff, Patsy Cline, the Carter Family, Bill Monroe, Minnie Pearl, Marty Robbins, Ernest Tubb, Kitty Wells, and Hank Williams; Hay retires in 1956; in 1974 it moves to a larger venue in Opryland USA near Nashville. On Oct. 5 after new Conservative British foreign secy. Sir Austen Chamberlain (1863-1937) (half-brother of Neville Chamberlain) rejects the proposed Geneva Protocol because of lack of power to enforce the League of Nation's authority in a crisis, saying that the League Covenant needs to be supplemented, he meets with Gustav Stresemann of Germany, Aristide Briand of France, plus reps. from Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czech. in Locarno in S Switzerland, and on Oct. 16 (Chamberlain's birthday) they sign the Locarno Pact (Treaties), defining Germany's W borders with France and Begium, and paving the way for Germany's acceptance into the League of Nations; after a 7-year occupation 7K British troops evacuate Cologne; Chamberlain, Stresemann, and Briand win the Nobel Peace Prize. On Nov. 20 minister of foreign affairs of the Repub. of Poland (1924-6) Count Alexander (Aleksander) Jozef Skrzynski (1882-1931) becomes PM #13 of Poland (until May 5, 1926). On Dec. 11 after a campaign of defamation by his PM Antonio Maria da Silva, pres. (since Oct. 5, 1923) Manuel Teixeira Gomes resigns, and former pres. (1915-17) Bernardino Machado is elected pres. #8 of Portugal (until May 31, 1926); Gomes heads for Bougie, Algeria, where he spends the rest of his life, dissing the dictatorship developing back home. On Dec. 12 the first motel, the Motel Inn opens in San Luis Obispo, Calif. - well pop my Model-T clutch? On Dec. 18 Soviet Jewish Bolshevik leaders Lev Kamenev (1883-1936) and Grigory Yeseevich Zinoviev (1883-1936) break with Stalin, who makes short work of them, causing them to flop over to Trotsky, forming the United Opposition; too bad, by 1928 they come crawling back to boss man Stalin like beaten dogs, and are accepted back, but into mid-level positions only - dooming them and all Jews in the Soviet Paradise? On Dec. 23 Emiliano Figueroa Larrain (1866-1931) is elected pres. #19 of Chile (until May 20, 1927), keeping up-and-coming Gen. Carlos Ibanez as interior minister and vice-pres., who tries to make him his puppet. On Dec. 25 U.S. Rear Adm. Julian L. Latimer disarms Nicaraguan insurgents in support of the Diaz regime. On Dec. 26 six U.S. destroyers are ordered from Manila to China to protect interests in the civil war being waged there. In the winter the dog Balto (1922-33) leads a sled dog team, driven by Gunnar Kaasen through a blizzard in Nome, Alaska ("home of the golden beaches") (on the S shore of the Seward Peninsula) (original name Anvil City), bringing serum needed to halt an epidemic among the Eskimos; a Statue of Balto by F.G. Roth is later put in New York's Central Park, becoming the city's first statue commemorating a dog (until ?). A 2nd coup in Chile returns Pres. Arturo Alessandri Palma to his position and allows him to push through a new constitution calling for the pres. to be elected by direct popular election. The military dictatorship in Spain is superseded by a civil govt. with Gen. Primo de Rivera as PM (until 1930) - but when it comes down to fooling you, now honey that's a different subject? Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov (1881-1969) becomes Soviet war minister (until 1940), and is appointed Field Marshal in 1935. Ahmed Bey Zogu (1895-1961) becomes pres. of Albania. Cyprus becomes a British crown colony, pissing-off the pop. who want independence. Italian chamber of deputies pres. (since 1919) Vittorio Orlando withdraws his support for the Fascists, then resigns in 1928 (until 1944). Britain recognizes the autonomy of Shiite imam-run (Rassite Dynasty) Yemen. The U.S. Navy-MacMillan Expedition explores Greenland; Lt. cmdr. Richard E. Byrd commands the naval air unit. Britain enacts an Unemployment Insurance Act. The first Iraqi parliament meets; by the end of the Hashemite monarchy in 1958, 10 elections are held, and 50+ cabinets take their turns. WWI Field Marshal Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer (1857-1932) becomes high commissioner #2 of the British mandate for Palestine (until 1928), presiding over its calmest period; he pisses off the Arabs by standing for the Zionist national anthem" "Hatikva" in Tel Aviv, to which he replies that they would feel offended if he stayed seated when the Palestinian national anthem was played, to which they reply that they didn't have one - until 1996 (lazy Arab jokes here?) - with the inspiring words "Palestine is my home, Palestine is my fire, Palestine is my revenge... I will live as a revolutionist, I will remain a revolutionist, I will end as a revolutionist, until my country returns." The British Dominions Office is established. The Fascist recreation org. Dopolavore (Ital. "after work") is founded in sunny Italy. The Plaid Cymru (pr. like played comery) political party is founded in Wales to work peacefully for the independence of Wales; it doesn't win its first seat in the British Parliament until 1966. Norway's capital Kristiania (1878) is renamed Oslo, and the Lutheran World Conference is held there. The United Church of Canada is founded - take the itch out of your winter? Al Capone (1899-1947) takes over the criminal org. of Johnny "the Brain" Torrio (1882-1957) in Chicago, Ill.; 400 gang murders are recorded in the city this year. Britain returns to the gold standard. Japan introduces universal male suffrage. The town of Boca Raton (Sp. "mouth of the mouse") in Fla. is incorporated in May. Burning Crater Volcano (Piton de la Fournaise) on Reunion Island erupts for 4 mo. after lying dormant for 40 years. Asa Philip Randolph (1889-1979) secretly organizes the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids to work for better working conditions for U.S. blacks. The Anti-Conscription Manifesto is signed by Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi et al. The Turkish Repub. Nat. Assembly passes the Hat Law, outlawing the fez; the turban was outlawed in the 19th cent. Whittaker Chambers (1906-61) joins the U.S. Communist Party. L'Action Francaise ed. Leon Daudet (1867-1942), who lost his chamber of deputies seat last year (elected 1919) accuses a cab driver of killing his son Philippe after finding him in his cab, and the chauffeur sues him for libel and gets him imprisoned, but he escapes with royalist help and flees the country, getting pardoned and returning in 1930. Columbia U. pres. Nicholas Murray Butler becomes pres. for the Carnegie Endowment for Internat. Peace (until 1945) - what I really want is girls? New York City has its first solar eclipse in 300 years. The U.S. Supreme Court is given more control over its own docket with legislation instituting the certiorari procedure, largely devised by slow-but-good assoc. justice Willis Van Devanter. Walter Sherman Gifford (1885-1966) becomes pres. of AT&T (until 1948). Egypt enacts free compulsory elementary education, but lack of funding holds it back, so that by 1950 only 30% of children attend and illiteracy remains widespread among both sexes, although school attendance does rise from 600K in 1920 to 1.6M in 1950, and the number of schools from 600 to 4.5K; Fouad I U. (later Cairo U.) is founded. The town of Hialeah ("pretty prairie") is founded in SE Fla. as a suburb of Miami (modern pop. 100K). The U. of Miami in Coral Gables, Fla. is founded. The weekly Rose al-Yusuf, ed. by Fatma al-Yusuf begins pub. in Egypt. The Jesuits count 18,718 members worldwide in 32 provinces. The Roman Catholics have 88K total missionaries in 66.4K stations, while the Protestants have 30K in 4,596 stations. The big prediction of the Jehovah's Witnesses (Watch Tower Society) that Armageddon will come this year proves false, causing about 80% to drop out, and the Watch Tower officially drops founder Russell's writings, while splinter groups cling to them; that only causes its failed prophet Judge Rutherford to mount more determined proselytizing campaigns, concentrating on the slogan "Religion is a snare and a racket" (every religion other than their true one, which isn't a religion or a cult, but the Truth). The Muslim Moorish Science Temple of Am. is founded in Chicago, Ill. by Prophet Noble Ali (Timothy) Drew, which claims that Moors are not U.S. citizens but descendants of a Moroccan tribe born in the U.S., and demands special rights incl. adhering to state law. Javanese Muslim Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo (1901-87) founds the Subud (Suzili, Bodhi, Dharmi) spiritual movement in Indonesia; their symbol is seven concentric circles with seven spokes; as a young man Subuh's portrait bears a startling resemblance to Pres. Barack Obama? Maulana Kifayet Ali proposes a united Islamic political entity in Southeast Asia called the Java Repub. This year 2K people die of liquor poisoning in the U.S., and the govt. seizes 173K illegal stills. Great Britain has 1.654M radio sets in use. The Am. Palestine Line (founded 1924) flies the flag of Judea for the first time since the 1st cent. as 500 Jewish colonists leave New York City. The anti-Marxist Gordonia Youth Movement is founded in Poland to promote emigration to kibbutzes in Palestine. The Ky. statewide spelling bee becomes the Nat. Spelling Bee after nine newspapers accept an invitation from the Louisville Courier-Journal to send students to compete for a nat. spelling crown in Putnam; in 1941 Scripps Howard media takes over sponsorship of the annual event that exposes the English language as a bug-filled PC among a sea of Macs? Sumitomo Bank in Calif. is founded to serve the Japanese immigrant pop. GM's earnings surpass Ford's; Ford opens plants in Yokohama and Germany. Enclosed cars outsell open cars for the first time and create a big demand for windows; front and rear bumpers become standard equipment on Am. cars. Lincoln Highway, the first U.S. interstate highway opens between New York and San Francisco, becoming the last named highway, as the U.S. agriculture secy. approves the plan of the Am. Assoc. of State Highway Officials (AASHO) to number major E-W routes in multiples of 10, from U.S. 10 in the N to U.S. 90 in the S, and major N-S routes ending in 1 or 5, from U.S. 1 between Maine and Fla. and U.S. 101 between Wash. and Calif.; Lincoln Hwy. is broken up into U.S. 1, U.S. 30, U.S. 530, U.S. 40, and U.S. 50. The Art Deco style is formally introduced by Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann (1879-1933) at the Paris Design Exposition, becoming the most fashionable style through the 1930s. Am.-Jewish pub. Horace Liveright sells his chief asset, the Modern Library to Bennett Cerf (1898-1971), giving birth to Random House Pubs. - the original way to randomly cerf? Katharine Sergeant Angell White (1892-1977) becomes fiction ed. of the New Yorker mag. (until 1960), marrying fellow worker E.B. White in 1929. Am. illustrator Russell Patterson (1893-1977) begins drawing Flapper girls for mags. incl. Life, Vogue, Vanity Fair, and Cosmopolitan, which replace the Gibson Girl look with the Patterson Girl look, "simultaneously brazen and innocent" (Armando Mendez), using the "graphic power of elegant, outlined forms, linear patterns of clothing and trailing smoke to compose strongly decorative, eye-catching designs" (Martha H. Kennedy). Big black buck Paul Robeson (1898-1976) makes his debut as a bass-baritone in the Greenwich Village Theatre singing the first concert consisting solely of Negro spirituals. MGM signs Swedish actress Greta Garbo (1905-90). English singer-comedian Gracie Fields (1898-1978) begins performing at the Alhambra Theatre in London, becoming a hit and going on tour for 10 years, featuring her theme song Sally. Am. cartoonist William Morgan "Billy" De Beck (1890-1942) coins the term "hotsy-totsy", meaning splendid. The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation is founded by Am. Jewish philanthropist Simon Guggenheim (1867-41) and his wife in memory of their son (who died on Apr. 26, 1922) to award fellowships to profs. in the arts and sciences with demonstrated exceptional ability; the first Guggenheim Fellowship is awarded to Aaron Copland. Bennington College in Vt. is founded, bragging that its graduates also come with resumes. Trinity College in Durham, N.C. (founded 1838) changes its name to Duke U. after a $40M grant from tobacco king James Buchanan Duke, and begins issuing South Atlantic Quarterly, Journal of Parapsychology et al. Well-traveled Am. Modernist poet Marianne Moore (1887-1972) (known for the soundbyte that new poets should depict "imaginary gardens with real toads in them") becomes ed. of The Dial (until 1929), after which she goes on to promote new poets incl. Irwin Allen Ginsberg (1926-97), John Lawrence Ashbery (1927-2017), Elizabeth Bishop (1911-79), Ouija Board poet James Merrill (1926-95), and Harold Hart Crane (1899-1932), notoriously butchering his poem The Wine Menagerie before pub. it under the title "Again"; "Invariably when wine redeems the sight,/ Narrowing the mustard scansions of the eyes,/ A leopard ranging always in the brow/ Assets a vision in the slumbering gaze./ William L. Chenery (1884-1974) becomes ed. of Collier's Weekly, changing to a balanced formula of middle class politics, economics, amusements, sports, serials and short stories, and beginning Grantland Rice's selection of All-American teams, along with a weekly column by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who is paid $75K a year. In the latter half of this decade private orgs. and interest groups in the U.S. begin setting up historic road signs, many containing exaggerations to make travelers stop and visit; in 1926 Burma-Shave (founded 1925) begins displaying advertisements in the U.S. on small boards spaced so they can be read sequentially by motorists (until 1963), e.g., "Henry the Eighth/ Prince of Friskers/ lost five wives/ but kept/ his whiskers/ Burma-Shave". The London Bible Society distributes 10.5M Bibles in 566 languages; the avg. cost is $3, down from $2K in the 14th cent., $500 in 1455 (Gutenberg), and $100 in the 17th cent. The Book-of-the-Month Club is founded in New York City, becoming the first discount mail order bookseller. The Sir John Rhys Memorial Lectures on the Celtic world are founded by the British Academy. The Motion Picture Theatre Owners of Am. and the Independent Producers' Assoc. declare war on the "Big Three" film trust of MGM, Paramount, and First National. Soviet composer Mikhail Mikhailovich Ippolitov-Ivanov (1859-1935), having been given the title of "People's Artist of the Repub." in 1923 becomes conductor of the Moscow Opera. The Minn. Valley Canning Co. of Le Sueur, Minn. (founded 1903) (CEO Bill Dietrich) introduces Green Giant Great Big Tender Peas, a new European variety of peas called "Prince of Wales"; the original giant is grumpy, wears boots and a bearskin, carries a cudgel, and is white, and the jolly and green stuff aren't added until 1935 by adman Leo Burnett (1891-1971); in 1950 the co. is renamed to Green Giant Co.; in 1979 it merges with Pillsbury Co., which in 2001 is acquired by Gen. Mills; in 1958 the Jolly Green Giant makes his first TV appearance voiced by Thurl Ravenscroft and Elmer Dresslar Jr.; in 1961 "Ho Ho Ho" becomes its signature tagline; in 1972 his apprentice Little Green Spout appears. The first radio station in Afghanistan begins operation. Vinyl gramophone records get standardized at 78 rpm. The Electrola record label is founded in Berlin by the Gramophone Co.; in 1931 it merges with Columbia Gramophone Co. ("His Master's Voice" label) to form the Electric and Musical Industries Ltd. (EMI) label. Polish-born Am. dance teacher Arthur Murray (1895-1991) begins franchising his Arthur Murray Ballroom Dance Studios, becoming the 2nd U.S. franchise after A&W Restaurants (1922). The Radio City Rockettes are founded as the Missouri Rockets in St. Louis, Mo. by choreographer Russell Markert (1899-1990); they debut in New York City in 1932. The Woolaroc (woods-lakes-rocks) wildlife preserve in NE Okla. in the Osage Hills 12 mi. SW of Bartlesville and 45 mi. N of Tulsa, named after the aircraft that won the Dole Air Race is established by oilman Frank Phillips (1873-1950) of Phillips Petroleum; it also houses a Western art and Am. Indian museum containing one of the largest collections of Colt brand firearms on Earth. Poitiers, France-born Anglophile chef Xavier Marcel Boulestin (1878-1943) opens the Restaurant Francais in Leicester Square, London, which in 1927 moves to Covent Garden, becoming the most expensive restaurant in Britain, popularizing French cuisine; in 1937-9 he becomes the first TV chef, with a show on the BBC. The first helium-filled Goodyear blimp is launched, named The Pilgrim. Sears, Roebuck & Co. opens its first retail store in Chicago, Ill.; in 1931 retail sales top mail-order sales. Hershey Co. introduces Mr. Goodbar, milk chocolate and peanuts; at the founder's request, the co. goes under the alias "Chocolate Sales Corp"; they follow with Hershey's Chocolate Syrup (1926), and Hershey's Semi-Sweet Chocolate Chips (1928). Am. WWI vet Howard Deering Johnson (1897-1972) founds Howard Johnson's (HoJo) Restaurants in Wollaston (near Quincy), Mass., which starts out as a small corner pharmacy featuring 28 flavors of ice cream, and in 1932 opens its first franchise restaurant in Orleans, Mass., becoming the first modern restaurant franchise, expanding to 41 restaurants in 1936, 107 in 1939, and 200 in 1942, which shrinks to 12 in 1944, then rebounds after the war to 400 in 32 states in 1954 after their fried clams become popular; restaurants feature orange roofs, cupolas, and weather vanes, along with the trademark Simple Simon and the Pieman logo by John Alcott; in 1961 there are 605 restaurants, and it goes public. Sugar Daddy (Papa Sucker until 1932) hard caramel lollipops are introduced by Chowan County, N.C.-born chocolate salesman Robert Henry Winborne Welch Jr. (1899-1985) of the James O. Welch Co. of Cambridge, Mass., founded by his brother James O. Welch (1906-85); in 1935 they introduce soft Sugar Babies; in 1949 they introduce Junior Mints; 1958 Robert Welch co-founds the rightist John Birch Society, whose views his bro' James publicly disavows in 1961; in 1963 it is acquired by Nat. Biscuit Co. - everybody is a sucker to him? Sir Walter Raleigh brand Burley pipe tobacco is acquired by the Brown and Williamson Tobacco Co. of Winston-Salem, N.C. from the J.G. Flynt Tobacco Co. - do you have Sir Walter Raleigh in a can? In 1925 Grupo Modelo brewery is founded in Mexico City, Mexico, introducing Modelo Especial in 1925, which becomes the #2 imported beer in the U.S., known for cute stubby bottles, and Corona Extra brand beer in 1925, becoming the best-selling beer in Mexico, and the #1 imported beer in the U.S., known for clear glass long neck bottles into which consumers stick lime or lemon slices; the logo is red poppies; the co. goes on to capture 63% of the Mexican beer market; in 2013 it is acquired by Anheuser-Bush InBev. Sports: On Mar. 21-30 the 1925 Stanley Cup Finals see the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) defeat the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL 3-1, becoming the last non-NHL team to win the Cup, and the last team based W of Chicago, Ill. to win until the Edmonton Oilers in 1984; after the 1924-25 season the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, named for Marie Evelyn Byng (nee Moreton), Viscountess Byng of Vimy (1870-1949), wife of Canadian gov.-gen. (1921-6) Viscount Byng of Vimy is established by the NHL for the "player adjuged to have exhibited the best type of sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct combined with a high standard of playing ability" as voted by members of the Prof. Hockey Writers Assoc.; the first award goes to Frank Nighbor of the Ottawa Senators; Frank Boucher wins in 1928-35, causing Lady Byng to give him the trophy permanently; too bad, it is destroyed in a fire at his home in 1962; meanwhile new trophies are created in 1936 and 1949; no goaltender wins until ?. On May 30 the 1925 (13th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Peter DePaolo (1898-1980) (nephew of Ralph De Palma), who becomes the first to avg. over 100 mph (101.127) and complete the race in under five hours; Norman Batten relieves him for laps 106-27 while his hands are bandaged. English auto racer Sir Malcolm Campbell (1885-1948) sets a land speed record of 150.86 mph, and breaks the record 9x between 1924 and 1925. Am. gymnast Alfred Jochim (1902-81) wins the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) all-rounder, which is held every year until 1930. 3-time All-American college star Harold Edward "Red" Grange (1903-91), "the Galloping Ghost" plays his last football game for the U. of Ill., and joins the Chicago Bears less than a week later on Thanksgiving Day for the unheard-of sum of $100K, saving the NFL from oblivion as avg. game attendance at Wrigley Field zooms to 10K; too bad, he leaves to form his own Am. Football League in 1926 with his team called the New York Yankees, but it folds in one season, and he returns to the Bears in 1929-34. Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Willie Macfarlane wins the U.S. Open. Bill Tilden wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Helen N. Wills wins the women's singles; Bill Tilden and W.M. Johnston win the singles, and R.N. Williams and V. Richards win the doubles against France to retain the Davis Cup for the U.S. Russian-born French player Alexander Alekhine (1892-1946) sets a world record by playing 28 simultaneous blindfolded games of chess - imagine what he could do if he were sober? The original who's on first? "Iron Horse" (#4) Henry Louis (Ludwig Heinrich) "Lou" Gehrig (1903-41) replaces Wally Pipp at first base for the New York Yankees on June 1; he is replaced by Babe Dahlgren on May 2, 1939 after playing in 2,130 consecutive baseball games. Wellington Timothy Mara (1916-2005) becomes a ballboy for his father Timothy J. Mara's new team the New York Giants on Oct. 18, rising to co-owner in 1930 at age 14 along with his older brother Jack Mara. The Am. Basketball League (ABL) is formed by NFL pres. Joseph Carr, Chicago Bears owner George Halas, and future Washington Redskins owner George Preston Marshall, eliminating the double dribble to encourage top college players to join; it folds after the 1931 season. Architecture: On Nov. 24 the Edwin Forrest Theatre at 230 West 49th St. in Manhattan, N.Y. (cap. 1,108) opens with the musical "Mayflowers"; in 1945 it is renamed the Coronet Theatre, and in 1959 it is renamed the Eugene O'Neill Theatre; in 1982 owner Neil Simon sells it to Jujamcyn Theaters. Walter Gropius moves the Bauhaus (Ger. "building school") from Weimar to Dessau, Germany, and designs the Bauhaus Bldgs. in Dessau (1925-6). The W section of Constitution Ave. (originally B St.) in Washington, D.C. begins a lengthening-widening process (ends 1933), receiving the new name on Feb. 26, 1931, forming the N border of the U.S. Nat. Mall and eventually running from the U.S. Capitol to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge to the W, and Capitol Hill, Kingman Park, and Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium on the E. The Queen Mary Reservoir, with a cap. of 6.75B gal. is opened in Littleton, England to serve London, using 300M gal./day in mains having a total length of 8K mi. The $100K 2K-seat Sydney Amphitheater overlooking the harbor in Sydney, Australia is built; Hindu mystic Krishnamurti forms the Order of the Star of the East, a group believing that Christ will return to Earth and walk across the Pacific Ocean to the amphitheater; they disband in 1929 when he stands them up. The 40' concrete Peace Cross is erected in Bladensburg, Md. to commemorate 49 local men who died in WWI; in 1961 the state of Md. buys it from the Am. Legion; in Oct. 2017 the Am. Humanist Assoc. wins a lawsuit demanding that the cross be demolished or altered to take out the religious symbolism, and on June 20, 2019 the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the First Amendment issues are trumped by the grandfather clause, and it can stay. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain (1863-1937) (U.K.) and Charles Gates Dawes (1865-1951) (U.S.) [Dawes Plan]; Lit.: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) (U.K.); Physics: James Franck (1882-1964) and Gustav Ludwig Hertz (1887-1975) (Germany) [Franck-Hertz Experiment: inelastic electron collisions in gases]; Chem.: Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865-1929) (Germany) [colloids]; Med.: no award. Inventions: In Apr. Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Co. is founded in East Hartford, Conn. to produce the air-cooled radial 425 hp R-1340 Wasp aircraft engine, which is purchased by the U.S. Navy next year, its performance and reliability revolutionizing Am. aviation, becoming a favorite with Wiley Post, Amelia Earhart et al. On Oct. 22 Austrian-born German-Am. physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld (1882-1963) patents the first Field-Effect Transistor (FET) (1,745,175); on Aug. 29, 1931 he patents the Electrolytic Capacitor (#2,013,564). On Oct. 30 Scottish inventor John Logie Baird (1888-1946) transmits human features by television in the first TV broadcast of moving objects (in England), using a mechanical system based on Paul von Nipkov's 1886 rotating disk. German chemist Carl (Karl) Bosch (1874-1940) invents an industrial adaption of Haber's lab process for preparing ammonia on an industrial scale, and becomes dir. of the giant industrial chemical cartel I.G. Farbenindustrie, based on the Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik (BASF) - the Hindenburg has a date with Missy Histy? Charles F. Brannock (1903-92) of Syracuse, N.Y. invents the Brannock Device for measuring human feet (improving on the RITZ Stick), and patents it next year. The Sanborn Co. of Cambridge, Mass. introduces the first Portable EKG Machine. Chinese-born Am. linguist Yuen Ren Chao (Zhao Yuanren) (1892-1982) et al. invent the Gwoyeu Romatzyh (GR) Romanization system for Mandarin Chinese, which eschews diacritics. Hungarian Jewish Bauhaus architect Marcel Bruer (1902-81) designs the Wassily Chair, inspired by the curved tubular steel handlebars on his Adler bicycle. French astronomer Henri Chretien (Chrétien) (1879-1956) invents the CinemaScope process for creating widescreen films using special Hypergonar anamorphic lenses, which is adopted by 20th Cent. Fox in 1952. After introducing the first long-lasting boxing headgear in 1917 for Jack Dempsey, Am. swimwear manufacturer Jacob Golomb (1893-) introduces Everlast brand men's boxing shorts (boxers), made by adding an elastic waistband to boxing trunks. English artist Arthur Eric Rowton Gill (1882-1940) invents the Perpetua typeface, followed by the Gill Sans typeface in 1927-30, and the Joanna typeface in 1930-1. Russian-born Jewish inventor Anatol M. Josepho (Josephewitz) (1894-1980) opens the first Photomaton studio in New York City at 1659 Broadway in Sept., and patents the invention of the photo booth, selling it for $1M in 1927, then giving half to charity. Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch develop a process for making synthetic oil. Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman (1877-1957) invents Gasoline Fuel Injection for spark ignition engines. W.C. Trout of Lufkin Industries invents the counterbalanced Trout Oilfield Pumping Unit. Am. millionaire Harold S. Vanderbilt suggests changes to the game of Auction Bridge on a Caribbean cruise that result in the game of Contract Bridge. Arthur Sicard of Canada invents the Snowblower. Am. inventor Harry Franklin Vickers (1898-1977) begins work on Hydraulic Power Steering, joined next year by Francis W. Davis (1887-1978) and George Jessup. The top-loading Swingline Stapler is introduced, taking over the market by the 1930s. Science: Think of all the possibilities? The German Physics Establishment makes a quantum leap in the physics of the atom? German physicists Max Born (1882-1970), Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901-76), and Ernst Pascual Jordan (1902-80) create Matrix Mechanics, using an infinite matrix representing the position and motion of an electron in an atom as the columns, and the quantum numbers of the old quantum theory as the rows, then manipulating it to calculate spectral line frequencies and other observable quantities; meanwhile in late 1925 Austrian-Irish physicist Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schroedinger (Schrödinger) (1887-1961) develops Wave Mechanics AKA the Schroedinger (Schrödinger) Equation, using a 2nd order differential equation in place of the old quantum theory concept of the atom, which, when restricted by eigenfunctions yields discrete solutions identical with the old quantum numbers, and is exactly solvable for the hydrogen and helium atoms, which the old theory stumbled on; meanwhile on Dec. 12, 1926 Albert Einstein (1879-1955) writes a Dicey Letter to Max Born, containing the immortal soundbyte "God (The Old One) does not play dice" (with the Universe), which is part of his reasoning to discard the entire program of quantum physics for life; Born's Rule, that the probability of finding a quantum object at a certain place and time equals the square of its wave function, meaning that interference occurs in pairs of possibilities, not higher order, isn't experimentally verified until 2010. After the problem is suggested by German physicist William Lenze in 1920, his Cologne-born student Ernst Ising (1900-98) pub. the 1-Dim. Ising Model that represents magnetic dipole moments of atomic spins as +1 or -1, becoming a popular tool in several sciences after it languishes until Lars Onsanger solves the 2-D case in the 1940s. The U.S. begins stockpiling helium near Amarillo, Tex. for dirigible use. Comet Schwassmann-Wachmann is first observed (period 16.2 years). G. Breit and M.A. Tuve of the U.S. apply Edward Appleton's techniques to investigate ionization in the upper atmosphere. Dutch physicists Samuel Abraham Goudsmit (1902-78) and George Eugene Uhlenbeck (1900-88) discover the phenomenon of Electron Spin. Robert Andrews Millikan (1868-1953) of Caltech discovers the presence of cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere. Walter Noddack (1893-1960) and Ida Noddack (1896-1978) of Germany discover the metallic element Rhenium (Rh) (#75); too bad, they also claim to isolate long-missing element #43, which they call masurium after Walter's family home in E Prussia, but their results can't be duplicated, and some get pissed-off at their nationalism, so others get credit in 1937 for technetium (Tc); in 1998 U.S. researchers confirm their results, so now what? Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli (1900-58) pub. the Pauli Exclusion Principle, stating that no two electrons can have exactly the same set of quantum numbers, winning him the 1945 Nobel Physics Prize. Russian prof. Alexander Oliver Rankine gives a lecture "Hearing by Light" in which he predicts talking movies in the near future. English surgeon Sir Henry Sessions Souttar (1875-1964) pioneers open heart surgery for a congenital heart defect (mitral stenosis), becoming the world's first cardiac surgeon; too bad, his colleagues prevent him from repeating it, and it takes until 1948. Russian botanist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887-1943), dir. of the All-Union Inst. of Agricultural Science in Leningrad (1924-35) postulates the theory of gene centers of cultivated plants, and begins a seed bank which is preserved even during the Nazi siege of Leningrad, his asst. starving to death rather than touching them; too bad, he criticizes Trofim Lysenko, and dies in priz himself. Upper Clapton, London-born English archeologist Charles Leonard Woolley (1880-1960) and his apprentice Max Mallowan (1904-78) begin excavating Ur, ancient capital of Mesopotamian civilization (until 1931); in 1930 Mallowan meets crime novelist Agatha Christie, and later marries her. A German oceanographic expedition sent to recover gold to repay the war debt uses sonar to discover the 10K-mi. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs from the tip of South America to Iceland to the Antarctic Circle; German oceanographer Georg Adolf Otto Wust (Wüst) (1890-1977) becomes chief oceanographer on the research vessel Meteor, developing the idea of the ocean's core layer. Nonfiction: Ephraim Douglass Adams (1865-1930), Great Britain and the American Civil War (2 vols.). Sir Norman Angell (1872-1967), Human Nature and the Peace Problem. Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949), Letters on Occult Meditation. Ray Stannard Baker (1870-1946) and William Edward Dodd (1869-1940) (eds.), The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (6 vols.) (1925-7). Stanley Baldwin (1867-1947), Peace and Goodwill in Industry. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Psychology and History; The New History and Social Studies; A Manual of Universal History; a revision of William H. Tillinghast's "A Handbook of Universal History", later used as the basis of William L. Langer's "An Encyclopedia of World History". Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Karl Worth Bigelow, and Jean Brunhes, The History and Prospects of the Social Sciences. Bruce Fairchild Barton (1886-1967), The Man Nobody Knows: A Discovery of the Real Jesus; Jesus Christ as a super salesman and role model for businessmen?; "Christ would be a national advertiser today, I am sure, as He was a great advertiser in His own day. He thought of His life as business"; "Jesus picked up twelve men from the bottom ranks of business and forged them into an organisation that conquered the world" - duh, lay not up treasures for yourself on Earth? Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook (1879-1964), Politicians and the Press. Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953), The Cruise of the Nona; The French Revolution; The Campaign of 1812 the Retreat from Moscow. Enoch Arnold Bennett (1867-1931), The Human Machine; How to Live. Sir Walter Besant (1836-1901), London in the Eighteenth Century (posth.). Paul Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939), Die Psychoide als Prinzip der Organischen Entwickelung. Sir William Henry Bragg (1862-1942), Concerning the Nature of Things. Georg Morris Brandes (1842-1927), The Jesus Myth. Charles Dunbar Broad (1887-1971), Mind and Its Place in Nature. Sir E.A.W. Budge (1857-1934), History of Assyriology. Sir Cyril Burt (1883-1971), The Young Delinquent; leads to the creation of the London Child Guidance in 1927. James Ramsay Montagu Butler (1889-1975), A Memoir (autobio.). Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945), Language and Myth; English trans. 1946; claims an unconscious "grammar" of experience beneath language and myth, an archaic mode of thought that still controls us, with examples incl. ancient Egyptian religion, the Bhagavat Gita, the Melanesian concept of Mana, Schelling's Naturphilosophie, symbolic logic, and modern poetry. Sir Edmund Kerchever Chambers (1866-1954), Shakespeare: A Survey. Edward Perkins Channing (1856-1931), A History of the United States, Vol. 6: The War for Southern Independence, 1849-1865 (Pulitzer Prize); claims that the South wasn't finished militarily in Apr. 1865, only broken in spirit. Stuart Chase (1888-1985), The Tragedy of Waste. G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936), The Everlasting Man; Christian apology that later helps convert C.S. Lewis. George M. Cohan (1878-1942), Twenty Years on Broadway and the Years It Took To Get There (autobio.). Le Corbusier (1887-1965), The City of Tomorrow. Harvey Cushing (1869-1939), The Life of Sir William Osler (2 vols.) (Pulitzer Prize). Joseph Delmont (1873-1935), Wilde Tiere im Film: Erlebnisse aus Meinen Filmaufnahmen in aller Welt; his experiences using wild beasts in films. Lincoln Ellsworth (1880-1951), Our Polar Flight. Sir Johnson Forbes-Robertson (1853-1937), A Player Under Three Reigns. John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), Yoga: A Study of the Mystical Philosophy of the Brahmins and Buddhists; Atlantis, America and the Future; claims that the gods of Atlantis control the future of the New World. Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With the Truth (1925-8); written in his native language of Gujarati; "When doubts haunt me, when disappointments stare me in the face, and when I see not one ray of light on the horizon, I turn to the Bhagavad Gita, and find a verse to comfort me; and I immediately begin to smile in the midst of overwhelming sorrow. My life has been full of tragedies and if they have not left any visible and indelible effect on me, I owe it to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita." Jose Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955), The Dehumanization of Art. Etienne Gilson (1884-1978), Saint Thomas Aquinas. Emma Goldman (1869-1940), My Further Disillusionment in Russia. Lord Grey, Twenty-Five Years, 1892-1916. H. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), The Days of My Life: An Autobiography. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), Callinicus: A Defence of Chemical Warfare. H. Hardtman, Psychology and the Church. Karl Haushofer (1869-1946), Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans. But if the Jews are inferior, how can they be so dangerous, pass the gefilte fish? Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), nMein Kampf, Vol. 1 (July 18); preaches the John T. Scopes Darwinian inequality of the races, with the color-coded-for-superiority blonde-blue German Aryans at the top, and calls for action against the internat. ratlike hooked-nosed Jewish conspiracy that forever seeks to keep the superior more handsome blonde Aryans from total victory from pole to shining pole, and the elimination of Jewish-inspired liberty, equality, and democracy by restoring German power after WWI; claims that he doesn't want to take on Britain because its world empire makes them interbreed with inferior races, but wishes to share world rule with them (as the new Charlemagne?); his channeling of Muhammad's Quran?; "History will ultimately absolve me"; "All this was inspired by the principle – which is quite true within itself – that in the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility; because the broad masses of a nation are always more easily corrupted in the deeper strata of their emotional nature than consciously or voluntarily; and thus in the primitive simplicity of their minds they more readily fall victims to the big lie than the small lie, since they themselves often tell small lies in little matters but would be ashamed to resort to large-scale falsehoods. It would never come into their heads to fabricate colossal untruths, and they would not believe that others could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously. Even though the facts which prove this to be so may be brought clearly to their minds, they will still doubt and waver and will continue to think that there may be some other explanation. For the grossly impudent lie always leaves traces behind it, even after it has been nailed down, a fact which is known to all expert liars in this world and to all who conspire together in the art of lying" - he saved a lot of people, but the good die young? Earnest Albert Hooton (1887-1954), Ancient Inhabitants of the Canary Islands. Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947), West of the Pacific. James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938), The Book of American Negro Spirituals. Mother Jones (1830-1937), The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Nikolai Kondratiev (1892-1938), The Major Economic Cycles; proposes Kondratiev Waves, 50-60-year Western capitalist boom-bust supercycles; too bad, Stalin doesn't like him and he is arrested in July 1930 and shot on Sept. 17, 1938, not living as long as his waves; in the 1970s he is rediscovered. Paul De Kruif (1890-1971), Microbe Hunters; big hit; inspires future microbe hunters. Rodolfo Lanciani (1845-1929), Ancient and Modern Rome. Harold Laski (1893-1950), Grammar of Politics. Charles Webster Leadbeater (1854-1934), The Masters and the Path; uses the term Great White Brotherhood for the Ascended Masters. Alain Locke (1885-1954), The New Negro. Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924), The Senate and the League of Nations; by the man who blocked ratification. Pierre Loti (1850-1923), Journal Intime (1878-85) (2 vols.) (posth.) Hendrik de Man (1885-1953), The Psychology of Socialism. Dame Nellie Melba (1861-1931), Memories and Melodies (autobio.). Max, Count von Montgelas (1860-1938), The Case for the Central Powers: An Impeachment of the Versailles Verdict (London). Joseph Needham (1900-95) (ed.), Science, Religion and Reality. Aaron Nimzovich (1886-1935), The Blockade; "First restrain, then blockade, finally destroy!"; My System; explains his hypermodern chess theory that discounts the old contol of the center by pawns in favor of control by pieces, blockade, fianchetto development of bishops, and prophylaxis to block the opponent's plans; becomes a bestseller among top chess players. William Lyon Phelps (1865-1943), Human Nature and the Gospel. Jean Piaget (1896-1980), The Child's Conception of the World. Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), Skin for Skin (autobio.); Black Laughter. Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (1863-1944), Charles Dickens and Other Victorians. Otto Rank (1884-1939), Der Doppelganger. Sheik Ali Abd al-Raziq, Islam and the Principles of Political Authority; causes a firestorm with its argument that Islam is a religion only and not the basis of govt., getting him ousted from the religious establishment in Egypt. Gerhard Ritter (1882-1967), Luther: Gestalt and Symbol. Geza Roheim, Australian Totemism. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), The ABC of Relativity; What I Believe. Edgar Saltus (1855-1921), Uplands of Dream (essays) (posth.). Moritz Schlick (1882-1936), General Theory of Knowledge; disses synthetic a priori knowledge as moose hockey. Georg August Schweinfurth (1836-1925), Afrikanisches Skizzenbuch. Florence Scovel Shinn (1871-1940), The Game of Life and How to Play It; "The invisible forces are ever working for man who is always 'pulling the strings' himself, though he does not know it. Owing to the vibratory power of words, whatever man voices, he begins to attract." William James Sidis (1898-1944), The Animate and the Inanimate; predicts black holes? Sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien (1858-1930), Memories of Forty-Eight Years' Service (autobio.). Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968), Sociology of Revolution. Gertrude Stein (1874-1946), The Making of Americans. Albert Verwey (1865-1937), Proza (10 vols.). Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), Psychology of Art. Alfred Watkins (1855-1935), The Old Straight Track; claims the existence of Ley Lines, alignments of ancient monuments and megaliths that allegedly unite them and give them spiritual power or energy. Sir John W. Wheeler-Bennett (1902-75), Information on the Reduction of Armaments; intro. by Maj. Gen. Sir Neill Malcolm (1869-1953). William Allen White (1868-1944), Calvin Coolidge, The Man Who is President. Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947), Science and the Modern World. William Carlos Williams (1883-1963), In the American Grain. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), The Common Reader; lit. criticism. Alexander Woollcott (1887-1943), The Story of Irving Berlin. Robert Mearns Yerkes (1876-1956), Almost Human. Music: Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Symphony No. 2; Cortege. Alban Berg (1885-1935), Wozzeck (first opera) (Dec. 14) (Berlin); only 95 min. long; based on Georg Buchner's drama "Woyzeck" (1837); first 20th cent. avant garde opera (atonal). Irving Berlin (1888-1989), Always; written for his wife Ellin McKay, to whom he presents the royalties; cut out of the Marx Brothers flick "The Cocoanuts". Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Suite; Toccata; Two Interludes; Polonaise. Ernest Bloch (1880-1959), Baal Shem (for violin and piano); Concerto Grosso (for strings and piano). Ferruccio Busoni (1866-1924), Doctor Faust (opera) (Dresden) (posth.). Aaron Copland (1900-90), Symphony for Organ and Orchestra. Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965), The Banshee. Vernon Dalhart (1883-1948), The Prisoner's Song; the huge sales causing Victor to send Ralph S. Peer to the Appalachian Mts. in summer 1927 to find new talent, becoming known as the Bristol Sessions. George Gershwin (1898-1937), Concerto in F (Carnegie Hall, New York) (Dec. 3) (Gershwin plays); commissioned by Walter Damrosch. Ferde Grofe (1892-1972), Mississippi Suite (Tone Journey). Art Gillham, I'm Sitting on Top of the World; written by Ray Henderson, Sam M. Lewis, and Joe Young. Ray Henderson (1896-1970), Five Foot Two, Eyes of Blue; Ray Henderson (1896-1970) and Mort Dixon (1892-1956), Bye Bye Blackbird. Ray Henderson (1896-1970), Sam M. Lewis (1885-1959), and Joe Young (1889-1939), I'm Sitting on Top of the World. James Price "Jimmy" Johnson (1894-1955), The Charleston; becomes the Roaring Twenties theme song. Al Jolson (1886-1950), I'm Sitting on Top of the World; used in the opening of the 2005 film "King Kong". Isham Jones (1894-1956), Remember (#1 in the U.S.). Gus Kahn and Richard A. Whiting, Ukelele Lady; recorded by the Paul Whiteman Orchestra, Vaughn De Leath, and Lee Morse, becoming a hit. Irving King (James Campbell and Reginald Connelly), The Froth Blowers Anthem; based on the 1768 Austrian folk tune "Ach du Lieber Augustin"; Show Me the Way to Go Home. Franz Lahar (1870-1948), Paganini (operetta) (Vienna). Joseph Marx (1882-1964), Eine Fruhlingsmusik (Spring Music). Carl Nielsen, Sinfonia Semplice (Symphony No. 6). Maurice Ravel (1875-1937), L'Enfant et les Sortileges; debut conducted by Italian conductor Victor de Sabata (1892-1967), who allegedly memorized it in 12 hours, and goes on to become the #2 Italian conductor of the cent. after Arturo Toscanini. Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936), Church Windows (Vetrate di Chiesa). Ben Selvin's Orchestra, I Wonder Where My Baby Is Tonight. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-75), Symphony No. 1. Jean Sibelius (1865-1957), Tapiola. Bessie Smith (1892-1937) and Louis Armstrong (, St. Louis Blues (by W.C. Handy) (#3 in the U.S.). Whispering Jack Smith (1898-1950), I'm Knee Deep in Daisies. William Turner Walton (1902-83), Portsmouth Point (overture); dedicated to Siegfried Sassoon. Harry Warren (1893-1981), I Love My Baby (My Baby Loves Me); Seminola. Ethel Waters (1896-1977), Sweet Georgia Brown (1925) (#6 in the U.S.). Movies: Sergei Eisenstein's Battleship Potemkin (Bronenosets Potyomkin) (Dec. 21) (Mosfilm), about the 1905 mutiny features Czarist soldiers in 1905 slaughtering civilians on an Odessa beach as the soldiers come down the stairs along with a bouncing baby buggy; introduces montage sequences. King Vidor's The Big Parade (Nov. 5) (Vidor's masterpiece), written by Harry Behn based on the 1924 Laurence Stallings novel "Plumes" about the U.S. Army WWI Rainbow Div. in France is Vidor's masterpiece, starring John Gilbert and Renee Adoree as lovers James Apperson and Melisande, who are torn apart by WWI, becoming the #2 highest grossing silent film, and highest grossing MGM film until "Gone With the Wind" in 1939; does $6M box office on a $382K budget. Joseph Henabery's Cobra (Nov. 30), based on the 1924 play by Martin Brown stars Rudolph Valentino as Italian Count Rodrigo Torriani, who has a weakness for cobras (women), incl. Elise (Nita Naldi) and Mary Drake (Gertrude Olmstead); he takes to driving a custom-built Voisin touring car with coiled-cobra radiator cap. Paul Bern's The Dressmaker from Paris (Mar. 30) (Paramount) is a romantic comedy written by Howard Hawks and Adelaide Heilbron starring Leatrice Joy, Ernest Torrence, Allan Forrest, Lawrence Gray, and Mildred Harris; the film debut of jet-black-hair Olive Borden (1906-47) (distant relative of Lizzie Borden) as an uncredited mannequin, who is named a Wampas Baby Star this year along with cousin Natalie Joyce (1902-92), and is signed by Fox, earning $1.5K a week and becoming known as "the Joy Girl", starring with 11 films for them, co-starring in two of them with boyfriend George O'Brien until Fox cuts her salary in 1927, causing her to walk out, after which her career slides, and she ends up in skid row in Los Angeles; the first film for costume designer Travis Banton (1894-1958) (who got his break when Mary Pickford picked one of his dresses for her wedding to Douglas Fairbanks Sr.), who goes on to become the chief designer at Paramount until his asst. Edith Head (Edith Claire Posener) (1897-1981) gets him fired (forced resignation) for alcoholism in 1938 and takes his place, going on to win a record eight Oscars after the new category of costume designer is created in 1948; in 1967 she leaves Paramount after 43 years, working with Alfred Hitchcock and TV studios. Clarence Brown's The Eagle (Nov. 8), based on an Alexander Pushkin story stars Rudolph Valentino as young Cossack Lt. Vladimir Dubrovsky, "the Black Eagle", who avenges his father's murder and falls for the beautiful Mascha Troekouroff (Vilma Banky) to the chagrin of scorned Czarina Catherine II (Louise Dresser). Fred Newmeyer and Sam Taylor's The Freshman (Sept. 20) is a Harold Lloyd vehicle as a country boy going to college and saving the day with a winning TD at the big game and getting the girl Peggy (Jobyna Ralston). Charlie Chaplin's The Gold Rush (debuts June 26 at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, Hollywood) stars the Little Tramp in the mid-1880s Klondike dancing with rolls and eating his shoe; his best film? Dimitri Buchowetzki's Graustark, a remake of the 1915 film stars Norma Talmadge. Leo McCarey's Isn't Life Terrible? (July 15) (Pathe) stars Charley Chase, Oliver Hardy, and Fay Wray, featuring an outdoor staircase in Silver Lake, Los Angeles, Calif., becoming the dir. debut of Thomas Leo McCarey (1898-1959), who teams Stan Laurel with Oliver Hardy at Hal Roach Studio, and creates Cary Grant's onscreen persona based on his own mannerisms and physical resemblance, latter going into Roman Catholic-oriented films incl. "Going My Way" (1944), and "The Bells of St. Mary's" (1945); "I only know I like my characters to walk in clouds, I like a little bit of the fairy tale. As long as I'm there behind the camera lens, I'll let somebody else photograph the ugliness of the world." G.W. Pabst's The Joyless Street (Die Freudlosse Gasse) (May 18) stars Greta Garbo in her first major role in dismal middle-class Austria during the economic crisis, emoting to a lovely piano score; produced by Mikhail Salkind. Ernst Lubitsch's Lady Windermere's Fan, based on the Oscar Wilde story of suspicion of adultery tanking an upper class marriage stars Ronald Colman and May McAvoy. Edward Sedgwick's Lorraine of the Lions (Oct. 11), written by Isadore Bernstein stars Patsy Ruth Miller, and is the film debut of Lynn, Mass.-born Walter Andrew Brennan (1894-1974), who goes on to win a record three acting Oscars (best supporting actor in 1936, 1938, and 1940). Erich von Stroheim's The Merry Widow (Aug. 26) stars Robert Z. Leonard's wife (1918-25) Mae Murray (Marie Adrienne Koenig) (1889-1965) in her best role as dancer Sally O'Hara, who falls in love with Prince Danilo of Monteblanco, but whose daddy Nikita I forbids him to marry; too bad, her career falls flat with the arrival of talkies, after which she continues her star act, attending parties and insisting that the dance floor be cleared so that she can waltz solo to the you know what theme, driving a canary yellow Pierce-Arrow and white Rolls-Royce with borzoi until her money runs out. Rupert Julian's The Phantom of the Opera (Sept. 6) (Universal Pictures) (Astor Theater, New York), based on the 1910 Gaston Leroux novel stars Lon Chaney Sr. (whose self-devised makeup is kept a secret until the premiere) as mad disfigured opera lover Erik, who lives in the sewers of Paris to haunt the Paris Opera House and kills to further the career of I-just-want-your-extra-time-and-your-kiss soprano Christine Daae (Mary Philbin), featuring a 2-color "Bal Masque" sequence; does $2M box office; the set becomes the first built with steel girders set in concrete, and is not dismantled until 2014, by which time it is part of Universal Studios Sound Stage 28. Wesley Ruggles' The Plastic Age (Dec. 15) (Preferred Pictures), based on the 1924 Percy Marks novel stars Brooklyn, N.Y.-born Clara Gordon Bow (1905-65) as Cynthia Day, Donald Keith as Hugh Carver, and Gilbert Roland as Carl Peters at fast-living (smoking, drinking, petting) Sanford College, becoming Bow's film debut and first hit, launching her career; causes Paramount Pictures CEO Adolph Zukor to propose to Preferred Pictures founder (1919) B.P. (Benjamin Percival) Schulberg (1892-1957) a merger o get her talent, which is done on Nov. 25, with Schulberg given a job as assoc. producer with control over Bow. James Cruze's Pony Express (Sept. 4) stars Betty Compson, Ricardo Cortez, and Wallace Beery, and is the first starring role for George Bancroft (1882-1956), who works his way up to the top by the end of the decade then begins a long slide in the 1930s. Edward F. Cline's The Rag Man (Feb. 16) (MGM) debuts, written by Willard Mack stars Jackie Coogan as runaway orphan Tim Kelly, Max Davison as junk man Max Ginsberg, and Lydia Yeamans Titus as Mrs. Malloy; Robert Edeson and Ethel Wales play Mr. and Mrs. Bernard. D.W. Griffith's Sally of the Sawdust (Aug. 2) (Paramount/United Artists), based on the 1923 musical "Poppy" by Dorothy Donnelly stars Carol Dempster as Sally, who marries a circus performer, causing her wealthy father Judge Foster (Erville Alderson) to disown her; W.C. Fields plays her friend Prof. Eustace McGargle; Alfred Lunt plays her beau Peyton Lennox. Edward Ludwig's So Long Bill (Aug. 15) stars newlyweds Billy West and Ethelyn Gibson, and is the film debut of Granville G. "Grant" Withers (1905-59), who systematically gets downgraded from leading man to B-movies to TV char. actor until he commits suicide. Dimitri Buchowetzki's The Swan (Feb. 16), based on Melville Baker's 1923 Broadway play "The Swan", adapted from Ferenc Molnar's play "A Hattyu Vigjatek Harom Felvonasbarn" stars Frances Howard; remade in 1930 as "One Romantic Night" starring Lillian Gish, and in 1956 starring Grace Kelly. William K. Howard's The Thundering Herd (Mar. 1), based on the 1925 Zane Grey novel stars Jack Holt as tom Doan, Lois Wilson as Milly Fayre, and Noah Beery St. as Randall Jett; Gary Cooper makes his screen debut as an uncredited extra. King Baggot's Tumbleweeds (Dec. 27) (United Artists), produced by and starring William S. Hart as drifter (tumbleweed) Don Carver depicts the 1893 Okla. Cherokee Strip Land Rush, influencing the 1931 film "Cimarron"; co-stars Barbara Bedford as Carver's babe Molly Lassiter. Ewald Andre Dupont's Vaudeville (Variete) (Jealousy) becomes a landmark for its naturalism and photography. George B. Seitz' The Vanishing American (Oct. 15) is filmed on Catalina Island, for which purpose bison are brought in, becoming a tourist attraction as the numbers increase yearly. Art: Eugene Atget, Magasin, Avenue des Gobelins (photo). Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947), After the Meal. Georges Braque (1882-1963), Fruit on a Tablecloth with a Fruit Dish. Charles Burchfield (1893-1967), The Song of the Telegraph. Marc Chagall (1887-1985), The Drinking Green Pig; Peasant Life. Arthur Garfield Dove (1880-1946), Goin Fishin'; Waterfall. James Ensor (1860-1949), The Vile Vivisectors. Max Ernst (1891-1976), The Couple in Lace; Eve, the Only One Left to Us; To 100,000 Doves. Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956), Tower. Fred Gardner (1880-1952), The Hammock. Duncan Grant (1885-1978), Nymph and Satyr. Edward Hopper (1882-1967), The Bootleggers. Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), Red, Yellow, Blue. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Tower Bridge. Rene Magritte (1898-1967), Le Jockey Perdu (The Lost Jockey) (first painting). Gerald Murphy, Watch. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), Large Dark Red Leaves on White. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Three Dancers. Georges Rouault (1871-1958), The Apprentice. Chaim Soutine (1893-1943), Hanging Turkey; The Beef. Abraham Walkowitz (1878-1965), New York. Plays: George Francis Abbott (1887-1995), The Fall Guy; his first little success. Maxwell Anderson (1888-1959) and Laurence Stallings (1894-1968), The First Flight; The Buccaneer. Philip Barry (1896-1949), In a Garden. Sem Benelli (1877-1949), L'Amorosa. Irving Berlin (1888-1989), George S. Kaufman (1889-1961), and Morrie Ryskind (1895-1985) debut their musical The Cocoanuts (Lyric Theatre, New York) (Oct. 26) (276 perf.); stars the Marx Brothers and Margaret Dumont; about a hotel in Cocoanut Beach, Fla. during the 1920s Fla. Land Boom; filmed in 1929. Noel Coward (1899-1973), On With the Dance (Palace Theatre, London) (Mar. 17); Fallen Angels (Globe Theatre, London) (Apr. 21); on Aug. 29 (last night) Mrs. Charles Hornibrook stands up and protests its immorality in Act 2, and is escorted out as the band plays "I Want to Be Happy"; Hay Fever (Ambassadors Theatre) (June 8) (Criterion Theatre) (Sept. 7) (337 perf.) (Maxine Elliott Theatre, New York) (49 perf.); the Bohemian amoral Bliss family, incl. Judith Bliss (Marie Tempest). Owen Davis Sr. (1874-1956), Beware of Widows. Ashley Dukes, The Man with a Load of Mischief (London). James Elroy Flecker (1884-1915), Don Juan (posth.). Rudolf Friml (1879-1972) and Brian Hooker (1880-1946), The Vagabond King (operetta) (Casino Theatre, New York) (Sept. 21) (Century Theatre, New York) (Nov. 11, 1925) (511 perf.); based on the 1901 novel-play "If I Were King" by Justin Huntly McCarthy; about Francois Villon (Dennis King), who woos Louis XI's cousin Katherine De Vaucelles (Carolyn Thomson) and becomes king for a day while defending France against the Duke of Burgundy; filmed in 1956; features the songs Song of the Vagabonds, and Some Day. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), Duvelor ou la Farce du Diable Vieux (marionette play); The Farce of Death Who Almost Died; Les Vieillards. Sacha Guitry (1885-1957), Mozart. Avery Hopwood (1882-1928), Naughty Cinderella; stars Irene Bordoni. Sidney Coe Howard (1891-1939), They Knew What They Wanted (Pulitzer Prize). George S. Kaufman (1889-1961), The Butter and Egg Man; one of his few successful solo efforts. George Kelly, Craig's Wife (Pulitzer Prize); by an uncle of actress Grace Kelly; introduces the use of "Craig" (Gael. "rock") as a first name? Frederick Lonsdale (1881-1954), Spring Cleaning (comedy); The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (comedy). A.A. Milne (1882-1956), A Gallery of Children; For the Luncheon Interval. Norma Mitchell and Russell Medcraft, The Cradle Snatchers (comedy); stars Mary Boland (1880-1965) and Edna May Oliver (1883-1942) as wives who are abandoned by their hubbies and take on young lovers, incl. Humphrey Bogart. Alfred Neumann (1895-1952), The Patriot (drama); Tsar Paul I; filmed in 1928. Marcel Pagnol (1895-1974), Merchants of Glory (first play). Raymond Roussel (1877-1933), L'Etoile au Front. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Le Pont de l'Europe; Tour a Terre. Carl Sternheim (1878-1942), Oscar Wilde: His Drama. Vincent Youmans (1898-1946), Irving Caesar (1895-1996), Otto Harbach (1873-1963), and Frank Mandel, No, No, Nanette (musical) (Palace Theatre, West End, London) (Mar. 11) (665 perf.) (Globe Theatre, New York) (Sept. 16) (321 perf.); London production stars Binnie Hale (1899-1984) as Atlantic City-loving Nanette, and George Grossmith Jr. (1874-1935) as her guardian, Bible publishing millionaire Jimmy Smith; Broadway production stars Louise Groody and Charles Winninger; biggest Broadway hit of the 1920s; features the songs No, No, Nanette, and Tea for Two; filmed in 1930 and 1940; revived in 1971. Poetry: Leonie Adams (1899-1988), Those Not Elect (debut). Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Tiger Joy. Gordon Bottomley (1874-1948), Poems of Thirty Years. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Road of Dreams (Jan.). Countee Cullen (1903-46), Color. e.e. cummings (1894-1961), XLI Poems. Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72), Beechen Vigil. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), Collected Poems. T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), The Hollow Men; about post-WWI Europe groaning under the Treaty of Versailles; epitaphs: "Mistah Kurtz - he dead"; "A penny for the Old Guy"; "This is the way the world ends/ This is the way the world ends/ This is the way the world ends/ Not with a bang but with a whimper." (ending) Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), The Horn of Abundance. Alfred Perceval Graves, Book of Irish Poetry. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Welchmans Hose; Poems; The Marmosites Miscellany (under alias John Doyle). Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), Human Shaws, Far Phantasies. Langston Hughes (1902-67), I, Too, Am America; "I am the darker brother, but I too am American." Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), Roan Stallion, Tamar, and Other Poems. James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938), The Book of American Negro Spirituals. Aline Murray Kilmer, The Poor King's Daughter. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), Amores, Birds, Beasts, and Flowers. Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Lichee-Nut Poems (Jan.) (Am. Mercury) ; Selected Poems. Eugenio Montale (1896-1981), Ossi di Seppia. John Gneisenau Neihardt (1881-1973), Song of the Indian Wars. Charles Norman (1904-96), Tragic Beaches: A Book of Narrative Poems About the Sea. Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935), Dionysus in Doubt: A Book of Poems. Esme Stuart Lennox Robinson (1886-1950) (ed.), The Golden Treasury of Irish Verse. Jules Supervielle, Gravitations. Charles Vildrac (1882-1971), Poemes de l'Abbaye. Novels: Johanna van Ammers-Kuller, The Rebel Generation. Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941), Dark Laughter; deals with 1920s sexual freedom, becoming his only bestseller, pissing-off his mentor Gertrude Stein, and mocked by Ernest Hemingway. Michael Arlen (1895-1956), May Fair, in Which Are Told the Last Adventures of These Charming People. Francisco Ayala (1906-2009), Tragicomedy of a Spiritless Man (Tragicomedia de un Hombre sin Espíritu) (first novel). Enoch Arnold Bennett (1867-1931), The Clayhanger Family (3 vols.). Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), Jacob's Well (Le Puit de Jacob). Earl Derr Biggers (1884-1933), The House Without a Key; introduces Chinese-Am. detective Charlie Chan. Paul Bourget (1852-1935), Le Danseur Mondain. James Boyd (1888-1944), Drums; N.C. plantation owner son Johnny Fraser in the Am. Rev. War; best Am. Rev. War. novel? Charles Brackett (1892-1969), Week-End. Elinor Brent-Dyer (1894-1969), The School at the Chalet; first in the Chalet School series (#58 in 1970); big hit with English schoolgirls. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), Possession; Escape #2. Bryher (1894-1983), West. Ivan Bunin (1870-1953), Mitya's Love. Willa Cather (1873-1947), The Professor's House; Prof. Godfrey St. Peter writes eight historical novels, then realizes his life's purpose is over and makes peace with death. Blaise Cendrars (1887-1961), Sutter's Gold (L'Or). Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), Pastors and Masters; introduces her unique style; "a work of genius" (New Statesman). Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Secret of Chimneys (June); Supt. Battle and Lady Eileen "Bundle" Brent. Rene Crevel (1900-35), Mon Corps et Moi. Warwick Deeping (1877-1950), Sorrel and Son; about the author's experiences in WWI; makes him an instant star, getting filmed 3x by 1984. Maurice Dekobra, La Madone des Sleepings. Theodore Dreiser (1874-1945), An American Tragedy; fictionalizes the 1906 Chester E. Gillette murder case, making it look like he framed himself in a long but beautifully-done novel. John Erskine (1879-1951), The Private Life of Helen of Troy; bestseller of 1926; filmed in 1927 by Alexander Korda. Lion Feuchtwanger (1884-1958), Jew Suss (Jud Süss) ("Power"); big hit; based on the 1827 Wilhelm Hauff novella; Joseph Suss Opennheimer in 18th cent. Germany believes he's a Jew, gets sentenced to hang for Jewish, er, unfair biz practices, then discovers the joy of being a goy, but prefers death to betraying his adopted Jewish community; a veiled criticism of the Nazis by a German Jew, getting him put high on their enemies list; in 1940 Joseph Goebbels pays him a backhanded compliment by having it filmed with an anti-Semitic slant added - I'll never forget that what we make goes into someone's body? F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), The Great Gatsby (Apr. 10); the disillusionment of the Am. Dream; set in summer 1922; Jay Gatsby (James Gatz) of West Egg, Long Island, Tom and Daisy Buchanan of East Egg, Gatsby's crooked associate Meyer Wolfsheim (modeled on Arnold Rothstein); narrator Nick Carraway; "They were careless people, Tom and Daisy"; Jay Gatsby "believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us"; the most widely read and taught 20th cent. Am. novel, it is not a financial success and is not initially recognized as a masterpiece; Jay Gatsby is based on German-born Cincinnati bootlegger George Remus (1876-1952), whose wife Imogene betrayed him and stole his assets while he was in the federal pen, causing him to murder her on Oct. 6, 1927, then claim temporary insanity and get a jury to acquit him after deliberating only 19 min.; meanwhile Fitzgerald's looney tunes flapper wife Zelda slows down his work until she ends up in an asylum in 1930. Leonhard Frank (1882-1961), In the Last Coach. Rose Franken (1896-1988), Pattern (first novel). Ellen Glasgow (1873-1945), Barren Ground. Ford Madox Ford (1873-1939), No More Parades. A. Hamilton Gibbs, Soundings; bestseller. Fyodor V. Gladkov, Cement. Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), Delo Antamonovich. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), My Head! My Head! (first novel). Zane Grey (1872-1939), The Vanishing American; Indian male Nophaie ("warrior") (Lo Blandy) and white female Marian Warner fall in love on his SW Am. Rez; "It is infinitely easier for an Indian to love a white woman than for her to love him. I don't know why"; The Thundering Herd; filmed in 1925. H. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), Queen of the Dawn. L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), Simonetta Perkins (first novel). Louis Hemon (1880-1913), Monsieur Ripois and Nemesis (posth.). Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960), Color Struck. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Those Barren Leaves. Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), These Mortals. M.R. James (1862-1936), A Warning to the Curious and Other Ghost Stories. Franz Kafka (1883-1924), The Trial (Der Prozess) (posth.); bank teller Joseph K. Yasunari Kawabata (1899-1972), The Izu Dancer (Izu no Odoriko). Bernhard Kellermann (1879-1951), The Brothers Schellenberg; The Anabaptists of Munster. Selma Lagerlof (1858-1940), Charlotte Lowenskold. Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), Arrowsmith (Pulitzer Prize); first great novel to idolize pure science?; doctor Martin Arrowsmith (based on Am. biologist Jacques Loeb) fights an epidemic in St. Hubert; Mich. microbiologist Paul de Kruif (1890-1971) contributes to the book, and receives 25% of the royalties. William John Locke (1863-1930), The Great Pandolfo. Anita Loos (1889-1981), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes: The Intimate Diary of a Professional Lady; filmed in 1953; "The Great American Novel" (Edith Wharton). Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Greenery Street; based on Walpole St. in Chelsea, London; Ian and Felicity Foster. Charles Major (1856-1913), Rosalie (posth.). Heinrich Mann (1871-1950), The Head. Thomas Mann (1875-1955), Unordnung und Fruhes Lied. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), The Painted Veil. Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), The Desert of Love (Le Desert (Désert) de l'Amour). William Babington Maxwell (1866-1938), Life: A Study of Self. Nellie McClung (1873-1951), Painted Fires. William McFee (1881-1966), Sunlight in New Granada. Naomi Mitchison (1897-1999), Cloud Cuckoo Land; set during the Peloponnesian Wars. Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), My Name is Legion. Christopher Darlington Morley (1890-1957), Thunder on the Left; a young boy refuses to age because in ancient Rome when men heard you know what they thought the gods had something important to say. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), Jonah. Charles Gilman Norris (1881-1945), Pig Iron. Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), Stolen Idols; Gabriel Samara, Peacemaker; The Adventures of Mr. Joseph P. Gray (short stories). Martha Ostenso (1900-63), Wild Geese; realist novel about fiery heroine Judith Gare; breaks the rules and causes a sensation. Aldo Palazzeschi (1885-1974), L'Interrogatorio della Contessa Maria. Sir Gilbert Parker (1862-1932), The Power and the Glory. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Manhattan Transfer; the author's disillusionment with postwar urban America. Boris Pasternak (1890-1960), Airy Paths (short stories). Dawn Powell (1896-1965), Whither (first novel). John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), Ducdame. Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (1863-1944) (ed.), The Oxford Book of Prose. C.F. Ramuz, L'Amour du Monde. Henry Handel Richardson (1870-1946), The Way Home. Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), The Red Lamp; The Mystery Lamp. Joseph Roth (1894-1939), The History of a Love; The Blind Mirror. Helen Hooven Santmyer (1895-1986), Herbs and Apples (first novel). Rudolf von Sebottendorf (1875-1945), Der Talisman des Rosenkreuzers (The Talisman of the Rosicrucians); semi-autobio. novel. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), The House of Crimson Shadows; The City in the Sea; The Gates of Morning; #3 in the Blue Lagoon Trilogy (1908, 1923). Gene Stratton-Porter (1863-1924), The Keeper of the Bees. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), The Elder Sister. Sigrid Undset (1882-1949), The Master of Hestviken (1925-7). Edgar Wallace (1875-1932), The Mind of J.G. Reeder. Hugh Seymour Walpole (1884-1941), Portrait of a Man with Red Hair. Jakob Wassermann (1873-1934), Laudin und die Seinen. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Kept: A Story of Post-War London. Grace Miller White (1868-1957), The Ghost of Glen Gorge. Margery Williams (1881-1944), Poor Cecco: The Wonderful Story of a Wonderful Wooden Dog Who Was the Jolliest Toy in the House Until He Went Out to Explore the World (1925), about wooden dog Cecco, who leaves his toy box along with rag puppy Bulka, Harlequin, Easter Chicken, Money-Pig, and wooden doll Jensina, battling ducks and rats and wicked black cat Murrum, befriending woodchucks, and dancing at a country fiddling party; illustrated by Arthur Rackham. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), Mrs Dalloway (The Hours) (May 14); Clarissa Dalloway in post-WWI England; filmed in 1997. Elinor Wylie (1885-1928), The Venetian Glass Nephew. Births: U.S. Adm. William James Crowe Jr. (d. 2007) on Jan. 2 in La Grange, Ky. Am. "The Cincinnati Kid" novelist-screenwriter Richard Jessup (d. 1982) (AKA Richard Telfair) on Jan. 2 in Savannah, Ga. Am. E.F. Hutton & Co. CEO (1970-87) Robert Michael Fomon (d. 2000) on Jan. 3 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in Appleton, Wisc.; educated at USC; husband of Sharon Kay Ritchie (1937-). Am. IBM pres. (1974-5), CEO (1981-5), and chmn. (1983-6) John Roberts Opel (d. 2011) on Jan. 5 in Kansas City, Mo.; educated at the U. of Chicago; helps launch Microsoft. Am. automaker John Zachary DeLorean (d. 2005) on Jan. 6 in Detroit, Mich.; Romanian immigrant father, Hungarian immigrant mother. German anti-Nazi martyr (Mormon) Helmuth Gunther (Günther) Guddat Huebener (Hübener) (d. 1942) on Jan. 8 in Hamburg. Am. NBC-TV CEO (1981-6) Grant Almerin Trinker (d. 206) on Jan. 11 in Stamford, Conn.; educated at Dartmouth College; husband (1962-81) of Mary Tyler Moore; father of Mark Tinker and John Tinker. Am. "Redhead" redhead dancer-actress Gwyneth Evelyn "Gwen" Verdon (d. 2000) on Jan. 13 in Culver City, Calif. Japanese "Confessions of a Mask" writer-poet-playwright Yukio Mishima (Kimitake Hiraoka) (d. 1970) on Jan. 14 in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Am. "The Chocolate War" novelist (Roman Catholic) Robert Edmund Cormier (d. 2000) on Jan. 17 in Leominster, Mass. Am. hyper-real (lifecasting) sculptor Duane Hanson (d. 1996) on Jan. 17 in Alexandria, Minn. German conservative historian Andreas Fritz Hillgruber (d. 1989) on Jan. 18 in Angerburg (Wegorzewo, Poland); educated at the U. of Gottingen. Am. "The Warriors" novelist (Jewish) Solomon "Sol" Yurick (d. 2013) on Jan. 18 in Manhattan, N.Y.; Russia Jewish immigrant father, Lithuanian Jewish immigrant mother; educated at NYU. English "Carrie's War" children's writer Nina Bawden (d. 2012) on Jan. 19 in Ilford, Essex; educated at Somerville College, Oxford U. Am. "Tracey Steele in Hawaiian Eye" actor Anthony (Frederick Glendinning) Eisley (d. 2003) on Jan. 19 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at the U. of Miami. " English novelist Nina Mary (Mabey) Bawden (Kark) on Jan. 19. English comedian Alfred Hawthorn "Benny" Hill (d. 1992) on Jan. 21 in Southampton. Am. ballerina Elizabeth Marie "Betty" Tallchief (Tall Chief) on Jan. 24 in Fairfax, Okla.; daughter of a tribal chief on the Osage Rez; first prima ballerina of the New York City Ballet (1947-60); wife (1946-52) of George Ballanchine. Am. "Gracie Williams in Sergeant York", "Eileen Dibble in This Is the Army", "James Cagney's wife in Yankee Doodle Dandy" actress Joan Leslie (Joan Agnes Theresa Sadie Brodel) on Jan. 26 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Cool Hand Luke", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", "Fast Eddie Felson in The Color of Money", "Road to Perdition" blued-eyed actor-dir.-auto racer (blue eyed) (colorblind) Paul Leonard Newman (d. 2008) on Jan. 26 in Shaker Heights (near Cleveland), Ohio; husband (1958-2008) of Joanne Woodward (1930-); father of Elinor "Nell" Teresa Newman (1959-), Melissa "Lissy" Stewart (1961-), Claire "Clea" Olivia Newman (1965-); educated at Kenyon College; throws away his tux on his 75th birthday? Am. computer mouse and hypertext inventor Douglas Carl Engelbart (d. 2013) on Jan. 30 in Portland, Ore.; of Swedish-Norwegian descent; educated at Oregon State College, and UCB. Am. "Constance MacKenzie in Peyton Place" actress (Roman Catholic) Dorothy Malone (Dorothy Eloise Maloney) on Jan. 30 in Chicago, Ill.; wife (1959-64) of Jacques Bergerac (1927-2014). Am. "One Night Stand" San Francisco poet (gay) Jack Lester Spicer (d. 1965) on Jan. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at the U. of Redlands, and UCB. Am. NAACP dir. (1977-92) (black) Benjamin Lawson Hooks (d. 2010) on Jan. 31 in Memphis, Tenn.; educated at Howard U., and DePaul U. Am. "Piglet in Winnie the Pooh", "Mr. Hengist in Star Trek" actor John Donald Fiedler (d. 2005) on Feb. 3 in Plattesville, Wisc. Am. "In Our Image" journalist-historian (Jewish) Stanley Abram Karnow (d. 2013) on Feb. 4 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U., and the Sorbonne. Am. "Turtle Diary", "The Bat Tattoo" fantasy novelist (Jewish) Russell Conwell Hoban on Feb. 4 in Lansdale (near Philadelphia), Penn.; Ukrainian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Temple U.; starts out an illustrator then becomes a children's writer. Am. historian-journalist (Jewish) Stanley Karnow on Feb. 4 in New York City; educated at Harvard U. and the Sorbonne. Indonesian leftist "Buru Quartet" novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer (d. 2006) on Feb. 6 in Blora, Java. French "The Twilight Zone Theme" composer Marius Constant (d. 2004) on Feb. 7 in Bucharest, Romania. Am. "Some Like It Hot", "The Apartment", "The China Syndrome" actor John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III (d. 2001) on Feb. 8 in Newton, Mass.; born in an elevator at Newton-Wellesley Hospital; father is pres. of a doughnut co.; educated at Phillips Academy, and Harvard U. Am. theologian-economist-environmentalist John B. Cobb Jr. on Feb. 9 in Kobe, Japan; Methodist missionary parents; educated at Emory College, and U. of Chicago. Am. "guy who hit The Catch to Willie Mays in the 1954 WS" baseball player Victor Woodrow "Vic" Wertz (d. 1983) on Feb. 9 in York, Penn. Am. TLW's mother Wilma Louise Morrow (d. 2010) on Feb. 10 in Kansas City, Mo.; fraternal twin of Willis Leroy Morrow (1925-2000). Am. Masters & Johnson sexologist Virginia E. Johnson (nee Mary Virginia Eshelman) (d. 2013) on Feb. 11 in Springfield, Mo.; wife (1971-92) of William H. Masters (1915-2001). Am. "narrator in To Kill a Mockingbird" actress Kim Stanley (Patricia Beth Reid) (d. 2001) on Feb. 11 in Tularosa, N.M.; wife (1945-6) of Bruce Hall, (1949-56) Curt Conway (1915-74), (1958-64) Alfred Ryder, and (1964-7) Joseph Siegel. Am. "Abraham Lincoln", "Mark Twain Tonight", "Hays Stowe in The Bold Ones" actor Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook Jr. (d. 2021) on Feb. 17 in Cleveland, Ohio; husband (1984-) of Dixie Carter (1939-). Am. "Dragline in Cool Hand Luke", "Joe Patroni in Airport", "Carter McKay in Dallas" actor George Harris Kennedy Jr. (d. 2016) on Feb. 18 in New York City. Am. "M*A*S*H", "The Long Goodbye" dir.-writer Robert Altman (d. 2006) on Feb. 20 on Kansas City, Mo. Am. "The Wild Bunch" film dir. David Samuel "Sam" Peckinpah (d. 1984) on Feb. 21 in Fresno, Calif. Am. macabre (but not gory?) illustrator Edward St. John Gorey (d. 2000) on Feb. 22 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Harvard U. (roommate of Frank O'Hara); his stepmother Corinna Mura (1909-65) plays the guitar and sings "La Marsellaise" at Rick's Cafe Americain in "Casablanca" (1942). U.S. Wash. asst. atty. gen. (1957-62) and civil rights activist Wing Chong Luke (d. 1965) on Feb. 25 near Canton, China; relative of Keye Luke (1904-91); emigrates to the U.S. at age 6; educated at the U. of Wash. Nigerian pres. #2 (1979-83) (black) Alhaji Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari on Feb. 25 in Shagari, Sokoto. Am. "The Art of Love" New York School poet-playwright Jay Kenneth Koch (d. 2002) on Feb. 27 in Cincinnati, Ohio; educated at Harvard U. and Columbia U. English "Steptoe and Son" actor Harry H. Corbett on Feb. 28 in Burma, India. Am. country musician ("the Fastest Guitar in the Country") Ivy J. "Jimmy" Brant Jr. (d. 1980) on Mar. 5 in Moultrie, Ga.; eldest of 12 children. U.S. Rep. (D-Ill.) (1970-2) (black) George Washington Collins (d. 1972) on Mar. 5 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Northwestern U. Canadian "Ecological Geography of the Sea" oceanographer Alan Reece Longhurst on Mar. 25 in britian; educated at Bedford College, U. of London. Am. "Lonely Again", "Lay Some Happiness on Me" country singer-songwriter ("the Female Elvis") Jean Chapel (Opal Jean Amburgey) (d. 1995) (AKA Mattie O'Neil) (Mattie & Salty) on Mar. 6 in Neon, Ky.; wife (1947-56) of Salty Holmes (1910-70); sister of Don Chapel, 2nd husband of Tammy Wynette. Mexican progestin chemist Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cardenas (d. 2004) on Mar. 6 in Tepic, Nayarit. Am. "'Round Midnight" jazz guitarist (black) John Leslie "Wes" Montgomery (d. 1968) on Mar. 6 in Indianapolis, Ind. Japanese physicist Leona "Leo" (Reona) Esaki on Mar. 12 in Osaka; 1973 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Make Room! Make Room!" sci-fi novelist Harry Harrison (Henry Maxwell Dempsey) (d. 2012) on Mar. 12 in Stamford, Conn.; Irish descent father, Russian Jewish immigrant mother. Am. jazz drummer-bandleader (black) Roy Owen Haynes on Mar. 13 in Roxbury, Mass. English "Hurry on Down" novelist-poet-critic John Barrington Wain (d. 1994) on Mar. 14 in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire; educated at St. John's College, Oxford U. U.S. treasurer #34 (1971-4)(Roman Catholic) (first Hispanic) Romana Acosta Banuelos (Bañuelos) on Mar. 20 in Miami, Ariz. Am. Watergate figure (Christian Scientist) John David Ehrlichman (d. 1999) on Mar. 20 in Tacoma, Wash.; educated at UCLA and Stanford U. English "The Mahabharata" dir. (Jewish) Peter Stephen Paul Brook on Mar. 21 in Chiswick, London; Jewish Latvian immigrant parents; educated at Westminster School, and Magdalen College, Oxford U. Belgian brewer Pierre Celis (d. 2011) on Mar. 21 in Hoegaarden. Am. "A Buried Land" Southern novelist Madison Percy Jones Jr. on Mar. 21 in Nashville, Tenn. Am. 104 mph softball pitcher Fast Eddie Feigner (Myrle Vernon King) (d. 2007) on Mar. 25 in Walla Walla, Wash. Am. "Wise Blood", "The Violent Bear It Away" novelist (Roman Catholic) Mary Flannery (Gael. "red-haired") O'Connor (d. 1964) on Mar. 25 in Savannah, Ga.; stricken with lupus in 1951. Am. lit.-film critic (Jewish) Eugene "Gene" Shalit on Mar. 25 in New York City; educated at the U. of Ill.; known for wearing an oversize mustache and colorful bowties. French atonal conductor-composer Pierre Boulez on Mar. 26 in Montbrison, Loire; student of Olivier Messiaen. Am. "Moody's Mood for Love" jazz musician (black) James Moody on Mar. 26 in Savannah, Ga.; grows up in Newark, N.J. English "The Man Who Nicked the Krays" policeman Leonard Earnest "Nipper" Reed on Mar. 31 in Nottingham. Am. playwright-screenwriter (Jewish) Ernest Kinoy (d. 2014) on Apr. 1 in New York City. English Socialist Labour politician Anthony Neil Wedgwood "Tony" Benn on Apr. 3 in Marylebone, London; cousin of Margaret Rutherford (1892-1972); starts out as 2nd Viscount Stansgate, then gives it up after sponsoring the 1963 British Peerage Act. Am. "Roger Manning in Tom Corbett Space Cadet" "crazed baby-faced killer" actor-screenwriter-novelist Jan Merlin (Wasylewski) on Apr. 3 in New York City; "I must have died onscreen more often than any other actor." Am. basketball coach Frank Wilson Truitt Jr. (d. 2014) on Apr. 4 in Columbus, Ohio; educated at Otterbein U. Am. "Manufacturing Consent" economist Edward S. Herman on Apr. 7 in ?; educated at UCB. Am. "Love Signs" writer-astrologer-poet Linda Goodman (Mary Alice Kemery) (d. 1995) on Apr. 9 in Morgantown, W. Va. Am. computer programmer (Jewish) Evelyn Berezin (d. 2018) on Apr. 12 in East Bronx, N.Y.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Hunter College, and NYU. Am. "From a Jack to a King" country music singer Henry Ned Miller on Apr. 12 in Rains, Utah. Zimbabwean PM #1 (1979) and Methodist bishop (black) Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa (d. 2010) on Apr. 14 in Umtali, Manicaland. Am. "Charlie in On the Waterfront", "Police Chief Bill Gillespie in In the Heat of the Night" actor Rodney Stephen "Rod" Steiger (d. 2002) on Apr. 14 in Westhampton, N.Y.; raised Lutheran. Am. "Lt. Elroy Carpenter in McHale's Navy" actor Robert "Bob" Hastings on Apr. 18 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. model-actress Doe Avedon (nee Dorcas Marie Nowell) (d. 2011) on Apr. 7 in Old Westbury, N.Y.; wife (1944-9) of Richard Avedon (1923-2004). Am. Beat poet (black) ("the American Rimbuad") Robert Garnell "Bob" Kaufman (d. 1986) on Apr. 18 in New Orleans, La.; German Jewish father, black Roman Catholic Martinique mother. Am. "Wyatt Earp" actor Hugh O'Brien (Hugh Charles Krampe) on Apr. 19 in Rochester, N.Y. Am. "Consuelo Lopez in Marcus Welby, M.D." actress Elena Angela Verdugo on Apr. 20 in Paso Robles, Calif. Am. photographer-journalist-writer Herbert Keppler (d. 2008) on Apr. 21 in New York City. Am. "The Moon and Sixpence", "Ilonka in House of Frankenstein", "Consuelo Lopez in Marcus Welby, M.D." actress Elena Verdugo on Apr. 25 in Paso Robles, Calif.; Spanish parents; debuts at age 6 in "Cavalier of the West" (1931); wife (1946-) of Charles R. Marion (1914-80); mother of Richard Marion (1949-99). Am. economist Stanley Reiter on Apr. 26 in ?; educated at Queens College, and the U. of Chicago; coiner of the term "cliometrics". Am. "The Age of Federalism" historian (Jewish) Stanley M. Elkins (d. 2013) on Apr. 27 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Harvard U., and Columbia U.; student of Richard Hofstadter (1916-70); collaborator of Eric McKitrick (1919-2002). Am. "The Battle of New Orleans" country singer ("the Singing Fisherman") John Gale "Johnny" Horton (d. 1960) on Apr. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. astronaut Malcolm Scott Carpenter (d. 2013) on May 1 in Boulder, Colo.; #4 American in space after Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, and John Glenn, and #2 to orbit the Earth after Glenn. English "The Adventures of Baron Munchausen" actor John Reginald Neville (d. 2011) on May 2 in Willesden, London; moves to Canada in 1972. Am. "Alice Nelson in the Brady Bunch", "Charmaine Schultzy Schultz in The Bob Cummings Show" actress (Episcopal) Ann Bradford Davis on May 3 in Schenectady, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Mich.; who was the oldest virgin on the TV show "The Brady Bunch"? Am. Am. Internat. Group (AIG) CEO (1968-2005) (Jewish) Maurice Raymond "Hank" Greenberg on May 4 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Miami, and New York Law School. Am. "Limelight" actor Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. (d. 1968) on May 5 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; eldest son of Charles Chaplin (1889-1977) and 2nd wife Lita Grey (1908-95); brother of Sydney Chaplin (1926-). U.S. Rep. (D-Calif.) (1973-8) Leo Joseph Ryan Jr. (d. 1978) on May 5 in Lincoln, Neb.; educated at Bates College, and Creighton U. Tanzanian pres. #2 (1985-95) (black) Ali Hasan Mwinyi on May 8 in Kivure. Am. Choice Theory psychiatrist William Glasser on May 11 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. hall-of-fame baseball catcher (New York Yankees #8, 1946-63), mgr.-coach and malaprop king Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra (d. 2015) on May 12 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. coloratura soprano Patrice "Princess Pat" Munsel (Munsil) on May 14 in Spokane, Wash.; youngest star of the Metropolitan Opera (1943). Israeli physicist (Jewish) Yuval Ne'eman (d. 2006) on May 14 in Tel Aviv. Swedish meteorologist Bert Rickard Johannes Bolin (d. 2007) on May 15 in Nykoping; educated at Uppsale U., and Stockholm U. Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer (Roman Catholic) Natalie Nevins (d. 2010) on May 15 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Chestnut Hill College, and U. of Penn.; has perfect pitch. Am. mathematical psychologist Robert Duncan Luce (d. 2012) on May 16; educated at MIT. Am. CBS-TV journalist Robert "Bob" Pierpoint (d. 2011) on May 16 in Redondo Beach, Calif.; educated at U. of Redlands; last of Edward R. Morrow's Boys. Am. Black Muslim political leader (black) (bi) Malcolm X (Little) (d. 1965) on May 19 in Omaha, Neb.; son of preacher Earl Little, who is killed after being threatened by the Ku Klux Klan? Mexican playwright (gay) Emilio Carballido (d. 2008) on May 22 in Orizaba, Veracruz. Am. molecular biologist (Jewish) Joshua Lederberg on May 23 in Montclair, N.J.; educated at Stuyvesant H.S., and Columbia U.; 1958 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. bluegrass singer ("the Voice with a Heart") Malcolm B. "Mac" Wiseman on May 23 in Crimora (near Waynesboro), Va. Am. "State Fair", "Cheaper by the Dozen" actress (Roman Catholic) Jeanne Elizabeth Crain (d. 2003) on May 25 in Barstow, Calif. Argentine boxer ("El Mono") Jose Maria Gatica (d. 1963) on May 25 in Villa Mercedes, San Luis Province. English Shakespearean stage actor Alexander Duncan "Alec" McCowen on May 26 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Am. "Coyote Waits" novelist Tony Hillerman (d. 2008) on May 27 in Sacred Heart, Okla. Am. theoretical physicist Sam Bard Treiman (d. 1999) on May 27 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Northwestern U., and U. of Chicago. Am. "Lauren Bacall's younger sister in The Big Sleep" actress Martha Vickers (MacVicar) (d. 1971) on May 28 in Ann Arbor, Mich. Am. country musician-producer Danny Davis (George Joseph Nowlan) (d. 2008) (Nashville Brass) on May 29 in Randolph, Mass. Am. computer scientist ("Father of RISC Architecture") John Cocke (d. 2002) on May 30 in Charlotte, N.C.; educated at Duke U. Am. playwright Judd Woldin on May 30 in Somerville, N.J. Am. "Sgt. Hoffy Hoffman in Stalag 17", "Richard Fairfield III in The Tab Hunter Show" actor Richard "Dick" Erdman on June 1 in Enid, Okla. Am. golfer (handicapped) Doris Hart on June 2 in St. Louis, Mo. Irish "trial judge in The Verdict" actor Milo O'Shea on June 2 in Dublin. Am. "Some Like It Hot", "The Defiant Ones", "Spartacus" actor-painter (Jewish) Tony Curtis (Bernard Schwartz) (d. 2010) on June 3 in Bronx, N.Y.; Hungarian Jewish immigrant parents; husband (1951-62) of Janet Leigh (1927-2004), (1963-7) Christine Kaufmann (1945-), (1968-82) Leslie Allen, (1983-92) Andria Savio, (1993-4) Lisa Deutsch, and (1998-2010) Jill Vandenberg; father of Jamie Lee Curtis (1958-) and Kelly Curtis (1956-). Am. poet-novelist and U.S poet laureate #36 (1981-2) (Jewish) Maxine Kumin (d. 2014) on June 6 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Radcliffe College. U.S. Repub. First Lady #41 (1989-93) and Second Lady (1981-89) Barbara Pierce Bush (d. 2018) on June 8 in Flushing, Queens, N.Y.; 3rd child of Marvin Pierce (1893-1969) (pres. of McCall Corp.) and Pauline Robinson (1896-1949); mother of George W. Bush (1946-), Pauline Robinson Bush (1949-53), John "Jeb" Bush (1953-), Neil Bush (1955-), Marvin Pierce Bush (1956-), and Dorothy Bush Koch (1959-); great-great-granddaughter of James Pierce Jr., 4th cousin of pres. Franklin Pierce; descendant of Thomas Percy of Gunpower Plot fame; known for wearing pearls and promoting family literacy; really the illegitimate daughter of "wickedest man in the world", English black magician Aleister Crowley (1875-1947)?; 2nd woman to be wife and mother to U.S. presidents after Abigail Adams. Am. famous 3'7" 65 lb. dwarf ML baseball player (St. Louis Browns, #1/8) Edward Carl "Eddie" Gadel (d. 1961) on June 8 in Chicago, Ill. Am. MDMA chemist ("the Godfather of Psychedelics") Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin (d. 2014) on June 15 in Berkeley, Calif.; Russian immigrant parents; educated at Harvard U, and UCB. Am. Repub. Second Lady (1974-7) Margretta Large Fitler Murphy "Happy" Rockefeller (d. 2015) on June 9; wife (1963-79) of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908-79); great-great-granddaughter of Union gen. George Gordon Meade (1815-72). Am. "Downhill Racer" novelist (Jewish) James Salter (James A. Horowitz) on June 10 in New York City. Am. "Sophie's Choice" novelist William Clark Styron Jr. (d. 2006) on June 11 in Newport News, Va. Am. White House news secy. (JFK, LBJ) (1961-4), U.S Sen. (D-Calif.) (1964), and ABC News Paris bureau chief (1978-) Pierre Emil George Salinger on June 14 in San Francisco, Calif.; German Jewish father, French Catholic mother; child piano prodigy; educated at San Francisco State U. English "Please Mr. Custer", "Hello, My Darlings" 5'1" comedian-singer (redhead) Charlie Drake (d. 2006) on June 19 in Elephant and Castle, Southwark. Am. "What's My Line?" TV host (Jewish) Ivan Lawrence "Larry" Blyden (d. 1975) on June 23 in Houston, Tex. Am. Cleveland Browns owner (1961-95) and Baltimore Ravens owner (1996-2004) Arthur Bertram "Art" Modell (d. 2012) on June 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grandson of sporting goods magnate Morris A. Modell. Am. geneticist (inventor of gel electrophoresis) Oliver Smithies (d. 2017) on June 23 in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England; educated at Balliol College, Oxford U.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1960. Am. "Less is a bore" architect Robert Charles Venturi Jr. on June 25 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Princeton U.; father of James Venturi. Am. "The Defiant Ones" actress Cara Williams (Bernice Kamiat) (AKA Bernice Kay) on June 29 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Austrian father, Romanian descent mother; wife (1952-9) of John Drew Barrymore (1932-2004); mother of John Blyth Barrymore III (1954-). Soviet cosmonaut Pavel Ivanovich Belyayev (d. 1970) on June 26 in Chelizshevo. Am. "Rope", "Strangers on a Train" actor (bi) Farley Earle Granger Jr. (d. 2011) on July 1 in San Jose, Calif.; known for his malapropisms ("count me out"). Am. civil rights leader (black) Medgar Evers (d. 1963) on July 2 in Decatur, Miss.; husband of Myrlie Evers-Williams (1933-). Congolese-Leopoldville PM (1960) (black) Patric Emery Lumumba (d. 1961) on July 2 in Katakokombe. Am. "Gil Favor in Rawhide" actor Eric Fleming (Edward Heddy Jr.) (d. 1966) on July 4 in Santa Paula, Calif. French "The Camp of the Saints" writer Jean Raspail (d. 2020) on July 5 in Chemille-sur-Deme, Indre-et-Loire. Am. "Jeopardy!" singer, talk show host and TV game show producer Mervyn Edward "Merv" Griffin (d. 2007) on July 6 in San Mateo, Calif.; husband (1958-76) of Julann Griffin (1929-). Am. "Rock Around the Clock" singer (alcoholic) William John Clifton "Bill" Haley (d. 1981) (AKA Jack Haley, Johnny Clifton, Scott Gregory) (Comets) on July 6 in Highland Park, Mich. Am. singer Alan Dale (Aldo Sigismondi) (d. 2002) on July 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Italian immigrant father. Malaysian PM (1981-2003) Mahathir bin Mohamad (Kutty) on July 10 in Alor Setar, Kedah; Indian descent father, Malay mother. Am. "Capt. Edward Parmalee in Laredo" actor Eugene Joseph "Philip" Carey (d. 2009) on July 15 in Hackensack, N.J. Am. Tommy John surgeon Frank James Jobe (d. 2014) on July 16 in Greensboro, N.C.; educated at La Sierra U., and Loma Linda U. Am. "Edie Hart in Peter Gunn" actress Lois Jean "Lola" Albright on July 20 in Akron, Ohio. French "Black Skin, White Masks" Marxist humanist philosopher-activist (black) Frantz Omar Fanon (d. 1961) on July 20 in Fort-de-France, Martinique. Am. "Summer Stock" actress Gloria Mildred DeHaven on July 23 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. scientist (Jewish) Baruch Samuel "Barry" Blumberg on July 25; educated at Columbia U.; 1976 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Capt. Edward Parmalee in Laredo" actor Philip (Eugene Joseph) Carey (d. 2009) on July 25 in Hackensack, N.J. Malaysian PM #4 (1981-2003) and #7 (2018-) (Sunni Muslim) Mahathir bin Mohamad on July 10 in Alor Setar, Kedah; educated at the Nat. U. of Singapore. Canadian 5'8" hockey hall-of-fame player Robert Blake Theodore "Terrible Ted" Lindsay on July 29 in Renfrew, Ont. Greek "Zorba the Greek", "Z", "Serpico", "The Ballad of Mathausen" #1 composer Michael "Mikis" Theodorakis on July 29 on Chios. Scottish "Young Adam" novelist (heroin addict) Alexander Whitelaw Robertson Trocchi (d. 1984) on July 30 in Glasgow; Italian father, Scottish mother; educated at the U. of Glasgow; friend of Terry Southern (1924-95) and Richard Seaver (1926-2009). English "Piaf" playwright Pam Gems (nee Price) on Aug. 1 in Brangore, Hampshire; educated at Manchester U. Am. Christian evangelist Billy James Hargis (d. 2004) on Aug. 3; educated at Ozark Bible College. Bosnian pres. #1 (1990-2000) (Muslim) Alija Izetbegovic (d. 2003) on Aug. 8 in Bosanski Samac; father of Bakir Izetbegovic (1956-). Am. actress Arlene Carol Dahl (d. 2021)on Aug. 11 in Minneapolis, Minn.; of Norwegian descent; wife of (1954-60) Fernando Lamas (1915-82); mother of Lorenzo Lamas (1958-); educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "The Mike Douglas Show" host (1961-82) Mike Douglas (Michael D. Dowd Jr.) (d. 2006) on Aug. 11 in Chicago, Ill. Am. journalist-govt. official (black) Carl Thomas Rowan (d. 2000) on Aug. 11 in Ravenscroft, Tenn.; educated at Oberlin College, and the U. of Minn. Am. poet Donald Rodney Justice (d. 2004) on Aug. 12 in Miami, Fla.; educated at the U. of Miami. English "Guinness Book of World Records" co-founder Alan Ross McWhirter (d. 1975) on Aug. 12 in WInchmore Hill, Middlesex; identical twin brother of Norris McWhirter (1925-2004). English "Guinness Book of Records" co-founder Norris Dewart McWhirter d. 2004) on Aug. 12 in Winchmore HIll, Middlesex; identical twin brother of Ross McWhirter (1925-75). Am. "Growing Up" writer and "Masterpiece Theatre" host (1993-) Russell Wayne Baker on Aug. 14 in Morrisonville, Va.; educated at Johns Hopkins U.; "[Baker is] like some fourth century citizen of Rome who is amused and intrigued by the Empire's collapse but who still cares enough to mock the stupidities that are hastening its end. He is, in my opinion, a precious national resource, and as long as he does not get his own television show, America will remain stronger than Russia" (Neil Postman): "The goal of all inanimate objects is to resist man and ultimately defeat him." Am. inventor-pianist Manfred E. Clynes on Aug. 14 in Vienna, Austria. Am. "Joe Mannix" actor Mike "Touch" Connors (Kreker Ohanian) on Aug. 15 in Fresno, Calif.; of Armenian descent; plays basketball at UCLA. Am. "Sing a Little Song of Heartache" country singer Roselea Arbana "Rose" Maddox (d. 1998) (Maddox Brothers and Rose) on Aug. 15 in Boaz, Ala. Canadian "Canadiana Suite" jazz pianist-composer (black) ("the Maharaja of the Keyboard" - Duke Ellington) ("the Brown Bomber of the Boogie-Woogie") Oscar Emmanuel "O.P." Peterson (d. 2007) on Aug. 15 in Montreal, Quebec; West Indies immigrant parents; student of Paul de Market, a student of Istvan Thoman, a student of Franz Liszt. Am. R&B singer (black) Bill Pinckney (d. 2007) (The Drifters) on Aug. 15 in Dalzell, S.C. Am. "The Lime Twig", "The Beetle Leg" novelist-playwright John Hawkes (John Clendennin Talbor Burne Hawkes Jr.) (d. 1998) on Aug. 17 in Stamford, Conn.; educated at Harvard U.; not to be confused with actor John Hawkes (1925-98). English "Helliconia Spring" sci-fi writer and abstract artist Brian Wilson Aldiss on Aug. 18 in East Dereham, Norfolk. South African geneticist Anthony Clifford Allison (d. 2014) on Aug. 21 in East London; educated at the U. of the Witwatersrand, and Oxford U. Am. "To Kill a Mockingbird" dir. Robert Mulligan on Aug. 23 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Fordham U.; brother of Richard Mulligan (1932-2000). Am. archeologist-anthropologist Louis Dupree (d. 1989) on Aug. 23 in Greenville, N.C.; educated at Harvard U. U.S. education secy. #1 (1979-81) Shirley Ann Mount Hufstedler (d. 2016) on Aug. 24 in Denver, Colo.; educated at the U. of N.M., and Stanford U. Am. football coach (Buffalo Bills, 1986-97) Marvin Daniel "Marv" Levy on Aug. 25 in Chicago, Ill.; Canadian immigrant parents; educated at Coe College. Am. "Gallows Pole" folk musician (Jewish) Fred Gerlach (d. 2009) on Aug. 26 in Detroit, Mich.; first white to play the 12-string guitar. Israeli IDF chief of staff #9 (1972-4) (Jewish) Maj. Gen. David "Dado" Elazar (d. 1976) on Aug. 27 in Sarajevo, Serbia; of Sephardic descent; emigrates to Palestine in 1940. Am. bluegrass musician Carter Glen Stanley (d. 1966) on Aug. 27 in Big Spraddle Creek, Va.; brother of Ralph Stanley (1927-). Am. country singer Billy (Billie Wayne) Grammer on Aug. 28 in Benton, Ill. Am. "Cosmo Brown in Singin' in the Rain", "Francis" actor-dancer-singer Donald David Dixon Ronald O'Connor (d. 2003) on Aug. 28 in Chicago, Ill. Soviet "Roadside Picnic" sci-fi novelist (Jewish) Arkady Natanovich Strugatsky (d. 1991) on Aug. 28 in Batumi; brother of Boris Strugatsky (1933-2012); grows up in Leningrad. French children's writer-illustrator Laurent de Brunhoff on Aug. 30 in Paris; son of Jean de Brunhoff (1899-1937). Am. billionaire industrialist-philanthropist (Jewish) Marvin H. Davis (d. 2004) on Aug. 31 in Newark, N.J.; Jewish English immigrant father; educated at NYU. Am. physicist (Jewish) Roy Jay Glauber on Sept. 1 in New York City; educated at Bronx High School of Science, and Harvard U.; 2005 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales" novelist (white supremacist) Asa Earl "Forrest" Carter (d. 1979) on Sept. 4 in Anniston, Ala. Dutch WWII resistance fighter Freddie Nanda Oversteegen (Dekker-Oversteegen) (d. 2018) on Sept. 6 in Schoten; sister of Truus Menger-Oversteegen (1923-2016); friend of Hannie Schaft (1920-45). Am. blues musician-songwriter (black) Mathis James "Jimmy" Reed (d. 1976) on Sept. 6 in Dunleith, Miss. British (Welsh) fashion designer Laura Ashley (nee Mountney) (d. 1985) on Sept. 7 in Station Terrace, Dowlais, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. Am. astronomer (agnostic) Robert Jastrow (d. 2008) on Sept. 7; educated at Columbia U. English "Inspector Clouseau in The Pink Panther", "Dr. Strangelove" actor (Jewish) Richard Henry "Peter" Sellers (d. 1980) on Sept. 8 in Southsea, Portsmouth; Protestant father, Jewish Portuguese descent mother; descendant of Daniel Mendoza (1764-1836). Am. "Good Rocking Tonight" R&B musician (black) Roy James Brown (d. 1981) on Sept. 10 in New Orleans, La. Am. "Up Where We Belong", "The Windmills of Your Mind", "You Don't Bring Me Flowers", "Yellow Bird" songwriter-lyricist (Jewish) Alan Bergman on Sept. 11 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of N.C. and UCLA; husband (1958-) of Marilyn Bergman (1929-). Am. celeb (Jewish) Carol Matthau (d. 2003) on Sept. 11; daughter of Rosheen Doree (1909-), wife of 1 Aircraft Co. co-founder Charles Marcus; wife (1943-9, 1951) of William Saroyan (1908-81) and (1959-) Walter Matthau; mother of Adam Saroyan (1943-) and Charles Matthau (1962-). Am. "Our Gang", "Oliver Twist", "Blonde Venus actor John Richard "Dickie" Moore Jr. (d. 2015) on Sept. 12 in Los Angeles, Calif.; husband (1988-) of Jane Powell (1929-2021). Am. "The Christmas Song ("Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" jazz singer-composer (Jewish) ("the Velvet Fog") Melvin Howard "Mel" Torme (Tormé) (d. 1999) on Sept. 13 in Chicago, Ill.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents (Torma); child prodigy. Am. "Lt. Col. Gray in Gomer Pyle, USMC" actor Forrest Compton on Sept. 15 in Reading, Penn. German plant physiologist Helmut Metzner (d. 1999) on Sept. 15 in Osnabruck; educated at the U. of Munster, and U. of Gottingen. Irish PM (1979-81, 1982-87) Charles James "Charlie" Haughey (d. 2006) on Sept. 16 in Castlebar, County Mayor; educated at Univ. College Dublin. Am. "The Thrill is Gone" blues hall-of-fame blues-rock guitarist (black) B.B. (Beale St. Blues Boy) (Riley B.) King (d. 2015) on Sept. 16 at Itta Bena, Miss.; calls his guitar "Lucille". Am. poet (Jewish) Samuel Menashe on Sept. 16 in New York City; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Queens College, and the Sorbonne. Thai Chakri king #8 (1935-46) Rama VIII (Ananda Mahidol) (pr. An-AN-ta MAH-hi-don) ("Joy of Mahidol") (d. 1946) on Sept. 20 in Heidelberg, Germany; son of Rama VII (1893-1941); brother of Rama IX (1927-). Am. 5'11" football player-coach (Cleveland Browns, 1950-6) (Chicago Bears, 1972-4) Abraham "Abe" Gibron (d. 1997) on Sept. 22 in Michigan City, Ind.; Lebanese immigrant parents; educated at Valparaiso U., and Purdue U. Am. UPC developer George Joseph Laurer on Sept. 23 in New York City. Am. "Oh Miss Tubs", "The Screaming Skull" actress Peggy Webber on Sept. 15 in Laredo, Tex.; begins performing at age 2. Am. Dem. Okla. gov. #16 (1959-63) (youngest) James Howard Edmondson (d. 1971)_ on Sept. 27 in Muskogee, Okla.; educated at the U. of Okla. English historian William George Grieve Forrest (d. 1997) on Sept. 24 in Glasgow, Scotland; educated at Univ. College School, Hampstead. Am. "The Scalphunters", "Brannigan", "Gator", "Big Bad Mama", "I Dismember Mama" screenwriter William W. "Bill" Norton (d. 2010) on Sept. 24 in Ogden, Utah; Irish mother; joins the IRA in the 1980s. Am. "Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain" cultural historian (Jewish) Justin Daniel "Joe" Kaplan (d. 2014) on Sept. 25; educated at Harvard U.; husband (1954-) of Anne Bernays (1930-); gen. ed. of "Bartlett's Familiar Quotations". Am. aeronautical engineer Paul B. MacCready Jr. (d. 2007) on Sept. 25 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at Yale U. and Caltech. Am. "Stairway of Love" country singer-songwriter and auto racer Mary Robbins (Martin David Robinson) (d. 1982) on Sept. 26 in Glendale (near Phoenix), Ariz.; Paiute mother. English physiologist (IVF pioneer) Robert Geoffrey "Bob" Edwards on Sept. 27 in Leeds; educated at the U. of Edinburgh; collaborator of Patrick Steptoe (1913-88). Am. supercomputer designer Seymour Roger Cray (d. 1996) on Sept. 28 in Chippewa Falls, Wisc.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "Sparrow in The Man With the Golden Arm" actor Arnold Stang on Sept. 28 in Chelsea, Mass. U.S. Sen. (R-Tex.) (1961-85) John Goodwin Tower (d. 1991) on Sept. 29 in Houston, Tex.; United Methodist minister father; educated at Southwestern U. Czech chemist Drahoslav Lim (d. 2003) on Sept. 30 in Zemechy. Am. "The City and the Pillar" writer-novelist-playwright (bi) Eugene Luther "Gore" Vidal Jr. (d. 2012) on Oct. 3 in West Point, N.Y.; father Eugene Vidal Sr. is the lover of Amelia Earhart. Am. jazz impresario (Jewish) George Wein on Oct. 3 in Boston, Mass. Am. free jazz trumpeter (black) Bill Dixon (d. 2010) on Oct. 5 in Nantucket, Mass.; grows up in Harlem, N.Y. English "Les Miserables" lyricist (Jewish) Herbert Kretzmer on Oct. 5 in Kroonstad, South Africa. Am. "Point-Counterpoint" journalist (Jewish) (first female staff writer and columnist for Life mag.) Shana Alexander (d. 2005) on Oct. 6; daughter of Milton Ager (1893-1979) and Cecilia Ager; educated at Vassar College. Am. TLW's father Thomas Lee Winslow Sr. (d. 1992) on Oct. 7 in Hartshorne, Pittsburg County, Okla.; son of Judson "Judd" Winslow, son of Milton Winslow; husband (1950-) of Wilma Louise Winslow (1925-2010); father of Thomas Lee Winslow Jr. (TLW) (1953-) and Sheryl Lou Winslow (1953-). Am. "Three-Ten to Yuma", "Hombre", "Get Shorty" novelist-screenwriter ("the Dickens of Detroit") Elmore John Leonard Jr. (d. 2013) on Oct. 11 in New Orleans, La.; grows up in Detroit, Mich. Am. "No Place to be Somebody" playwright (black) Charles Edward Gordone (d. 1995) on Oct. 12 in Cleveland, Ohio.; of black, Native Am., and white descent ("North American mestizo"); first African-Am. to win Pulitzer Prize for drama (1970). Am. Olympic show jumper (equestrian) William Clark "Bill" Steinkraus on Oct. 12 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "sick" comedian (Jewish) (heroin addict) Lenny Bruce (Leonard Alfred Schneider) (d. 1966) on Oct. 13 in Mineola, Long Island, N.Y. Am. "The Subject Was Roses" dramatist Frank Daniel Gilroy on Oct. 13 in New York City. British Conservative PM (1979-90) Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (nee Roberts) (d. 2013) on Oct. 13 in Grantham, Lincolnshire; educated at Somerville College, Oxford U.; created baroness in 1992. Am. "Sgt. Phil Esterhaus in Hill Street Blues" "Let's be careful out there" actor Michael Conrad (d. 1983) on Oct. 16 in New York City. English "Jessica Fletcher in Murder, She Wrote" actress Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury (d. 2022) on Oct. 16 in London; wife (1949-2003) of Peter Shaw (1918-2003); created dame in 2014. Albanian Communist leader #2 (1985-91) Ramiz Tafe (Tafë) Alia on Oct. 18 in Shkoder. Greek actress and political activist Melina Mercouri (d. 1994) on Oct. 18 in Athens; marries dir. Jules Dassin in 1966. Am. furniture designer (pink poodle lamps) ("Designer to the Stars") Phyllis Morris (d. 1988) on Oct. 19 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at UCLA. Am. columnist (Jewish) Arthur "Art" Buchwald (d. 2007) on Oct. 20 in Mt. Vernon, N.Y.; Polish-Hungarian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at USC. Swiss pharmacologist Hartmann F. Stahelin (Stähelin) (d. 2011) on Oct. 20. Am. "Trixie Norton in The Honeymooners" actress Joyce Randolph (Sirola) on Oct. 21 in Detroit, Mich. Romanian "Dialogues of the Carmelites" soprano Virginia Zeani (Zehan) on Oct. 21 in Solovastru, Mures County. Am. "Come Saturday Morning" singer-songwriter-poet Dory Previn (Dorothy Veronica Langan) on Oct. 22 in Rahway, N.J.; wife (1959-70) of Andre Previn (1929-). Am. Abstract Expressionist and Pop Art "combine painting" artist Robert Milton Ernest Rauschenberg on Oct. 22 in Port Arthur, Tex.; pupil of Josef Albers. Am. entertainer John William "Johnny" Carson (d. 2005) on Oct. 23 in Corning, Iowa; from ages 8-18 lives in Norfolk, Neb. in a house at 306 S. 13th St. Canadian hockey coach (Philadelphia Flyers, New York Rangers) Frederick Alexander "Fred" "the Fog" Shero (d. 1990) on Oct. 23 in Winnipeg, Man.; father of Ray Shero (1962-). Italian "Sinfonia for Voices and Orchestra" electronic music composer Luciano Berio (d. 2003) on Oct. 24 in Oneglia. Am. pyschologist David Premack on Oct. 26. Dutch novelist-artist Jan Hendrik Wolkers (d. 2007) on Oct. 26 in Oegstgeet. Am. secy. of state #63 (1993-7) Warren Minor Christopher (d. 2011) on Oct. 27 in Scranton, N.D.; educated at USC. Am. "The Two Mrs. Greenvilles", "A Season in Purgatory" writer-producer (bi) Dominick John Dunne (d. 2009) on Oct. 25; brother of John Gregory Dunne (husband of Joan Didion); father of Griffin Dunne (1955-); educated at Williams College. Am. jazz saxophonist (white) John Haley "Zoot" Sims (d. 1985) on Oct. 29 in Inglewood, Calif. Am. "American Education: The National Experience" educational historian Lawrence Arthur "Larry" Cremin (d. 1990) on Oct. 31 in New York City; educated at Columbia U. Am. "The Green Berets", "The French Connection" novelist Robert Lowell "Robin" Moore Jr. (d. 2008) on Oct. 31 in Boston, Mass. English chemist Sir John Anthony Pople (d. 2004) on Oct.31 in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U. Am. "Marie Barone in Everybody Loves Raymond" actress Doris Robert (Doris May Green) (d. 2016) on Nov. 4 in St. Louis, Mo.; grows up in Bronx, N.Y. Am. "Birdy", "Dad", "A Midnight Clear" novelist William Wharton (Albert William Du Aime) (d. 2008) on Nov. 7 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at UCLA; becomes a big hit in Poland, causing him to pub. a string of Polish-only novels starting in 1998. English journalist-historian Sir Alistair Allan Horne on Nov. 9; educated at Jesus College, Cambridge U.; friend of William F. Buckley Jr. British (Welsh) "Marc Antony in Cleopatra" actor (alcoholic and epileptic) Richard Burton (Jenkins) (d. 1984) on Nov. 10 in Pontypridd, S Wales (pr. "PONT-ee-preathe") (12 mi. N of Cardiff), where singer Tom Jones is born on June 7, 1940; born in a Welsh-speaking home to an alcoholic father, his mother dies in 1927 and he is raised by his English-speaking Presbyterian sister in Port Talbot, plus Welsh school teacher Philip H. Burton (no relation); his brother Ifor (b. 1906) is a rugby star; begins smoking at age 8 and drinking at age 12, and drops out of school at age 16. Am. dancer-choreographer Nicholas Royce on Nov. 11. Am. "Winslow G. Flydipper", "Maude Frickert", "Elwood P. Suggins" comedian Jonathan Harshman Winters III (d. 2013) on Nov. 11 in Dayton, Ohio; educated at Kenyon College. English Catal Huyuk archeologist James "Jimmie" Mellaart (d. 2012) on Nov. 14 in London. Am. Repub. statesman ("the Great Conciliator") Howard Henry Baker Jr. (d. 2014) on Nov. 15 in Huntsville, Tenn.; Reagan White House chief of staff (1986-8); educated at Tulane U. Am. 6'5" "Stewart Mac McMillan in McMillan and Wife" actor (gay) Rock Hudson (Roy Harold Scherer Jr.) (Roy Fitzgerald) (d. 1985) on Nov. 17 in Winnetka, Ill.; his agent adds two years to his age to land him more more parts?; as a cover for his gay life, he marries his agent's lesbian secy. Phyllis Lucille Gates (1926-2006) in 1955-8. Biafrian pres. #2 (1970) (black) Gen. Philip Effiong (Efiont) (d. 2003) on Nov. 18 in Akwa-Ibom. Am. "The Mothers-in-Law" actress-comedian Kaye (Kay) Ballard (Catherine Gloria Balotta) on Nov. 20 in Cleveland, Ohio; Italian immigrant father. Am. Dem. U.S. atty.-gen. (1961-) Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (d. 1968) on Nov. 20 in Brookline, Mass.; son of Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy Sr. (1888-1969) and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy (1890-1995); brother of John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1967-63) and Edward Kennedy (1932-2009); attends Harvard U., and the U. of Va. Am. "The Mickey Rooney Show" actress Carla Balenda (Sally Bliss) on Nov. 22 in Carthage, N.Y. Am. composer Gunther Schuller on Nov. 22. El Salvadoran pres. (1984-9) Jose Napoleon Duarte Fuentes (d. 1990) on Nov. 23 in San Salvador. Am. Conservative "Firing Line" writer-TV host William Frank (Francis) "Bill" Buckley (OE "deer meadow") Jr. (d. 2008) on Nov. 24 in New York City; son of William F. Buckley (1881-1958); brother of James L. Buckley (1923-); educated at Yale U. (Skull & Bones); brought up speaking only Spanish and French till age 7, causing him to develop a unique weird pseudo-British accent. Dutch particle accelerator physicist Simon van der Meer (d. 2011) on Nov. 24 in The Hague; educated at Delft U. of Technology. Am. anthropologist ("the Father of Modern Paleoanthropology") Francis (F.) Clark Howell (d. 2007) on Nov. 27 in Kansas City, Mo.; educated at the U. of Chicago. English "Morecambe & Wise" comedian Ernie Wise (Ernest Wiseman) (d. 1999) on Nov. 27 in Bramley, Leeds, West Yorkshire; collaborator of Eric Morecambe (1926-84). Cuban baseball player ("the Cuban Comet") ("Mr. White Sox") (Chicago White Sox, 1951-7) Orestes "Minnie" Minoso (Miñoso) (Saturnino Orestes Armas Minoso Arrieta) (d. 2015) on Nov. 29 in Perico. Am. biochemist Martin Rodbell (d. 1998) on Dec. 1 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Johns Hopkins U. Am. "The Member of the Wedding", "Eleanor Lance in The Haunting" actress Julia Ann "Julie" Harris on Dec. 2 in Grosse Pointe Park, Mich. Am. "Gone" country singer Ferlin Eugene Husky (d. 2011) (AKA Simon Crump, Terry Preston) on Dec. 3 in Desloge, Mo.; grows up in Flat River, Mo. (75 mi. from St. Louis). Am. psychologist Albert Bandura on Dec. 4 in Mundare, Alberta, Canada; emigrates to the U.S. in 1949; educated at the U. of British Columbia, and U. of Iowa. Nicaraguan pres. (1967-72, 1974-9) Anastasio "Tachito" Somoza Debayle (d. 1979) on Dec. 5 in Leon; graduates from the U.S. Military Academy in 1946. French Olympic skiier ("the Parisian of the Val d'Isere") ("the Madman of Downhill") Henri Oreiller (d. 1962) on Dec. 5 in Paris. Am. "The Angry Ones" novelist (black) John Alfred Williams on Dec. 5 in Jackson, Miss.; educated at Syracuse U. Am. Rat Pack entertainer (black) (Jewish) Samuel George "Sammy" Davis Jr. (d. 1990) on Dec. 8 in Harlem Hospital at Lennox Ave. and 136th St. in Harlem, N.Y.; son of vaudeville star Sammy Davis Sr. (1900-88) and dancer Elvera Sanchez Davis (1905-2000); loses his left eye in an automobile accident on Nov. 19, 1954 in San Bernardino, Calif. during a trip from Las Vegas to Los Angeles, and converts to Judaism after Eddie Cantor introduces him to it in the hospital; husband (1958-9) of Loray White, (1960-8) May Britt, and 91970-90) Altovise Davis. Am. "The Sundowners", "Operation Petticoat" actress Dina Merrill (Nedenia Marjorie Hutton) on Dec. 9 in New York City; daughter of Edward Francis Hutton (1875-1962) and Marjorie Merriweather Post (1887-1973). Am. "Pro Femina" feminist poet Carolyn Ashley Kizer on Dec. 10 in Spokane, Wash.; educated at Stanford U. Am. neuroscientist (Jewish) Paul Greengard on Dec. 11 in New York City; educated at Johns Hopkins U.; 2000 Nobel Med. Prize. Canadian 5'11" hockey hall-of-fame player (Toronto Maple Leafs) Theodore Samuel "Ted" "Teeder" Kennedy (d. 2009) on Dec. 12 in Port Colborne, Ont. Am. "Mary Poppins" actor-dancer-comedian-singer-writer-producer Richard Wayne "Dick" Van Dyke on Dec. 13 in West Plains, Mo.; brother of Jerry Van Dyke (1931-); father of Barry Van Dyke (1951-). Am. country singer-songwriter Wayne Paul Walker (d. 1979) on Dec. 13 in Quapaw, Okla.; grows up in Kilgore, Tex. Am. "Strangers on a Train", "Louise Tate in Bewitched" actress Kasey (Imogene) Rogers (d. 2006) on Dec. 15 in Morehouse, Mo.; nicknamed for her prowess in baseball. Am. "Mary Poppins", "It's a Small World (After All)" composer-lyricist Robert Bernard Sherman on Dec. 19 in New York City; collaborator of brother of Richard M. Sherman (1928-). Am. All-Am. Girls Prof. Baseball League baseball player Dorothy "Dottie" Kamenshek (d. 2010) on Dec. 21 in Norwood, Ohio. Peruvian-Am. "The Teachings of Don Juan" writer Carlos Arana Castaneda (d. 1998) on Dec. 25 in Cajamarca. Am. "Rebel Brass", "Mighty Stonewall" historian (of the U.S. Civil War) Frank Everson Vandiver (d. 2005) on Dec. 9 in Austin, Tex.; educated at UTA, and Tulane U. Irish "Annie Laurie Starr in Gun Crazy" actress Peggy Cummins (nee Augusta Margaret Diane Fuller) (d. 2017) on Dec. 18 in Prestatyn, Denbighshire, Wales; Irish parents; grows up in Killiney, Dublin, Ireland and London. German singer-actress-writer Hildegard Frieda Albertine Knef (d. 2002) on Dec. 28 in Ulm. Am. educator ("Father of the New Math") (Jewish) Max Beberman (d. 1971) on ? in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at CCNY. Am. baseball pitcher (black) (Pittsburgh Pirates) (lefty) Harvey "the Kitten" Haddix Jr. (d. 1994) on Sept. 18 in Medway (near Springfield), Ohio. Am. jazz-blues historian (Jewish) Leonard "Len" "Kazoo Papa" Kunstadt (d. 1996) in Bronwnsville, Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at NYU. Am. sculptor Marianna Pineda (d. 1997). Am. nuclear physicist Walter Goad (d. 2000) in Marlow, Ga.; educated at Union College, UCB, and Duke U. Ugandan dictator-pres. (1971-79) (black) (Sunni Muslim) (cannibal?) Maj. Gen. Idi Amin Dada Oumee (d. 2003) (b. 1923-28?) in Koboko; the last king of Scotland? Anglo-Irish naturalist Gerald Malcolm Durrell in India; brother of novelist Lawrence Durrell (1912-90). Am. lit. critic Richard Poirier on ? in Gloucester, Mass. Am. amateur golfer E. Harvie Ward (d. 2004) on ? in ?. Deaths: German physicist Carl Gottfried Neumann (b. 1832) on Mar. 27. Italian ocarina maker Giuseppe Donati (b. 1936) on Feb. 14 in Bologna. English philanthropist Joseph Rowntree (b. 1836) on Feb. 24 in York. German traveller (in pygmy-land Africa) Georg August Schweinfurth (b. 1836) on Sept. 19 in Berlin. Am. Civil War Union gen. James Harrison Wilson (b. 1837) on Feb. 23 in Wilmington, Del. Am. Copper King William Andrews Clark Sr. (b. 1839) on Mar. 2 in New York City; one of the top 50 richest Americans to date; "He is as rotten a human being as can be found anywhere under the flag; he is a shame to the American nation, and no one has helped to send him to the Senate who did not know that his proper place was the penitentiary, with a ball and chain on his legs. To my mind he is the most disgusting creature that the republic has produced since Tweed's time" (Mark Twain, 1907): "I never bought a man who wasn't for sale." Am. Civil War Union gen. Nelson Appleton Miles (b. 1839) on May 15 in Washington, D.C. French aviation pioneer Clement Ader (b. 1841) on May 3 in Toulouse. Viennese psychologist Josef Breuer (b. 1842) on June 20. French astronomer Camille Flammarion (b. 1842). English philosopher-psychologist James Ward (b. 1843). British queen (1901-25) Alexandra of Denmark (b. 1844) on Nov. 20 in Sandringham House, Norfolk. Am. novelist George Washington Cable (b. 1844) on Jan. 31 in St. Petersburg, Fla. Irish painter George William Joy (b. 1844) on Oct. 28 in Purbrook, England. English botanist Sir Francis Darwin (b. 1845). Austrian conductor Wilhelm Gericke (b. 1845) on Oct. 27 in Vienna. English chemist Sir Thomas Edward Thorpe (b. 1845) on Feb. 23 in Salcombe, Devon (heart attack). English colonial admin. (Nigeria) Sir George Goldie (b. 1846) on Aug. 20. Am. atty.-suffragist Ada Kepley (b. 1847) on June 13 in Effingham, Ill.; dies in a poorhouse. Indian nationalist leader Surendranath Banerjea (b. 1848) on Aug. 6. German mathematician Friedrich Gottlob Frege (b. 1848) on July 26. Russian gen. Alexei Kuropatkin (b. 1848) on Jan. 16 in Pskov. French chef Alfred Prunier (b. 1848). Am. novelist James Lane Allen (b. 1849). Swedish "Brinell test" engineer J.A. Brinell (b. 1849). English surgeon Sir Rickman John Godlee (b. 1849) on Apr. 18 in Whitchurch-on-Thames, Berkshire. Am. New Thought leader Emma Curtis Hopkins (b. 1849) in Conn. German mathematician Felix Christian Klein (b. 1849) on June 22. English Heaviside Layer physicist Oliver Heaviside (b. 1850) on Feb. 3 in Torquay, Devon. Polish tenor Jean de Reszke (b. 1850) on Apr. 3. English sculptor Sir Hamo Thornycroft (b. 1850) on Dec. 18 in Oxford. French statesman Leon Bourgeois (b. 1851) on Sept. 29; 1920 Nobel Peace Prize. English Lever Bros. soap manufacturer William Hesket Lever, 1st viscount Leverhulme (b. 1851) on May 7 (pneumonia): "Half my advertising money is wasted. The problem is that I don't know which half." German economist Hermann Paasche (b. 1851) on Apr. 11 in Detroit, Mich. English Field Marshal Sir John French, 1st earl of Ypres (b. 1852) on May 22 in Deal Castle, Kent. Austrian WWI Field Marshal Franz Conrad von Hoetzendorf (b. 1852) on Aug. 25. French WWI Gen. Charles Lanrezac (b. 1852) on Jan. 18. Italian mathematician Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (b. 1853) on Aug. 6. German neurologist Adolph Strumpell (b. 1853) on Jan. 10 in Leipzig. Am. fundamentalist Baptist pastor A.C. Dixon (b. 1854) on June 14. Am. glass king Edward Drummong Libbey (b. 1854). U.S. vice-pres. #28 (1913-21) Thomas Riley Marshall (b. 1854) on June 1 in Washington, D.C. German-born British statesman Sir Alfred Milner, 1st viscount Milner (b. 1854) on May 13 near Canterbury (sleeping sickness contracted in South Africa); dies without an heir. German pianist-composer Moritz Moszkowski (b. 1854) on Mar. 4 in Paris. Am. poet Edith M. Thomas (b. 1854). Russian jurist-historian Sir Paul Vinogradoff (b. 1854) on Dec. 19 in Paris. Am. Progressive Party leader Robert "Fighting Bob" Marion La Follette Sr. (b. 1855) on June 20 in Washington, D.C. Austrian gen. Karl Freiherr von Pflanzer-Baltin (b. 1855) on Apr. 8 in Vienna. English novelist H. Rider Haggard (b. 1856) on May 14 in London. Italian-born Am. painter John Singer Sargent (b. 1856) on Apr. 14; leaves 900 oils and 2K watercolors. Am. diplomat Edgar Bancroft (b. 1857) on July 27 in Japan; dies after presenting his credentials to the Japanese govt. on Nov. 19, and being confirmed by the U.S. Senate on Jan. 21; the Japanese light cruiser Tama transports his remains to San Francisco, Calif. Am. automobile pioneer Elwood Haynes (b. 1857). Russian Socialist leader Anna Kuliscioff (b. 1857) on Dec. 27 in Milan, Italy. Am. "Friday the 13th" novelist Thomas William Lawson (b. 1857) on Feb. 8; dies broke. Am. bowler Dave Luby (b. 1857). German painter Lovis Corinth (b. 1858) on July 17 in Zandvoort (pneumonia). Am. painter John Elliott (b. 1858). English journalist Charles Repington (b. 1858) on May 25 in Pembroke Lodge, Hove. Italian archeologist Giacomo Boni (b. 1859) on July 10 in Rome. Am. New Thought leader Grace Mann Brown (b. 1859) in Denver, Colo. Am. "Father of Am. Football" Walter Chauncey Camp (b. 1859) on Mar. 14 in New York City. English writer Mary Cholmondeley (b. 1859) on June 8. British statesman George Curzon, 1st marquess Curzon of Kedleston (b. 1859) on Mar. 20 in London. German pharmacologist Arthur Heffter (b. 1859) on Feb. 8. British Adm. Doveton Sturdtee (b. 1859) on May 7. Am. mountaineer Fanny Bullock Workman (b. 1859) on Jan. 22 in Cannes, France. Swedish Socialist leader Karl Hjalmar Branting (b. 1860) on Feb. 24; 1921 Nobel Peace Prize. Am. "Brill's Disease" physician Nathan Edwin Brill (b. 1860) on Dec. 13 in New York City. Am. Dem. politician-orator ("the Great Commoner") William Jennings Bryan (b. 1860) on July 26 in Dayton, Tenn. (heart attack) (caused by humiliation at the Scopes Trial?): "There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will 'leak through' on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it." Am. baseball player-mgr. Monte Ward (b. 1860) on Mar. 4 in Augusta, Ga. Austrian Anthroposophical Society (Theosophy) founder Rudolf Steiner (b. 1861) on Mar. 30 in Dornach, Switzerland: "Thinking... is no more and no less an organ of perception than the eye or ear. Just as the eye perceives colors and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas." English writer-educator Arthur Christopher Benson (b. 1862) on June 17; leaves a 4M-word diary: "All the best stories are but one story in reality - the story of escape"; "I read the newspaper avidly. It is my one form of continuous fiction"; "One's mind has a way of making itself up in the background, and it suddenly becomes clear what one means to do." Finnish novelist Teuvo Pakkala (b. 1862) on Aug. 7 in Kuopio. French PM (1914-15) Rene Viviani (b. 1863) on Sept. 7. German-born British diplomat Eyre Crowe (b. 1864) on Apr. 28. English mountain climber Sir James Outram (b. 1864) on Mar. 12 in Victoria, B.C., Canada; namesake of Mt. Outram in Banff Nat. Park. Polish novelist-playwright Stefan Zeromski (b. 1864) on Nov. 20 in Warsaw. Am. Avon Products Inc. Alexander Dawson Henderson (b. 1865) on Jan. 5. French Gen. Charles Mangin (b. 1866) on May 12 in Paris. English philosopher J.M.E. McTaggart (b. 1866) on Jan. 18 in London. French composer Erik Satie (b. 1866) on July 1 in Arcueil (cirrhosis of the liver). German "Wassermann test" bacteriologist August von Wassermann (b. 1866) on Mar. 16. Chinese Kuomintang leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen (b. 1866) on Mar. 12. British explorer Lt. Col. Percival Harrison Fawcett (b. 1837) in Mato Grosso, Brazil (disappears while searching for the Lost City of Z). German-born Am. bodybuilder Eugen Sandow (b. 1867) on Oct. 14 (syphilis). Swiss mountaineer Jules Jacot-Guillarmod (b. 1868) on June 5. Polish novelist Wladislau Reymont (b. 1868) on Dec 5 in Warsaw. French novelist-poet Pierre Louys 9b. 1870) on June 6 in Paris. German Social Dem. leader Friedrich Ebert Sr. (b. 1871) on Feb. 28 in Berlin (septic shock from appendicitis); the hope of democracy in Germany dies with him? Persian exiled shah (1907-9) Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (b. 1872) on Apr. 8 in San Remo, Italy. Austrian operetta composer Leo Fall (b. 1873) on Sept. 16 in Vienna. Am. poet-critic Amy Lowell (b. 1874) on May 12. Ukrainian-born British "Ace of Spies" Sidney Reilly (b. 1874) on Nov. 5; known as ST-1 or Stockholm-1; arrested in Moscow on Sept. 26 after mailing a postcard to his British contact Ernest Boyce, held in Lubyanka Prison, then executed in the woods outside Moscow at Stalin's orders, overruling Felix Dzerzhinsky, who wanted to use him?; he was lured into Russia by The Firm (Moscow Municipal Credit Assoc.), and didn't suspect it was run by Felix Dzerzhinsky?; Reilly is smarter than that, and after seeing his friend Boris Savinkov drawn in and killed, he goaded Stalin into arresting him in order to expose The Firm, bringing down the most successful counterintel org. in history?; the British offered Dzerzhinsky to support him in overthrowing Stalin in exchange for Reilly, but he was forced to sacrifice him to save himself from Stalin's murderous jealousy?; in Dec. 1927 Winston Churchill informs his wife Pepita that he entered Russia with no official backing, and was dead; in Apr. 1956 Khrushchev refuses to answer questions about him by British PM Anthony Eden; in Mar. 1998 Britain releases a file on him that he was shot at the Finnish border by Soviet troops in Sept., like they had been claiming all along; in 2002 Andrew Cooke pub. a report by Grigory Fedulyev claiming he was one of four men who shot Reilly in the woods on Nov. 5. German psychoanalyst Karl Abraham (b. 1877) on Dec. 25 in Berlin (lung infection). German serial murderer Fritz Haarmann (b. 1879) on Apr. 15 in Hanover (beheaded); last words: "I am guilty, gentlemen, but, hard though it may be, I want to die as a man.... I repent, but I do not fear death." Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher Christy Mathewson (b. 1880) on Oct. 7 in Saranac Lake, N.Y. (TB). Thai king (1910-25) Rama VI (Vajiravudh) (b. 1881) on Nov. 25 in Bangkok. Am. painter George Wesley Bellows (b. 1882) on Jan. 8 in New York City (peritonitis). French comedic actor Max Linder (b. 1883) on Oct. 31 in Paris (suicide); after bungling a suicide attempt at a hotel in Vienna in early 1924, he commits suicide along with his wife (since 1923) Helene "Jean" Peters (b. 1899) in their room on the 4th floor of the Hotel Baltimore in Paris after watching a theatrical production of "Quo Vadis?" that features a suicide scene by Nero and his servant Acte. Vietnamese emperor (1916-25) Khai Dinh (b. 1885) on Nov. 6. Russian Bolshevik army cmdr. Mikhail Frunze (b. 1885) on Oct. 31 (chloroform poisoning during stomach operation) (murdered at Stalin's orders?); his birthplace of Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan is renamed Frunze in 1926-91. Canadian hockey hall-of-fame goalie Georges Vezina (b. 1887) on Mar. 27 in Chicoutimi, Quebec (TB). Polish strongman Siegmund Breitbart (b. 1893) on Oct. 22 in Berlin (blood poisoning after driving a spike through his own knee by accident during a strength demo then waiting too long to get it treated, going through multiple operations.
a
1926 Chinese Year: Tiger. Most popular baby names in U.S.: Robert, Mary. The Earth now consists of 3 empires, 21 kingdoms, 40 republics, 5 Muslim nations, 5 dominions, and 4 protectorates (78 total); 60 claim to be Christian, and all except 5 are members of the League of Nations. U.S. petroleum production: 771M barrels. The British merchant fleet is up to 12M tons. It's Lupescu to the rescue? On Jan. 1 after Crown Prince Carol renounces the throne to live with and marry his green-eyed flame-haired converted Jewish mistress Magda (Elena) Lupescu (1895-1977), his 4-y.-o. son Prince Michael (1921-) is proclaimed heir to the throne by the Romanian parliament after depriving Candy Cane Carol of his inheritance. On Jan. 1 Irish-Am. Dem. Greenwich Village alderman and Tin Pan Alley songwriter James John "Jimmy" "Beau James" Walker (1881-1946) becomes mayor of New York City (until Sept. 1, 1932), becoming known as Beau James as he makes the Big Apple friendly to the Jazz Age by allowing speakeasies to proliferate while he enjoys chorus girls, leaving his wife for Isle of Wight-born Ziegeld Follies showgirl Betty (Violet Halling) Compton (1904-44), whom he marries in 1933; too bad, the Great Depression gives Cardinal Patrick Hayes an excuse to come down on his case, blaming his immorality for everything, leading to corruption investigations, after which he resigns on Sept. 1, 1932 and skips to Europe for awhile to avoid prosecution and marry his Betty; after the heat dies down, he returns and becomes pres. of Majestic Records. On Jan. 1 Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) begins radio service in Ireland; TV broadcasts begin on Dec. 31, 1961. On Jan. 1 Alabama upsets Washington by 20-19 to win the 1926 Rose Bowl; Johnny Mack Brown (1904-74), "the Dothan Antelope" becomes MVP after scoring two TDs, after which he becomes a B-movie Western cowboy star in 160+ films. the Red Elephants of the U. of Alabama change their name to the Crimson Tide after a sportswriter describes them as washing over their opponents like a you guessed it? On Jan. 3 sneering black-haired mustachioed Gen. Theodoros Pangalos of Greece declares himself a "constitutional dictator", becoming pres. on July 16, but is overthrown on Aug. 22 by Gen. Georgios "Thunderbolt" (Keraunos) Kondylis (1878-1936), who becomes PM of Greece on Aug. 23 (until Dec. 4), recalling former pres. Adm. Paul (Pavlos) Koundouriotis on Aug. 24 (until Dec. 10, 1929); on Nov. 7 the Repubs. win a small majority in elections, and on Dec. 4 former PM (1897-9, 1901-2, 1915-17) Alexandros (Alexander) Zaimis (1855-1936) forms a coalition govt. as PM #28 (until July 4, 1928); meanwhile next Feb. Pangalos is put on trial, and his hair has turned white? On Jan. 7 the U.S. Supreme Court rules in Connally v. Gen. Construction Co. that a criminal statute which either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must guess at its meaning and differ as to its application lacks the first essential of due process of law. On Jan. 7 Jewish comedians George Burns (1896-1996) and Gracie Allen (1895-1964) marry in Cleveland, Ohio after three years as a comedy team. On Jan. 10 charismatic Nationalist Party founder Hernando Siles Reyes (1882-1942) becomes pres. #31 of ever-revolving Bolivia (until May 28, 1930), ruling without convening the nat. legislature, then exiling former pres. Bautista Saavedra, then running into the little old Great Depression like everybody else. On Jan. 14, 15, and 30 Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland sign agreements for the (Senaar) Dam in the Sudan opens, causing Egyptian landowners to fear potential diversion of water from the Nile. On Jan. 17 Carlos Solorzano resigns, and Emiliano Chamorro becomes pres. of Nicaragua, but the U.S. refuses to recognize him; on May 2 a liberal pro-peasant coup led by Gen. Augusto Nicolas (Cesar) Sandino (1895-1934) begins, causing the always-thinking-of-you U.S. govt. to rush in U.S. Marines to prop up the conservative govt., resulting in a brief armistice on Sept. 23; on Oct. 30 Chamorro resigns, and on Nov. 11 same-old-same-old Gen. Adolfo Diaz is elected by the Nicaraguan Congress, but on Dec. 2 liberal leader Juan Sacasa returns from exile in Mexico and sets up a rival govt. recognized by Mexico, starting a civil war that lasts for 8 years (until 1933). On Jan. 8 Khai Dinh's son assumes the throne under the title Bao Dai ("keeper of greatness") (Nguyen Vinh Thuy) (1913-97), becoming the last emperor of Vietnam (#13) (until Apr. 30, 1955), immediately abolishing the kow-tow - don't bow down to bao dai? In Feb. (2nd week) African-Am. historian Carter Godwin Woodson (1875-1950) founds Negro History Week to coincide with the birthdays of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln, which in 1976 becomes U.S. Black History Month; in Dec. 2005 actor Morgan Freeman (1937-) calls it "ridiculous", saying, "You're going to relegate my history to a month? I don't want a black history month. Black history is American history." On Mar. 7 the first successful transatlantic radiotelephone conversation takes place between New York and London. On Mar. 12 the Danish parliament votes for almost complete disarmament. On Mar. 12 the Savoy Ballroom at 596 Lenox Ave. between 140th and 141st Sts. in Harlem, Manhattan, N.Y., owned by white businessman Jay Faggen and Jewish-Am. businessman Moe Gale opens, becoming "the Heartbeat of Harlem" (Langston Hughes), becoming a major jazz venue, with customers "Swinging at the Savoy" (Barbara Englebrecht); it closes on July 10, 1958. On Mar. 14 an overcrowded train carrying pilgrims derails and plunges over the Colima Bridge in Virilla River Canyon, Costa Rica, killing 300 and injuring hundreds, becoming the first (only) major train wreck of the 1920s? On Mar. 23 the right-center Irish repub. party Fianna Fail ("soldiers of destiny", "warriors of Fal") is founded as the official opposition to the Dail Eireann by Eamon de Valera et al. after splitting from Sinn Fein on the abstentionism issue, sharing control of the govt. with Fine Gael until 1989, then leading coalition govts. until 2011. On Apr. 3 Mussolini recognizes a number of labor syndicates, makes strikes and lockouts illegal, and establishes compulsory labor arbitration; the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) Fascist youth org. is founded. On Apr. 6 Varney Air Lines is founded in Boise, Idaho by Walter Thomas Varney (1888-1967) after chief pilot Leon Dewey "Lee" Cuddeback (1898-1984) flies the first contract air mail flight in a Swallow J-5 biplane from Boise to/from Pasco, Wash. on Apr. 5-6; in 1927 William Boeing forms Boeing Air Transport, merging with Pratt & Whitney in 1929 to form United Aircraft and Transport Corp. (UATC), which provides coast-to-coast mail service, expanding to passenger service in Mar. 1930 and acquiring Varney Air Lines, Pacific Air Transport, and Nat. Air Transport; in 1933 it begins operating a fleet of Boeing 247 all-metal airliners (first flight Feb. 8, 1933) that make the transcontinental U.S. flight in a record 20 hours, causing the U.S. govt. to consider it a monopoly, after which in May 1934 UATC is broken up into United Aircraft, Boeing Airplane Co., and United Airlines. I'm getting closer to my world? On Apr. 7 Il Duce Mussolini is wounded in his prominent Roman nose (not his ballillas?) by Violet Albina Gibson (1876-1956), a deranged Irish noblewoman, daughter of Irish chancellor Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne (1837-1913), who shoots him in the street like a dog, the bullet Suzie-Q-ing through both nostrils; she is released at his macho request and deported to an insane asylum near Nottingham, England for 30 years; two more attempts on his life are made on Sept. 11 and Oct. 31. On Apr. 10 store owners Martha (nee Clark) and Jonathan Kent of Smallville, Ill. adopt infant Kal-El, from the city of Kandor on the planet Krypton (which blew apart on June 16 of ?), and name him Clark Kent; he grows up to be Superman. :) On Apr. 24 the Treaty of German-Soviet Friendship and Neutrality (Treaty of Berlin) extends the Rapallo Treaty of 1922, remaining in effect until Hitler's 1941 invasion. In Apr.-May the French franc begins another rapid decline down to 2 U.S. cents, causing the budget to overrun and the govt. to make a partial repudiation of the debt. On May 1 after the British govt. ends subsidies to the coal-mining industry, and mine owners reduce wages, a coal strike begins (ends in Nov.); on May 3-11 after the TUC supports them and calls out all major unions in sympathy, the 1926 British Gen. Strike by 3M workers (first-ever gen. strike in Britain) (next in ?) brings the capitalists to their knees until the people rally to the support of PM Stanley Baldwin's govt., causing it to be called off; during the strike public transport is shut down except for lorries run by the Army and other volunteers; the only newspaper operating is the British Gazette - I'm a fool to do your dirty work, oh yeah? On May 7 Druze rebels attack Damascus, causing the French to bombard the city for the 2nd time on May 8-19; on Oct. 12 the French appoint yet another high commissioner, M. Henri Ponsot (1870-) (until 1933). It's a Byrd, it's a plane? On May 8-9 U.S. Navy Lt. cmdr. Richard Evelyn Byrd (1888-1957) and co-pilot Floyd Bennett (1890-1928) fly a trimotor Fokker, the Miss Josephine Ford from Kings Bay, Spitsbergen over the North Pole and back in 15.5 hours, becoming the first polar flight, receiving a Hubbard gold medal from Pres. Coolidge for "valor in exploration"; Bennett is chosen to fly Byrd over the South Pole, but injuries prevent him; on May 9, 1996 Ohio State U. announces the discovery of his diary, leading one specialist to conclude that Byrd fell short of his destination - and the man living with you is not your husband? On May 11 "Maxwell House, Good to the Last Drop" is registered as a trademark. On May 12 former chancellor (1923-5) Wilhelm Marx becomes chancellor of Germany again (until June 28, 1928). On May 12-14 after years of fighting the Bolsheviks, Gen. Josef (Jozef) Pilsudski (1867-1935) leads a military coup against the democratically-elected govt. in Warsaw, becoming virtual dictator of Poland behind a puppet pres. (until 1935), assuming the titles of CIC of the army and minister of war, plus PM in 1926, 1928 and 1930; on June 4 his puppet Ignacy Moscicki (1867-1946) becomes pres. #3 of Poland (until Sept. 30, 1939). On May 13-19 the Cairo Caliphate Congress discusses reviving the caliphate (abolished since 1924), but ends in no action, after which Syrian-born scholar Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865-1935) begins lobbying to restore it. On May 18 super-popular Canadian-born Protestant evangelist and faith healerAimee Semple McPherson (1890-1944) suddenly disappears while visiting a beach in Venice, Calif., then reappears 5 weeks later in Mexico and claims she was kidnapped, which the public doesn't buy, guessing that she was really with a lover, ruining her carer - doesn't it make sense to get paid for what I love, aimless simple person? On May 20 Humphrey Bogart marries famous stage actress Helen Menken (1901-66), who is 10 years his senior, and they don't last a year; she goes on to have two more hubbies. On May 22 Belgium, Britain and France formally abrogate their 1839 treaty that was such a red herring in WWI. On May 23 the French establish the Lebanese Repub. as a separate admin. territory from French Syria; its 1926 Lebanese Constitution establishes a bicameral legislature with an upper house appointed by the French high commissioner (dissolved in 1927), and a popularly elected lower house, with power apportioned by the "confessional system" to religious groups according to their share of the pop., with the Christian Marionites having 29%, Sunnis 23%, Shiites 20%, Greek Orthodox 10%, Druze 7%, and Greek Catholics 6%; the French still control foreign relations, and French high commisioner Henri Ponsot can appoint advisors to ministries; on May 26 Charles Dabbas (1885-1935) (Greek Orthodox) becomes pres. #1 of the new Lebanese Repub. (until 1933). On May 28 the May 28 Coup in Braga, Portugal led by Gen. Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa (1863-1929) (whose portrait bears a striking resemblance to Don Quixote?) ousts pres. (since 1925) Bernardino Machado, and on May 31 puts in marine officer (Freemason) Jose (José) Mendes Cabecadas Jr. (1883-1965) as pres. #9 of the 1st Portuguese Repub. (until June 19), but after he proves incapable of governing, da Costa becomes pres. #10 on June 29, also proving incapable, and on July 9 Antonio Oscar (António Óscar) (de) Fragoso Carmona (1869-1951) (a Freemason) ousts him in another coup, exiling him to the Azores, where he eventually returns and dies in poverty, becoming pres. #11 of Portugal on Dec. 29 (until Apr. 18, 1951); Portugal remains under either a military or civilian dictatorship with puppet presidents until 1974. In May Roald Amundsen, Lincoln Ellsworth (1880-1951), and Italian explorer Umberto Nobile (1885-1978) fly over the North Pole to Alaska in the dirigible Norge, travelling 3.4K mi. from Kings Bay, Svalbard (Spitsbergen) to Teller, Alaska; in 1928 Amundsen dies while attempting to rescue Nobile after a crash. On June 7 Kazys Grinius (1866-1950) becomes pres. #3 of Lithuania; too bad, on Dec. 17 Antanas Smetona (1874-1944) stages a coup, arresting Grinius and his cabinet and making himself pres., with former PM #1 (1918) Augustinas Voldemaras (1883-1942) as PM (until 1929); Smetona suspends the constitution and dissolves the Seimas, becoming a dictator supported by his Nationalist Union. On June 29 former PM #9 (1920-1) Arthur Meighen becomes PM of Canada again, then resigns on Sept. 25, and William Lyon Mackenzie King is reelected PM of Canada (#13) (until Aug. 6, 1930). On June 29 Pres. Calvin Coolidge issues Executive Order 4467, establishing the Johnston Island Reservation 860 mi. SW of the Big Island of Hawaii as a federal bird refuge under control of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), adding it to the U.S. Nat. Wildlife Refuge in 1926 and renaming it Johnston Island Nat. Wildlife Refuge in 1940; on Dec. 29, 1934 Pres. FDR issues Executive Order 6935, placing the islands under the control of the Secy. of the Navy, w hile retaining its function as a bird refuge under control of the Dept. of the Interior; on Feb. 14, 1941 Pres. FDR issues Executive Order 8682, establishing the Johnston Island Naval Defensive Sea Area and Johnston Island Naval Airspace Reservation; the military mission on the island ends in 2004. In summer the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927 begins after heavy summer rains swell the river to 60 mi. width below Memphis, Tenn. by next May, causing flooding over a 27K sq. mi. area that submerges towns and farmland up to 30 ft. depth, displacing 640K from La. to Ill. before subsiding in Aug. 1927, after which the 1928 U.S. Flood Control Act is passed on May 15, 1928, creating the world's longest system of levees; on Jan. 1-May 1, 1927 the Great Mississippi Flood strikes the Lower Mississippi Valley, killing 246, destroying 130K homes, causing $350M in property damage, and displacing 700K; similar to the 2005 flood only slower? On July 2 the U.S. Army Air Corps (USAAC) is established from the U.S. Army Air Service; it becomes inactive on Mar. 9, 1942, and is disbanded on Sept. 18, 1947. On July 2 the Distinguished Flying Cross is established by the U.S. armed forces for aerial heroism after Nov. 11, 1918. On July 28 Raymond Poincare becomes PM of France again (1st time 1922-4) (until 1929) as head of the Nat. Union, which increases taxes and tightens the govt.'s belt in an effort to balance the budget; PM Paul Painleve becomes war minister; on Aug. 10 the two chambers sitting as a nat. assembly incorporate a sinking fund measure in the constitution, using income from the tobacco monopoly and inheritance taxes to redeem the nat. debt. Fight for the right to party? On July 31 after the Mexican govt. of Pres. Plutarco E. Calles undertakes anticlerical reforms, the archbishop of Mexico suspends religious services and declares a strike against the state, inciting devout Roman Catholic Cristeros to take up arms against the govt. under the slogan "Viva Cristo Rey" in the Cristero Revolt (War) (ends 1929), spreading to a dozen provinces; Calles crushes the Catholics with an iron hand, capturing and executing most of the leaders by the end of 1927; atheist Tabasco gov. (1920-4, 1931-4) Tomas Garrido Canabal (1891-1943) distinguishes himself by his ruthlessness; meanwhile most of the clergy sit it out in the homes of wealthy families - pass the Caesar Salad? In July the arm-length salute of the Nazis is decided upon during a demonstration at Weimar in Thuringia where 10K storm troops and Nazis turn out in uniform - after eating beans, causing them to begin waving their arms to clear the stench? In July Belgium King Albert I is given dictatorial powers for 6 mo. to solve the financial crisis, devaluing and stabilizing the Belgian franc through the creation of a new unit of currency, the belga. On Aug. 6 Warner Brothers debuts its Viaphone sound-on-disc movie system in New York City with a showing of Don Juan. On Aug. 7 Spain and Fascist Italy sign a Treaty of Friendship. On Aug. 21 maharaja (since 1907) Ugyen Wangchuck (b. 1862) dies, and his eldest son Jigme Wangchuck (1905-52) becomes maharaja #2 of Bhutan (until Mar. 30, 1952), continuing its policy of isolation from the outside world incl. wearing 14th cent. traditional costumes. On Sept. 10 Germany is admitted to the League of Nations. On Sept. 10 the Miss America 1926 contest is held at the Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City, N.J.; the winner is Miss Tulsa Norma Des Cygne Smallwood (1909-66) (first Native Am. winner), winner of the evening gown competition, who is judged as having not only an excellent figure but a smile like Mona Lisa, going on make $100K as the poster girl for Westinghouse Electric and Meadows Washing Machines; future actress Joan "Rosebud" Blondell is a finalist. On Sept. 11 the Category 4 (150 mph) 1926 Great Miami Hurricane forms in the C Atlantic Ocean, moving N of the Virgin Islands on Sept. 15, and reaching peak intensity on Sept. 16, hitting the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Bahamas before making landfall in Miami, Fla. on Sept. 18, traversing the Fla. Peninsula and emerging near Fort Myers, Fla. and hitting Ala., Miss., and La. before dissipating on Sept. 22 after killing 372-539 and causing $100M damage. On Sept. 26 Lazaro Chacon Gonzalez (Lázaro Chacón González) (1873-1931) becomes pres. of Guatemala (until Jan. 2, 1931). On Oct. 2-10 the 89-65 St. Louis Cardinals (NL) defeat the 91-63 New York Yankees (AL) 4-3 to win the Twenty-Third (23rd) (1926) World Series in the first series appearance for the Cardinals. On Oct. 19-Nov. 23 the 1926 (7th) Imperial Conference is held in London; on Nov. 15 it unanimously adopts the 1926 Balfour Declaration, establishing the principle that the dominions are all equal in status as "autonomous communities within the British Empire", adopting the term "British Commonwealth". On Nov. 11 U.S. Route 66, a paved highway from Chicago, Ill. to Santa Monica, Calif. (2,448 mi.) through eight states (Ill., Mo., Kan., Okla., Tex., N.M., Ariz., Calif.) opens, later being called "the Mother Road" by John Steinbeck (1902-68), and also becoming known as "the Main Street of America" and "Will Rogers Highway" after it becomes a favorite for westward migration during the Dust Bowl years; after the U.S. Interstate Highway System makes it obsolete, it is decommissioned in 1985 after jazz pianist Bobby Troup sings about getting his kicks on it? On Nov. 15 the Nat. Broadcasting Co. (NBC) network debuts with 24 radio stations. On Nov. 22 the U.S. Supreme (Taft) Court rules 6-3 in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. that newfangled city zoning laws are constitutional as a reasonable extension of police power as long as they are for the public's welfare; on May 14, 1928 it rules unanimously in Nectow v. City of Cambridge that a city zoning ordinance in Mass. was not for the public's welfare, and constituted a "serious and highly injurious" invasion of the owner's property rights. On Nov. 27 Italy and Albania sign the Treaty of Tirana, making the Land of the Eagles little more than an Italian protectorate. On Dec. 2 in Denmark the Socialists are defeated by the Liberals in elections, and self-taught farmer and agriculture minister Thomas Madsen-Mygdal (1876-1943) becomes PM (until 1929). On Dec. 6 black snow falls in France; no explanation is found. In Turkey Dec. 18 is followed by Jan. 1 as the Gregorian Calendar is adopted, catching up by 13 days with astronomical events. On Dec. 25 Japanese (since 1912) Taisho (Yoshihito) (b. 1879) dies, and his son Hirohito becomes Japanese Yamato emperor #124 Showa ("enlightened peace") (1901-89) (until Jan. 7, 1989); he is not formally enthroned until Nov. 1928, but has the longest reign in Japanese history (until ?). The Riff War started by Abd-el-Krim ends. Italy and Germany dispute control of the South Tirol. Ignaz Seipel is reelected chancellor of Austria. German ministers take office in the Czech govt. Dr. Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) is named Nazi Gauleiter of Berlin. Former Liberal MP (1900) Freeman Freeman-Thomas (1866-1941) becomes gov.-gen. of Canada (until 1931), becoming the first to represent the British monarch rather than the British govt.; he is created earl of Willingdon in 1931 and marquess in 1936. British Conservative MP (1910-25) Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Halifax (1881-1959) (Lord Irwin until 1934) becomes viceroy of India (until 1931), where he inaugurates a policy of cooperation with Gandhi, and later of appeasement of Hitler. Kyrgyzstan becomes an autonomous repub. Turkey enacts secular reforms, incl. prohibiting the wearing of the fez, abolishing polygamy, modernizing female attire, and later (1928) adopting the Latin alphabet. The McNary-Haugen Bill, calling for a tariff on agricultural products is defeated in the U.S. Senate. The border between Angola and Namibia is decided. The Northern Territory of Australia is divided along 20 deg. S lat. into Northern Australia and Central Australia (later repealed). King Prempeh (exiled since 1901) is permitted to return as paramount chief of Ashanti in recognition of the loyalty of his people to the Allies in WWI. Leon Trotsky and Grigori Zinoviev lose a power struggle with Stalin, and are expelled from Moscow; next year Zinoviev is kicked out of the party, but he comes crawling back and is readmitted in 1932, and ends up in priz in 1935 and executed with 14 other Communist leaders in 1936; meanwhile Pravda ed. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (1888-1938) becomes pres. of the Communist Internat. (Cominterm). Pope Pius XI bans Roman Catholic participation in the Action Francaise radical right-wing antisemitic movement in France. The Societe Psychanalytique de Paris (Paris Psychoanalytic Society) is founded with the endorsement of Sigmund Freud; the Nazis close it in 1940. French-run Syria begins compulsory land registration, allegedly to protect small landholders, but it ends up letting the wealthy landholders steal it from them by usury; meanwhile the first trade union in Syria is organized, led by Subhi Khatib; too bad, the French want to turn Syria into a cheap market for French products, allowing industry to fall into ruins by the 1930s. U.S. army officer Frank Purdy Lahm organizes and commands the U.S. Air Corps Training Center (until 1930). Yates Oil Field in W Tex. opens, becoming the #1 oil reserve in the U.S. until the opening of Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, producing its 1 billionth barrel of oil on Jan. 11, 1985. Therese Neumann (1898-1962) develops stigmata in the Bavarian village of Konnersreuth - the opposite of don't ask don't tell? English aviator Alan John Cobham (1894-1973) flies his DH.50 float plane from Croydon, England to Capetown, South Africa and back to explore the feasibility of long distance air routes, getting knighted for it; in Essendon Airport in Melbourne, Australia 60K greet him. The British Imperial Chemical Industries (I.C.I.) is formed. Deutsche Lufthansa Airline is founded. The British Gen. Electricity Board is established. The syncretistic monotheistic vegetarian religion of Cao Dai (Vietnamese "high place") is founded in Tay Ninh (55 mi. NW of Saigon), South Vietnam, growing to 4M-6M adherents by modern times, complete with a Roman Catholic Church-like hierarchy and Holy See, building a temple (holy see) in 1933-55, later cloning it in Dallas, Tex. and other countries. Liberal Baptist minister Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878-1969) becomes pastor of the Riverside Church in New York City (until 1946), his sermons and books making him an internat. celeb. Bestselling author Sinclair Lewis turns down the paltry $1K Pulitzer Prize for poetry. The Literary Guild, a book distribution enterprise is founded, with Carl Van Doren as ed. (until 1934). Opa-locka, Fla. (Seminole "Opa-tisha-wocka-locka" = wooded hammock in a swamp) in NW Miami-Dade County is founded by aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss, becoming known for the largest collection of Moorish Revival architecture in the W hemisphere. The U.S. suburb boom begins in Queens, N.Y. The Safeway supermarket chain is founded. The Hadow Report recommends that children in English state schools should be promoted at age 11 to separate post-primary schools, and that the leaving age should be raised from 14 to 15, which is not implemented until after WWII. The Scott Polar Research Inst. is founded in Cambridge, England. Emma Goldman moves to Canada, using it as a base to lecture in the U.S. Louis Armstrong popularizes scat (wordless) singing, and switches from the cornet to the trumpet. The Black Bottom Dance Craze begins in the U.S.; mimicks a cow stuck in the mud? Speaking of black bottom, women's hemlines reach knee-length this year - if I'm a man I can't stand it? The Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT), based on the U.S. Army Alpha IQ Test, designed by Princeton psychologist Carl Campbell Brigham (1890-1943) (author of a 1923 book concluding that the Nordic race is intellectually superior to the Alpine and Mediterranean races, and that miscegenation between whites and Negroes is a horrible menace, but later allegedly flip-flops) is founded to test U.S. students for aptitude for college; in 1947 the Educational Testing Service (ETS) is chartered, and the test becomes the usual requirement for college scholarship applicants. The National Enquirer (originally the New York Evening Enquirer) is founded by William Griffin (protege of William Randolph Hearst); in 1942 it is indicted by a grand jury for sedition for undermining U.S. troop morale, the charges later dropped; in 1952 it is purchased for $75K by New York newspaperman Generoso Paul "Gene" Pope Jr. (1927-88) using a loan from mob boss Frank Costello, becoming a lurid tabloid filled with sex and violence, changing its name to The National Enquirer in 1957; in 1967 it drops the violence and gore and concentrates on celebs, the occult, and UFOs, being sold from supermarket checkout lanes; in 1975 the HQ moves to Lantana, Fla., followed in 1989 by Boca Raton, Fla. Yale U. prof. Allen Johnson (1870-1931) resigns to become ed. of The Dictionary of American Biography. Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967) of New York City founds Amazing Stories, the first science fiction mag. in Apr., featuring tales by Jules Verne. Camay Soap begins to be marketed. Lady Godiva chocolates begin to be paraded around on the open market. The Maserati Type 26 automobile debuts on Apr. 26, with a Neptune trident logo. The Habima Theater troupe goes on a world tour, playing at the Jolson Theater in New York City and presenting The Dybbuk et al. English Anglican-turned-Roman Catholic priest Ronald Knox (1888-1957) hosts Broadcasting from the Barricades, a fake live rev. in London, incl. reports of lynchings mixed with band music from the Savoy Hotel, causing a panic during the snowy weekend; influences Orson Welles to do his 1938 "War of the Worlds" broadcast? Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943) wins a Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, sails to France, and spends two years writing the Civil War verse epic "John Brown's Body". Rosebud "Joan" Blondell (1906-79) wins the Miss Dallas contest, and is runner-up in the Miss America pageant; in 1930 a Warner Bros. scout spots her and James Cagney together on Broadway. Bing Crosby (1903-77) makes his debut with the Paul Whiteman Orchestra at the Tivoli Theatre in Chicago, Ill., then cuts his first record I've Got the Girl, going on to record 1.7K songs in 1926-77, becoming the world's best-selling singer. Jewish-Am. caricaturist Al Hirschfeld (1903-2003) has his first caricature (of Sacha Guitry) pub. by the New York Herald Tribune, switching to the New York Times in 1928 starting with Harry Lauder, going on to crank out caricatures of Broadway and Hollywood stars until it becomes a sought-after status symbol; after his daughter Nina is born in 1945, he hides her name in every caricature, causing pilot candidates to be screened by the DOD by having to find it in 20 sec. Warsaw-born Marie Rambert (1888-1982) founds the Ballet Club (later Rambert Dance Co.) in London, promoting ballet in Britain along with the Royal Ballet (founded 1931). The first motion picture with sound accompaniment using the De Forest system is publicly shown; the first talking picture is shown next year. The Royal Academy of London stages a J.S. Sargent Memorial Exhibition. Austrian tenor Julius Patzak (1898-1974) (whose portrait bears a striking resemblance to actor Richard Gere (1949-)?) debuts as Radames in "Aida" in Reichenberg. Reading U. in England is founded. William Morrow (-1931) founds William Morrow and Co., which goes on to pub. the Perry Mason series of novels by Erle Stanley Gardner. Sarah Lawrence College for women in Bronxville, Westchester County, N.Y. is founded by real estate mogul William Van Duzer Lawrence (1842-1927) (who made his fortune marketing the Pain Killer patent medicine), opening in 1928 and going on to institute an experimental educational program with no compulsory courses and no exams, and become known for its collection of works on Emily Dickinson and for requiring students to work for eight hours a week in "productive leisure" incl. modeling, cosmetics, gardening, shorthand, or typing. The coed boarding school Dartington Hall near Totnes, Devon, England is founded by Leonard Elmhirst and Dorothy Elmhirst to let children run their own non-religious education. The DeWitt Clinton Professorship of Am. History is founded at Columbia U., named after N.Y. Gov. #8 (1817-22) DeWitt Clinton (1769-1828); the first to hold it is Evarts Boutell Greene (1870-1947), followed in 1939 by his student Joseph Allan Nevins (1890-1971), followed in 1959 by Richard Hofstadter (1916-70), followed in 1988 by his student Eric Foner (1943-) (until ?). The Prix Renaudot lit. award, named after Theophraste (Théophraste Renaudot) Renaudot (1586-1653), creator of the French newspaper in 1631 is established as a complement to the Prix Goncourt; the first award goes to Armand Lunel for Niccolo Peccavi. The Tokyo Metropolitian Art Museum in Japan is founded. Stella Artois brand lager is first brewed in Leuven, Belgium as a Christmas brew. The George Washington Bridge is proposed to span the Hudson River between Fort Lee, N.J. and Fort Washington in Manhattan, N.Y. The Chrysler Imperial is introduced, becoming Chrysler's top of the line model (until 1954), competing with Cadillac and Lincoln. The Pontiac brand is introduced by GM as a companion to the Oakland, going on to supplant it by 1933 and become a companion make for Chevrolet; it is discontinued in 2010. Russian immigrant William Black (1903-83) opens a coffee-sandwich store in New York City at Broadway and 43rd St., which grows into 80 restaurants by the 1960s, then begins marketing Chock Full o'Nuts brand instant coffee in 1961; "That Heavenly Feeling". Esther Price Candies is founded in Dayton, Ohio, going on to expand production to 1M boxes a year, with 87 stores in five states. Milk Duds brand chocolate candy is introduced by Sean le Noble of the F. Hoffman Co. of Chicago, Ill., who sells it to Holloway Co.; they are called duds because they never come out perfectly round; in 1960 it is acquired by Beatrice Foods, which sells it in 1986 to Leaf Candy Co., which in 1996 is acquired by the Hershey Co. The word "watermelon" is first used as the name of a color. After French gastronomy prince Curnonsky begins promoting gastronomic motor tourism, Michelin Tire Co., pub. since 1900 of the Michelin guides for motorists begins awarding Michelin Stars for fine dining establishments, starting with only one star then cranking up to three in 1931, changing the cover from blue to red, with the number of stars indicating how far it's worth driving out of one's way to visit. Eastern Air Lines is founded as Pitcairn Aviation, which gains a monopoly on airmail routes between New York City and Atlanta, Ga.; in 1929 North Am. Aviation buys it, changing the name in 1930 to Eastern Air Transport; in 1933 Gen. Motors buys it, changing the name in 1934 to Eastern Air Lines; in 1938 it is purchased by WWI flying ace Edward Vernon "Eddie" "Rick" Rickenbacker (1890-1973), gaining a monopoly between New York City and Fla., and building a fleet of faster airliners incl. the 4-engine Lockheed Constellation and the Douglas DC-4; too bad, he balks at buying expensive newfangled jet aircraft, allowing other airlines to pass them up, and suffers from govt. subsidies given to rival airlines; after labor troubles it ceases operations on Jan. 18, 1991. Ducati Co. is founded in Bologna, Italy to manufacture radio components, marketing the small Cucciolo pushrod engine for bicycles in 1944 then switching to motorcycles in 1950; on July 19, 2012 it is acquired by Lamborghini. Sports: On Feb. 26 Theodore "Tiger" Flowers (1895-1927) ("the Georgia Deacon") defeats Harry Greb at Madison Square Garden by a unanimous decision, becoming the first African-Am. middleweight boxing champ; too bad, he dies on Nov. 16, 1927 in New York City of complications caused by surgery to remove scars around his eyes. On Mar. 1 Suzanne Lenglen of France defeats Hellen N. Wills of the U.S. in the Tennis Match of the Century, their only meeting; Bill Tilden loses the U.S. Open singles tennis title to Rene "the Crocodile" Lacoste (1904-96) of France, but the U.S. retains the Davis Cup for the 7th straight year. On Mar. 30-Apr. 6 the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals see the Montreal Maroons defeat the Victoria Cougars 3-1. On May 31 the 1926 (14th) Indianapolis 500 is won by rookie Frank Lockhart (1903-28) in his 380 hp 8-cylinder 91 cu. in. (1491cc) supercharged Miller after a 1-hour rain delay on lap 72, and called at 160 laps (400 mi.), becoming the first rain-shortened Indy 500; Lockhart becomes the 4th rookie to win; Louis Chevrolet drives the Chrysler pace car. On June 2 after a team of bowlers from the U.S. tour Sweden in 1923 and are roundly defeated, the 2nd World Bowling Championships are held in Stockholm, Sweden, with the U.S., Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland participating; the Internat. Bowling Assoc. (IBA) is formed at the tournament; the 3rd championships are held in Sweden in 1929, followed by the 4th in New York City in 1934, and the 5th (last) in Germany in 1936. On July 11 the first-ever German Grand Prix is held at AVUS track in Berlin in front of 500K spectators, and "Rainmaster" Otto Wilhelm Rudolf "Karratsch" Caracciola (1901-59) of Germany is the winner and crowd choice. On Aug. 6 19-y.-o. 5'5" Manhattan, N.Y.-born Gertrude Caroline "Trudy" "Gertie" Ederle (1905-2003), daughter of a German immigrant to the U.S. who allows her to bob her hair for swimming becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel, in 14 hours 34 min., breaking the record of 16 hours 33 min. set by Enrique Tiraboschi of Argentina; before any suggestion of female superiority can set in, on Aug. 31 Hans Vierkotter swims it in 12 hours 40 min. On Sept. 23 the 10-round First Dempsey-Tunney Boxing Match in the Sesquicentennial Stadium in Philadelphia, Penn. sees 31-y.-o. 190-lb. uneducated bad guy former champ Dempsey defeated in a unanimous decision by 28-y.-o. 189-lb. well-educated "boxing's brainiest champ" James Joseph "Gene" Tunney (1898-1978) and his Iron Mike (right hand), who becomes heavyweight boxing champ #9 (until 1928). On Dec. 4 the first USC-Notre Dame Football Game is won by Notre Dame 13-12, beginning a rivalry; in 1952 the Jeweled Shillelah Trophy is introduced, with a ruby-adorned Trojan added for each USC victoy, and an emerald-studded shamrock added for each Notre Dame victory; it runs out of space after the 1989 game, and is retired in a ceremony in 1995 and replaced with a longer one. On Dec. 26 the first East-West Shrine Football Game for college seniors is played in San Francisco, Calif.; West defeats East by 6-0; proceeds go to the Shrine's Hospital for Crippled Children; the motto is "Strong Legs Run That Weak Legs May Walk"; meanwhile on Feb. 6 the NFL adds a rule making college players ineligible to play until their college class graduates. After the Western Hockey League folds along with the Edmonton Eskimos, 5'11" bruiser defenceman Edward William "Eddie" "the Edmonton Express" Shore (1902-85) is sold to the Boston Bruins, almost getting his ear ripped off by 5'11" ruiser defenceman Wilfrid Arthur "Billy" "Wild Beaver" Coutu (1892-1977) during practice, then scoring 12 goals and six assists as a rookie while accumulating 130 penalty minutes, setting an NHL record for 165 penalty minutes in his 2nd season, and helping them win their first Stanley Cup in 1929, going on to win the Hart Trophy 4x and get named to the NHL All-Star Team in eight of his last nine seasons before retiring in 1940; in 1927 Coutu becomes the first NHL player banned for life (until ?) for attacking a referee at the end of game 4 of the 1927 Stanley Cup Finals. 5'10" right wing Irvine Wallace "Ace" Bailey (1903-92) joins the Toronto Maple Leafs (originally the Toronto St. Patricks), becoming the NHL's leading scorer in the 1928-9 season with 22 goals and 32 points in 44 games, doing ditto in 1929-30, and one point short of doing ditto in 1930-1, helping win the Stanley Cup in 1932; too bad, on Dec. 13, 1933 he is hit from behind by Eddie Shore of the Boston Bruins for tripping King Clancy, and fractures his skull on the ice, ending his career after 111 goals and 82 assists in 313 games, after which an all-star benefit game is held at Maple Leaf Gardens on Feb. 14, 1934 that raises $21K for him and his family, at which he shakes hands with Shore; his #6 jersey becomes the first to be retired by an NHL team. The Chicago Black Hawks NHL team is founded, becoming the Chicago Blackhawks in 1986; the first team captain is 5'9" center James Dickinson Irvin "Dick" Irvin (1892-1957) of the Regina Victorias, who is forced into early retirement after the 1929 season due to a skull fracture in his 2nd season, becoming the team's head coach in 1930-1, followed by the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1931-1940, and the Montreal Canadiens in 1940-55, stinking himself up by encouraging goon tactics. The Detroit Red Wings NHL team is founded as the Detroit Cougars, becoming the Detroit Falcons in 1930-2, and the Detroit Red Wings in 1932 after Chicago grain-cattle dealer James E. Norris (1879-1952) buys it and pumps up the financing; meanwhile in 1927 retired player John James "Jack" Adams (1895-1968) is hired as coach and gen. mgr. of the Detroit Cougars, staying on until 1963, becoming known as "Trading Jack" for his habit of keeping his team on their toes with blockbuster trades; from 1932-47 Adams works on a 1-year handshake contract. The New York Rangers NHL team is founded, playing home games at Madison Square Garden, going on to become the first U.S.-based team to win the Stanley Cup. Cubs Park in Chicago, Ill. is renamed Wrigley Field for chewing gum magnate William Wrigley Jr. George Von Elm defeats Bobby Jones to win the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur championship, and Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Open. The cushioned cork-center baseball is introduced. 23-y.-o. John Giola sets a record of 22.5 hours for nonstop Charleston dancing. Architecture: On Nov. 19 the Paramount Theatre (cap. 3,664) at 1501 Broadway in Manhattan, N.Y. in the Times Square district opens as the HQ of Paramount Pictures, with founder Adolph Zukor maintaining his office there until 1976; the opening features the stage show "God Gave Me 20 Cents", featuring Mayor Jimmy Walker and Thomas Edison; the theater houses a large Wurlitzer organ for silent films, featuring organist ("Poet of the Organ") Jesse Crawford (1895-1962) until 1933. The Art Deco Asheville, N.C. City Hall is completed. The Brown Derby restaurant at 3427 Wilshire Blvd. in Los Angeles, Calif. across the street from the Ambassador Hotel opens, founded by Wilson Mizner and Herbert K. Somborn, with funding by Jack Warner; in 1937 it moves to 3377 Wilshire Blvd. at Alexandria Ave. 1 block N of the Ambassador Hotel; in 1975 it is sold, and in 1980 replaced by the Brown Derby Plaza; meanwhile on Feb. 14, 1929 the Hollywood Brown Derby at 1628 North Vine St. opens, becoming a regular haunt for Louella Parsons and Hedda Hopper, and the place where Clark Gable proposes to Carole Lombard; Cobb Salad is allegedly invented there by owner Bob Cobb; too bad, it is destroyed by a fire in 1987. Cathay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles, Calif. opens, going on to debut major films incl. "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" in 1937, and "Around the World in 80 Days" in 1956, then close in 1969 after showing "The Shoes of the Fisherman" starring Anthony Quinn. Nobel Prizes: Peace: Aristide Briand (1862-1932) (France) and Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929) (Germany) [Franco-German Reconciliation]; Lit.: Grazia Deledda (1875-1936) (Italy); Physics: Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870-1942) (France) [cathode rays, Brownian motion]; Chem.: Theodor H.E. Svedberg (1884-1971) (Sweden) [analytical ultracentrifugation]; Med.: Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (1867-1928) (Denmark) [theory that external stimuli can cause cancer; too bad, he traces it to Spiroptera carinoma, which is later disproven, but they don't take his prize back]. Inventions: On Mar. 16 (Tues.) ater 25 years of work since his big inspiration of Aug. 19, 1899, U.S. physics prof. Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-1945) makes the first successful test of the liquid fuel rocket named Nell at Aunt Effie's farm in Auburn, Mass., with it landing in a cabbage field after rising 41 ft. in 2.5 sec.; his first tests were in Sept. 1921; after another launch in July 1929 gets nat. publicity, Charles Lindbergh takes up his cause, attempting to get investors interested, only to run up against the Oct. 1929 Stock Market Crash, but luckily Daniel Guggenheim invests $100K and he's up and away, moving to Roswell, N.M. in 1930, after which Wernher von Braun of Germany copies his plans and begins building his A-1 and A-2 prototype rockets in the early 1930s; the Mass. launch site later becomes part of a golf course fairway - he moves to Roswell to get technical advice from ETs? Antonio Buzzacchino invents the Permanent Wave (Perm) to produce curls in hair, increasing the variety of hair fashions for both genders - as the husband is the head so the wife is the body? The first 2-way phone conversation is held over the Atlantic. Postal carrier Rudolph Hass of La Havre Heights, Calif. purchases a seedling from a Calif. farmer and develops the Hass Avocado Plant, which he patents in 1935, becoming the only avocado variety that is produced year-round; the mother plant is cut down on Sept. 11, 2002. Hoover Co. introduces positive agitation metal beater bars in their vacuum cleaners, increasing efficiency by 101%. Kodak produces the first 16mm movie film. Bennie Russell, son of Benjamin Russell, owner of men's long underwear maker Russell Athletic in Alexander City, Ala. (founded 1902) invents the Sweatshirt while playing football at the U. of Ala. in Tuscaloosa. Science: Am. chemists W.F. Donath and B.C.P. Jansen isolate pure Vitamin B. Russian chemist Yakov Ilyich Frenkel (1894-1952) proposes the concept of Frankel Point Defects in crystals (silver chloride, etc.) to explain the ease with which atoms can move in them; in 1930 German chemist Walter Hermann Schottky (1886-1976) proposes another type of point defect where pairs of vacancies have opposite signs. It takes a Norwegian to introduce a new kettle of fish to economics? Norwegian economist Ragnar Frisch (1895-1973) pub. an article proposing that economics should follow the path of physics toward theoretical and empirical quantization, founding the discipline of Econometrics, defining ordinal and cardinal utility, and founding Production Theory; in 1930 he pub. Statics and Dynamics in Economic Theory, introducing dynamics to economic analysis. English physicist Sir James Jeans (1877-1946) pub. a new stellar theory defining the Jeans Length, the critical radius of an interstellar cloud to be able to condense into a star, which depends on its temperature, density, and component masses; too small, no star; too large, it will collapse. On Sept. 23 after a black pad on the foot of a Midwife toad is found to have been created by injected black ink not Lamarckian heredity, popular Austrian biologist Paul Kammerer (b. 1880) commits suicide, and Lamarckianism (inheritance of acquired characteristics) is discredited in Europe, except for the Soviet Union; in 1971 Arthur Koestler pub. The Case of the Midwife Toad, claiming that a Nazi sympathizer pissed-off at his Socialism and friendliness with the Soviet Union had injected the frog to discredit him. Am. chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946) coins the term "photon" for the smallest unit of radiant energy; every photon of light is an identical unit of action (energy multiplied by time) given by Planck's constant. George Richards Minot (1885-1950), William Parry Murphy (1892-1987), and George Hoyt Whipple (1878-1976) of Harvard U. discover the liver extract treatment for pernicious anemia; it takes over 20 years to find the active ingredient cobalamin (vitamin B12), winning themthe 1934 Nobel Med. Prize. James Batcheller Sumner (1887-1955) of the U.S. discovers the role of the enzyme urease in the nitrogen cycle, and proves that it is a protein, contradicting famous chemist Richard Willstatter; the search begins for other enzymes that are proteins. The first plant hormone, Auxin is discovered by Dutch biologist Frits Warmolt Went (1903-90). Nonfiction: Hervey Allen (1889-1949), Israfel; bio. of Edgar Allan Poe. Roy Chapman Andrews (1884-1960), On the Trail of Ancient Man. Herbert Asbury (1889-1963), Up from Methodism (autobio.). Stanley Baldwin, The Classics and the Plain Man; On England and Other Addresses. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), The Genesis of the World War; claims that France and Russia started it, not Germany and Austria-Hungary, despite a trip to Germany and personal visit with Kaiser Wilhelm II in the Netherlands, who tells him that it was started by "the international Jews and Freemasons" to destroy nation states and the Christian religion; The Repression of Crime: Studies in Historical Penology; History and Social Intelligence. Sir Gavin Rylands de Beer (1899-1972), An Introduction to Experimental Embryology; proposes clandestine evolution, where novelties evolve in the juvenile form until the species undergoes neoteny (sexual material reached in a juvenile form), then voila, the new feature appears in the fossil record. Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953), A Companion to Mr. Wells's "Outline of History; The Catholic Church and History; The Emerald of Catherine the Great; Miniatures of French History; Mrs. Markham's New History of England; The Highway and Its Vehicles (ed. Geoffrey Holme); Essays of Today and Yesterday. Samuel Flagg Bemis (1891-1973), Pinckney's Treaty: America's Advantage from Europe's Distress, 1783-1800 (Pulitzer Prize). Annie Besant (1847-1933), India, Bond or Free?; World Problems of Today. Theodore Besterman (1904-76), The Divining Rod: An Experimental and Psychological Investigation. Edward William Bok (1863-1930), Dollars Only. Gamaliel Bradford (1863-1932), Darwin. James Henry Breasted (1865-1935), The Conquest of Civilization. Crane Brinton (1898-1968), The Political Ideas of the English Romanticists (rev. ed. 1966). Charles Dunbar Broad (1887-1971), The Philosophy of Francis Bacon. G.B. Brown, Arts in Early England (6 vols.) (1926-37). Count Arthur Cherep-Spiridovich (1858-1926), Secret World Government; or, The Hidden Hand; White Russian loyalist gen. exiled in the U.S. pub. a granddaddy of Jewish-Rothschild conspiracy theory textbooks; backed financially by Henry Ford; "This book is about the Jews; it is not against the Jews." James Churchward (1851-1936), The Lost Continent of Mu: Motherland of Man; claims it "extended from somewhere north of Hawaii to the south as far as Fijis and Easter Island", was the site of the Garden of Eden, and had a "white race" pop. of 65M known as the Naacals 50K-12K years ago, and was the mother of the civilizations of India, Babylon, Egypt, Persia, and the Mayas. Sir John Clapham (1873-1946), An Economic History of Modern Britain (3 vols.) (1926-38). Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss (1892-1974), Race and Soul (Rasse und Seele); proposes the idea that each race has a psychological "race soul" consisting of collective personality characteristics belonging to their physical race and developing over time to link with their culture; of course, the pure Nordic German race has to be "re-Nordified" by purifying them of foreign racial psychological influences to harmonize their psychic and physical racial souls, making him a hit with the Nazis; too bad. he rejects the use of the terms "superior" and "inferior" with races, with the soundbyte: "Maybe God knows the hierarchy of races, but we do not"; he follows with "The Nordic Soul" (1932) and "Race and Character" (1936); too bad, after he is discovered to be employing a Jewish research asst., the Nazi Party expels him in 1943; "One does not recognize the race of a human being based on the possession of specific characteristics, but rather in the style in which these characteristics are expressed"; "From the beginning, the psychology of race clearly teaches us that each race finds ultimate value in itself... In the final analysis it is the only factor that determines racial-spiritual values. Every race bears within itself its own value system and standard of excellence; and no race can be evaluated by the standards of any other race"; "The concept of race as formulated by the natural sciences is no longer sufficient today for grasping the field in its entirety; it proves itself insufficient as soon as we attempt to apply it in the domains of the human sciences. The treatment of the 'racial issue' in the public life suffers greatly from this evil: People recognize vaguely and instinctually that 'race' must also have some meaning in the sphere of intellectual production, but to attain a clearer view they have no other instrument at hand than the concept of race as defined by physical anthropology and biology - that is, as defined by the natural sciences. This concept is just as useless in the realm of the human sciences ... as is a telescope, a microscope, or any other instrument employed in natural-scientific research"; "The individual human being is not simply determined by racial type; rather, he or she is also shaped by other types. He or she is, for example, also a typical farmer, at typical man or typical woman, a typical female artist, et cetera. But all of these types, such as social role, are ultimately permeated by the typology of race"; "It is not possible to discern who is Nordic by examining their hair, but only by studying the attitude of their soul. Anyone who can step outside himself, freely look himself in the face and accomplish something with himself as though this self were an object - such an individual is Nordic in this one decisive trait. Based on this attitude he can shape and conquer himself. Re-Nordification does not begin with people trying to change things in others, rather it begins as the solitary achievement of the individual shaping himself. Only by following the path of solititude can one arrive at Nordic community. Re-Nordification means that every individual must reenact upon himself the act of Nordic conquest through which the German Volk first emerged on German soil"; "One can be a dissipated or criminal person in a Nordic way - we can say without qualms: one can also be a real swine in a Nordic way." Robert Collier (1885-1950), The Secret of the Ages (7 vols.); bestselling (300K copies) New Thought book; later referred to by Rhonda Byrnes in her 2006 film "The Secret". Arthur H. Compton (1892-1962), X-Rays and Electrons. Arthur Drews (1865-1935), The Denial of the Historicity of Jesus in Past and Present; his answer to Albert Schwitzer's "Quest of the Historical Jesus" (1906), reviewing 35 Jesus historicity deniers. Isadora Duncan (1877-1927), My Life (1926-7). Richard T. Ely (1854-1943), Elements of Land Economics. Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929), Easter in Palestine. Louis Fischer (1896-1970), Oil Imperialism: The International Struggle for Petroleum. Henry Watson Fowler (1858-1933), Modern English Usage; becomes a standard in the pip pip bloody bloody U.K. Ragnar Frisch (1895-1973), Sur un Probleme d'Economie Pure; his quantization program for economics. John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), The Foundations of the Science of War ; proposes the Nine Principles of War, incl. direction, concentration, distribution, determination, surprise, endurance, mobility, offensive action, and security; Pegasus. Andre Gide (1869-1951), Si le Grain ne Meurt (If the Grain Doesn't Die) (autobio.); a takeoff on John 12:24-25; his life from childhood until he meets and marries his cousin Madeleine Rondeaux (Emmanuele) in 1895, then discovers his homosexuality. Sir Israel Gollancz (1863-1930), The Sources of Hamlet. George Peabody Gooch (1873-1968), Germany. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), Mein Kampf, Vol. 2 (Dec. 10) - I guess you're right? David George Hogarth (1862-1927), Kings of the Hittites. Emory Holloway (1885-1977), Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative (Pulitzer Prize); pioneers modern narrative technique as used in a cinema for a bio.; "My aim was to present an interpretation through a method primarily narrative, yet relying heavily on Whitman's self-revelations." Ernest Holmes (1887-1960), The Science of Mind; his main work, helping him found Science of Mind mag. next year, along with the Church (Inst.) of Religious Science in Los Angeles, Calif. Col. Edward Mandell House (1858-1938), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (1926-8) (ed. Charles Seymour). Edgar Watson Howe (1853-1937), Sinner Sermons; "A reasonable probability is the only certainty." Langston Hughes (1902-67), The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain (pub. in "The Nation"); "The younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful." Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947), The Pulse of Progress. Taha Hussein (1889-1973), Pre-Islamic Poetry; Egyptian writer causes a firestorm by applying modern lit. criticism to pre-Islamic poetry and casting doubt on traditional Muslim dating of these works, causing the religious establishment to get the book withdrawn from pub. and get him kicked out of his post at Cairo U. in 1931; he goes onto advocate Pharaonism, a return to Egypt's pre-Islamic past. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Jesting Pilate. Pierre Janet (1859-1947), From Anguish to Ecstasy. Allen Johnson (1870-1931), The Historian and Historical Evidence. Count Mihaly Karolyi (1875-1955), Fighting the World (autobio.). John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), The End of Laissez-Faire. Arthur Lange (1889-1956), Arranging for the Modern Dance Orchestra. T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935), The Seven Pillars of Wisdom; title comes from Proverbs 9:1; his highly romanticized and self-serving version of his adventures among the Arabs while fighting the Turks in WWI, never realizing that they were using him; written from memory after his notes and draft are lost; basis of the 1962 David Lean film; he pub. an abridged vers. "Revolt in the Desert" in 1927; "A man who gives himself to be a possession of aliens leads a Yahoo life, having bartered his soul to a brute master. He is not of them. He may stand against them, persuade himself of a mission, batter and twist them into something which they, of their own accord, would not have been. Then he is exploiting his old environment to press them out of theirs, Or, after my model, he may imitate them so well that they spuriously imitate him back again"; "Mistily I realized that the harsh days of my solitary battling had passed. The lone hand had won against the world's odds, and I might let my limbs relax in this dreamlike confidence and decision and kindness which were Allenby"; "There remained historical ambition, insubstantial as a motive by itself. I had dreamed, at the City School in Oxford, of hustling into form, while I lived, the new Asia which time was inexorably bringing upon us. Mecca was to lead to Damascus; Damascus to Anatolia, and afterwards to Baghdad; and then there was Yemen. Fantasies these will see, to such as are able to call my beginning an ordinary effort"; "My proper share was a minor one, but because of a fluent pen, a free speech, and a certain adroitness of brain, I took upon myself, as I describe it, a mock primacy." Kenneth Lindsay, Social Progress and Educational Waste. Emul Ludwig, Bismarck; Wilhelm II. Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949), The Life of the Termites; plagarized from "The Soul of the White Ant" by Eugene Marais (1876-1936), causing the latter to commit suicide? Andre Malraux (1901-76), The Temptation of the West; compares Asian and Western cultures. Frederic Manning (1882-1935), Epicurus's Morals: Collected and Faithfully Englished. H.L. Mencken (1880-1956), Notes on Democracy. Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945), The Theory of the Gene. De Lacy O'Leary (1872-1957), Arabia Before Muhammad. H.F. Osborn, Man Rises to Parnassus. Vernon Louis Parrington (1871-1929), The Connecticut Wits. William Lyon Phelps (1865-1943), Adventures and Confessions; Happiness. Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), The Verdict of Bridlegoose. James G. Randall (1881-1953), Constitutional Problems under Lincoln; makes him a leading U.S. Civil War historian. Otto Rank (1884-1939), The Genesis of the Object Relation; introduces Object Relations Theory, about how one develops a psyche as influenced by experiences during infancy. James Harvey Robinson (1863-1936), The Ordeal of Civilization: A Sketch of the Development and World-Wide Diffusion of Our Modern-Day Institutions and Ideas. M. Rostovzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), On Education, Especially in Early Childhood. J.F. Rutherford, Deliverance. Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (2 vols. + 4 vols.) (1926, 1939); an attempt to make him into a mythic figure? Charles Scribner's Sons, Dictionary of American Biography (1926-37). Fulton J. Sheen (1895-1979), God and Intelligence in Modern Philosophy (first book). Francis Butler Simkins (1897-1966), The Tillman Movement in South Carolina (first book). Piero Sraffa (1898-1983), The Laws of Returns under Competitive Conditions; about firms with increasing returns to scale. R.H. Tawney (1880-1962), Religion and the Rise of Capitalism; accepts Max Weber's "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1905), then blames Protestantism for subordinating Christian morality to materialism, making his rep as a historian as well as economist, becoming the most influential historian in Britain; on July 14 and Bermondsey, London-born economic historian Sir William James Ashley (1860-1927) (who in 1892 became the first prof. of economic history in the English-speaking world at Harvard U.) found the Economic History Society at the London School of Economics, which pub. the Economic History Review, going on to pressure the British govt. to enact a Christian socialist welfare state. Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936), Fortschritt und Soziale Entwicklung. George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876-1962), History of England; claims that the Whigs and Liberals had a more positive effect than the royals. Benjamin Tucker (1854-1939), Individual Liberty; longtime advocate of individualist anarchism laments the growths of trusts, which he believes will forever prevent his ideals from coming to pass, then in 1930 decides that "our civilization is in its death throes. We may last a couple of centuries yet; on the other hand, a decade may precipitate our finish." Paul Valery (1875-1945), Propos sur l'intelligence. Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde (1873-1937), Ideal Marriage; #1 bestselling sexual technique book of the cent. The Correspondence Between Richard Strauss [1864-1949] and Hugo von Hofmannsthal [1874-1929] (first ed.). Graham Wallas (1858-1932), The Art of Thought. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), On Doing What One Likes. Leonard Dupee White (1891-1958), Introduction to the Study of Public Administration. Friedrich von Wieser (1851-1926), The Law of Power; rejects classical liberalism and freedom for "a system of order". William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Autobiographies; A Vision; spirit messages from his wife (since 1916) Georgie Hyde-Lees (1892-1968), used as a source for his later work. Music: Eugen D'Albert (1864-1932), Der Golem (opera) (Frankfurt). George Antheil (1900-59), Ballet Mecanique. Louis Armstrong (1901-71) and Lovie Austin (1887-1972), Heebie Jeebies. Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Out of Doors (five solo piano pieces); Piano Concerto No. 1; The Miraculous Mandarin (ballet) (Cologne). Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Romantic Overture. Alban Berg (1885-1935), Lyric Suite. Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), Introduction and Allegro; Hymn to Apollo; rev. 1965. Joe Candullo and His Everglades Orchestra, Black Bottom. John Alden Carpenter (1876-1951), Skyscrapers (ballet). Ray Henderson (1896-1970), Buddy G. DeSylva (1895-1950), and Lew Brown (1893-1958), Lucky Day. Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Cardillac (opera) (Dresden) (Nov. 9); libretto by Ferdinand Lion; based on "Das Fraulein von Scuderi" by E.T.A. Hoffmann. Arthur Honegger (1892-1955), Judith (opera) (Monte Carlo). Leos Janacek (1854-1928), The Makropoulos Affair (Case) (Secret) (opera) (Nat. Theater, Brno) (Dec. 18); based on a play by Karel Capek. Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Die Zirkusprinzessin (Vienna). Zoltan Kodaly (1882-1967), Hary Janos (Budapest). Ernst Krenek (1900-91), Orpheus and Eurydice (opera) (Cassel); Johnny Strikes It Up (Jonny Spielt Auf) (opera); helps jazz make it big in Europe, pissing-off the Nazi Party, who gets it banned in 1938 as degenerate art, causing him to flee to the U.S.; meanwhile an Austrian cigarette brand called Johnny is marketed. Howard Lanin and His Orchestra, Black Bottom. Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five, Muskrat Ramble; written by Kid Ory (1886-1973). Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), Turandot (opera) (Apr. 25) (La Scala, Milan) (posth.) (completed after his death by Franco Alfano); based on Carlo Gozzi's 1762 work; the cruel heroine poses three riddles, with death for the losers, and Calaf the Unknown Prince, son of King Timur of Tartary bangs the gong three times, after which she balks at how ugly he is, then he gives her a chance to guess his name by dawn, but she orders her subject to stay up all night and find it or be executed; on Nov. 16 Moravian soprano Maria Jeritz (1887-1982) stars in the title role in its North Am. debut at the Metropolitan Opera; incl. the last-act tenor aria Nessun Dorma (None Shall Sleep) (D major), sung by Calaf as the night begins; the cool lyrics end: "Dilegua, o notte, tramontate stelle, tramontate stelle, all'alba vincero, vincero, vincero!" (Vanish, o night, fade stars, fade stars, at daybreak I shall win, I shall win!) (sustained B4 followed by sustained A4); all the main chars. except Calaf are Chinese, hence they sing eight authentic Chinese tunes in pentatonic scale (using the five black keys on the piano), while Calaf's songs are Western, which makes then stand out more?; Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873-1943), Russische Gesange; 4th Piano Concerto in G minor; ends a 9-year gap in composition, during which time he toured Europe and the U.S. as a pianist. Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951), The Desert Song (New York); New Moon (New York). Jean Sibelius (1865-1957), The Song of Vaino (Väinö) (for chorus and orchestra). Victoria Spivey (1906-76), Black Snake Blues (debut); a hit, launching her blues career as "Queen Victoria". Siegfried Wagner (1869-1930), The Angel of Peace (opera) (Karlsruhe). Ethel Waters (1896-1977), Dinah (by Harry Akst, Sam M. Lewis, and Joe Young) (#2 in the U.S.); Sugar (That Sugar Baby o' Mine) (by Maceo Pinkard, Aedna Alexander, and Sidney D. Mitchell) (#9 in the U.S.). Harry Warren (1893-1981), Where Do You Work-a John?; In My Gondola. Kurt Weill (1900-50), The Protagonist (opera) (Dresden); libretto by Georg Kaiser; Weill's first surviving opera. Movies: Albert Parker's The Black Pirate (Mar. 8) (United Artists); stars Douglas Fairbanks Sr.; filmed in Technicolor, becoming a smash hit; Billie Dove plays Princess Isobel. Frank Tuttle's The American Venus (Jan. 31) stars blonde babe Esther Ralston (1902-94) as Mary Gray, gaining her star status; too bad, she rejects the casting couch advances of Louis B. Mayer in 1932, and is farmed out to B-movies. Buster Keaton's Battling Butler (Sept. 19) (MGM), based on the 1923 Ballard MacDonald play stars Keaton as Alfred, whose father sends him to the mountains to make a man of him, where he meets mountain girl Sally O'Neill and masquerades as a boxer to win her; Francis McDonald is his stunt double. Victor Fleming's The Blind Goddess (Apr. 4) stars Esther Ralston as Moira Devens, and Jack Holt as Hugh Dillon. Jack Conway's Brown of Harvard (MGM) (May 2), based on the play by Rida Johnson Young stars William Haines as Harvard U. student Tom Brown, who vies with shy studious Bob McAndrew (Ralph Bushman) for the love of beautiful professor's daughter Mary Abbott (Mary Brian); Jack Pickford plays Tom's gay, er, roommate Jim Doolittle. J.P. McGowan's Crossed Signals (Sept. 28) (Morris R. Schlank Productions), written by George Saxton stars Helen Holmes as Middletown railway station mgr. Helen Wainwright, who is framed by counterfeiting gang member George Harvey (William Lowery), giving work to federal agent Jack McDermott (Henry Victor) and his partner Overland Ike (Georgie Chapman). Dimitri Buchowetzki's The Crown of Lies stars Pola Negri. Alan Crosland's Don Juan (Aug. 6) (Warner Bros.) stars John Barrymore doing his own er, sword fighting in the 16th cent., kissing a record 191 women onscreen, becoming the first movie to use Warner Brothers' Vitaphone sound-on-disc movie system; does $1.26M box office on a $790K budget; co-star Mary Astor hooks up with him offscreen. Sam Taylor's Exit Smiling (Nov. 14) stars Canadians Jack Pickford and comedic stage star Beatrice Lillie (1894-1989), who goes on to star in more comedies with Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, and Gertrude Lawrence. Clarence Brown's Flesh and the Devil (Dec. 25), based on Hermann Sudermann's 1894 novel"The Undying Past" stars John Gilbert and Lars Hanson as two childhood friends in Germany who grow up to be soldiers, after which Leo von Harden (Gilbert) falls for Felicitas (Greta Garbo), wife of a powerful count, causing him to kill him in a duel and get sent to Africa for three years, during which time Ulrich von Eltz (Lars) marries Felicitas, so that when he returns he's torn between the you know what and the you know what; Gilbert and Garbo begin a legendary offscreen affair, but she jilts him at the altar; even worse, on Sept. 8 Gilbert allegedly flies off the handle and attacks King Vidor at his wedding, causing his career to become shaky; does $1.261M box office on a $372.6K budget. Buster Keaton's The General (Dec. 31), based on "The Great Locomotive Chase" by William Pittenger stars Keaton as train engineer Johnnie Gray, who sets out to win the Civil War all by himself in order to woo his babe Annabelle Lee (Marion Mack); does $1M box office on a $750K budget. Arnold Fanck's The Holy Mountain (Der Heilige Berg) (Nov.), produced by Universum Film A.G. launches the bergfilm genre of German mountain-loving films, and stars Leni Riefenstahl as Diotima. Frank Tuttle's Love 'Em and Leave 'Em (Mar. 19) stars Evelyn Brent and Lawrence Gray, but Louise Brooks (1906-85) makes her movie debut and steals the show with the Black Bottom shimmy dance, and her bob hairdo becomes a craze; too bad, sexually-liberated Brooks ends up ruining her career by quitting Paramount in 1928 to go to Germany to make experimental films with G.W. Pabst after they try to strongarm her with the new talkies into a ripoff contract, and when she returns she ends up blacklisted in Hollywood, but later gets even as her image of queen of the silent era is cemented? Rex Ingram's The Magician (Oct. 24), based on the 1908 W. Somerset Maugham novel about Frankensteinian scientist Oliver Haddo (really Aleister Crowley) stars Paul Wegener; also stars Ingram's wife Alice Terry as Margaret Dauncey. James Cruze's Mannequin, based on the Fannie Hurst story stars Dolores Costello and Warner Baxter, who utters the soundbyte "I've a mind to wipe your face with this scarf". Dimitri Buchowetzki's The Midnight Sun stars Laura La Plante. Vsevolod Pudovkin's Mother features a great use of montage. Jean Renoir's Nana (June 25) is based on Emile Zola's novel about a Parisian ho who climbs the Parisian ladder by seducing the rich and powerful; remade in 1955 and 1982. James Cruze's Old Ironsides (Dec. 6), about the U.S. Navy ship and its battles against Barbary pirates stars George Bancroft as Gunner, Wallace Berry as Bos'n, Esther Ralston as Esther, and Charles Farrell as the Commodore. Walt Disney's Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is his first animated cartoon without living actors. Teinosuke Kinugasa's A Page of Madness (Kurutta Ichipeiji) (Sept. 24), written by Yasunari Kawabata is a silent horror film by the avant-garde Shinkankakuha (New Perceptions) School; it is lost then rediscovered in 1971; Howard Hawks' The Road to Glory (Feb. 7) (Fox) is the major film debut of dir. Howard Winchester Hawks (1896-1977), who was born to a wealthy paper mill family in Ind. Millard Webb's The Sea Beast (Jan. 15) (Warner Bros.) is a twist on the 1851 Herman Melville novel, starring John Barrymore as Capt. Ahab, and George O'Hara as his half-brother Derek, who pushes him overboard while facing Moby Dick, causing him to lose his leg and his babe, becoming the breakthrough role for Dolores Costello (1903-79), "the Goddess of the Silver Screen" (1926 Wampas Baby Star) as minister's daughter Esther Wiscasset; after teaming again with Barrymore in "When a Man Loves" (1927), she marries him in 1928, overcoming a lisp to survive the talkies, only to retire in 1931 to devote time to her family, then divorcing over his alcoholism in 1935; too bad, early film makeup ruins her complexion, hampering her comeback in 1936, and she retires after appearing in Michael Curtiz' "This is the Army" (1943). Leander de Cordova and G.B. Samuelson's She (May 3), based on the 1887 H. Rider Haggard novel is about ageless Queen Ayesha (Betty Blythe), who renews her life force by walking through a pillar of cold flame. Marshall Neilan's The Skyrocket (Feb. 14), written by Benjamin Glazer based on the 1925 novel by Adel Rogers St. Johns is the film debut of Berkley, Va.-born Peggy Hopkins Joyce (Marguerite "Peggy" Upton) (1893-1957) as ex-Ziegfeld Follies showgirl Sharon Kimm in a parody of her notorious career of marrying millionaires and getting big bucks out of them; too bad, it flops, and she only appears in one more film, "International House" (1933), and goes on to have six hubbies and acquire the Portuguese Diamond along with tons of bling before dying on June 12, 1957 of no-surprise throat cancer; "True love was a heavy diamond bracelet, preferably one that arrived with its price tag intact." Ernst Lubitsch's So This Is Paris (July 31) is a box office dud, causing Warner Bros. to let him go, after which he moves to MGM. Edward F. Cline's Spanking Breezes (The Peace Boat) (Mar. 14) (Mack Sennett) stars Alice Day as Alice Grimes, Danny O'Shea as her hubby, and Roger Moore as her brother Joe Young. William Beaudine's Sparrows (May 14), a Hollywood film that blends in German expressionism stars Mary Pickford as Molly, the eldest child in a baby farm in the swamps who tries to rescue the others from their cruel master. Fred Niblo's The Temptress (Oct. 10) stars Greta Garbo as a gorgeous mankiller, whose victims incl. Antonio Moreno, Lionel Barrymore, and Roy D'Arcy. Michael Curtiz' The Third Degree (Dec. 1) (Warner Bros.), based on the 1909 play by Charles Klein stars Dolores Costello, Louise Dresser, Rockliffe Fellowes, and Jason Robards Sr., and is the first U.S. film of Hungarian dir. Michael Curtiz (Kertesz Kaminer Mano) (1886-1962) after 50+ films in Europe, going on to direct 100+ in the U.S. Ricardo Cortez's Torrent (Feb. 8) (MGM), based on a novel by Vicente Blasco-Ibanez is Greta Garbo's first U.S. film as Leonora Moreno ("La Brunna"). Dimitri Buchowetzki's Valencia stars Mae Murray; Boris Karloff has an uncredited bit part; the theme song Valencia becomes a big hit in the U.S. by the Paul Whitemand band. Raoul Walsh's What Price Glory (Nov. 23), based on the 1924 play by Maxwell Anderson and Laurence Stallings stars Edmund Dantes Lowe (1890-1971) as WWI Sgt. Quirt, and Victor McLaglen as Capt. Flagg, who vie for the affections of French babe Charmaine de la Cognac, played by Mexican actress Dolores del Rio (María de los Dolores Asúnsolo López-Negrete) (1905-83), who becomes the first internat. female Latin-Am. star; remade in 1952 starring James Cagney. Henry King's The Winning of Barbara Worth (0ct. 14), based on the novel by Harold Bell Wright is the official film debut of Helena, Mont.-born stoic understated Gary (Frank James) Cooper (1901-61) as Abe Lee, an engineer building an irrigation system for a SW Am. desert community while vying for the affections of rancher's daughter Vilma Banky (Barbara Lee) with cowboy Willard Holmes (Ronald Colman). Art: Jean Arp, Navel, Shirt, and Head. Georges Braque (1882-1963), The Bowl of Grapes. Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Lover's Bouquet. Edwin Walter Dickinson (1891-1978), The Fossil Hunters (1926-8). Otto Dix (1891-1969), Portrait of Journalist Sylvia von Harden. Jacob Epstein (1880-1959), The Visitation. Max Ernst (1891-1976), The Virgin Chastising the Christ Child before Three Witnesses: Andre Breton (1896-1966), Paul Eluard, and the Artist. Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926), The Massacre of the Innocents (sculpture). George Grosz (1893-1959), Suicide. Augustus John (1878-1961), Portrait of Lady Morrell. Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944), Several Circles. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Terrace in Richmond. Rene Magritte (1898-1967), The Lost Jockey; The Difficult Crossing. Andre Masson (1896-1987), Battle of Fishes. Joan Miro (1893-1983), Dog Barking at the Moon. Henry Moore (1898-1986), Draped Reclining Figure. Edvard Munch (1863-1944), The Red House. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), Lake George Barns; Black Iris. Charles Marion Russell (1864-1926), Spirit of Winter (bronze sculpture) (Mar.); his last sculpture. Stanley Spencer (1891-1959), Murals for Burghclere Chapel, Hampshire (1926-34). Surrealist Group incl. Joan Miro (1893-1983), Max Morise, Man Ray (1890-1976), Yves Tanguy) Exquisite Corpse (1926-7). Thornton Wilder (1897-1975), The Cabala (first novel). Plays: George Francis Abbott (1887-1995), Love 'em and Leave 'em. George Francis Abbott (1887-1995) and Philip Dunning (1889-1968), Broadway (Broadhurst Theatre, New York) (603 perf.), produced by Jed Harris; Abbott's first big hit, launching his career as "the most famous play doctor of all time"; Carl Laemmle pays $225K for the film rights. Jacinto Benavente y Martinez (1866-1954), La Mariposa que Volo (Voló) Sobre el Mar. Sem Benelli (1877-1949), Il Vezzo di Perle. Jean-Jacques Bernard (1888-1972), L'Ame en Peine (The Unquiet Spirit). Ugo Betti (1892-1953), La Padrona (The Mistress). Barbara Cartland (1901-2000), Blood Money; banned by the British censors. John Colton (1887-1946), The Shanghai Gesture (Martin Beck Theatre, New York) (331 perf.) stars Florence Reed as Mother Goddam, madame of a Shangi whorehouse, who entertains British trader Sir Guy Charteris (McKay Morris), who has his daughter, sells her into prostitution then strangles her when she returns as a dope addict. Fernand Crommelynck (1886-1970), Tripes d'Or. Francois de Curel (1854-1928), La Viveuse et le Moribond. Owen Davis Sr. (1874-1956), Easy Come, Easy Go; turned into the 1929 musical "Lady Fingers"; The Great Gatsby; based on the 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald novel. St. John Greer Ervine (1883-1971), Anthony and Anna. Ronald Firbank (1886-1926), A Disciple from the Country (1-act play). Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), La Mort du Docteur Faust; Les Massacre des Innocents; Images de la Vie de Saint Francois d'Assise. Paul Eliot Green (1894-1981), Lonesome Road: Six Plays for the Negro Theatre. Sidney Coe Howard (1891-1939), The Silver Cord. Georg Kaiser and Kurt Weill (1900-50), Der Protagonist (1-act opera). Jane Mast (Mae West) (1893-1980), Sex (first play); writes it with her atty.; features hos in arousing embraces, a jewelry heist, and shootouts; after the Society for the Suppression of Vice complains, the pigs arrest the entire cast in its 41st week, and West is given 10 days in jail, getting eight off for good behavior; her next play The Drag then debuts in N.J., becoming the first to address homosexuality, folding after two weeks. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), King Hilary and the Beggerman; Portrait of a Gentleman in Slippers: A Fairy Tale (Liverpool). Kate O'Brien (1897-1974), Distinguished Villa; a success, launching her career. Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), The Plough and the Stars (London). Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), The Great God Brown; Lazarus Laughed. Marcel Pagnol (1895-1974), Jazz. Esme Stuart Lennox Robinson (1886-1958), The Big House; Irish Roman Catholics burn down a Protestant manor. Raymond Roussel (1877-1933), La Poussiere de Soleil. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), Mr. Bridie's Finger. Maurine Dallas Watkins (1896-1969), Chicago (AKA A Brave Little Woman) (AKA Play Ball) (New York) (Dec. 30) (172 perf.); dir. by George Abbott; about the 1924 jazz baby murder trials of twice-divorced cabaret singer Belva Gaertner (nee Boosinger) (1884-1965) (AKA Belle Brown) ("the most stylish of Murderess Row"), who shot her married lover Walter Law in the front seat of her car, and Beulah May Annan (nee Sheriff) (1899-1928) ("the beauty of the cell block"), who shot her lover Harry Kalstedt in the back in her and her hubby's bedroom after which she plays the foxtrot record "Hula Lou" for 4 straight hours while drinking cocktails then calls her hubby and tells him she killed a man who had "tried to make love" to her; after her acquittal on May 25, 1924 she leaves him, saying "He is too slow"; stars Jean Eaglers and Francine Larrimore as Roxie Hart; Clark Gable appears in the LA production as Amos Hart; adapted as a musical by Bob Fosse in 1975-7, and filmed in 2002. Poetry: Conrad Aiken (1889-1973), Priapus and the Pool. Richard Aldington (1892-1962), The Love of Myrrhine and Konallis and Other Prose Poems. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Mouvement Perpetuel. Hart Crane (1899-1932), White Buildings (debut); incl. Voyages, a cycle of six poems about his love affair with Danish merchant mariner Emil Opffer; makes him an instant star. Kahlil Gibran (1911-72), Sand and Foam; "Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it so that the other half may reach you". Ramon Guthrie (1896-1973), Marcabrun. Langston Hughes (1902-67), The Weary Blues (debut); incl. The Negro Speaks of Rivers; "My soul has grown deep like the rivers". Amy Lowell (1874-1925), What's O'Clock (Pulitzer Prize). Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Lee: A Dramatic Poem. Hugh MacDiarmid (1892-1978), A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle; "Oor universe is like an e'e/ Turned in, man's benmaist hert to see,/ And swamped in subjectivity./ But whether it can use its sicht/ To bring what lies withoot to licht/ To answer's still ayont my micht." Dorothy Parker (1893-1967), Enough Rope (debut); sells 47K copies, establishing her rep; incl. News Item ("Men seldom make passes/ At girls who wear glasses"). Laura Riding (1901-91), The Close Chapelet (debut); her first pub. since getting divorced to first hubby, historian Louis Gottschlk in 1925, and moving to England to live with Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985) and his wife Nancy Nicholson. James Stephens (1882-), Collected Poems. Genevieve Taggard (1894-1948), Words for the Chisel. Sara Teasdale (1884-1933), Dark of the Moon. Julian Tuwim (1894-1953), Words in Blood. Novels: Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941), Tar: A Midwest Childhood (semi-autobio.); Edgar "Tar-heel or Tar" Moorehead. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Paysan de Paris. Francisco Ayala (1906-2009), A Sunrise Tale (Historia de un Amanecer). Isaak Babel (1894-1941), Red Cavalry (short stories). H.E. Bates (1905-74), The Two Sisters (first novel); The Last Bread; The Seekers. Andrei Bely (1880-1934), The Moscow Eccentric; Moscow Under Siege; #1, #2 in his Moscow Trilogy (ends 1931). Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), Spanish Bayonet (short story). Enoch Arnold Bennett (1867-1931), Lord Raingo. Georges Bernanos (1888-1948), Sous le soleil de Satan. Earl Derr Biggers (1884-1933), The Chinese Parrot; Charlie Chan #2; Fifty Candles. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Old Wine; The Belated Reckoning. Martin Boyd (1893-1972), Brangane: A Memoir; pub. under alias Martin Mills; about Australian writer Barbara Baynton (1857-1929). Charles Brackett (1892-1969), The Last Infirmity. Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), Early Autumn (Pulitzer Prize); Escape #3. James Branch Cabell (1879-1958), The Silver Stallion. Karel Capek (1890-1938), Letters from England. Blaise Cendrars (1887-1961), Moravagine; physician Ramond la Science narrates how he meets killer madman Moravagine in an asylum, helps him escape then travels around the world with him doing crimes before returning to Europe in time for WWI, when "the world world was doing a Maravagine"; Cendrars never stops working on it, repub. it in 1956. G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936), Incredulity of Father Brown. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (June); Hercule Poirot #4. Colette (1873-1954), La Fin de Cheri; sequel to "Cheri" (1920); he kills himself. Rene Crevel (1900-35), La Mort Difficile. Warwick Deeping (1877-1950), Old Pybus. Grazia Deledda (1871-1936), La Fuga in Egitto. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), Chariot of Fire. Dorothy Dix (1861-1951), Dorothy Dix, Her Book. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), Palimpsest. Concha Espina, Altar Mayor. William Faulkner (1897-1962), Soldiers' Pay (Feb. 25) (first novel); written after New Orleans friend Sherwood Anderson turns him on to novel-writing. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), Show Boat. Esther Forbes (1891-1967), Oh Genteel Lady! (first novel). John Galsworthy (1867-1933), The Silver Spoon. Andre Gide (1869-1951), Les Faux-Monnayeurs; a novel of youth. John Gunther (1901-70), The Red Pavilion (first novel). H. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), Treasure of the Lake (posth). Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), The Torrents of Spring: A Romantic Novel in Honor of the Passing of a Great Race (first novel); a satire of Sherwood Anderson's "Dark Laughter", written to force his publisher to break his contract?; The Sun Also Rises (Oct.) (working title "Fiesta") (his magnum opus?); a roman a clef based on his 1925 trip to spain about morally irresponsible Yanks and Brits of the "lost generation" (from a letter Gertrude Stein wrote him) in France (where horse chestnut trees bloom in the Luxembourg Gardens of Paris) and Spain; popularizes the running of the bulls at Pamplona during the San Fermin Festival, dating to the 16th cent. (injury records begin to be kept in 1924, and 13 are killed by 2007); impotent Jacob "Jake" Barnes (narrator) loves Lady Brett Ashley, who is engaged to Michael "Mike" Campbell; cover art by Cleonike Damianakes, showing a sexy Greek girl sitting under a tree showing plenty of leg; causes a craze among Am. women to wear short hair and sweater sets; pioneers the Iceberg Theory (Theory of Omission) of writing; filmed in 1956 starring Tyrone Power, Ava Gardner, and Errol Flynn, and 1984; "Suddenly, a crowd came down the street. They were all running, and then the bulls galloping, tossing their heads up and down." Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), Mannequin; purchased for $50K from Liberty and Famous Players Co.; Appasionata. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Two or Three Graces and Other Stories. William Wymark Jacobs (1863-1943), Sea Whispers (short stories). Mary Johnston (1870-1936), The Great Valley. Franz Kafka (1883-1924), The Castle (Das Schloss) (posth.); written while living at 22 Golden Lane; the writer struggles through a maddening you know what to get admitted to the right dept. to obtain something unspecified. Valentin Katayev (1897-1986), The Embezzlers (Rastratchiki) (first novel); satire of the revival of petty commerce in the New Economic Policy era; turned into a play in 1928 and a film in 1931. Molly Keane (1905-96), The Knight of Cheerful Countenance (first novel); uses alias "M.J. Farrell" until 1981. Joseph Kessel (1898-1979), Les Captifs. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), The Plumed Serpent. William John Locke (1863-1930), Perella; The Mountebank; The Old Bridge. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), Crewe Train. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), The Fortunes of Hugo. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), The Stooping Venus. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), The Casuarina Tree. William Babington Maxwell (1866-1938), Gabrielle. William McFee (1881-1966), Swallowing the Anchor. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), Winnie-the-Pooh (Oct. 14) (London); original name Edward Bear; set in the Hundred Acre Wood, based on 500-acre Ashdown Forest in East Sussex; friends incl. Piglet, Eeyore (whose tail Christopher Robin reattached with a nail), Owl, Rabbit, Kanga and her son Roo; written for his son Christopher Robin Milne (1920-96); the book's success causes the name "Christopher" (Gr. "bearer or carrier of Christ") to become popular by the 1940s; "What's for breakfast?"; "'We'll be Friends Forever, won't we, Pooh?' asked Piglet. 'Even longer', Pooh answered"; "PLES RING IF AN RNSER IS REQUIRD" (Owl's tree-house door). Henri de Montherlant (1896-1972), Les Bestiaires. George Moore (1852-1933), Ulick and Soracha (short stories). Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), Mashenka (Mary). Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Fiddler in Barly. John Gneisenau Neihardt (1881-1973), Indian Tales and Others (short stories). Alfred Neumann, Der Teufel (The Devil). Frances Newman (1883-1928), The Hard-Boiled Virgin; budding writer Katharine Faraday; stuns her hometown of Atlanta, Ga. with satire of Southern culture, and is banned in Boston for sexuality, making it more popular? Sir William Nicholson (1872-1949), Clever Bill. Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Golden Beast; Prodigals of Monte Carlo; Harvey Garrard's Crime; The Little Gentleman from Okehampstead (short stories). Martha Ostenso (1900-63), The Dark Dawn. Aldo Palazzeschi (1885-1974), La Piramide. Margaret Leech Pulitzer (1893-1974), Tin Wedding. Elizabeth Madox Roberts (1881-1941), The Time of Man. Frederick Rolfe (1860-1913), In His Own Image (posth.). Alice Grant Rosman (1882-1961), The Window. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), Bellarion the Fortunate; 15th cent. Italy. Dorothy L. Sayers (1893-1957), Clouds of Witness; Lord Peter Wimsey #2, about Peter's elder brother the Duke of Denver, who is charged with the murder of their sister Lady Mary Wimsey. Nevil Shute (1899-1960), Marazan (first novel). Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Stories East and West: Tales of Men and Women. T.S. Stribling (1881-1965), Teeftallow. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), Summer Storm. B. Traven (1882-1969), Das Totenschiff (The Death Ship). S.S. Van Dine (1888-1939), The Benson Murder Case; Philo Vance. Edgar Wallace (1875-1932), The Ringer. Hugh Seymour Walpole (1884-1941), Harmer John. Eric Derwent Walrond (1898-1966), Tropic Death (short stories); makes him a Harlem Renaissance star; "A ram-shackle body, dark in the ungentle spots exposing it, jogged, reeled and fell at the tip of a white bludgeon." Sylvia Townsend Warner (1893-1978), Lolly Willowes; Or, The Loving Huntsman; an aging (lesbian?) spinster breaks from her family. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Love in These Days. H.G. Wells (1866-1946), The World of William Clissold; Wells turns preachy, with the title char. lecturing on life in the Middle Ages, the sex problem, the shortcomings of Marxism, and the need to have a One World Govt. (OWG) Repub. Walter Francis White (1893-1955), Flight (last novel). Harold Bell Wright (1872-1944), A Son of His Father. Elinor Wylie (1885-1928), Orphan Angel; Percy Bysshe Shelley escaped early death and moved to the U.S. (to be with her?). Births: English record producer-composer-musician ("the Fifth Beatle") Sir George Henry Martin (d. 2016) on Jan. 3 in Highbury, London; knighted in 1996; father of Giles Martin (1969-) and Gregory Paul Martin (1957-); knighted in 1996. Am. poet William De Witt Snodgrass (AKA S.S. Gardons) (d. 2009) on Jan. 5 in Beaver Falls, Penn.; grows up in Wilkinsburg, Penn; educated at the U. of Iowa. Am. "Shot Heard 'Round the World" baseball pitcher (Brooklyn Dodgers, 1944-53, 1956) Ralph Theodore Joseph Branca on Jan. 6 in Mount Vernon, N.Y. Am. auto racer George Francis "Pat" Flaherty Jr. (d. 2002) on Jan. 6. Am. "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" actor-bodybuilder (1955 Mr. Universe) Miklos (Miklós) Karoly "Mickey" Hargitay (d. 2006) on Jan. 6 in Budapest, Hungary; husband (1958-64) of Jayne Mansfield (1933-67); father of Mariska Hargitay (1964-). Am. TV entertainer (Jewish) Soupy Sales (Milton Supman Heinz) on Jan. 6 in Franklinton, N.C.; Hungarian immigrant parents; brothers are Ham Bone and Chicken Bone, so he was called Soup Bone, which he changes to Soupy Heinz, then to Soupy Sales, after comedian Chic Sale (1885-1936). Japanese fashion designer Hanae Mori on Jan. 8 in Yoshika, Shimane; educated at Tokyo Women's Christian U. Soviet cosmonaut Lev Stepanovich Dyomin (d. 1998) on Jan. 11 in Moscow. Soviet spy naval Capt. Yevgeny "Eugene" Mikhailovich Ivanov (d. 1994) on Jan. 11 in Pskov. Am. NBC CEO (1981-6) Grant Almerin Tinker (d. 2016) on Jan. 11 in Stamford, Conn.; educated at Dartmouth College; husband (1962-81) of Mary Tyler Moore (1936-2017). Am. "Release Me", "For the Good Times" country singer-songwriter ("the Cherokee Cowboy") Noble Ray Price (d. 2013) (Cherokee Cowboys) on Jan. 12 in Perryville, Tex. English "Paddington Bear" children's writer Thomas Michael Bond (d. 2017) on Jan. 13 in Newbury, Berkshire. Am. "Kate Fansler" feminist writer-novelist (Jewish) Carolyn Gold Heilbrun (d. 2003) (AKA Amanda Cross) on Jan. 13 in East Orange, N.J.; educated at Wellesley College, and Columbia U.; first woman to receive tenure in the Columbia U. English dept. Am. "The Cara Williams Show", "Mac in It's About Time" actor Frank Aletter (d. 2009) on Jan. 14 in Queens, N.Y.; husband (1958-74) of Lee Meriwether (1935-); father of Kyle Aletter (1960-). Am. "The Crack in the Cosmic Egg" New Age psychologist Joseph Chilton "Joe" Pearce on Jan. 14 in Pineville, Ky.; educated at the College of William and Mary, Indiana U., and Geneva Theological College. Am. "I Married a Monster from Outer Space" actor-novelist (gay) Thomas "Tom" Tryon (d. 1991) on Jan. 14 in Hartford, Conn. Austrian "Grushenka in The Brothers Karamazov", "Mother Maria in Christmas Lilies of the Field" actress Maria (Margarethe) Schell (d. 2005) on Jan. 15 in Vienna; sister of Maximilian Schell (1930-). Scottish ballerina-actress Moira Shearer (King), Lady Kennedy (d. 2006) on Jan. 17 in Dunfermline. U.S. "vast wasteland" FCC Commission chmn. (1961-3) Newton Norman Minow on Jan. 17 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; educated at Northwestern U. Am. "Col. Cascio in Fail-Safe" actor Fritz William Weaver on Jan. 19 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Am. "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "Hud" actress Patsy Louise "Patricia" Neal (d. 2010) on Jan. 20 in Packard, Ky.; educated at Northwestern U. English "What's New Pussycat?" New Wave dir. Clive Stanley Donner (d. 2010) on Jan. 21 in West Hampstead, London. Am. "Hercules" actor-athlete Stephen L. "Steve" Reeves (d. 2000) on Jan. 21 in Glasgow, Mont.; 1950 Mr. Universe. Am. 6'0" hall-of-fame basketball player-coach (New York Knicks #15, 1949-57) (Detroit Pistons #15, 1957-60) (Detroit Pistons, 1959-63) (New York Knicks, 1965-8) Richard Joseph "Dick" McGuire (d. 2010) on Jan. 25 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at St. John's U.; brother of Al McGuire (1928-2001). English singer Ronnie Hilton (Adrian Hill) (d. 2001) on Jan. 26 in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. Am. auto racer James Ernest "Jimmy" Bryan (d. 1960) on Jan. 28. Pakistani physicist (Muslim) Mohammad Abdus Salam (d. 1996) on Jan. 29 in Santokdas, Sahiwal Punjab; educated at St. John's College, Cambridge U.; first Pakistani and Muslim Nobel science laureate (Physics, 1979). Soviet Vice Adm. Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov (d. 1998) on Jan. 30 in Zvorkovo, Moscow Oblast. Am. street photographer Vivian Dorothy Maier (d. 2009) on Feb. 1 in New York City. French pres. (1974-81) Valery Marie Rene (Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing on Feb. 2 in Koblenz, Germany. Am. historian (Jewish) Fritz Richard Stern on Feb. 2 in Breslau, Silesia; Lutheran convert Jewish parents; godson of Fritz Haber (1868-1934); emigrates to the U.S. in 1938; educated at Columbia U.; student of Lionel Trilling (1905-75). Am. "The Ladies Who Lunch" actress Elaine Stritch on Feb. 2 in Detroit, Mich. Am. Green Monster drag racer Arthur Eugene "Art" Arfons (d. 2007) on Feb. 3 in Akron, Ohio; Greek immigrant father, half-Cherokee mother. Am. comedian Sheldon "Shelley" Berman on Feb. 3 in Chicago, Ill.; likes to work seated on stage. Am. "Revolutionary Road" novelist Richard Yates (d. 1992) on Feb. 3 in Yonkers, N.Y. Am. New York Times publisher Arthur Ochs "Punch" Sulzberger Sr. (d. 2012) on Feb. 5 in New York City; son of Arthur Hays Sulzberger (1891-1968); father of Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. (1951-); educated at Columbia U. Am. baseball 1B player (lefty) (Pittsburgh Pirates, 1951, 1955-7) Richard Dale Long (d. 1991) on Feb. 6 in Springfield, Mo. Russian chess player-pianist Mark Evgenievich Taimanov on Feb. 7 in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Am. Beatnik leader (Dean Moriarty in Jack Kerouac's "On the Road") Neal Leon Cassady (d. 1968) on Feb. 8 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Am. mob boss Constenze "Stanley" Valenti (d. 2001) in Rochester, N.Y.; brother of Frank J. Valenti (1911-2008). French chef Paul Bocuse on Feb. 11 in Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or; student of Fernand Point (1897-1955). Canadian "Dr. Rumack in Airplane!", "Frank Drebin in Naked Gun", "Pres. Harris in Scary Movie" actor Leslie William Nielsen (d. 2010) on Feb. 11 in Regina, Sask.; nephew of Jean Hersholt (1886-1956). Am. baseball catcher (lefty) (St. Louis Cardinals, 1946-51) and sportscaster Joseph Henry "Joe" Garagiola on Feb. 12 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. TV game show contestant scandalmonger Charles Lincoln Van Doren (d. 2019) on Feb. 12 in New York City; son of Mark Van Doren (1894-1972) and Dorothy Graffe Van Doren (1896-1993); nephew of Carl Van Doren (1885-1950); educated at St. John's College, Columbia U., and Cambridge U. Danish Panton Chair designer Vernor Panton (d. 1998) on Feb. 13. Am. photographer (black) Moneta J. Sleet Jr. (d. 1996) on Feb. 14 in Ownensboro, Ky.; educated at Kentucky State College, and NYU. English "Midnight Cowboy", "Marathon Man" film dir. (Jewish) (gay) John Richard Schlesinger (d. 2003) on Feb. 16 in London; educated at Balliol College, Oxford U.; partner of Michael Childers. Am. poet Archie Randolph "A.R." Ammons (d. 2001) on Feb. 18 near Whiteville, N.C.; educated at Wake Forest U., and UCB. Am. "I Am Legend", "Somewhere in Time", "The Shrinking Man" novelist-screenwriter Richard Burton Matheson (d. 2013) on Feb. 20 in Allendale, N.J.; Norwegian immigrant parents; educated at the U. of Mo. Am. Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) founder Kenneth Harry "Ken" Olsen (d. 2011) on Feb. 20 in Bridgeport, Conn.; Norwegian descent father, Swedish descent mother; educated at MIT; grows up in Stratford, Conn.; collaborator of Harland Anderson (1929-). Am. oil exec and silver magnate Nelson Bunker Hunt on Feb. 22 in El Dorado, Ark.; son of H.L. Hunt (1889-1974); brother of William Herbert Hunt (1929-) and Lamar Hunt (1932-2006). Am. actress (Jewish) Doris Belack (d. 2011) on Feb. 26 in New York City; wife (1946-) of Philip Rose (1921-2011). Am. "Missy in Hazel" actress-dir. (co-creator of "One Day at a Time") Whitney Blake (Nancy Whitney) (d. 2002) on Feb. 26; wife of Allan Manings; mother of Meredith Baxter (1947-). Am. celeb neuroscience patient Henry Gustav Molaison (d. 2008) on Feb. 26 in Hartford, Conn. Am. Western Swing bandleader Billy Jack Wills (d. 1991) on Feb. 26 in Memphis, Tex.; brother of Bob Wills (1905-75) and Johnnie Lee Wills. Canadian biologist David Hunter Hubel on Feb. 27 in Windsor, Ont.; 1981 Nobel Med. Prize. Russian celeb Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva Dzugashvili on Feb. 28; daughter of Joseph Stalin; defects to the U.S. in 1967. Am. "Cpl. Louis LeBeau in Hogan's Heroes" actor (Jewish) Robert Clary (Robert Max Widerman) on Mar. 1 in France; deported to Buchenwald camp in 1942; emigrates to the U.S. in 1949. Am. NFL commissioner (1960-89) (Super Bowl founder) Alvin Ray "Pete" Rozelle (d. 1996) on Mar. 1 in South Gate, Calif. Am. economist ("Founder of Libertarianism") (Jewish) (atheist) Murray Newton Rothbard (d. 1995) on Mar. 2 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U.; disciple of Ludwig von Mises; big fan of H.L. Mencken. Am. basketball playground dir. (black) Holcombe Rucker (d. 1965) on Mar. 2; educated at CCNY. Am. "Divine Comedies" poet (gay) James Ingram Merrill (d. 1995) on Mar. 3 on New York City; son of Merrill Lynch founder Charles Merrill; educated at Amherst College; known for using a Ouija Board to write poems since 1955, claiming to reach spirit guide Ephraim. Am. Amway co-founder Richard DeVos Sr. on Mar. 4 in Grand Rapids, Mich.; collaborator of Jay Van Andel (1924-2004); father of Richard DeVos Jr. (1955-); educated at Calvin College. Am. economist and Federal Reserve Board chmn. (1987-2006) (Jewish) Alan Greenspan (b. 1926) on Mar. 6 in New York City; of Romanian-Hungarian Jewish descent; educated at NYU, and Columbia U. Polish "Man of Iron" dir. Andrzej Wajda on Mar. 6 in Suwalki. Am. "Uncle Al the Kiddies' Pal in Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In" comedian Alan Sues on Mar. 7 in Ross, Calif. Am. "The Pajama Game", "Damn Yankees" lyricist (Jewish) Jerry Ross (Jerold Rosenberg) (d. 1955) on Mar. 9 in Bronx, N.Y.; Russian immigrant parents; collaborator of Richard Adler (1921-). Am. civil rights leader (black) Rev. Ralph David Abernathy (d. 1990) on Mar. 11 in Linden, Ala. Am. liver transplant physician Thomas Earl Starzl on Mar. 11 in Le Mars, Iowa; son of Roman Frederick Starzl; educated at Westminster College, and Northwestern U. Am. Dem. Hawaii gov. #3 (1973-86) George Ryoichi Ariyoshi on Mar. 12 in Honolulu, Hawaii; Japanese immigrant parents; educated at the U. of Hawaii, and Mich. State U. Am. "Sea of Love" singer-songwriter Phil Phillips (John Phillip Baptiste) (d. 2020) on Mar. 14 in Crowley, La. French poet-writer Charles Le Quintrec (d. 2008) on Mar. 14 Plescop, Morbihan. Am. football hall-of-fame QB (#11) (Los Angeles Rams, Philadelphia Eagles) ("The Dutchman") Norman Mack "Norm" Van Brocklin (d. 1983) on Mar. 15 in Parade, S.D.; grows up in Walnut Creek, Calif. Am. "The Delicate Delinquent", "The Nutty Professor" actor-comedian-writer-dir. and MDA fundraiser (Jewish) Jerry Lewis (Joseph or Jerome Levitch) (d. 2017) on Mar. 16 in Newark, N.J.; father of Gary Lewis (1946-). German novelist-writer-playwright Siegfried Lenz on Mar. 17 in Lyck (Elk), East Prussia. Am. "Jim Phelps in Mission: Impossible", "Capt. Clarence Oveur in Airplane!" 6'3" actor Peter Graves (Aurness) (Arness) (d. 2010) on Mar. 18 in Minneapolis, Minn.; Norwegian descent father, German descent mother; brother of James Arness (1923-2011). Am. molecular biologist Julius Marmur (d. 1996) on Mar. 22. Am. film critic Charles Davenport Champlin (d. 2014) on Mar. 23 in Hammondsport, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U. Italian playwright-composer-dir.-actor Dario Fo on Mar. 24 in Sangiano (San Giano), Varese; husband of Franca Rame; 1997 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. Dollar Auction Experiment economist Martin Shubik on Mar. 24; educated at the U. of Toronto, and Yale U. Am. New York School writer-poet-critic (gay) Francis Russell "Frank" O'Hara (d. 1966) on Mar. 27 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Harvard U., and U. of Mich.; lover of Larry Rivers (1923-2002). Am. "Limelight", "Bells Are Ringing" actor Sydney Earle Chaplin (d. 2009) on Mar. 30 in Beverly Hills, Calif.; 2nd son of Charles Chaplin (1889-1977) and 2nd wife Lita Grey (1908-95); brother of Charles Chaplin Jr. (1925-68); named after half-uncle Sydney Chaplain (1885-1965). Swedish IKEA founder Ingvar Feodor Kamprad (d. 2018) on Mar. 30 in Pjatteryd, Smaland. English "The Magus", "The French Lieutenant's Woman" novelist John Robert Fowles (d. 2005) on Mar. 31 in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex; educated at New College, Oxford U. Am. "Dragonriders of Pern" sci-fi novelist Anne Inez McCaffrey on Apr. 1 in Cambridge, Mass.; educated at Radcliffe College. Am. "The Raven", "The House of Usher", "The Pit and the Pendulum" film producer ("King of the B-Movies") ("The Pope of Pop Cinema") (co-founder of New World Pictures) Roger William Corman on Apr. 5 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Stanford U.; launches the careers of dirs. James Cameron, Francis Ford Coppola, Jonathan Demme, Ron Howard, Martin Scorsese et al.; launches the careers of actors Bruce Dern, Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, Dianne Ladd, William Shatner, Sylvester Stallone et al. Israeli historian (Jewish) Yehuda Bauer on Apr. 6 in Prague, Czech.; educated at Cardiff U., and Hebrew U.; emigrates to Palestine in 1939. Irish Protestant leader Rev. Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside (d. 2014) on Apr. 6 in Armagh; Scottish mother; created baron in 2010. German "Theology of Hope" Protestant theologian Jurgen (Jürgen) Moltmann on Apr. 8 in Hamburg. Am. "Playboy" publisher (atheist) Hugh Marston Hefner (d. 2017) on Apr. 9 in Chicago, Ill.; German-English descent father, Swedish descent mother; paternal descendant of William Bradford; husband (1949-59) of Mildred Williams, (1989-2010) Kimberley Conrad, and (2012-7) Crystal Harris; father of Christie Hefner (1952-), David Hefner (1955-), Marson Hefner (1990-), and Cooper Hefner (1991-); educated from the U. of Ill. Anglo-Am. New Age scientist ("Father of Spirulina") (founder of Univ. of the Trees) Christopher Hills (d. 1997) on Apr. 9 in Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Am. "Hee Haw" comedian Junior Samples (Alvin Samples Jr.) (d. 1983) on Apr. 10 in Cumming, Ga. British queen (1952-2022) Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) (d. 2022) on Apr. 21 in Mayfair, London; daughter of George VI (1895-1952) and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900-2002); born with Saturn in Scorpio on the Midheaven (career point in astrology), along with a Mars-Jupiter conjunction in Aquarius, giving her confidence and tenacity since Mars and Jupiter are opposite dreamy Neptune, also making her relentless ambition immune to criticism? known for carrying good luck charms; a distant descendant of Prophet Muhammad? Am. "Edna Garrett in The Facts of Life" actress (Jewish) Charlotte Rae (Lubotsky) on Apr. 22 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents. British Modern Movement architect Sir James Frazer "Jim" Stirling (d. 1992) on Apr. 22 in Glasgow, Scotland; educated at the U. of Liverpool. Am.-Irish "The Ginger Man" writer James Patrick "J.P." Donleavy on Apr. 23 in New York City; Irish immigrant parents; educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Am. "Left Behind" Christian evangelical minister-writer Timothy Francis "Tim" LaHaye (d. 2016) on Apr. 27 in Detroit, Mich.; husband (1947-) of Beverly LaHaye (1929-); collaborator of Jerry B. Jenkins (1949-). Canadian cellular biologist Ernest Armstrong McCulloch (d. 2011) on Apr. 27 in Toronto, Ont.; educated at the U. of Toronto; co-discoverer of stem cells with James Till (1931-). Am. "To Kill a Mockingbird" novelist Nelle Harper Lee (d. 2016) on Apr. 28 in Monroeville, Ala. (30 mi. N of Montgomery); father is atty. Amasa Lee; mother's maiden name is Finch; friend of Truman Capote (1924-84). Am. computer scientist (co-inventor of packet-switching) Paul Baran on Apr. 29 in Grodno, Poland; emigrates to the U.S. in 1928; educated at UCLA; collaborator of ?. Am. basketball coach-player (black) Harold Hunter (d. 2013) on Apr. 30 in Kansas City, Kan.; educated at N.C. Central U.; first African-Am. to sign with the NBA. Am. "Frau Blucher in Young Frankenstein", "Grandma Ida in Malcolm in the Middle" actress (Jewish) (vegetarian) Cloris Leachman (d. 2021) on Apr. 30 in Des Moines, Iowa; educated at Northwestern U.; wife (1953-79) of George Englund (1926-). Am. "Hair" theatrical-film dir.-composer Tom O'Horgan on May 3 in Chicago, Ill. English Shakespearean scholar Eric Sams (d. 2004) on May 3 in London; grows up in Essex; educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge U.; father of Richard Sams and Jeremy Sams (1957-). Am. "Julia Wilson in The Twilight Zone episode Nightmare at 20,000 Feet" actress Christine Lamson White (d. 2013) on May 4 in Washington, D.C. Am. "Alice in The Brady Bunch", "Charmaine Schultzy Schultz in The Bob Cummings Show" actress Ann B. (Bradford) Davis (d. 2014) on May 5 in Schenectady, N.Y.; identical twin sister Harriet. Am. "Pippin", "Walking Happy" playwright Roger O. Hirson on May 5. Am. jazz saxophonist Herbert Bickford "Herbie" Steward (d. 2003) on May 7 in Los Angeles, Calif. English "Life on Earth", "The Living Planet" naturalist Sir David Frederick Attenborough on May 8 in Isleworth, London; brother of Richard Attenborough (1923-2014); educated at Clare College, Cambridge U. Tunisian diplomat Mohamed Habib Gherab (d. 2011) on May 8 in Tunis. Am. "Sgt. Crapgame in Kelly's Heroes" actor-comedian (Jewish) ("Mr. Warmth") ("The Merchant of Venom") Donald Jay "Don" Rickles (d. 2017) on May 8 in Queens, N.Y.; Lithuanian Jewish immigrant father, Austrian Jewish immigrant mother; his char. is used by James Caan as the basis of his Sonny Corleone char. in "The Godfather". British "The Twilight of Briareus" sci-fi writer Richard Cowper (Colin John Middleton Murry Jr.) (d. 2002) on May 9; son of John Middleton Murry (1889-1957); nicknamed Colin by his grandmother; educated at Rendcomb College, and Brasenose College, Oxford U. English "Morecambe & Wise" comedian Eric Morecambe (John Eric Bartholomew) (d. 1984) on May 14 in Morecambe, Lancashire; collaborator of Ernie Wise (1925-99). English "Sleuth", "The Wicker Man" playwright-novelist (Jewish) Anthony Joshua Shaffer (d. 2001) on May 15 in Liverpool; twin brother of Peter Shaffer (1926-2016); educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U. English "Equus", "Amadeus" playwright (Jewish) (gay) Sir Peter Levin Shaffer (d. 2016) on May 15 in Liverpool; twin brother of Anthony Shaffer (1926-2001); educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U.; knighted in 2001; not to be confused with musician Paul Shaffer (1949-). Am. psychiatrist (Jewish) Robert Jay Lifton on May 16 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Cornell U., and Harvard U.; husband (1925-) of Betty Jean Kirschner (-2010). Am. Black Mountain poet Robert White Creeley (d. 2005) on May 21 in Arlington, Mass.; educated at Harvard U., and Black Mountain College. Am. music entrepreneur-mgr. (Jewish) Albert Bernard Grossman (d. 1986) on May 21 in Chicago, Ill.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Roosevelt U. English "The Jesus of the Early Christians scholar George Albert "G.A." Wells (d. 2017) on May 22 in London; educated at the U. of London, and U. of Bern. Am. Miss America 1952 (Mormon) Colleen Kay Hutchins (d. 2010) on May 23; educated at BYU; wife of Ernest Vandeweghe (1928-2014), father of Kiki Vandeweghe (1958-); grandmother of Coco Vandeweghe (1991-). Am. "Sheriff Lobo in B.J. and the Bear" actor Claude Marion Akins (d. 1994) on May 25 in Nelson, Ga.; grows up in Bedford, Ind.; educated at Northwestern U. Am. jazz trumpeter-composer-bandleader (black) Miles Dewey Davis III (d. 1991) on May 25 in Alton, Ill. Am. 6'1" basketball player-coach (white) (Washington Capitols #10, 1950-1) (Boston Celtics #21, 1951-61) (Los Angeles Lakers, 1971-6) William Walton "Bill" Sharman (d. 2013) on May 25 in Abilene, Tex.; grows up in Porterville, Calif. educated at USC. Am. auto racer Marvin Panch on May 28 in Menomonie, Wisc. Am. country musician (fiddler) John Paul "Johnny" Gimble (Texas Playboys) on May 30 in Tyler, Tex. Am. celeb Oona, Lady Chaplin (nee O'Neill) (d. 1991) on May 31 in Bermuda; daughter of Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) and Agnes Boulton; wife (1943-) of Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977); mother of Geraldine Chaplin (1944-). Hungarian-Am. computer science (co-inventor of BASIC) (Jewish) John George Kemeny (d. 1992)on May 31 in Budapest; emigrates to the U.S. in 1940; educated at Princeton U. Am. actress and sex symbol ("Candle in the Wind") Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jean Mortenson) (Baker) (d. 1962) on June 1 at 9:09 a.m. [Gemini] in Los Angeles, Calif.; born with six toes on her left foot; named for actresses Norma Talmadge (of the Talmadge sisters Norma, Constance, and Natalie) and Jean Harlow; at age six plays Jesus in a school play; both parents die in childhood, and, and she ends up in a series of private homes and an orphanage - about the same age as TLW's mother? Am. "Andy of Mayberry" actor Andrew "Andy" Samuel Griffith (d. 2012) on June 1 in Mount Airy, N.C.; an only child. Am. "The Destruction of the European Jews" historian-political scientist (Jewish) (atheist) Raul Hilberg (d. 2007) on June 2 in Vienna, Austria; Polish-Romanian Jewish parents; emigrates to the U.S. in 1939; educated at Brooklyn College, and Columbia U. Irish "Leopold Bloom in Ulysses", "Durand Durand in Barbarella" actor Milo O'Shea on June 2 in Dublin. Am. beatnik flower-power "Howl", "Kaddish" Beat poet-activist (Jewish) ("Buddhist Jew") (gay) Irwin Allen Ginsberg (d. 1997) on June 3 in Newark, N.J.; grows up in Paterson, N.J.; father Louis Ginsberg is a poet, mother Naomi Livergant Ginsberg is a Communist; educated at Columbia U.; lover (1954-) of Peter Orlovsky (1933-). Am. "The Escape Artist" poet-novelist David Russell Wagoner on June 5 in Massillon, Ohio; grows up in Whiting, Ind.; educated at Penn. State U., and Indiana U. Am. actress-singer ("the Pocket Grable") June Haver (Beverly Jane Stovenour) (d. 2005) on June 10 in Rock Island, Ill.; marries Fred MacMurray in 1954 after converting to Roman Catholicism and flirting with becoming a nun. Am. "Susannah" opera composer Carlisle Floyd on June 11 in Latta, S.C.; educated at Syracuse U. Am. "Uncle Arthur in Bewitches", "Harry McAfee in Bye Bye Birdie", "center square in Hollywood Squares" actor-comedian (gay) (alcoholic) Paul Edward Lynde (d. 1982) on June 13 in Mt. Vernon, Ohio. Am. 6'4" ML baseball pitcher (black) (Brooklyn Dodgers) (1949-51, 1954-8) Donald "Don" "Newk" Newcombe (d. 2019)on June 14 in Madison, N.J.; only ML player to win Rookie of the Year, MVP, and Cy Young awards (until ?). English economist (adviser to PM Margaret Thatcher) Sir Alan Arthur Walters (d. 2009) on June 17 in Leicester; Communist father; educated at Nuffield College, Oxford U.; knighted in 1983. Italian Communist publisher-activist Giangiacomo Feltrinelli (d. 1972) on June 19; born rich before turning Commie. Am. "To Hell and Back" actor and WWII hero Audie Leon Murphy (d. 1971) on June 20 in Kingston, Tex.; the most decorated U.S. combat veteran in WWII (28 war decorations). Israeli right-wing politician Gen. Rehavam "Gandhi" Ze'evi (d. 2001) on June 20 in Jerusalem; founder of the Moledet Party. Am. "The Ugly American" dir.-producer-actor George Englund on June 22 in Washington, D.C.; husband (1953-78) of Cloris Leachman (1926-); father-in-law of Sharon Stone. English writer-actor (gay) Kenneth Halliwell (d. 1967) on June 23; lover of Joe Orton (1933-67). Am. "Blazing Saddles" comedian-actor-dir. (Jewish) Melvin James "Mel" Brooks (Melvin Kaminsky) on June 28 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Uh-huh in Our Gang" child actor John K. Collum (d. 1962) on June 29 in Ill.; not to be confused with actor John Collum (1930-). Am. "Time on the Cross" cliometric economist (Jewish) Robert William Fogel on July 1 in New York City; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Cornell U., Columbia U., and Johns Hopkins U.; 1993 Nobel Econ. Prize. German "The Raft of Medusa" composer and Communist activist (gay) Hans Werner Henze on July 1 in Gutersloh, Westphalia; emigrates to Italy in 1953. U.S. Rep. (D-Mich.) (1955-2015) John Davis Dingell Jr. (d. 2019) on July 8 in Colorado Springs, Colo.; Polish and Scots-Irish ancestry; educated at Georgetown U. Swiss-Am. "On Death and Dying" physician-writer Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (Kübler-Ross) (d. 2004) on July 8 in Zurich; one of identical triplets; emigrates to the U.S. in 1958. Danish nuclear physicist Ben Roy Mottelson on July 9 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Purdue U., and Harvard U.; becomes a Danish citizen in 1971. Am. 6'5" "Herman Munster in The Munsters", "Francis Muldoon in Car 54, Where Are You?", "Judge Chamberlain Haller in My Cousin Vinny" actor Frederick Hubbard "Fred" Gwynne (d. 1993) on July 10 in New York City; Scotch-Irish ancestry; educated at Groton School, and Harvard U. Am. "A Long Day's Dying", "The Book of Bebb" novelist-theologian (Presbyterian) Carl Frederick Buechner on July 11 in New York City; educated at Princeton U. and Union Theological Seminary. Am. "Tramp in Cool Hand Luke", "Travis Henderson in Paris, Texas", "Brett in Alien" actor Harry Dean Stanton (d. 2017) on July 14 in West Irvine, Ky.; educated at the U. of Ky.; friend of Dana Andrews and Tyler MacDuff. Argentine pres. (1981-2) Gen. Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (d. 2003) on July 15 in Caseris, Buenos Aires. Am. biologist Irwin A. Rose on July 16 in Brookly, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Chicago; 2004 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. conservative activist-writer Willis Allison Carto on July 17 in Ft. Wayne, Ind.; disciple of Francis Parker Yockey (1917-60). Am. Jesus Seminar Bible scholar Robert W. Funk (d. 2005) on July 18; educated at Butler U., and Vanderbilt U. Canadian "The Stone Angel" novelist Jean Margaret Laurence (nee Wemyss) (d. 1987) on July 18 in Neepawa, Manitoba. Am. "Maeve Ryan in Ryan's Hope" actress Helen Gallagher on July 19 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grows up in Scarsdale, N.Y. and Bronx, N.Y. English poet (Roman Catholic) Elizabeth Joan Jennings (d. 2001) on July 20 in Boston, Lincolnshire; educated at St. Anne's College, Oxford U. Am. "Det. Adam Flint in Naked City", "Col. Joe Gallagher in Twelve O'Clock High" actor Paul Burke (d. 2009) on July 21 in New Orleans, La. Canadian "The Cincinnati Kid", "In the Heat of the Night" dir.-producer-actor (Protestant not Jewish) Norman Frederick Jewison on July 21 in Toronto, Ont.; educated at the U. of Toronto. Am. baseball 1B/outfield player and coach-mgr. (New York Giants, 1945-56) Carroll Walter "Whitey" Lockman (d. 2009) on July 25 in Lowell, N.C. Am. "Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane in The Dukes of Hazzard" actor James Best (Jewel Franklin Guy) (d. 2015) on July 26 in Powderly, Ky. Spanish "The Watch Tower" novelist Ana Maria Matute Ausejo (d. 2015) on July 26 in Barcelona. Am. #1 bowler ("Mr. Bowling") Donald James "Don" Carter (d. 2012) on July 29 in St. Louis, Mo.; husband (1953-64) of LaVerne Carter (1925-2012), (1966-72) Pat Hardwick, and (1973-2012) Paula Sperber. Palestinian terrorist (founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) (Orthodox Christian) George Habash (d. 2008) (AKA al-Hakim) on Aug. 2 in Lydda. Am. "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" pop-jazz singer-artist Tony Bennett (Anthony Dominick Benedetto) on Aug. 3 in Astoria, Queens, N.Y.; husband (1952-) of Patricia Beech. Am. Smithsonian Inst. and Nat. Park Service dir. Roger George Kennedy (d. 2011) on Aug. 3 in St. Paul, Minn. Am. "intelligent and nice Tarzan" 6'3" actor Gordon Scott (Gordon Merrill Werschkul) (d. 2007) on Aug. 3 in Portland, Ore. Swedish "Martin Beck" novelist Per Fredrik Wahloo (Wahlöö) (d. 1975) on Aug. 5 in Goteborg; educated at the U. of Lund; husband of Maj Sjowall (1935-). Am. labor leader (Jewish) Jackie Presser (d. 1988) on Aug. 6 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. "Junyer Bear in Looney Tunes" writer-comedian Stanley Victor "Stan" Freberg on Aug. 7 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of a Baptist minister. Am. "Diary of a Mad Housewife" novelist (Jewish) Sue Kaufman (d. 1977) on Aug. 7 in Long Island, N.Y.; educated at Vassar College. Am. "Oscar Goldman in The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman", "The Shell Answer Man" 6'4" actor Richard Norman Anderson on Aug. 8 in Long Branch, N.J. Am. social psychologist ("Father of Ingratiation Theory") Edward Ellsworth "Ned" Jones (d. 1993) on Aug. 11 in Buffalo, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U.; coiner of the term "ingratiation". English chemist-biophysicist (Jewish) Sir Aaron Klug on Aug. 11 in Zelva, Lithuania; emigrates to South Africa at age 2; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U.; knighted in 1988; 1982 Nobel Chem. Prize. Canadian mathematician Horace Chandler Davis on Aug. 12 in Ithaca, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U.; husband (1948-) of Natalie Zemon Davis (1928-); emigrates to Canada in 1960. Am. "Nick Romano in Knock on Any Door", "Robin Hood in Rogues of Sherwood Forest", "Joshua in The Ten Commandments" actor-dir.-photographer John Derek (Derek Delevan Harris) (d. 1998) on Aug. 12 in Hollywood, Calif.; husband (1951-7) of Pati Behrs (1922-2004) (grandniece of Leo Tolstoy), (1957-66) Ursula Andress (1936-), (1968-74) Linda Evans (1942-), and (1976-98) Bo Derek (1956-). Am. "To An Early Grave", "Teitlebaum's Widow" novelist (Jewish) Wallace Markfield (d. 2002) on Aug. 12 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at NYU. Cuban supremo asshole PM (1959-2008) Fidel (Sp. "faithful") Alejandro Castro Ruz (d. 201) on Aug. 13 in Mayari, Oriente, Cuba; illiterate Galician Spanish immigrant father Angel is a wealthy sugar cane grower; 3rd of 7 children (4 sisters); educated by the Jesuits; receives law and social science degrees from the U. of Havana; never tries out as a baseball pitcher for the ML; in Spanish "casto" means chaste, and "castor" means beaver; gives up cigars in 1985; can't dance? German historian Martin Broszat (d. 1989) on Aug. 14 in Leipzig; educated at the U. of Leipzig, and U. of Cologne. Am. "The Lady Is a Tramp", "Around the World" jazz singer-pianist Armando Joseph "Buddy" Greco (d. 2017) on Aug. 14 in Philadelphia, Penn. French "La Cage Aux Folles" playwright-actor-dir. Jean Poiret (Poire) (Poiré) (d. 1992) on Aug. 17 in Paris. Chinese pres. #5 (1993-2003) Jiang Zemin (d. 2022) on Aug. 17 in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province; educated at Nat. Central U., Nat. Chiao Tung U., and Shanghai Internat. Studies U. Am. "Tall Man in Phantasm" 6'4" actor-journalist Angus Scrimm (Lawrence Rory Guy) (d. 2016) on Aug. 19 in Kansas City, Kan.; educated at USC. Am. "Peter Pan", "Wildcat", "Witchcraft" lyricist Carolyn Leigh (d. 1983) on Aug. 21 in New York City; educated at Queens College, and NYU. Am. "Superior Women", "The Last Lovely City" novelist Alice Adams (d. 1999) on Aug. 26 in Fredericksburg, Va.; educated at Radcliffe College. Am. Internat. Harvester CEO (1977-82) Archie R. McCardell (d. 2008) on Aug. 29 in Hazel Park, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. L.A. police chief (1978-92) Daryl (Darrel Francis) Gates (d. 2010) on Aug. 30 in Glendale, Calif.; Roman Catholic father, Mormon mother. Am. "How to Save a Marriage (And Ruin Your Life) actress Anne (Anna June) Jackson on Sept. 3 in Millvale, Penn.; Croatian father, Irish Catholic mother; wife (1948-) of Eli Wallach. Am. "Foreign Affairs" novelist Alison Lurie on Sept. 3 in Chicago, Ill.; grows up in White Plains, N.Y.; educated at Radcliffe College. Am. folk singer Ruth Alice "Ronnie" Gilbert (d. 2015) (The Weavers) on Sept. 7 in New York City. Egyptian IslamOnline Islamist #1 Sunni Muslim scholar Yusuf al-Qaradawi on Sept. 9 in Saft Turab. Am. microbiologist Thomas Dale "Tom" Brock on Sept. 10 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Ohio State U. Belgian physician (founder of Janssen Pharmaceutica) Paul Janssen (Paul Adriaan Jan, Baron Janssen) (d 2003) on Sept. 12 in Turnhout; son of Dr. Jan Constant Janssen (1895-1970). Canadian hockey player Emile Francis on Sept. 13 in North Battleford, Sask. French "L'Emploi du Temps" novelist Michel Marie Francois Butor on Sept. 14 in Mons-en-Baroeul, Nord; educated at the Sorbonne. Am. "Lawrence Welk" singer-saxophonist Dick Dale on Sept. 14 in Algona, Iowa; not to be confused with guitarist Dick Dale (1937-). Japanese dir. Shohei Imamura (d. 2006) on Sept. 15 in Tokyo; father of Daisuke Tengan. French mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre on Sept. 15 in Bages, Pyrenees-Orientales; educated at the Sorbonne. Am. "A Separate Peace" novelist John Knowles (d. 2001) on Sept. 16 in Fairmont, W. Va.; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and Yale U. Am. "Hour of Power" televangelist Robert Harold Schuller on Sept. 16 in Alton, Iowa. English ""Jigsaw", "Young Winston", "The Ragman's Daughter" actor Reginald Marsh (d. 2001) on Sept. 17 in London; not to be confused with artist Reginald Marsh (1898-1954). Am. computer programmer (first algebraic compiler) Neal Zierler on Sept. 17 in Baltimore, Md. Am. "Sgt. Rock", "Hawkman" "Tales from the Crypt", "Tales of the Green Beret", "Tor" comic book artist (Jewish) Joseph "Joe" Kubert (d. 2012) on Sept. 18 in Ternopil, Poland; emigrates to the U.S. at age 2 mo.; father of Adam Kubert (1959-) Andy Kubert (1962-). Am. "Inside the Actors Studio", "The Holy Barbarians" writer-poet (Jewish) Dirk Lipton on Sept. 19 in Detroit, Mich.; Polish Jewish immigrant father; husband (1954-9) of Nina Foch (1924-2008). Am. baseball hall-of-fame CF player ("The Duke of Flatbush") ("The Silver Fox") Edwin Donald "Duke" Snider on Sept. 19 in Los Angeles, Calif. Japanese physicist Masatoshi Koshiba on Sept. 19 in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture; educated at the U. of Tokyo, and U. of Rochester; 2002 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. Ala. gov. (1967-8) Lurleen Brigham Wallace (d. 1968) on Sept. 19 in Tuscaloosa, Ala.; wife of Ala. gov. George Wallace (1919-98). Am. physicist-neurobiologist (inventor of the Bubble Chamber) Donald Arthur Glaser (d. 2013) on Sept. 21 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Case Inst. of Tech., and Caltech. Pakistani "Khandaan" actress-singer ("Queen of Melody") Noor Jehan (Allah Wasai) (d. 2000) on Sept. 21 in Kasur, Punjab; grandmother of Sonya Jehan. French Etch A Sketch inventor Andre Cassagnes (d. 2013) on Sept. 23 in Paris. Am. jazz saxophonist-composer (black) John William "Trane" Coltrane (d. 1967) on Sept. 23 in Hamlet, N.C.; grows up in High Point, N.C.; husband (1966-7) of Alice Coltrane (1937-2007); father of Ravi Coltrane (1965-). Am. "The Naked and the Dead" husky-voiced thick-necked actor Aldo Ray (DaRe) (d. 1991) on Sept. 25 in Pen Argyl, Penn.; educated at UCB; settles in Crockett, Calif. (N of San Francisco). Am. "Nurse Dixie McCall in Emergency!" singer-actress Julie London (Gayle Peck) (d. 2000) on Sept. 26 in Santa Rosa, Calif.; wife (1947-54) of Jack Webb (1920-82) and (1959-99) Bobby Troup (1918-99). Am. 6'5" basketball player (Boston Celtics #11, 1950-6) (first black in the NBA) Charles Henry "Chuck" Cooper (d. 1984) on Sept. 29 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at W. Va. State College, and Duquesne U. Israeli nuclear physicist (Jewish) Amos de-Shalit (d. 1969) on Sept. 29 in Jerusalem. Am. "You Can Heal Your Life" New Thought writer Louise L. Hay on Oct. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif. Russian psychiatrist Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko (d. 1994) on Oct. 8 in Luga. British murderer (last woman to be executed in Britain) Ruth Ellis (d. 1955) on Oct. 9 in Rhyl, Wales; Belgian immigrant mother. Vietnamese Zen Buddhist peace activist Thich Nhat Hanh on Oct. 11 in Tha Tien, Quang Ngai Province; educated at Princeton U. Am. jazz double bassist (black) Raymond Matthews "Ray" Brown (d. 2002) (Modern Jazz Quartet) on Oct. 13 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Canadian "Fortune and Men's Eyes" playwright-dir.-dancer John Herbert Brundage (AKA John Herbert) on Oct. 13 in Toronto, Ont. French "The History of Sexuality", "discourses" Nietzschean philosopher (gay) ("historian of systems of thought") Paul-Michel Foucault (d. 1984) on Oct. 15 in Poitiers; educated at the Ecole Normale Superieure, and U. of Lille. Am. crime novelist and children's writer Ed McBain (Evan Hunter) (Salvatore Albert Lombino) (d. 2005) on Oct. 15 in New York City; AKA Richard Marsten, Hunt Collins, Curt Cannon. Am. "Catana Perez in The Captain from Castile", "Polly Cutler in Niagara" actress Elizabeth Jean Peters (d. 2000) on Oct. 15 in Canton, Ohio; wife (1954-5) of Stuart W. Cramer III, (1957-71) of Howard Hughes, and (1971-90) Stan Hough. U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1973-5) (Quaker) James Elmer Akins (d. 2010) on Oct. 15 in Akron, Ohio; educated at the U. of Akron. Am. "bathing beauty in Creature From the Black Lagoon" actress Julie (Betty May) Adams on Oct. 17 in Waterloo, Iowa. Am. "Fred MacMurray's 2nd wife Barbara Harper Douglas in My Three Sons" actress Beverly Garland (Beverly Lucy Fessenden) on Oct. 17 in Santa Cruz, Calif. Am. "Johnny B. Goode", "Maybellene", "Rock and Roll Music" hall-of-fame rock singer-songwriter-guitarist (black) Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (d. 2017)on Oct. 18 in St. Louis, Mo.; inventor of the duckwalk (and rock n' roll?). English "Reginald Perrin" actor Leonard Rossiter (d. 1984) on Oct. 21 in Wavertree, Liverpool. Am. 6'0" football hall-of-fame QB (Baltimore Colts #63, 1948-50) (San Francisco 49ers #64, 1951-60) (New York Giants #14, 1961-4) Yelberton Abraham "Y.A." Tittle Jr. (d. 2017) on Oct. 24 in Marshall, Tex.; educated at LSU. Russian soprano Galina Pavlovna Vishnevskaya on Oct. 25 near Leningrad (St. Peterburg). Am. ML baseball commissioner #5 (1969-84) Bowie Kent Kuhn (d. 2007) on Oct. 28 in Takoma Park, Md.; educated at Princeton U. Turkish first Islamist PM (1996-7) Necmettin Erbakan (d. 2011) on Oct. 29 in Sinop. Canadian tenor Jon S. Vickers on Oct. 29 in Prince Albert, Sask. Am. physicist (Sikh) (inventor of Fiber Optics) Narinder Singh Kapany on Oct. 31 in Moga, Punjab, India. British Labour politician (first Muslim elected to public office in the U.K.) Bashir Maan on Oct. ? in Punjab, British India. Am. 5'11" basketball player-coach (white) (Minneapolis Lakers, 1951-7) Myler Upton "Whitey" Skoog on Nov. 2 in Duluth, Minn.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. country musician Charlie Walker (d. 2008) on Nov. 2 in Copeville, Tex. English "Ways of Seeing" Marxist humanist artist-novelist-screenwriter John Peter Berger on Nov. 5 in London; educated at St. Edward's School, Oxford. Am. motiviational speaker Hilary Hinton "Zig" Ziglar (d. 2012) on Nov. 6 in Coffee County, Ala. Australian opera soprano Dame Joan Sutherland on Nov. 7 in Sydney, N.S.W. Irish writer-dramatist Hugh Leonard (John Keyes "Jack" Byrne) (d. 2009) on Nov. 9 in Dublin. Austrian soprano Leopoldine "Leonie" Rysanek (d. 1998) on Nov. 14 in Vienna. U.S. ambassador to the U.N. #16 (1981-5) Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick (nee Jeane Duane Jordan) (d. 2006) on Nov. 19 in Duncan, Okla.; educated at Stephens College, and Columbia U.; author of the Kirkpatrick Doctrine of supporting any anti-Communist govt. Am. "Homosassa Shadows" mystery novelist Ann Turner Cook (nee Ann Leslie Turner) on Nov. 20 in Westport, Conn.; daughter of "Captain Easy" comic strip cartoonist Leslie Hope; the original Gerber Baby. Indian guru Satha Sai Baba (Sathyanarayana Raju) on Nov. 23 in Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh. Am. bluesman (black) Robert Lee Burnside on Nov. 23 in Oxford, Miss. Am. "Lawrence Welk Champagne Lady" (1955-9) ("Alice from Dallas") Alice Lon Wyche (d. 1981) on Nov. 23 in Copper, Tex.; fired for wearing a gown that showed too much leg. Am. Black Mountain poet Paul Blackburn (d. 1971) on Nov. 24 in St. Albans, Vt.; educated at NYU, and U. of Wisc. Am. "Tau Zero" sci-fi novelist Poul William Anderson (d. 2001) on Nov. 25 in Bristol, Penn.; educated at the U. of Minn. Am. "Luv", "All Over Town", "Tootsie" playwright-screenwriter (Jewish) Murray Schisgal on Nov. 25 in New York City. Am. physicist Tsung-Dao Lee on Nov. 26 in Shanghai, China; educated at the U. of Chicago; emigrates to the U.S. in 1946; 1957 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Jesus Christ in King of Kings", "Capt. Christopher Pike in Star Trek: TOS" actor Jeffrey "Jeff" Hunter (Henry Herman "Hank" McKinnies Jr.) (d. 1969) on Nov. 25 in New Orleans, La.; grows up in Milwaukee, Wisc.; educated at Northwestern U., and UCLA.; husband (1950-5) of Barbara Rush, (1957-67) Joan Bartlett, and (1969) Emily McLaughlin. Am. "Walter Denton in Our Miss Brooks", "Luke McCoy in The Real McCoys", "Col. Samuel Trautman in Rambo" actor Richard Donald "Dick" Crenna (d. 2003) on Nov. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at USC. Am. biochemist Andrew Victor (Andrzej Viktor) Schally on Nov. 30 in Vilna (Vilnius), Lithuania; becomes a U.S. citizen in 1962; educated at McGill U.; 1977 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Dr. Taney in The Exorcist" actor Robert Symonds (d. 2007) on Dec. 1 in Bristow, Okla. Am. interior decorator (lesbian) Phyllis Lucille Gates (d. 2006) on Dec. 7 in Dawson, Minn.; wife (1955-8) of Rock Hudson (1925-85). German historian Joachim Clemens Fest (d. 2006) on Dec. 8 in Karlshorst, Berlin; educated at the U. of Freiburg. Spanish bullfighter (matador) Luis Miguel Dominguin (Dominguín) (Luis Miguel Gonzalez Lucas) (d. 1996) on Dec. 9 in Madrid; brother-in-law of Antonio Ordonez (1932-98) . Am. quark physicist Henry Way Kendall (d. 1999) on Dec. 9 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Amherst College - way quirky middle name? Am. "Hound Dog", "Ball 'n' Chain" R&B singer-songwriter (black) Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton (d. 1984) on Dec. 11 in Ariton, Ala.; Baptist minister father. Am. Loral CEO (Jewish) Bernard Leon Schwartz on Dec. 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at CUNY. Am. 6'6" nightclub owner Alexander Douglas "Doug" Weston (d. 1999) on Dec. 13 in Manhattan, N.Y. Am. geophysicist Allan Verne Cox (d. 1987) on Dec. 17 in Santa Ana, Calif.; educated at UCB. Am. "Beatrice Darcy in Tea for Two", "Johanna Casrter in Rocky Mountain", "Daisy Fisher in The Big Trees" actress Patrice Wymore (d. 2014) on Dec. 17 in Miltonvale, Kan.; wife (1950-9) of Errol Flynn (1909-59). Am. TV show celeb (Jewish) Herbert Milton "Herb" Stempel on Dec. 19 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, and CCNY. Am. "New York Review of Books" artist-caricaturist (Jewish) David Levine (d. 2009) on Dec. 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Pratt Inst., and Temple U. Am. football coach (Penn. State U., 1966-2011) Joseph Vincent "Joe" "JoePa" Paterno (d. 2012) on Dec. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Easy Loving" country singer-songwriter Freddie Hart (Frederick Segrest) on Dec. 21 in Loachapoka, Ala. Am. "Iron John: A Book About Men" poet-activist Robert Elwood Bly (d. 2021) on Dec. 23 in Lac qui Parle County (near Madison), Minn.; of Norwegian descent; educated at St. Olaf College, Harvard U., and U. of Iowa. Iraqi Arabic free verse poet Badr Shakir al Sayyab (al-Sayyid) (d. 1964) on Dec. 24 in Jaykur (near Basra). Am. sociologist (co-founder of the Nat. Welfare Rights Org. and backer of the 1993 Motor Voter Act) Richard Andrew Cloward (d. 2001) on Dec. 25 in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U. Am. "The Pawnbroker" novelist (Jewish) Edward Lewis Wallant (d. 1962). Am. astronaut Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom (d. 1967). Spanish novelist Jesus Fernandez Santos (d. 1988) on ? in Madrid. Am. pianist David Tudor (d. 1996) on ? in Philadelphia, Penn. Am. social psychologist Leonard Berkowitz on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. Cooley-Tukey FFT mathematician James William Cooley on ? in ?; educated at Columbia U.; collaborator of John W. Tukey (1915-2000). Japanese artist Josaku Maeda on ? in ?. Deaths: German-born Bausch & Lomb co-founder John Jacob Bausch (b. 1830) on Feb. 24. Am. Harvard U. pres. (1869-1909) Charles William Eliot (b. 1834) on Aug. 22 in Maine. English jurist Sir Erskine Holland (b. 1835) on May 24 in Oxford. Am. Repub. politician Joseph Gurney Cannon (b. 1836) on Nov. 12 in Danville, Ill. English-born Am. painter Thomas Moran (b. 1837) on Aug. 25 in Santa Barbara, Calif. Am. "Flatland" novelist-theologian Edwin Abbott (b. 1838) on Oct. 12. Sudanese Mahdist leader Osman Digna (b. 1840); "The celebrated, and perhaps immortal, Osman Digna" (Winston Churchill). French Impressionist painter Claude Monet (b. 1840) on Dec. 5 in Giverny; a bunch of his paintings are housed in the Musee d'Orsay in Paris: "I am following Nature without being able to grasp her." Italian rosary confessor Bartolo Longo (b. 1841) on Oct. 5 in Pompei. English-born South African PM (1908-10) John Xavier Merriman (b. 1841) in Stellenbosch. German economist Georg Friedrich Knapp (b. 1842) on Feb. 20 in Darmstadt. German industrialist August Thyssen (b. 1842). English chemist Sir William Tilden (b. 1842). English travel author-poet C.M. Doughty (b. 1843). German-born Am. Reformed rabbi Kaufmann Kohler (b. 1843) on Jan. 28. Am. atty.-politician Robert Todd Lincoln (b. 1843) on July 26 in Manchester, Vt. U.S. Supreme Court justice #57 (1898-1925) Joseph McKenna (b. 1843) on Nov. 21 in Washington, D.C. Am. Impressionist painter Mary Cassatt (b. 1844) on June 14. Am. Hawaiian pineapple king Sanford Ballard Dole (b. 1844) on June 9. Italian physician Camillo Golgi (b. 1843) on Jan. 21 in Pavia; 1906 Nobel Med. Prize. Irish economist Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (b. 1845) on Feb. 13 in Oxford, England. Serbian PM Nikola Pakic (b. 1845) on Dec. 10 in Belgrade. German philosopher Rudolf Christoph Eucken (b. 1846) on Sept. 15 in Jena, Thuringia; 1908 Nobel Lit. Prize. Irish-born Am. marksman Frank E. Butler (b. 1847) on Nov. 21 in Ferndale, Mich. (suicide by starvation 18 days after the death of his wife Annie Oakley). Russian gen. Vladimir Sukhomlinov (b. 1848) on Feb. 2 in Berlin. Russian arist Viktor Vasnetsov (b. 1848) on June 23. Am. plant wizard Luther Burbank (b. 1849) on Apr. 11: "For those who do not think, it is best at least to rearrange their prejudices once in a while." Swedish educator Ellen Key (b. 1849) on Apr. 25. French writer Jean Richepin (b. 1849). French minister Armand Gauthier (b. 1850) on May 10 in Paris. German Gen. Josias von Heeringen (b. 1850) on Oct. 9 in Berlin-Charlottenburg. English writer Walter Herries Pollock (b. 1850) on Feb. 21. U.S. secy. of commerce and labor (1906-9) Oscar Solomon Straus (b. 1850) on May 3 in Ridgewood, N.Y. Belgian philosopher Cardinal Desire Joseph Mercier (b. 1851) on Jan. 23 in Brussels. Swedish economist Knut Wicksell (b. 1851) on May 3 in Stocksund. Austrian economist Friedrich von Wieser (b. 1851) on July 22 in Vienna. Am. Ralstonism founder Albert Webster Edgerly (b. 1852) on Nov. 5 in Trenton, N.J. Am. painter Benjamin Foster (b. 1852). Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi (b. 1852) on June 10 in Barcelona. Am. Dem. politician Alton Brooks Parker (b. 1852) on May 10. English psychiatrist Sir Frederick Walker Mott (b. 1853) on June 8 in Birmingham, Warwickshire. Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (b. 1853) on Feb. 21 in Leiden; 1913 Nobel Physics Prize. English Socialist journalist-philosopher Ernest Belfort Bax (b. 1854) on Nov. 26. Am. newspaper publisher Edward Wyllis Scripps (b. 1854) on Mar. 12; smoked 50 cigars a day since ?. Ukrainian-born Am. actor Jacob Adler (b. 1855) on Apr. 1 in New York City. Am. firearms designer John Moses Browning (b. 1855) on Nov. 26. Am. Socialist politician Eugene V. Debs (b. 1855) on Oct. 20 in Elmhurst, Ill. English drama critic Arthur Walkley (b. 1855). German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (b. 1856) on Oct. 7. French autosuggestion psychotherapist Emile Coue (b. 1857) on July 2 in Nancy. Am. etcher Joseph Pennell (b. 1857) on Apr. 23. English impresario Robert Newman (b. 1858) on Nov. 4 Am. geologist James Furman Kemp (b. 1859) on Nov. 17. Am. penologist (warden of Sing Sing) Thomas Mott Osborne (b. 1859). English welfare activist Emily Hobhouse (b. 1860) on June 8 in London. Am. sharpshooter Annie Oakley (b. 1860) on Nov. 3. Romanian surgeon Thoma Ionescu (b. 1860) on Mar. 26 in Rome. English genetics founder William Bateson (b. 1861) on Feb. 8. Slovenian painter Ivana Kobilca (b. 1861). Ottoman sultan (1918-22) Mehmed VI (b. 1861) on May 16 in Sanremo, Italy. Am. Old West and Indian arist Charles Marion Russell (b. 1864) in Great Falls, Mont.: "I ain't no historian but I happen to savvy this incident." English Zionist novelist-playwright Israel Zangwill (b. 1864). Norwegian novelist-dramatist Hans Ernst Kinck (b. 1865) on Oct. 13 in Oslo. Romanian-born Am. "Kneisel String Quartet" violinist Franz Kneisel (b. 1865) on Mar. 26. Japanese Reiki founder Mikao Usui (b. 1865) on Mar. 9 in Fukuyama. Am. brewer Matt Leinenkugel (b. 1866) on June 3 in Chippewa Falls, Wisc. German-born Swiss artist Carlos Schwabe (b. 1866) on Jan. 22 in Avon, Seine-et-Marne, France. English archeologist Gertrude Bell (b. 1868) on July 12 in Baghdad, Iraq (OD) (suicide because of terminal lung cancer?). Am. mayor #70 of Albany, N.Y. (1922-6) William Stormont Hackett (b. 1868) on Mar. 4 in Havana, Cuba (automobile accident). Canadian actor James K. Hackett (b. 1869) on Nov. 8. French never-say-die royal Louis Philippe Robert, duke of Orleans (b. 1869). Am. architect Howard Van Doren Shaw (b. 1869) on May 7 in Baltimore, Md. Am. poet George Sterling (b. 1869) on Nov. 17 in San Francisco, Calif. ("the cool grey city of love") (suicide by cyanide). Irish poet Eva Gore-Booth (b. 1870) on June 30 in Hampstead, London (TB): "And the Little Waves of Breffny go stumbling through my soul." Am. nickelodeon inventor John Paul Harris (b. 1871) on Jan. 26 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Soviet politician Leonid Krasin (b. 1874) on Nov. 24. Hungarian-born Am. ghostbuster-stuntman Harry Houdini (b. 1874) on Oct. 31 (Halloween) in Detroit, Mich.; dies of appendicitis (peritonitis) and gangrene caused by a punch to his supposedly iron gut in his dressing room in Montreal by a fan when he wasn't ready, rupturing his appendix; in 2007 his great-nephew George Hardeen lobbies to get his body exhumed to test if he was really poisoned by pesky spiritualists; he leaves a reward to any spiritualist or medium who can conjure his spirit after he dies and reveal a secret coded message he left with his wife, and despite many seances held on Halloween by his wife, the reward is never collected, although on Jan. 7, 1929 psychic medium Arthur Ford (1896-1971) claims that the message is "Forgive. Beatrice. Believe." Czech poet Rainer Maria Rilke (b. 1875) on Dec. 29 in Switzerland. Am. hall-of-fame songwriter Rida Johnson Young (b. 1875) on May 8 in Stamford, Conn. (breast cancer). Russian Cheka founder "Iron" Felix Dzerzhinsky (b. 1877) on July 20 in Moscow (heart attack); becomes a big Soviet hero after death; becomes known as Iron Felix after a statue of him is erected in Moscow in 1958, or because he founds a calculator factory in 1924, or because duh?: "A member of the Cheka should have a cool head, a hot heart, and clean hands." Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petliura (b. 1879) on May 25 in Paris; assassinated by Russian Jewish anarchist Sholom Schwartzbard. Japanese Yamato emperor #123 (1912-26) Taisho (b. 1879) on Dec. 25 in Hayama, Kanagawa. Austrian biologist Paul Kammerer (b. 1880) on Oct. 23 in Puchberg am Schneeberg (suicide). Am. naval aviator John Rodgers (b. 1881) on Aug. 27 (airplane crash in the Delaware River). German aircraft manufacturer Gustav Otto (b. 1883) on Feb. 28 in Munich (suicide). English novelist Ronald Firbank (b. 1886) on May 21 in Rome (lung disease). Russian novelist Dmitri Furmanov (b. 1891) in Mar. Italian-Am. film star Rudolph Valentino (b. 1895) on Aug. 23 in New York City; painfully dies of septicemia from a perforated ulcer after finishing the film "The Son of the Sheik"; dies broke after lavish movie-star style spending and failed marriages to butch dyke lesbians Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova, lovers of Alla Nazimova; a July 18 Chicago Tribune article ridiculing him for putting pink powder on his face causes him to utter the soundbyte: "And now do I act like a pink powder puff?"; 100K line up trying to see his candlelit body at Campbell's Funeral Home in New York City, flanked by phony Fascist Black Shirt guards and a phony wreath reading "From Benito"; actress Pola Negri makes a big scene, claiming they were about to marry, paying for a large floral arrangement for his coffin which spells out her name, then following his train from New York City to Los Angeles, posing for photographers at every chance in a chic black mourning dress, causing Tallulah Bankhead to diss her as a publicity hound - the good die young, the bad are Polaroided? Am. actress Barbara La Marr (b. 1896) on Jan. 30 in Altadena, Calif. (TB and nephritis).
1927 Chinese Year: Rabbit. World pop: 2B; Africa: 170M; despite all the wars, world pop. zooms at an unprecedented rate, tripling to 6B in the 1960s. This is the Worst Year in Red Cross History in the U.S. (until ?), with 111 disasters incl. 29 tornadoes, 24 floods, 9 hurricanes, and 23 fires; the Mississippi River is flooded for more than 6 mo. On Jan. 1 Alabama ties Stanford 7-7 in the 1927 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 1 the BBC and BBC Television (BBC TV) receive a royal charter, changing from co. to corp., with Sir John Reith as dir.-gen. #1 (until 1938); on Jan. 15 the BBC broadcasts its first live sports, an England v. Wales rugby match; on Jan. 22 it broadcasts its first live soccer match, Arsenal v. Sheffield; on July 27 Christopher Stone becomes the first British disc jockey. On Jan. 4 Lisbon, N.H.-born ex-Progressive Repub. h.s. Englsh teacher Clement Calhoun "C.C." Young (1869-1947) becomes Calif. gov. #26 (until Jan. 6, 1931), going on to reorg. state commissions and depts. into his cabinet, finance the state highway system via a fuel tax instead of bonds, create women's only prisons, and sign bills creating the Calif. State Parks Commission and Calif. Highway Patrol. On Jan. 7 commercial transatlantic telephone service begins between New York City and London. On Jan. 11 rich, famous everybody-wants-to-be-like-me 46-y.-o. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) meets 17-y.-o. Marie Therese (Marie-Thérèse) Walter (1909-77) in Paris, and she becomes his model and mistress, while his wife Olga looks the other way. On Jan. 22 police arrest Babe Ruth in Long Beach, Calif. for autographing baseballs for kids on stage, claiming he violated child labor laws since he didn't obtain a work permit for them first; a San Diego judge later acquits him. On Jan. 30 the Heimwehr and Republikanischer Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Burgenland, Austria, resulting in a man and a child killed, causing right-wingers to be indicted, tried in Vienna, and acquitted on July 15 despite pleading guilty, leading on July 15 (Black Fri.) to the July Revolt, a mass demonstration and gen. strike against the govt. of Ignaz Seipel by the Social Dems., who burn the Palace of Justice, causing the police led by minister Johann Schober to be called, killing 87 and injuring 600 while losing four of their own, stinking Schober up. On Jan. 31 the Inter-Allied Commission of military control of Germany ends, and German armament goes under the jurisdiction of the League of Nations. In Jan. Spanish dictator Primero de Rivera ends martial law (begun 1923), and begins a program of public works and financial works, while ignoring the plight of the peasants and the wealth of the Church. In Jan. U.S. children send more than 12K blue-eyed Friendship Dolls to Japan, causing Japanese children to reciprocate with 58K slant-eyed dolls in Nov., which are distributed to nearly all 48 states; Miss Ibaraki, made by the Yoshitoku Doll Co. of Tokyo is sent back for restoration in Oct. 2006, then exhibited in the Milwaukee Public Museum in 2007 for the 80th anniv. - better than a headless Thompson gunner? On Feb. 25 Pres. Coolidge signs the U.S. McFadden Act, prohibiting interstate branch banking but allowing nat. banks to open branches in HQ cities if permitted by state law. In Feb. the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico publicly repudiates the Constitution of 1917, causing the govt. on Feb. 11 to nationalize Church property, begin closing Church schools, and deport foreign priests, monks and nuns. On Apr. 5 Italy and Hungary conclude a treaty of friendship, launching Italy's plan to line up the peace-treaty "revisionist" states against the Little Entente and its backer France. On Apr. 7 an audience in New York City sees the first successful long-distance demonstration of TV, featuring an image of U.S. Secy. of Commerce Herbert Hoover. Let's get started now? On Apr. 12 after the dirs. of the Chinese Communist Internat. (based in Hangkow) decide (over the objections of the Kuomingtang, Mikhail Borodin, and Dr. Sun's widow) to take the logically necessary Communist step of moving from a petty burgeoise and peasant-controlled country to a dictatorship of the proletariat (them), the Kuomintang under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek based in Nanking stage the Shanghai Massacre (April 12 Incident), capturing Shanghai and carrying out a purge of Communists in a few weeks; Mikhail Borodin is allowed to escape by car to the Soviet Union along with Sun Yat-sen's wife and Eugene Chen's sons, with Borodin uttering the soundbyte: "The revolution extends to the Yangzi River," Borodin told a reporter as they began their journey, and "if a diver were sent down to the bottom of this yellow stream he would rise again with an armful of shattered hopes"; the survivors retreat to the two central provinces of Kiangsi and Hunan, finding supporters in the villages, and warlords Chang and Feng remain in power in Manchuria and the province to the S. On Apr. 14 Volvo (Lat. "I roll") is founded in Hinsingen, Gothenburg, Sweden, building 280 Volvo OV4 "Jakob" cars this year; in Jan. 1928 the Series 1 truck line debuts; in 2000 Ford Motor Co. acquires its car div.; the original Volvo trademark was registered in May 1911 by Swedish ball bearing manufacturer AB SKF, and established as a subsidiary in 1915. On Apr. 15 (Fri.) the Good Friday Flood in New Orleans, La. starts after it is drenched by an unusually severe rainstorm (15"), and the screw pump invented in 1912 by Tulane U. grad Albert Baldwin Wood (1879-1956) to push excess water over the levee is hit by lightning, causing up to 4 ft. of water to flow in the streets; too bad, stupid reporters portray it as part of the Great Mississippi River Flood instead, sending the city's investors into a scare, which the city attempts to stop on Apr. 17 by blowing up the levee 13 mi. downriver from Canal St. to divert the flood waters, and after 10 days of trying they finally do it, after another levee upriver gives away first, and all they accomplish is the flooding of St. Bernard and other parishes, leaving 12K refugees, which the city promises reparations to, but never delivers. What happens in Tokyo stays in Tokyo? On Apr. 20 gen. Baron Tanaka Giichi (1864-1929) (of samurai stock) becomes PM #26 of Japan (until July 2), submitting the secret Tanaka Memorial to the emperor, outlining a program of Japanese imperialist expansion, starting with Japanese control of Manchuria, with the goal of domination of China, Indonesia, the South Sea islands, the maritime provinces of the Soviet Union, then India and the whole Pacific basin, followed ultimately by Europe; Soviet spies get a copy. On Apr. 24 the First Exhibition for Space Flights is held in Moscow, becoming the first world exhibition of technology for interplanetary travel - to serve man? On Apr. 26 former PM (1922) Tharwat Pasha (1873-1928) becomes PM of Egypt (until Mar. 16, 1928); on Aug. 23 former PM Saad Zaghlul (b. 1857), head of the Wafdist Party dies, leaving Egypt without a leader. The U.S. likes the Bell Curve a little too much, or, I'm Mister Opportunity, and I'm not getting knocked up? On May 2 the U.S. Supreme Court rules 8-1 in Buck v. Bell to allow forced sterilization of the mentally retarded for the purpose of eugenics, starting with Carrie Elizabeth Buck (1906-83) of Lynchburg, Va. (same town as Rev. Jerry Falwell, born 1933, what happened?); Pierce Butler is the lone dissenter, and declines to write an opinion; Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. writes for the majority: "It is better for all the world, if instead of for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind", concluding with the soundbyte: "The Constitution guarantees due process of law to all", er, "Among the inalienable rights are the right to life", er, "Three generations of imbeciles are enough", and an appeal to equal protection "was the usual last resort of constitutional arguments"; the U.S. eugenics movement has a green light, and sterlizations increase 10x; later reporters visit Buck and find her and her daughter to be of normal intelligence; the court finally reverses itself in 1942 - is that like three strikes and you're out only called on account of purple rain? On May 8 French WWI heroes Charles Nungesser and eyepatch-wearing Francois Coli attempt the first nonstop flight from Paris to New York City in their plane L'Oiseau Blanc (The White Bird); too bad, after being seen over the white cliffs of Etretat in Normandy, it disappears; crashed in Maine? On May 8-9 36 tornadoes strike Ala., Miss., Ga. and Tenn., killing 227 and causing $8M in property damage. On May 10 Gen. Carlos Ibanez del Campo (Carlos Ibáñez del Campo) (1877-1960) becomes pres. #20 of Chile (until July 26, 1931), ruling as a dictator while courting loans from the U.S. and using them to build public works and increase public spending until the 1929 Wall St. Crash dries his loans up, making him unpopular. On May 11 the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is founded - the world is set to become too small for the decadent exhibitionist West and the murderous but modest Muslims to share? On May 13 (Fri.) Black Friday sees the Berlin Stock Exchange crash and the German economy collapse; on June 20-Aug. 4 the Geneva Conference is attended by 52 nations to discuss what happened. On May 16 the U.S. Supreme (Taft) Court rules in Whitney v. Calif. that the First Amendment doesn't protect "utterances inimical to the public welfare, tending to incite crime, disturb the public peace, or endanger the foundations of organized government and threaten its overthrow", boiling it down to words with a "bad tendency", with Justice Louis Brandeis concurring because of 14th Amendment considerations but actually dissenting, with the soundbytes: "Those who won our independence believed that the final end of the State was to make men free to develop their faculties, and that, in its government, the deliberative forces should prevail over the arbitrary. They valued liberty both as an end, and as a means. They believed liberty to be the secret of happiness, and courage to be the secret of liberty. They believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth; that, without free speech and assembly, discussion would be futile; that, with them, discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people; that public discussion is a political duty, and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government. They recognized the risks to which all human institutions are subject. But they knew that order cannot be secured merely through fear of punishment for its infraction"; "Every denunciation of existing law tends in some measure to increase the probability that there will be violation of it. Condonation of a breach enhances the probability. Expressions of approval add to the probability. Propagation of the criminal state of mind by teaching syndicalism increases it. Advocacy of lawbreaking heightens it still further. But even advocacy of violation, however reprehensible morally, is not a justification for denying free speech where the advocacy falls short of incitement"; "If there be time to expose through discussion the falsehood and fallacies, to avert the evil by the process of education, the remedy to be applied is more speech, not enforced silence"; reversed in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). On May 18 $1M Grauman's Chinese Theater at 6925 Hollywood Blvd., built by failed Alaska gold prospector Sidney Patrick "Sid" "Little Sunshine" Grauman (1879-1950) opens, the first of the Fox chain, with 2.2K seats; the first film shown is the debut of Cecil B. De Mille's King of Kings at $2 a ticket; Hollywood actress Norma Talmadge (1893-1957) accidentally stumbles onto a freshly laid sidewalk outside the new theater, and press agents soon turn it into a distinction and a tradition to leave one's handprints and footprints, along with a signature, followed by her sister Constance Talmadge (five footprints in her slab), Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks Sr. On May 17 former U.S. war secy. (1911-13) Henry Lewis Stimson of the U.S. negotiates a truce in the Nicaraguan civil war, with new elections to be supervised by the U.S. scheduled for next year. On May 18 the Bath School Disaster sees school board member Andrew Philip Kehoe (b. 1872) get pissed-off at property taxes being used to fund school construction and causing his farm to be foreclosed on, and bomb three schools, killing 38 primary school children and seven adults, incl. himself and the school superintendent, and injuring 58; investigators later find that he had enough equipment and inventory on his farm to pay off the mortgage. Think of all those hard sea journeys over the Pond made into jokes by one white barnstormer? On May 20-21 (Fri.-Sat.) after U.S. aeronautics official (asst. commerce secy. since Aug. 11, 1926) William P. MacCracken Jr. (1889-) (who was issued federal pilot license #1 on Apr. 6 after Orville Wright declines) comes close to grounding him for reckless flying for four bailouts and crackups in his barnstorming and mail delivery days, and after coaching by naval aviator Richard E. Byrd (1888-1957), lily-white straight Christian church-going male Charles Augustus Lindbergh (1902-74) (sponsored by a St. Louis newspaper) becomes the 118th person to cross the Atlantic by air and the first person to cross it solo in the W-E direction in the Spirit of St. Louis (AKA the Ryan NYP for New York to Paris), built by Ryan Airlines in San Diego, Calif., founded by Tubal Claude Ryan (1898-1982) from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, N.Y. to Paris (Orly Airport) in 33.5 hours, where he is greeted by an enthusiastic crowd, and received by U.S. ambassador (former Ohio Repub. gov. in 1904-6) Myron Timothy Herrick (1854-1929); he and his plane return home from France on the cruiser (commissioned in Feb. 1925) USS Memphis, arriving on June 11; on June 13 he is honored with a ticker tape parade in New York City; a check for $25K dated June 17 is presented to him by Bryant Park Bank of New York City, representing the $25K Orteig Prize offered since 1919 for the first nonstop Paris-NY flight in either direction by French-born New York City hotel owner Raymond Orteig (1870-1939) via the Aero Club of Am.; he is the 67th person to fly the Atlantic, the previous ones by dirigibles and twin-engine mail planes (81 incl. passengers); nobody flies solo in the harder against-the-wind W-E dir. until 1932; the Lindy Hop dance craze is born in Harlem, N.Y. at the Savoy Ballroom with black inventor "Shorty" George Snowden and his foot-taller black partner ("I like them small your honor, and the reason is") Big Bea; Clarence Duncan Chamberlin (1893-1976) might have done it first in his Wright-powered Bellanca monopolane Columbia, but its owner Charles Albert Levine (1897-1991) is tied up in court with an injuction filed by the former navigator, causing him on May 21 to announce that his plane will fly farther into Europe and carry a passenger, himself, and they leave from Roosevelt Field in Long Island on June 4, flying nonstop to Eisleben, Germany on June 6 (3,911 mi. in 42 hours 31 min.) after running out of fuel 43 mi. short of the goal of Berlin - it would have to be a Jew jokes here? On May 26 diplomatic relations between Britain and Russia are temporarily disrupted because of friction caused by Communist agitation. In May Adolf Hitler's gag order is revoked by the Bavarian authorities - his mouth should have been outlawed as a deadly weapon? On June 8 the Australian Commonwealth govt. ends years of dispute by agreeing to give federal support to the states after appropriating most revenues to itself. On June 24 the Iron Guard (Legion of the Archangel Michael) is founded in Romania by "The Captain" Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (Zelinski) (1899-1938). On June 26 the Cyclone roller-coaster begins operation in Coney Island, N.Y. On June 27 (7:00 a.m.) USAAF Lts. Lester James Maitland (1899-1990) and Alfred Francis Hegenberger (1895-1983) takeoff in the Bird of Paradise from Oakland, Calif., arriving 25 hours 50 min. later on June 29 at Wheeler Field in Oahu, Hawaii, setting a long distance record of 2,407 mi. and becoming the first to make the transpacific crossing to Hawaii, getting Maitland invited to meet Pres. Coolidge in the White House next year along with Charles Lindbergh. On June 30 Henry Ford formally apologizes for the pub. of the too-true-to-be-untrue Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, claiming he had been duped by his assistants; this doesn't stop Jews from boycotting Ford Motor Co. until ?; meanwhile the London Times pub. an article claiming they are genuine, later retracting it. On July 13 the French system of scrutin d'arrondissement is restored for the nat. elections. On July 20 Ferdinand I (b. 1851) dies, and his son Prince Charles' son (by Princess Helena) Prince Michael becomes Michael I (1921-), king of Romania (until June 8, 1930), with Charles' brother Prince Nicholas as regent. On July 24 the massive Menin Gate in Ypres is dedicated by King Albert I of Belgium in honor of those KIA in WWI; it replaces two lions that end up in Canberry, Australia; every evening members of the Ypres fire brigade play "The Last Post". On July 25 the first Centralized Traffic Control System (CTC), invented by Sedgwick N. Wight is commissioned on the Ohio div. of the New York Central Railroad. Goodbye roll, hello control? In July Der Angriff (The Attack), a newspaper edited by Nazi Dr. Joseph Goebbels debuts after he is banned from public speaking; it competes with Gregor Strasser's Nazi newspaper Arbeitsblatt (Worksheet), and Goebbels starts and wins a war to shut him down with thug tactics. On Aug. 15 after becoming Upstate New York's biggest celeb, flamboyant Philly-born Irish-Am. gangster and bootlegger John Thomas "Gentleman Jack" "Legs" Diamond (1897-1931), close associate of gambler Arnold Rothstein since 1919 survives an assassination attempt by agents of Lepke Buchalter and Gurrah Shapiro on Garment District labor racketeer Jacob "Little Augie" Orgen (1893-1927) while acting as his bodyguard, taking two shots in the chest below the heart, after which he gets into a war over alcohol sales in downtown Manhattan with Dutch Schultz, who in 1931 utters the 1930 soundbyte: "Ain't there nobody that can shoot this guy so he don't bounce back?"; in late Aug. 1930 Legs boards SS Belgenland in New York City en route to Antwerp, Belgium to find sources of whiskey in Germaany on the coverstory of taking a mineral water cure in Vichy, France, using his celeb status to win several thousand dollars in poker games, ending up in Aix-la-Chapelle (Aaachen), where German secret police arrest him, and on Sept. 6 drive him to Hamburg and place him on freighter Hannover, arriving in Philly on Sept. 23, where he is arrested by the police, and released by a judge on conditin that he leave Philly; on Oct. 12, 1930 he survives an assassination attempt in his room in Hotel Monticello in West Side, Manhattan, N.Y., followed by another on Apr. 27, 1931 at Aratoga Inn near Cairo, N.Y., after which in Aug. 1931 he is tried for bootlegging and convicted and sentenced to four years in state prison; on Dec. 18, 1931 while on trial in Troy, N.Y. he is murdered in his rooming house in Albany, N.Y. either by men working for Dutch Schultz or Alabany police working for Dem. Party machine boss Daniel Patrick "Dan" O'Connell (1885-1977). On Aug. 23 Nicola Sacco (b. 1891) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (b. 1888) are executed in Charlestown Prison in Boston, Mass. after an Advisory committee appointed by the Mass. gov. led by Harvard U. pres. (since 1909) Abbott Lawrence Lowell recommends no clemency; in 1977 they are vindicated by Mass. Gov. Michael S. Dukakis; their ashes and death masks are stored in the Boston Public Library. In Aug. Standard Oil agrees to help I.G. Farben with the development of gasoline from German coal. On Sept. 8 Germany is admitted to the League of Nations - it turned into a dog, then turned back into being human? On Sept. 9 the Miss America 1927 contest is hald at the Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City, N.J.; the winner is Miss Ill. Lois Eleanor Delander (191-85); no more Miss America pageants until 1933. On Sept. 12 non-denominational Protestant Bob Jones U. in Greenville, S.C. is founded by Christian fundamentalist evangelist Robert Reynolds "Bob" Jones Sr. (1883-1968) after his friend William Jennings Bryan tells him in 1924 that "If schools and colleges don't quit teaching evolution as a fact, we are going to become a nation of atheists"; his first class has 88 students. On Sept. 18 the Tannenberg Memorial near Hohenstein (Ostpreussen) (Olsztynek, Poland) commemorating the fallen German soldiers at the 1914 2nd Battle of Tannenberg is dedicated by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, who is dressed in the uniform of a col. of a Masurian regiment to which he'd been appointed by the kaiser, repudiating German responsibility for the Great War (Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty) while a 6-mi.-long parade of veterans in imperial uniforms pays homage to 20 unknown German soldiers from the 1914 battle; an excerpt from his speech on a bronze plaque is installed in one of the towers of the memorial, which becomes a nat. shrine beloved of the Nazis; the remains of Hindenburg and his frau are enshrined there on Oct. 7, 1934 by Hitler with great pomp, then hastily removed in Jan. 1945 as the Red Army closes in, ending up in Marburg; in spring 1949 the Polish govt. dismantles it. On Sept. 18 the Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting System (later CBS), headed by Maj. J. Andrew White debuts with 16 radio stations, making announcer and sportscaster Edward Britt "Ted" Husing (1901-62) into a star; after it gets in financial trouble, Chicago-born Jew William Samuel Paley (1901-90) buys it next year. On Sept. 30 George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. (1895-1948), the "Sultan of Swat" wallops his 60th regular season homer for the New York Yankees in the 8th inning of a game off Jonathan Thompson Walton "Tom" Zachary (1896-1969) of the Washington Senators, setting a record that stands for 34 years (1961); he bats-in more homers than any other AL team that season, with a .324 avg; bitter rival Lou Gehrig hits 47 homers; the Yankees win a league record 115 regular season games; Zachary gets even in the 1929 season by going 12-0 with the Yankees, setting a record that lasts until ?; on Oct. 5-8 after a show-off batting practice before Game 1, the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) 4-0 to win the Twenty-Fourth (24th) World Series, becoming the first sweep of an NL team by an AL team; the Pirates don't return to the World Series for 33 years. On Oct. 4 Pres. Coolidge dedicates the Mount Rushmore Memorial, whose 60-ft. (18m) busts of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abaham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt represent the nation's founding, development, and preservation; it takes sculptor Gutzon Borglum (1867-1941) the rest of his life to sculpt the gigantic heads, and when he dies on Mar. 6, 1941 leaving it unfinished, his son James Lincoln Borglum (1912-86), who worked with his father on it for 14 years attempts to complete it, but gives up on Oct. 31, 1941 after funds run out; 5,725-ft. Mt. Rushmore (called "6 Grandfathers" by the Lakota Sioux) is named for New York City atty. Charles E. Rushmore (1857-1931), who opened the Etta Tin Mine on it in 1885, and contributes $5K to the project; the idea came from S.D. state historian Jonah LeRoy "Doane" Robinson (1856-1946), who suggested Needles and tried to contact Lorado Taft first, then was excluded from a commission created in 1929 by Pres. Coolidge to oversee the work; Washington's nose is 20 ft. long; two of the presidents (Jefferson, Lincoln) passed the bar to become lawyers. On Oct. 19 Pan American (Pan Am) Airways (founded Mar. 14) by Air Corps. Maj. Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold (1881-1950), Maj. Carl Andrew Spaatz (1891-1974) et al. begins airmail service between Cuba and Key West, Fla.; pilot Cy Caldwell uses his private plane for the first day to save the airline, whose own planes can't start until Oct. 20; next June 23 Pan Am merges with Aviation Corp. of th Americas (ACA), founded on June 2 by Juan Terry Trippe (1899-1981) with backing by Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney and W. Averell Harriman, Am. Internat. Airways (AIA), founded in 1926 by John K. Montgomery and Richard B. Bevier, and Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbean Airways, founded on Oct. 11 by Richard Hoyt, with Trippe as CEO, gaining a monopoly on U.S.-based routes through C and S Am., becoming known for its Blue Meatball globe logo, use of the word "Clipper" in aircraft names and call signs, and white pilot caps, becoming the unofficial overseas flag carrier of the U.S. - aircraft mechanics are demand, if you love horsepower and speed? In Oct. New Thought leader Ernest Shurtleff Holmes (1887-1960) of Los Angeles, Calif. begins pub. the periodical Science of Mind (original title "Religious Science"), with the motto: "Seek to promote that universal consciousness of life which binds all together in one great Whole." On Nov. 11 Yugoslavia concludes a treaty of friendship with France to check the Italians. On Nov. 12 Josef Stalin's rival Leon Trotsky is stripped of all power and trotted out from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Stalin the undisputed ruler of the Soviet Union; Lev Kamenev ditto. On Nov. 17 sultan (since 1912) Moulay Youssef (b. 1882) dies, and his son Mohammed V ben Youssef (1909-61) becomes sultan of messed-around-with Morocco (until Aug. 20, 1953), then king of Morocco in Aug. 14, 1957-Feb. 26, 1961. On Nov. 24 (11:00 a.m.) (Thanksgiving Day), a riot in Folsom Prison in Calif. begins while convicts are watching a movie in the prison schoolhouse, taking several prison guards hostage, causing Calif. gov. #26 (1927-31) C.C. Young to call out the Calif. Army Nat. Guard, which arrives with heavy machine guns and two tanks, causing the rioters to give up. In Nov. British Lion Films is founded by Sam W. Smith, releasing 55 films by 1945 incl. "In Which We Serve" (1942); in 1946 it is acquired by Sir Alexander Korda, who also acquires Shepperton Studios; in Jan. 1955 it declares bankruptcy, and is reformed with new mgt., and dirs. Frank Launder, Sidney Gilliat, and the Boulting Brothers, cranking out 155 films by 1976, when it is acquired by EMI. On Dec. 4 after being discovered by Jewish-Am. music publisher Irving Mills (1894-1985) at the Kentucky Club on West 49th St. between 7th Ave. and Broadway, Washington, D.C.-born jazz pianist Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (1899-1974) and his Kentucky Club Orchestra open at Harlem's Cotton Club, expanding to an 11-piece band, where his music becomes known for its exotic jungle style; even though he does no composing, Mills owns 50% of Ellington and gets his name on his music. On Dec. 20 the Cinematograph Films Act of 1927 is enacted in Britain (effective Apr. 1, 1928), requiring British cinema to show a quota of British films for the next 10 years in the hopes that the British film industry can match Hollywood in vertical integration; too bad, it results in a host of cheap inferior "quota quickies"; the Cinematograph Films Act of 1938 removes films shot by British Empire nations outside Britain, and repealed by the Films Act of 1960. Sisowath (b. 1840) dies, and his 2nd son Preah Bat Sisowath Monivong (1875-1941) becomes king of Cambodia (until 1941). Stanley Baldwin visits Canada, becoming the first British PM to visit an overseas dominion while in office. The Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act of 1927, backed by Conservative PM Stanley Baldwin is passed in an attempt to make another gen. strike (like in 1926) impossible. The Hereditary State Subject Law is passed in Kashmir, forbidding employment of non-state subjects in public jobs and prohibiting them from owning land, causing permanent inequalities between the Hindu ruling class and the Muslim subjects. Ibn Saud drops the title of sultan of Nejd, and proclaims himself king of the Hejaz and Nejd and dependencies (until 1932). Haakon VII of Norway utters the soundbyte "I am also the Communists' king". Greece promulgates the 1927 Greek Constitution, establishing a repub. with two houses (gerousia and vouli), and a pres. with a 5-year term given the same powers previously given to the king. The Nat. Bloc is formed in Syria by the commercial and absentee landowning classes, seeking greater autonomy while cooperating with the French, and led by Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, Shukri al-Quwwatli, and Jamil Mardam. The Israeli city of Netanya 18 mi. N of Tel Aviv is founded and named in honor of German-born Jewish-Am. Macy's dept. store owner Nathan Straus (1848-1931), along with Rehov Straus in Jerusalem. The U.S. Supreme (Taft) Court rules unanimously in Lum v. Rice that "separate but equal" facilities are "within the discretion of the state in regulating its public schools and does not conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment", causing 9-y.-o. Chinese-Am. schoolgirl Martha Lum to be excluded from white schools in lovely white Miss. Am.-born Oxford Rhodes scholar T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) becomes a naturalized British subject. J.P. Morgan and Co. atty. (since 1914) Dwight Whitney Morrow (1873-1931) (father of Charles Lindbergh's wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh) is appointed U.S. ambassador to Mexico (until 1930), working to remove all Mexican laws inimical to U.S. oil rights, causing the Calles-Morrow Agreement between the U.S. and Mexico to reaffirm the concessions of the U.S. oil cos. under the new Mexican constitution. An earthquake in Jerusalem exposes the foundations of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. Krakatoa displays volcanic activity again (1st time 1883), causing the remaining island pop. to be permanently evacuated. The Canary Islands are divided into two provinces. Kansas becomes the last U.S. state to drop its ban on cigarette sales - as if they can police farmers in all that huge area? The Australian Council of Trade Unions is organized as left-wing and pro-Moscow, veering the Labour Party left of center. The Bolivian Women's Labor Federation is founded. The Industrial Health and Safety Centre in London opens. English linguist Charles Kay Ogden (1889-1957) founds the London Orthological Inst. to promote his 850-word Basic English, a proposed internat. version of English. Television is first publicly broadcast in Great Britain. The U.S. Radio Act of 1927 is passed, creating the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), which assumes responsibility for radio from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, dividing the U.S. into five geographical zones, each with its own commissioner; too bad, next Mar. 28 the Davis Amendment is passed, requiring each zone to have equal allocations of licenses, time of operation, station power, and wavelength, giving the NE U.S. the same number of stations as the less populated W U.S.; on Feb. 25, 1928 Charles Jenkins Labs of Washington, D.C. becomes the first holder of a television license from the FRC; the act also creates the Equal Time Rule for political candidates. The state-controlled African Broadcasting Corp. in South Africa is formed by the white-run Party govt. Viticultural boundaries are defined in the Champagne wine region of NE France 100 mi. E of Paris, which is split into five wine-producing districts incl. the Aube, Cote des Blancs, Cote de Sezanne, Montagne de Reims, and Vallee de la Marne, which covers 76K acres of vineyards and 319 villages with 5K growers who make their own wine and 14K growers who only sell grapes; in 2008 France allows 40 new villages to classify themselves as part of the Champagne wine region, with 319 more villages slated for inclusion in the near future. Am. pianist-composer Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965) founds the New Music Society (until 1936) to promote modern music. The U. of Hull (originally the Univ. College Hull) is founded in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England by Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI), becoming the home of poet Philip Larkin; alumni incl. Anthony Minghella. The Jehovah's Witnesses quit celebrating Christmas and birthdays, claiming them to be non-Biblical pagan throwbacks. T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) becomes such close friends with George Bernard Shaw that he changes his name to T.E. Shaw - he didn't like to leave his friend's behind? The British Army removes the lance from its list of official battle weapons - caught on tape, dog versus monkey? The Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus sets up winter quarters in Sarasota, Fla. (until 1960). The Boy Scouts of Am. create 19 special Honorary Scouts incl. Richard E. Byrd, Merian C. Cooper, Charles A. Lindbergh, George P. Putnam, and Orville Wright. Baron von Trapp marries Mary Augusta Kutschera. Belgian surrealist painter Rene Magritte stages his first 1-man exhibition, which flops, causing him to move from Brussels to Paris for three years to join the Surrealist movement, then back again when he breaks with their use of drugs. The slow fox trot dance becomes fashionable. This is the last year for Ford Model T production, with more than 15M produced since 1909. Armament maker Vickers-Armstrong Ltd. is formed in London via the merger of Vickers and Armstrong, Mitchell & Co. Federal beef grading is initiated in the U.S. Airplanes are first used to dust forests with insecticide in Canada. The Golden Age of Hollywood begins (ends 1963), known for a recognizable visual-sound style and mode of production, incl. continuity editing, the "invisible" style where the camera and sound recording equipment never call attention to themselves. Amani-i Afghan, the first daily newspaper in Afghanistan begins pub. Black Sun Press is founded in Paris by Am. expatriates Harry Crosby and his wife Caresse Crosby (1910 inventor of the modern bra) to pub. works by Am. expatriate writers incl. Ernest Hemingway, Hart Crane, D.H. Lawrence, Archibald MacLeish, Laurence Sterne, and Eugene Jolas, causing Caresse to be called "the literary godmother of the Lost Generation of expatriate writers in Paris". Mag. publishing co. Ziff-Davis Inc. is founded in Chicago, Ill. by William Bernard Ziff Sr. (1898-1953) and Bernard George Davis (1906-72), going on to pub. popular technical-oriented mags. incl. Car & Driver, Popular Photography, Stereo Review, and PC Magazine. The Young Men's Muslim Assoc. is founded in Egypt by Abdel-Hamid Sa'id to counter Christian YMCA missionary activity; by the end of the decade it has 15K members; the leader in Palestine is Izz al-din Qassam. After being wowed by a May 1922 lecture by Sir Arthur Conan Dyle claiming scientific proof of communication with the dead, U. of Chicago botany Ph.D. Joseph Banks Rhine (1895-1980) begins the scientific study of Parapsychology at Duke U. - pick a card, any card? The Fairy Investigation Society is founded in Ireland by Capt. Quentin C.A. Craufurd to collect evidence of fairy sightings; members incl. RAF cmdr. Sir Hugh Dowding (1882-1970) and Walt Disney (1901-66). The name Seven Sisters is first used for seven top liberal arts women's colleges in the NE U.S., incl. Barnard College (New York City, 1889), Bryn Mawr College (Bryn Mawr, Penn., 1885), Mount Holyoke College (South Hadley, Mass., 1837), Radcliffe College (Cambridge, Mass., 1879), Smith College (Northampton, Mass., 1871), Vassar College (Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1861), and Wellesley College (Wellesley, Mass., 1870); all but Radcliffe are also called "Hidden Ivies"; Radcliffe merges with Harvard in 1963-99, and Vassar goes co-ed in 1969. Piper Aircraft Inc. (originally Taylor Brothers Aircraft Manufacturing Co.) is founded in Rochester, N.Y. by Clarence Gilbert Taylor and Gordon A. Taylor (-1928), moving to Bradford, Penn. after investment by a group incl. Lock Haven, Penn.-born Harvard U. grad William Thomas Piper Sr. (1881-1970), who buys the entire co. in 1930 at a bankruptcy sale for $761, who renames it after himself in 1937, producing the low-cost private E-2 Cub airplane, becoming "the Henry Ford of Aviation", moving to Vero Beach, Fla. in 1961. The word "racketeering" is coined by the Employers Assoc. of Chicago for tradesmen who band together to artificially drive up the cost of their services. The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition for undergraduate college students is founded by Elizabeth Lowell Putnam (1862-1935) (maternal grandother of McGeorge Bundy and William Putnam Bundy) in memory of her husband William Lowell Putnam (1861-1923) as a memorial fund, which in 1935 holds its first competition, going annual in 1938 administered by the Mathematical Assoc. of Am.; in 1992 the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize for females is established. Lucozade (Glucozade) glucose syrup energy drink begins to be marketed by GlaxoSmithKline in Gloucestershire, England. Italian shoe designer Salvatore Ferragamo (1898-1960) sets up the Ferragamo Shoe Co. in Florence to sell handmade shoes, going on to introduce the wedge and cage heel and gaining celeb customers incl. Eva Peron and Marilyn Monroe. The Russian Tea Room in New York City opens (until ?), becoming a gathering place for Russian expatriates - Russian food tastes like dog food? Associated British Picture Corp. (ABPC) (originally British Internat. Pictures [BIP] until 1933) is founded by Glasgow-born Scottish atty. John Maxwell (1879-1940) by the merger of British Nat. Studios, Elstree Studios, and his ABC (Associated British) Cinemas, hiring Alfred Hitchcock as their main dir. until 1933, when he leaves to work for rival Gaumont British, which overtakes them as the largest British film producer by 1937, when it acquires British Pathe, growing to 500 cinemas in Britain by 1943; in 1940-69 Warner Bros. acquires a part-interest in the studio, along with a stake in its distribution arm Warner-Pathe in 1958-69, vertically integrating with the Rank Org.; in 1970 it is acquired by EMI. The Spanish Gothic Movie Theater in downtown Los Angeles, Calif., owned by United Artists and designed by Mary Pickford opens. After debuting on BBC Radio in 1926, Filipino-born jazz pianist Federico "Fred" Elizalde (1907-79) and his band begin a run at the Savoy Hotel in London, England, helping launch British jazz, esp. when it pisses-off the establishment, making him more popular?; too bad, the Great Depression puts him out of business. Rome-born Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli (1890-1973) (niece of astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli, who discovered the canals on Mars) launches a line of knitwear based on a double-layered stitch borrowed from Armenian refugees, with a pattern that looks like a scarf wrapped around the neck; her divided skirt is worn by Lili de Alvarez at Wimbledon in 1931, shocking the tennis world, after which she expands to evening wear, pioneering zippers, shoulder pads (being a fad in Hollywood starting with Joan Crawford), weird buttons, and "shocking pink", collaborating with Salvador Dali, Jean Cocteau and other Surrealists to design bizarre items incl. a lobster dress, a giant shoe hat, and a giant lamb chop hat, made famous by rich admirer Daisy Fellowes; too bad, after WWII Christian Dior's New Look takes away her market, and she closes her couture house in Dec. 1954. Gerber Products Co. is founded in Fremont, Mich. by Fremont Canning Co. owner Daniel Frank "Dan" Gerber (1898-1974), introducing strained baby food at 15 cents a can at the suggestion of his pediatrician wife Dorothy for their 7-mo.-o. daughter Sally, beating the competition which sells it only via prescription at 35 cents a can, building it to nat. distribution by 1945, gaining 60% of the U.S. baby food market with $278M a year sales by 1974; the Gerber Baby is first used, based on a charcoal drawing of 4-mo.-old Ann Turner Cook (nee Ann Leslie Turner) (1926-2022), who later joins the Pi Beta Phi sorority and writes mystery novels. Kool-Aid (originally Kool-Ade) brand flavored powdered drink mix (10 glasses for 10 cents) is invented by Edwin Elijah Perkins (1889-1961) of Hastings, Neb. by removing the liquid from Fruit Smack liquid concentrate; in 1931 he moves to Chicago, Ill.; in 1953 it is acquired by Gen. Foods, who introduce Kool-Aid Man, with the catchphrase "Oh, yeah!"; the 2nd weekend of Aug. becomes Kool-Aid Days in Hastings, and the drink becomes Neb.'s official drink; in 1929 Flavor Aid unsweetened powdered concentrated drink mix is introduced by Jel Sert Co. of West Chicago, Ill. as a cheaper (no sugar) alternative to Kool-Aid, becoming a favorite of Peoples Temple founder Jim Jones by 1978. Venice, Italy-born Am. designer Antonio Pasin (1897-1990), "the Little Ford", 1917 founder of the Liberty Coaster Co. in Chicago, Ill., maker (since 1923) of the all-wood Liberty Coaster introduces the red stamped steel Radio Flyer wagon for kids, named after the radio (Guglielmo Marconi) and the airplane (Charles Lindbergh); in 1930 he renames the co. Radio Steel and Manufacturing Co.; in 1933 he builds a mini 25-cent souvenir wagon store with a 45-ft. art deco statue of a boy riding his wagon at the Chicago World's Fair, going on to become the world's leading manufacturer of toy wagons (1.5K/day); the Baby Boom generation later bites bigtime. Sports: On Jan. 7 the Harlem Globetrotters (originally Savoy Big Five) basketball team of South Chicago, Ill., founded by London-born Jewish future hall-of-fame 5'5" (5'3"?) basketball player Abe M. Saperstein (1902-66) plays its first game in the Savoy Ballroom; he uses Harlem as a euphemism for Afro-Am.; they become known for their red-white-blue uniforms and clowning tactics along with cool tricks, always playing a chump team that they handily defeat in endless tours. On Feb. 13 Charley Daw (1894-1947) defeats Frank Kartheiser in a 60-game bowling match in Milwaukee, Wisc., becoming the ABC Nat. Match Game champion, going on to defend it in Jan. 1928 against Hank Marino and on Mar. 5, 1928 against Joe Wilman before being defeated on Apr. 10, 1928 in Chicago, Ill. by Adolph Carlson (1897-1967) who becomes the new ABC Nat. Match Game champion, defending his title on Jan. 2, 1929 against Walter "Skang" Mercurio before losing it on Feb. 16, 1929 to Joe Scribner (1886-1966) in a 60-game series in Detroit and Chicago; too bad, on Dec. 22, 1929 Scribner is defeated by Joe Falcaro (1896-1951) in a 60-game series in Detroit and Manhattan, becoming the new ABC Nat. Match Game champion (until Mar. 24, 1933). On Apr. 4-13 the 1927 Stanley Cup Finals (first with two NHL teams after the Western Hockey League folded in 1926) see the Ottawa Senators defeat the Boston Bruins 2-0, becoming their 11th title, 4th since 1920, and last; the last Finals appearance by a team from Ottawa until 2007; after the 1926-27 season the Vezina Trophy, named after late Montreal Canadiens goalie (1910-25) ("the Chicoutimi Cucumber") Joseph Georges Gonzague Vezina (Vézina) (1887-1926) is established by the NHL for the goaltender who is "adjudged to be the best at this position" as voted by gen. mgrs.; the first award goes to George Hainsworth of the Montreal Canadiens, who also wins in 1928 and 1929; in 1946 they change the criterion to the goalie playing the most games for the team that has the fewest goals scored against it during the regular season; Jacques Plante wins in 1956-9, 1962, and 1969; in 1965 teammate goalies who play 25+ games are allowed to share it; the last award goes to Michel Larocque and Richard Sevigny of the Montreal Canadiens in 1981; after the 1981-2 season the William M. Jennings Trophy is established by the NHL for the starting goaltender(s) only; the first award goes to Rick Wamsley and Denis Herron of the Montreal Canadiens (223 goals allowed). On Sept. 22 the Long Count Fight at Soldier Field in Chicago, Ill. draws a gate of $2,658,660 (first $1M and $2M gate in entertainment history) and is heard by 39M over the radio; Tunney retains the world heavyweight boxing title after lying on the canvas for 13 sec. in the 7th round (the Long Count), and Dempsey stalls in going to a neutral corner so that referee Pop Reilly delays his official count, and Tunney get up and wins on points; the same afternoon Babe Ruth ties his previous record of 56 homers, and Lou Gehrig breaks Ruth's record of 170 RBIs by driving in two runs, giving him 172. On Dec. 18 while on a national tour, former bowling world champion Jimmy Smith (her idol) is defeated by Mrs. Floretta "Doty" McCutcheon (1888-1967) (AKA Mrs. Mac) (who bowled a score of 69 in her first game in 1923) by 704-697 in an exhibition match in Denver, Colo., causing Smith to utter the soundbyte: "I have just met the world's finest bowler, and she is a woman"; she goes on to stage a 51-city exhibition tour and found the Mrs. McCutcheon School of Bowling Instruction, which is attended by 500K women; in 1938-9 she averages 206 in league play, setting a record that stands until 1952-3. Brussels, Belgium-born Paul Loicq (1888-1953) becomes pres. of the Internat. Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) (until 1947), helping increase hockey's popularity in Europe. The Bentley Boys, a group of wealthy young British socialites, incl. Joel Woolf "Babe" Barnato (1895-1948), Sir Henry Ralph Stanley "Tim" Birkin, 3rd Baronet (1896-1933), George Pearson Glen Kidston (1899-1931), and Bernard Rubin (1896-1936), who use the SE corner of Grosvenor Square in Mayfair, London for their HQ and love green Bentley motor cars and daylong parties win their first of five straight 24 Hours of Le Mans races (last 1931). Sonja Henie (1912-69) of Norway becomes the world ice skating champ (until 1936). Johnny Longden (1907-2003) of the U.S. begins his jockey career, scoring 5,232 wins by 1953. Johnny Weismuller sets a 100 yard swimming record at 51 sec. Helen N. Wills wins the Wimbledon women's singles title, along with the U.S. Open women's singles title; the U.S. Open men's title is won by Rene Lacoste of France, who defeats Bill Tilden; the French team of Rene "the Crocodile" Lacoste (1904-97), Jean Robert "the Bounding Basque" Borotra (1898-1994), Henri Jean Cochet (1901-87), and Jacques "Toto" Brugnon (1895-1978) becomes known as the Four Musketeers as it defeats the U.S. to win the Davis Cup, then sixpeats (1927-32), with Lacoste going 32-8 in singles and 8-3 in doubles play. The biennial Ryder Cup prof. golf tournament between Europe and the U.S. is founded, with four foursomes and eight singles; Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title; Scottish-born Tommy Armour (1894-1968) wins the U.S. Open. The White City Grounds in London is taken over by the Greyhound Racing Assoc. Arlington Park Race Track in Ill. is founded, going on to install a Totalisator in 1933, a photofinish camera (Eye in the Sky) in 1936, an electric starting gate in 1940, the first closed-circuit TV system in sports history in 1967, and Trifecta wagering in 1971; in 1981 it hosts the Arlington Million, the first $1M Thoroughbred race. Babe Ruth's salary this year is $70K, or $1,166.67 per homer. After a 3-mo. match, Jose Capablanca of Cuba loses his world chess title (since 1921) to Russian-born Alexander Alekhine (1892-1946) of France after a 3-mo. match, who becomes world chess champ #4 (until 1935). Swiss-born Argentinian Aimé Félix "A.F." Tschiffeley (1895-1954) arrives in Washington, D.C. after a 13,350-mi. 2-1/2-year journey from Buenos Aires on horseback, using only two Argentinian Criollo horses Mancha and Gato in an effort to demonstrate their stamina. Architecture: On Feb. 1 the pink Spanish-Moorish Royal Hawaiian Hotel in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii opens, opening onto the wide sandy beach of Waikiki, becoming a big hit, with 20K visitors in 1928, becoming known as "the Pink Palace of the Pacific"; the "white ship" SS Malolo (Hawaiian "flying fish") luxury cruise ship begins service for the Matson Navigation Co. between San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Honolulu, becoming the fastest ship in the Pacific (22 knots), helping develop Hawaiian tourism along with the Royal Hawaiian Hotel and cool alluring ads; its advanced watertight compartments survive a Titanic-like collision with the SS Jacob Christensen on May 25; in 1930-2 luxury liners Mariposa (1931), Monterey (1932), and Lurline (1932) are added to the White Fleet, going out of service in the 1970s after air travel takes over. On Feb. 2 the Ziegfeld Theatre at 1341 Sixth Ave. in Manhattan, N.Y. (cap. 1,638) opens, built by Broadway impresario Florenz Edward "Flo" Ziegfeld Jr. (1867-1932) with financial backing from William Randolph Hearst, and designed by Joseph Urban (1872-1933) and Thomas White Lamb (1871-1942); it opens with the musical Rio Rita by Guy Bolton, Fred Thompson, Harry Tierney, and Joseph McCarthy, followed on Dec. 27 by Jerome Kern's musical Show Boat (572 perf.); in 1933 it becomes a movie theater; in 1944 it is purchased by showman Billy Rose; in 1955-63 is is leased by NBC-TV for a TV studio, hosting The Perry Como Show; in 1963 it reopens as a Broadway theater, hosting the musical Anya by George Abbott, Guy Bolton, Robert Wright, and George Forrest on Nov. 29, 1965 for 16 perf. before it is torn down to make way for a skyscraper. On Feb. 24 the Theatre Masque (Masque Theater) at 252 West 45th Stree in Manhattan, N.Y. (cap. 800) opens with the play "Puppets of Passion"; in 1937 impresario John Golden acquires it and renames it for himself; the exterior is used for a background shot for the 1950 film "All About Eve" and for a location shot for the 1985 film "A Chorus Line". On Mar. 28 the Majestic Theatre at 245 West 44th St. in Manhattan, N.Y. (cap. 1,645) opens, becomng one of Broadway's top venues, hosting "Carousel" (1945), "South Pacific" (1949), "The Music Man" (1957), "Camelot" (1960), "A Little Night Music" (1973), "The Wiz" (1975), and "The Phantom of the Opera" (1988) (longest-running Broadway production, 12K+ perf.). In Mar. John Rodgers Airport in Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii opens, named after WWI naval officer John Rodgers (1881-1926) (who led an attempted non-stop flight from Calif. to Hawaii in 1925), becoming the first full airport in Hawaii; after the 1941 Pearl Harbor attack, the name is changed to Naval Air Station Honolulu; in 1947 it is renamed Honolulu Airport; in 1951 it becomes Honolulu Internat. Airport, becoming the 3rd busiest aiport in the U.S. by 1950, with the longest runway in the world (13,097 ft. or 3,992m) in 1953; in summer 1959 Qantas begins the first jet service to Honolulu on its flights from Australia to Calif.; on May 30, 2017 it becomes Daniel K. Inouye Internat. Airport. On May 9 Parliament House in Canberra, Australia opens, and parliament moves in from Melbourne. On May 27 Italian King Victor Emmanuel III inaugurates the Vittoria Light (Victory Lighthouse) on the Gulf of Trieste to commemorate the Italian V in WWI, with the inscription "Shine and remind of the fallen at sea 1915-1918". On Aug. 26 the $750K rococo wedding cake style Buckingham Fountain in Grant Park in Chicago., Ill. is dedicated, donated by grain elevator heir and philanthropist Kate Sturges Buckingham (1858-1937) in honor of her brother Clarence, inspired by the Latona Fountain in the Palace of Versailles, becoming one of the world's largest fountains, featuring Apr.-Oct. water shows during the days and color-light shows in the eves. On Nov. 13 the 1.7-mi. (8,558 ft.) (2,608.5m) Holland Tunnel for vehicular traffic from Manhattan, N.Y. to Jersey City, N.J. under the Hudson River opens, named after chief engineer Clifford Milburn Holland (1883-1924), who died of overwork during its construction, after which designed by Norwegian-born civil engineer Ole Knutsen Singstad (1882-1969) finishes it, adding an innovating ventilation system, and later inventing the sunk-tube method of underwater vehicular tunnel building using prefab sections. The 7-mi. Hindenburgdamm railroad causeway linking Schleswig-Holstein with the North Frisian island of Sylt opens. The city of Denver, Colo. purchases Red Rocks in the foothills of the Rocky Mts. for $54,133, turning it into one of the top natural amphitheaters on Earth, with seating cap. of 9,525, later hosting the Beatles on Aug. 26, 1964, Jimi Hendrix in 1968, Jethro Tull on June 10, 1971, Bruce Springsteen in 1978, U2 on June 5, 1983 (Bloody Sunday), and Pearl Jam in 1995; in 2015 it becomes a U.S. nat. historic landmark; after the Jethro Tull performance, which involves the police, rock concerts are banned for five years. Le Corbusier designs the Villa Garches (Stein) in Garches, France. The 13-story brown brick and terra cotta Ed Sullivan Theater (originally Hammmerstein's Theater) at 1697 Broadway in Manhattan, N.Y. (begun in 1925) is built by Arthur Hammerstein (1872-1955), son of Oscar Hammerstein I, with neo-Gothic interior and pointed-arch stained-glass windows; it later becomes Manhattan Theatre, Billy Rose's Music Hall, and CBS-TV Studio 50 until Ed Sullivan moves there in 1951; it is officially renamed for Sullivan on the 20th anniv. celebration on Dec. 10, 1967. The $30M Mar-A-Lago (Sp. "Sea to Lake") estate at 1100 S. Ocean Blvd. in Palm Beach, Fla. (begun 1924) is built by wealthy heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post (1887-1973) and her 2nd hubby Edward Francis Hutton (1875-1962); the architect is Marion Sims Wyeth; it goes on to host the Internat. Red Cross Ball; in 1973 Post leaves it in her will to the U.S. govt. to become a Southern White House; in 1985 Donald Trump buys it for $10M. The 21-bldg. Weissenhof Estate (Weissenhofsiedlung) in Stuggart is designed by 15 architects as a showcase for the Internat. Style of Architecture, emphasizing volume over mass, using lightweight mass-produced materials sans ornament and color, made of repetitive modular forms and flat surfaces alternating with glass, which becomes Europe's dominant architectural style until the 1970s; leaders incl. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Victor Bourgeois, Jacobus Johannes Pieter "J.J.P." Oud (1890-1963), Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanineret, Watler Gropius, and Hans Poetzig; in 1932 van der Gohe, Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Oud are considered the four top modern architects; too bad, Oud is kicked out of the modernist movement for using ornament ("embroidery") and practicing "poetic functionalism". Nobel Prizes: Peace: Ferdinand Edouard Buisson (1841-1932) (France) and Ludwig Quidde (1858-1941) (Germany) [Franco-German rapprochement after the 1923 occupation of the Ruhr]; Lit.: Henri-Louis Bergson (1859-1941) (France); Physics: Arthur Holly Compton (1892-1962) (U.S.) [Compton Effect] and Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869-1959) (U.K.) [Cloud Chamber]; Chem.: Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877-1957) (Germany); Med.: Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857-1940) (Austria) [injection of malaria parasites to treat syphilis]. Inventions: J.W. Anderson invents hydraulic trace for reproducing complex shapes in a milling machine. Bell Labs employee Harold Stephen Black (1898-1983) invents the negative feedback amplifier, which trades gain for linearity to reduce distortion, becoming the most important invention in the field of electronics of the 20th cent. Damp resistance, a breakthrough for car radio makes it possible to listen to the radio when the motor is running; within two years car manufacturers are installing them along with wire aerials in the roof. Ralph S. Evinrude (1907-86) joins his daddy's outboard motor biz (founded 1907), and goes on to develop the 4-cylinder Elto Quad motor, which becomes a hit with U.S. fishermen. Philo T. Farnsworth invents the image dissector tube for TV cameras, becoming the first functional all-electronic image pickup device, and first fully functional and complete all-electronic TV system. Austrian candy exec Eduard Haas III (1897-1989) invents Pez (PEZ) (from the German word Pfefferminz), based on peppermint oil, and begins marketing them as a way to stop smoking; in 1953 he begins exporting them to the U.S., finding that children prefer them to adults, causing him to begin putting cartoon heads on the dispensers in 1955 and introduce fruit flavors - really a good way to cover up one's breath later? Czech composer Alois Haba (1893-1973) develops a theory of quarter-tone harmony. Albert W. Hall improves the fluorescent lamp - how many would it take to fill the Albert Hall? German metallurgist Siegfried Junghans (1915-99) invents a process for the continuous casting of nonferrous metal. Lev (Leon) Theremin (1896-1993) of Russia invents the Theremin, the first no-touch electronic musical instrument, which is enthusiastically adopted by the Soviets. Science: On Oct. 25 Peruvian archeologist ("Father of Peruvian Archeology") Julio Cesar (César) Tello (1880-1947) uncovers the first of 429 mummy bundles containing the elongated Paracas Skulls in a tomb in the Paracas Peninsula in S Peru, dating back 3K years, the world's longest elongated skulls, mainly with red hair. The first commercial amphetamines are synthesized by pharmacologist Gordon Albert Alles (1901-63) in Los Angeles, Calif., who notes the "stimulating effect on the central nervous system"; the Benzedrine (amphetamine sulfate) inhaler is introduced in 1932. Am. naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews (1884-1960) of the Am. Museum of Nat. History in New York City begins an expedition to the Gobi Desert (ends 1930), discovering the oldest known mammals, incl. the baffling hornless rhino-like Baluchitherium (Indricotherium), largest land mammal known to date; his expedition opens the Gobi Desert to commercial motor traffic. English astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington coins the term "Arrow of time". German physicist Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901-76), discovers the Heisenberg Uncertainty (Indeterminacy) Principle, which states that the position and momentum of a particle cannot be known precisely, but have a probability distribution - but is he certain about it? German physicist Walter Heinrich Heitler (1904-81) studies the wave mechanics of valence, bringing chemistry under quantum mechanics. Belgian Roman Catholic priest-physicist Georges Lemaitre (1894-1966) proposes the Big Bang (Expanding Universe) Theory of the creation of the Universe, both as a way to explain the red shift in spectra from distant galaxies and as a way to prove the existence of God - do you think your kids are scared of you? French explorer Theodore Andre (Théodore André) Monod (1902-2000) and French biologist Vladimir Besnard (1890-1960) discover 6.4K-y.-o. (Neolithic) Asselar Man in Adrar des Ifoghas (near Essouk) in Mali, becoming the oldest known skeleton of a modern Negroid human - Cain maybe? Am. geneticist Hermann Joseph Muller (1890-1967) discovers that the rate of appearance of mutations in fruit flies is increased by exposure to X-rays, and pub. the paper "The Problem of Genetic Modification" at the Fifth Internat. Congress of Genetics in Berlin, making him an internat. celeb; by the 1950s this isn't such good news? Austrian psychiatrist Manfred Joshua Sakel (1900-57) develops Insulin Shock (Coma) Therapy for use on patients with schizophrenia; totally useless, the coverup falls through and it's discontinued in the 1970s. Soviet pshrink Bluma Wolfovna Zeigarnik (1901-88) describes the Zeigarnik Effect, that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better - the reason people hold grudges? German gynecologists Bernhard Zondek (1891-1966) and Selmar Aschheim (1878-1965) develop the Ascheim-Zondek Pregnancy Test using infantile mice; the U. of Penn. develops the Friedman-Lapham ("Rabbit") Pregnancy Test, injecting urine from a woman into an unmated female adult rabbit, killing it after two days, and examining its ovaries for signs of development; a mistaken belief that the rabbit only dies if it's a positive test causes the phrase "the rabbit died" to be coined - feel so good, so good, cause I got you? Nonfiction: Anon., Larousse du XX Siecle (6 vols.) (1927-33); updated dictionary-encyclopedia, used as the basis of the 1-vol. Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustre. Mortimer Adler (1902-2001), Dialectic (first work). Alexander Alekhine (1892-1946), My Best One Hundred Games. George Arliss (1868-1946), Up from the Years in Bloomsbury (autobio.). Herbert Asbury (1889-1963), A Methodist Saint: The Life of Bishop [Francis] Asbury; The Gangs of New York; the Bowery Boys, the Dead Rabbits, the Plug Uglies, the Short Tails, the Slaughter Houses, and the Swamp Angels; based of the 2002 Martin Scorsese Film "The Gangs of New York". Ray Stannard Baker (1870-1946), Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters (8 vols.) (1927-39); incl. "Youth, 1856-1890" (1927), "Princeton, 1890-1910" (1927), "Governor, 1910-1913" (1931), "President, 1913-1914", "Neutrality, 1914-1915" (1935), "Facing War, 1915-1917" (1937), "War Leader, April 6, 1917 - February 28, 1918" (1939), "Armistice, Mar. 1 - Nov. 11, 1918" (1939) (Pulitzer Prize). Alice Ann Bailey (1880-1949), The Light of the Soul: Its Science and Effect: A Paraphrase of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), The Evolution of Penology in Pennsylvania: A Study in American Social History. Charles Austin Beard (1874-1948) and Mary Ritter Beard (1876-1958), The Rise of American Civilization; bestseller playing their hand of class struggle being the true motive; too bad, the Cold War era causes his rep to tank, after which historian Richard Hofstater concludes in 1968: "Today Beard's reputation stands like an imposing ruin in the landscape of American historiography. What was once the grandest house in the province is now a ravaged survival." Samuel Flagg Bemis (1891-1973), The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy (18 vols.) (1927-72). Theodore Besterman (1904-76), The Mind of Annie Besant. Edwyn Bevan (1870-1943), The House of Ptolemy; The World of Greece and Rome; Later Greek Religion. Carrie Jacobs Bond (1862-1946), Roads of Melody (autobio.). Vahdah Jeanne Bordeux, Benito Mussolini: The Man. Robert Briffault (1874-1948), The Mothers: A Study of the Origins of Sentiments and Insitutions (3 vols.). Leon Brunschvicg (1869-1944), The Progress of Knowledge in Western Philosophy. Luther Burbank (1849-1926) (with Wilbur Hall), The Harvest of the Years (autobio.). John William Burgess (1844-1931), The Sanctity of Law - Wherein Does It Consist? (Cambridge U. Press), The Cambridge History of English Literature (15 vols.) (1907-27). Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945), The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy; English trans. 1963; shows how the Renaissance spirit undermined medieval thought, and sees the scientific rev. as a "Platonic" application of math to nature. Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938), Pages from My Life (autobio.). Sir Edmund Kerchever Chambers (1866-1954), Arthur of Britain. John Dewey (1859-1952), The Public and Its Problems; refutes Walter Lippmann's description of the role of journalism in a democracy, showing that it is a 2-way street. Albert Dieffenbach (1876-1963), Religious Liberty, the Great American Illusion, (Jan. 1); calls Christian fundamentalism a threat to true religious liberty, which "is a sacred fire which must be forever tended, if it is to continue to glow in the history of the people"; "Religion is still religion though God in any conception of the word may be disregarded"; he preers "not to abandon the word God, for the reality in which I have my being, while it does not correspond to the traditional theistic conception, is nevertheless the support of my life without which I could not live in body, mind, or spirit." Will Durant (1885-1981), Transition: A Sentimental Story of One Mind and One Era. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Spiritual Itinerary. Lincoln Ellsworth (1880-1951), First Crossing of the Polar Sea. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), Mother Knows Best (short stories). E.M. Forster (1879-1970), Aspects of the Novel. Edward Franklin Frazier (1894-1962), The Pathology of Race Prejudice; equates it to insanity, getting him removed from Atlanta U. in Ga., after which he moves to the U. of Chicago. Anna Freud (1895-1982), An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis; the first of 8 vols., making her the "Founder of Child Psychoanalysis"; too bad, she remains a lifelong virgin, getting psychoanalyzed by her daddy Sigmund Freud for masturbating, later claiming that daydreaming might suppress the urge. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), The Future of an Illusion; argues that religious belief serves the function of psychological consolation, and that belief in a supernatural protector serves as a buffer from man's fear of Nature the same way that belief in an afterlife serves as a buffer from man's fear of death; all religious belief can be explained through its function to society, not for its relation to the truth, making religious beliefs into "illusions". reduces religion to the size of a peanut, mere "fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind"; "What is characteristic of illusions is that they are derived from human wishes", although "illusions need not necessarily be false". Arthur Eric Rowton Gill (1882-1940), Christianity and Art. Corrado Gini (1884-1965), The Scientific Basis of Fascism; it has to do with Gini coefficients? George Peabody Gooch (1873-1968), Recent Revolutions of European Diplomacy. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Lars Porsena or The Future of Swearing and Improper Language; Lawrence and the Arabs; bio. of T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935). Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985) and Laura Riding 1901-91), A Survey of Modernist Poetry. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), Possible Worlds and Other Essays. Adolf von Harnack (1851-1930), The Origin of Christian Theology and the Canonical Dogma. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), Being and Time (Sein und Zeit), dedicated to Edmund Husserl; and written to "reawaken the question of the meaning of Being"; attempts to understand being itself as distinguished from specific beings and the sense of being (Sinn des Seins), concluding that the being for whom Being is a question is not a what but a who, Dasein (being-there). Sidney Hook (1902-89), The Metaphysics of Pragmatism. Sir Anthony Hope (1863-1933), Memories and Notes (autobio.). DeWolf Hopper (1858-1935) (with W.W. Stout), Once a Clown, Always a Clown (autobio.). Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947), The Human Habitat. Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), Being and Time (Sein und Zeit); "Being is not something like a being... [but is] what determines beings as beings, that in terms of which beings are already understood"; "Does time itself reveal itself as the horizon of being?" Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Proper Studies. Howard Mumford Jones (1892-1980), America and French Culture: 1750-1848. Eugene Jolas (1894-1952) and Elliott Paul, Revolution of the World Manifesto (Apr.); "The revolution in the English language is an accomplished fact"; "Time is a tyranny to be abolished"; "The writer expresses, he does not communicate"; "The plain reader be damned". Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957), The Saviors of God (Spiritual Exercises); "We have seen the highest circle of spiraling powers. We have named this circle God. We might have given it any other name we wishes: Abyss, Mystery, Absolute Darkness, Absolute Light, Matter, Spirit, Ultimate Hope, Ultimate Despair, Silence." Harold Laski (1893-1950), Communism. T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935), Revolt in the Desert; condensed vers. of "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" (1926). Dudley Joseph LeBlanc (1894-1971), The True Story of the Acadians. Lucien Levy-Bruhl (1857-1939), L'Ame Primitive (The Soul of the Primitive). Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), Wilhelm II. Charles Lindbergh (1902-74), We (autobio.) (bestseller) (650K copies); makes a star of publisher George P. Putnam, who soon discovers "Lady Lindy" Amelia Earhart and marries her in 1931. Eugene Lyons (1898-1985), The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti; argues for their innocence, becoming a std. textbook for the left, making him famous. Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), The Journal of Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), 1914-22 (posth.) (ed. John Middleton Murry). Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Levy Mayer and the New Industrial Era; Chicago atty. Levy Mayer (1858-1922). William McDougall (1871-1938), Character and the Conduct of Life. Robert A. Millikan (1868-1953), Evolution in Science and Religion. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), Liberalismus (The Free and Prosperous Commonwealth); shows that all classical liberal freedoms follow from property rights free of govt. intervention; too bad, it praises Fascism for "saving European civilization", with the caviat "Fascism was an emergency makeshift. To view it as something more would be a fatal error." George Foot Moore (1851-1931), Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era. Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945), Experimental Embryology. Gilbert Murray (1866-1957), The Classical Tradition in Poetry. David Saville Muzzey, History of the American People. John Myres (1869-1954), The Political Ideas of the Greeks. George Jean Nathan (1882-1958), The New American Credo. Hermann Oncken (1869-1945), The German Reich and the Origin of the Great War (2 vols.). Vernon Louis Parrington (1871-1929), Main Currents in American Thought (3 vols.) (Pulitzer Prize); incl. "The Colonial Mind, 1620-1800", "The Romantic Revolution in America, 1800-1860", "The Beginnings of Critical Realism in America, 1860-1920"; by a Progressive U. of Wash. professor, founding the interdisciplinary Am. Studies (Civilization) movement, with the soundbyte: "I have undertaken to give some account of the genesis and development in American letters of certain germinal ideas that have come to be reckoned traditionally American - how they came into being here, how they were opposed, and what influence they have exerted in determining the form and scope of our characteristic ideals and institutions. In pursuing such a task, I have chosen to follow the broad path of our political, economic, and social development, rather than the narrower belletristic" (introduction); claims a sharp divide between elitist Hamiltonians and popular Jeffersonians, identifying with the latter; the three phases of U.S. history are Calvinistic pessimism, romantic optimism, and mechanistic pessimism, with democratic idealism as the main driving force; attempts to defend the doctrine of state sovereignty by separating it from slavery, claiming that their association has proven "disastrous to American democracy", allowing the growth of corporate power; the "Summa Theologica of Progressive history" (Charles Crowe), dominating lit.-cultural criticism until the early 1950s, then enjoying a revival in the 1970s; beats out Charles Beard's "Rise of American Civilization" for the Pulitzer Prize in history, and is given $2K, twice the amount the other winners get; "'Main Currents' impoverished the rich and complex American past. Parrington reduced Jonathan Edwards, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, Henry James to marginal figures, practitioners of belles lettres, not illuminators of the American experience" (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.); Sinclair Lewis - Our Own Diogenes. Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936), Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex; explains the theory of Classical Conditioning. Henri Pirenne (1862-1935), Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade; traces the growth of medieval cities from the 10th-12th cents., attributing their origins to the revival of trade by the middle and merchant classes; first proposes the Pirenne Thesis, that it was the closing of Mediterranean trade by the Muslim conquest in the 7th cent. that destroyed Roman civilization, not the pesky Goths in the 5th cent. Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), Henry Hudson. Michael Idvorsky Pupin (1858-1935), New Reformation: from Physical to Spiritual Realities. Frank P. Ramsey (1903-30), Facts and Propositions; subjective probability and utility; A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation; optimal taxation; the first solution of the Ramsey Problem, the price a monopolist should set in order to maximize social welfare subject to a constraint on profit, which is to mark it up inversely to the price elasticity of demand; in 1970 economist Paul Samuelson calls these two papers plus the one he pub. next year "three great legacies". Herbert William Richmond (1871-1946), Command and Discipline. Edward Alsworth Ross (1866-1951), Standing Room Only?. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), The Analysis of Matter; companion to "The Analysis of Mind"; Why I Am Not a Christian (Mar. 6); dooms Britain to mass apostasy by the end of the cent.?; An Outline of Philosophy; Selected Papers of Bertrand Russell. Charles Edward Russell (1860-1941), The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas (Pulitzer Prize). William Buehler Seabrook (1884-1945), Adventures in Arabia: Among the Bedouins, Druses, Whirling Dervishes and Yezidee Devil Worshipers. Maynard Shipley (1872-1934), The War on Modern Science: A Short History of the Fundamentalist Attacks on Evolution and Modernism; claims that a fundamentalist seizure of power in religious denominations followed by enactment of laws enforcing their views would be a return to the Dark Ages, freaking-out Bible fundamentalists who have recently taken hits from the Scopes Trial and Aimee Semple McPherson scandal and are trying to lay low only to see an avowed atheist belittle them; in 1924 he founded the Science League of Am. to combat religious fundamentalism and defend the separation of church and state. Lothrop Stoddard (1883-1950), Re-Forging America: The Story of Our Nationhood; "We want above all things to preserve America. But 'America,' as we have already seen, is not a mere geographical expression; it is a nation, whose foundations were laid over three hundred years ago by Anglo-Saxon Nordics, and whose nationhood is due almost exclusively to people of North European stock—not only the old colonists and their descendants but also many millions of North Europeans who have entered the country since colonial times and who have for the most part been thoroughly assimilated. Despite the recent influx of alien elements, therefore, the American people is still predominantly a blend of closely related North European strains, and the fabric of American life is fundamentally their creation"; "It is perfectly true that our present immigration policy does (and should) favor North Europeans over people from other parts of Europe, while it discriminates still more rigidly against the entry of non-white races. But the basic reason for this is not a theory of race superiority, but that most fundamental and most legitimate of all human instincts, self-preservation — rightly termed 'the first law of nature.'"; "The cardinal point in our immigration policy should, therefore, be to allow no further diminution of the North European element in America's racial make-up." Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (1870-1966), Essays in Zen Buddhism; popularizes it in the West. Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936), Der Selbstmord in Schleswig-Holstein. Serge Veronoff, The Conquest of Life; transplantation of glands. Robert Mearns Yerkes (1876-1956), The Mind of a Gorilla; an account of a young female, who "compared with chimpanzees and orangutans of like age is remarkably slow in adaptation, limited in initiative, originality, and insight". Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), Sternstunden der Menschheit (Historic Moments in History); English trans. pub. in 1940 as "The Tide of Fortune: Twelve Historical Miniatures". Art: Georges Braque (1882-1963), Guitar, Fruit and Pitcher. Edward Burra (1905-76), Edward Burra. Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Fables of La Fontaine (100 etchings) (pub. 1952). Miguel Covarrubias (1904-57), Negro Drawings. Charles Demuth (1883-1935), Egyptian Impression (My Egypt). Jacob Epstein (1880-1959), Madonna and Child. Max Ernst (1891-1976), Fishbone Forest; Vision Induced by the Noctural Aspect of the Porte St. Denis; After Us Motherhood; A Night of Love; Cage, Forest and Black Sun; La Grande Foret; Forest and Dove. John D. Graham (1886-1961), Still Life; Blue Bay. George Grosz (1893-1959), Portrait of the Poet Max Hermann-Neisse. Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Manhattan Bridge. Gaston Lachaise (1882-1935), Floating Figure (sculpture). Ernest Lawson (1873-1939), Waterfall, Colorado. Rene Magritte (1898-1967), The Menaced Assassin. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), Radiator Building - Night, New York. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Courmayeur 1927. Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Figures with Ornamental Background. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Woman Sleeping in Armchair. Yves Tanguy (1900-55), Mama, Papa is Wounded!. Rex Whistler (1905-44), Frescoes in the Tate Gallery Restaurant, London. Heinrich Zille (1858-1929), The Great Zille-Album. Music: Franco Alfano (1875-1954), Madonna Imperia (opera) (Turin). Gene Austin (1900-72), My Blue Heaven; written by Walter Donaldson and George Whiting; sells 12M copies. Sir Granville Bantock (1868-1946), Pagan Symphony (Sept. 3) (Paris). Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Northern Ballad No. 1; Overture, Elegy and Rondo; Hardanger (for two pianos). Ben Bernie Orchestra, Ain't She Sweet; written by Milton Ager (1893-1979) and Jack Yellen (1892-1991); written for Ager's daughter Shana Alexander (1925-2005). Frank Black Orchestra, The Varsity Drag. Sir Arthur Bliss (1891-1975), The Rout Trot; Study. Ernest Bloch (1880-1959), America: An Epic Rhapsody for Choir and Orchestra; wins a $3K prize from Musical America mag. Henri Busser (1872-1973), La Pie Borgne (opera). On Aug. 1, 1927 the Am. country-folk group The Carter Family of SW Va., incl. Alvin Pleasant Delaney "A.P." Carter (1891-1960), his wife Sara Dougherty Carter (1898-1979), and his sister-in-law "Mother" Maybelle Carter (nee Addington) (1909-78) (mother of June Carter) begin the Bristol Sessions for RCA Victor in Bristol, Va., which on Nov. 4 releases their first 78 rpm record Wandering Boy / Poor Orphan Child; by 1931 they sell 300K records with hits incl. Wayworn Traveller, Wildwood Flower, Little Moses, Engine 143, Little Darling, Pal of Mine, and Gospel Ship; after A.P. and Sara divorce in 1936, they disband in 1943, and Maybelle continues performing with her daughters Helen Myrl Carter (1927-98), Valerie June Carter (1929-2003), and Ina Anita Carter (1933-99) as the Carter Sisters, reclaiming the Carter Family name in the 1960s; their music goes on to be adopted by folk singers incl. Joan Baez and Bob Dylan. Aaron Copland (1900-90), Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (Jan. 28) (Boston Symphony Orchestra). Fred Elizalde (1907-79) and His Cambridge Undergraduates, Stomp Your Feet. Clicquot Club Eskimos (Harry Reser's Orchestra), My Sunday Girl. Ruth Etting (1896-1978), Shaking the Blues Away; written by Irving Berlin for the Ziegfeld Follies of 1927. Sammy Fain (1902-89), Irving Kahal (1903-42) and Francis Wheeler, Let a Smile Be Your Umbrella. Harry Lawrence Freeman (1869-1954), American Romance (jazz opera). George Gershwin (1898-1937), Ira Gershwin (1896-1983), Fred Thompson (1884-1949), and Paul Girard Smith (1894-1968), Funny Face (musical) (Alvin Theatre, New York) (Nov. 22) (244 perf.); stars Fred Astaire as Jimmie Reeves, guardian of Frankie (Adele Astaire), who won't let her have her jewels, causing her to try to steal them back with friend Peter Thurston (Allen Kearns), and end up competing with burglars Herbert (Vic Moore) and Dugsie (William Kent). Wolfgang Graeser (1906-28), Orchestral Arrangement of J.S. Bach's "The Art of the Fugue". Ray Henderson (1896-1970), The Varsity Drag. Arthur Honegger (1892-1955), Music to Abel Gance's Film "Napoleon". Gus Kahn (1886-1941) and Harry M. Woods (1896-1970), Side by Side; "Through all kinds of weather/ What if the sky should fall/ Just as long as we're together/ It doesn't matter now at all." Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Golden Dawn (operetta) (New York); stars Noah Berry and Vivienne "Dawn" Segal; an African princess is so loved by the gods that she is permitted to be born white, but does a no-no by falling in love with a white man, causing all Hell to break loose; incl. Africa Smiles No More, Bwana. Jerome Kern (1885-1945) and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), Show Boat (operetta) (Dec. 27) (12/27/27) (Ziegfeld Theater, New York); produced by Florenz Ziegfeld; based on the 1926 Edna Ferber novel; stars Charles Winninger as Cap'n Andy Hawks, Helen Morgan as Julie LaVerne, Jules Bledsoe/Paul Robeson as Joe the Stevedore, and Tess Gardella (Aunt Jemima) as Queenie; features the songs Old Man River, Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man, Queenie's Ballyhoo; revolutionizes musicals, giving them social relevance; "Tote that barge and lift that bale". Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897-1957), Das Wunder der Heliane (opera) (Hamburg). Ernst Krenek (1900-91), Jonny Spielt Auf (Leipzig). Eddie Lang (1902-33), Eddie's Twister; April Kisses. Eddie Lang (1902-33), Frank Trumbauer (1901-56) (sax), and Bix Beiderbecke (1903-31) (cornet), Singin' the Blues; their big hit, becoming a jazz std., causing Lang to become known as "the Father of Jazz Guitar", causing banjo players to switch to guitar. Franz Lahar (1870-1948), The Tsarevich (Berlin). Vaughn de Leath (1894-1943), Are You Lonesome Tonight?. Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Le Pauvre Matelot (Paris) (Opera-Comique). Douglas Moore (1893-1969), Incidental Music to Twelfth Night. Toni Ortelli (1904-2000), The Song of the Mountains (La Montanara); written in the Alps; big hit, translated into 100+ languages. Michalis Patrinos, Misirlou (Gr. "Egyptian Girl"); made into a hit in 1962 by Dick Dale and the Del Tones. Gabriel Pierne (1863-1937), Sophie Arnould (opera). Ildebrando Pizzetti (1880-1968), Fra Gherardo (opera). Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936), La Campana Sommersa (opera) (Hamburg); The Birds (Gli Uccelli). Jimmie Rodgers (1897-1933), Blue Yodel No. 1 (T for Texas) (Nov. 30) (RCA Victor); by "the Singing Brakeman"; sells 500K copies, making him a star known as "the Blue Yodeler" and "the Father of Country Music", pioneering the honky tonk sound of Hank Williams, George Jones, and Lefty Frizzell. Richard Rodgers (1902-79) and Lorenz Hart (1895-1943), A Connecticut Yankee (Vanderbilt Theater, New York) (Nov. 3) (421 perf.); set in the 1920s and the year 528 C.E.; stars William Gaxton as Martin/The Yankee, Constance Carpenter as Alice Carter/The Demoiselle Alisande la Carteloise, and June Cochrane as Mistress Evelyn Al Belle-Ans; features the songs My Heart Stood Still, Thou Swell. Albert Roussel (1869-1937), Piano Concerto in G major. Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), The American Songbag; anthology of Am. folk songs from the first U.S. urban folk singer?; a big hit, going through many eds.; a "ragbag of stripes and streaks of color from nearly all ends of the earth... rich with the diversity of the United States"; makes a fan of Pete Seeger; followed by "The New American Songbag" (1950). Roger Sessions (1896-1985), Symphony No. 1. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-75), Symphony No. 2. Jean Sibelius (1865-1957), Musique Religieuse (for solo voice, chorus and organ); at age 61 he dries up, even though he lives to 92? Francis Butler Simkins (1897-1966), The Ku Klux Klan During Reconstruction. Bessie Smith (1892-1937), After You've Gone (#7 in the U.S.); written by Turner Layton (1894-1978) and Henry Creamer (1879-1930). Whispering Jack Smith (1898-1950), Me and My Shadow. Victoria Spivey (1906-76), Dope Head Blues. Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Oedipus Rex (opera) (Paris). Deems Taylor (1885-1966), The King's Henchman (opera) (New York, Metropolitan Opera Co.); book by Edna St. Vincent Millay. Ethel Waters (1896-1977), Am I Blue? (#1 in the U.S.); by Harry Akst; from the film "On with the Show" (1929), becoming her signature tune. Anton Webern (1883-1945), String Trio. Kurt Weill (1900-50), Royal Palace, Op. 17 (1-act opera) (Berlin); The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (Songspiel) (Baden-Baden); lyrics by Bertolt Brecht; a U.S. town illustrates the inevitable collapse of capitalism. Jaromir Weinberger (1896-1967), Schwanda the Bagpiper (opera) (Apr. 27) (Prague). Sweet Whiteman's Rhythm Boys, Ain't She Sweet. Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (1876-1948), Sly (opera) (Milan, La Scala). Stefan Wolpe (1902-72), Schone Geschichten (Droll Stories) (opera). Jack Yellen (1892-1991) and Milton Ager (1893-1979), Ain't She Sweet? Vincent Youmans (1898-1946), Hit the Deck (musical) (Apr. 25) (Belasco Theater, New York). Movies: Frank Borzage's 7th Heaven (May 6) (Fox), written by Benjamin Glazer based on the 1922 Broadway play by Austin Strong is a romance starring Germantown, Penn.-born Janet Gaynor (Laura Augusta Gainor) (1906-84) as Paris ho Diane, and Walpole, Mass.-born Charles Farrell (1901-90) as Chico, a street cleaner who saves her life by claiming that she's his wife, after which they climb you know how many flights of stairs together; Gladys Brockwell plays Nana; does $2.5M box office (13th highest grossing silent film in history), after which Gaynor and Farrell co-star in a dozen films, surviving the talkie era; features the song Diane by Erno Rapee and Lew Pollack; remade in 1937 by Henry King starring Simon Simon and James Stewart. Richard Wallace's American Beauty (Oct. 9), based on a short story by Wallace Irwin stars Billie Dove (Bertha Bohny) (1903-97) as Millicent Howard, giving her the nickname "American Beauty" and making a fan of Howard Hughes, whom she romances for three years while he casts her in his films. Victor Saville's The Arcadians (Nov.) (Gaumont British Picture Corp.), based on the 1909 Alexander M. Thompson Edwardian comedy musical, filmed at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd's Bush stars Ben Blue as Simplicitas Smith, Jeanne De Casalis as Mrs. Smith and Vesta Sylva as Eileen Cavanaugh; the dir. debut of Birmingham-born producer Victor Saville (1895-1979), who directs 39 films in 1927-54, and produces 36 films in 1923-62. Ted Wilde's Babe Comes Home (May 22) (First Nat. Pictures) stars Babe Ruth as star Angels baseball player Babe Dugan, who pisses-off his laundress Vernie (Anna Q. Nilsson) with his tobacco juice-spitting dirtiness until they hook up and she reforms him, but when it makes his game suffer she throws him a plug of chewing tobacco and he hits a homer; 3-y.-o. Helen Parrish (1924-59) plays Babe's daughter, and goes on to star in "Our Gang" comedy shorts. Fred Niblo's Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (Dec. 30) based on the 1880 Lew Wallace novel and starring Ramon Novarro in revealing costumes along with "a cast of 125,000" costs an outrageous $4M to make, featuring an exciting chariot race, and is a box office hit, doing $10.7M box office, but loses $698K while helping make MGM a major studio; Francis X. Bushman plays Messala; William Wyler is an asst. dir., and remakes it in 1959 starring Charlton Heston, refilming the chariot race shot-for-shot; "The picture every Christian ought to see." Warner Bros.' Bernardo de Pace: The Wizard of the Mandolin is the first screen perf. of vaudeville mandolin virtuoso Bernardo de Pace (1886-1966). Paul Leni's The Cat and the Canary (Sept. 9) (Universal Pictures), based on the 1922 John Willard black comedy play stars Laura La Plante as Annabelle West, Forrest Stanley as Charlie Wilder, and Creighton Hale as Paul Jones in a comedy horror flick about millionaire Cyrus West, whose greedy relatives descend on him like "cats around a canary" when his will is read 20 years later and Annabelle and the other heirs spend the night in his haunted mansion on the Hudson River; Lucien Littlefield plays Dr. Ira Lazar, who has to decide that Annabelle is sane to inherit the fortune; refilmed in 1939 starring Bob Hope. Cecil B. DeMille's Chicago, based on the 1926 play by Maurine Dallas Watkins stars Phyllis Haver as Roxie Hart. Millard Webb's silent B&W film The Drop Kick (Sept. 25) (First Nat. Pictures), based on the story "Glitter" by Katherine Brush stars Richard Barthelmess as college football player Jack Hamill, Barbara Kent as Cecily Graves, and Hedda "nobody's interested in sweetness and light" Hopper as Mrs. Hamill, becoming the cameo debut of actor ("The Duke") Marion Mitchell (Robert) Morrison (John Wayne) (1907-79), who got his start throwing leaves into a fan for dir. John Ford and once mistakenly barged into the camera to sweep them up, causing Ford to see his potential? Allan Dwan's East Side, West Side (Oct. 9), based on the Felix Riesenberg novel and featuring extensive footage of the New York City waterfront stars George O'Brien as Johnn Breen; the film debut of June Collyer (Dorothea Heermance) (1906-68) as Josephine. Vsevolod Pudovkin's The End of St. Petersburg is the 2nd in his Bolshevik trilogy. Dorothy Arzner's Fashions for Women is the dir. debut of Dorothy Arzner (1897-1979), an open lesbian who dresses in men's suits and ties, and goes on to dir. Clara Bowe's first talkie "The Wild Party", creating the boom mike for it, launching the careers of Katharine Hepburn, Rosalind Russell, Sylvia Sidney, and Lucille Ball, and becoming the first woman admitted to the Directors Guild of Am. in 1936. Frank Capra's For the Love of Mike (Hell's Kitchen) (July 31) stars Ben Lyon as Mike, who started out as a baby boy found abandoned in a tenement and raised by three men, Herman Schultz (Ford Sterling), Abraham Katz (George Sidney), and Patrick O'Malley (Hugh Cameron); the film debut of Claudette Colbert (Emilie "Lily" Claudette Chouchoin) (1903-96) (pr. "show-shwa"); too bad, the film is lost. F. Richard Jones' The Gaucho (Nov. 21), set in Argentina stars Douglas Fairbanks Sr., and is the film debut of Mexican actress ("the Mexican Spitfire") ("the Hot Pepper") Lupe Velez (Vélez) (Maria Guadelupe Villalobos Velez) (1908-44), who goes on to marry Tarzan actor Johnny Weismuller in 1933-9. Clarence G. Badger's silent It (Feb. 15) (Paramount Pictures), based on an Elinor Glyn novel (who makes an appearance) makes a superstar of Clara Gordon Bow (1905-65) as the It Girl, a dept. store clerk going after her rich playboy boss Gary Cooper; she takes to driving a red Kissel convertible with matching Chow dogs. Richard O. Fleischer's The Jazz Singer (Oct. 6), based on the play "Day of Atonement" by Samson Raphaelson becomes the first talking picture (talkie), produced by Warner Brothers in the Vitaphone sound-on-disc process, starring Lithuanian-born Jewish actor Al Jolson (Asa Yoelson) (1886-1950) (first openly Jewish U.S. actor) in black face, inaugurating the era of the Hollywood "talkie" at Warner's Theater on Broadway, and making $3M in profit on a $500K investment, after which the Hollywood Big Five Studios (Warner Bros., MGM, Famous Players, RKO, Fox) try to block the growth of talkies, causing maverick Warner Bros. to churn out 12 of them in 1928 alone; the Jazz Singer's name is Jack Robin, and the first words ever spoken onscreen are "Wait a minute, wait a minute, you ain't heard nothing yet" (reel #2); the part was turned down by George Jessel (star of the 1925 stage production) over money, relegating his movie career to the dumps; Jolson did it for less money and backed the movie financially, becoming known as "the World's Greatest Entertainer"; Eddie Cantor also turned it down; adding sound to movies revolutionizes the industry, and puts Am. Federation of Musicians members out of work, helped by a rush to hire English actors for their clearer diction; features the song Blue Skies; "No closer approach to resurrection has ever been made by science" (Prof. M. Pupin); "Men and women whose names were known throughout the land disappeared as though they had been lost at sea" (Jack Warner); "They made me sound as if I'd been castrated" (Tallulah Bankhead); "Talkies didn't do more to the industry than turn it upside down, shake the entire bag of tricks from its pocket, and advance Warner Brothers from last place to first in the league" (Variety); remade in 1980 starring Neil Diamond in a real woofer? ?'s Layla, produced in Egypt is the first full-length Arab film. Cecil B. De Mille's The King of Kings (Apr. 19) reverently stars London-born H.B. Warner (Henry Byron Charles Stewart Warner-Lickfold) (1875-1958), as Jesus Christ, Dorothy Cumming as Mary, Ernest Torrence as Peter, Joseph Schildkraut as Judas, and Jacqueline Logan as Mary Magdalene. Alfred Hitchcock's The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (Feb. 14), about a serial killer is his first film to explore the themes and ideas that become his trademark; he makes his first cameo appearance. Edmund Goulding's Love stars Greta Garbo as Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, and John Gilbert as Capt. Count Alexei Vronsky; remade in 1935. G.W. Pabst's The Love of Jeanne Ney stars Uno Hemming as Andreas, a young Bolshevik framed for murdering his lover's uncle. Fritz Lang's Metropolis (Jan. 10) attempts to show the technology-driven future, becoming the most expensive silent film to date (7M marks); written by Fritz Lang (1890-1976) and his actress wife Thea Gabriele von Harbou (1888-1954), who ends up joining the Nazi Party in 1932 before/after he is accused of being Jewish, and splits with him, ending up on the losing side in WWII. Albert Herman's Mickey's Circus (Sept. 27), a ripoff of the "Tonnerville Trolley" comic strip about Mickey McGuire stars 7-y.-o. Mickey Rooney (Joseph Yule Jr.) (1920-2014), who goes on to star in 77 sequels until 1936, and legally changes his name to Mickey McGuire to avoid having to pay the comic strip writers any royalties; he changes it to Mickey Rooney in 1932 when they won't let him keep it, modifying his mother's suggestion of Mickey Looney. Herbert Wilcox's Mumsie (Sept.) (Twickenham Studios), produced by Wilcox and based on a play by Edward Knoblock stars Nelson Keys as WWI coward Spud Murphy, and is the last silent film of Pauline Frederick as Mumsie; the film debut of London-born stage star Herbert Brough Falcon Marshall (1890-1966) (husband of Edna Best in 1928-40, who lost a leg in WWI) (as Col. Armytage), who jumps ship to Hollywood on the film's success, returning to Britain occasionally but spending most of his career in the U.S. Abel Gance's Napoleon (Apr. 7) runs 330 min. and stars Albert Dieudonne, and is debut at the Paris Opera, with Charles de Gaulle in the audience. King Baggot's The Notorious Lady (Mar. 27), based on the Patrick Hastings play stars Lewis Stone as British army officer Patrick Marlow, who kills a man the room of his wife Mary (Barbara Bedford), after which she takes the rap to save him from the gallows. Alexander Korda's The Private Life of Helen of Troy (Dec. 9), based on the 1925 John Erskine novel stars Maria Corda as Helen, Lewis Stone as Menelaus, and Ricardo Cortez as Paris; Gerald Duffy (-1928) gets the first-and-only nomination for best title writing, becoming the first to be posth. nominated for an Academy Award. Edwin Carewe's Resurrection (Mar. 19) is based on the 1899 Leo Tolstoy novel, starring Dolores del Rio (Maria de los Dolores Asunsolo y Lopez Negrete) (1905-83), 2nd cousin of Ramon Navarro. Ernst Lubitsch's The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (Sept. 21) (MGM), based on a novel by Wilhelm Meyer-Forster stars Ramon Novarro and Norma Shearer, and is a box-office flop. Vsevolod Pudovkin's Storm Over Asia (The Heir of Genghis Khan) is the 3rd in his Bolshevik trilogy. Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau's Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (Sept. 27) (Fox), based on the short story "Die Reise nach Tilsit" by Hermann Sudermann is about young farm wife Indre (Janet Gaynor), whose hubby Anses (George O'Brien) is put up to drowning her by city vamp Woman From the City (Margaret Livingston), then chickens out after disturbing her, but reconciles, only to get in a storm on the way back, where she falls overboard, causing him to try to strangle the mistress, but is saved by the villagers, who bring him his unharmed wife, who embraces him as the Sun rises; the first Hollywood flick for German dir. Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau (1888-1931), and one of the first with a music-SFX soundtrack recorded in the Fox Movietone system; wins the first-ever Oscar for unique and artistic production. Josef von Sternberg's Underworld (Paying the Penalty) (Aug. 20) (Paramount), written by Ben Hecht stars George Bancroft as gangster Bull Weed, based on Chicago gangster Terrible Tommy O'Connor, becoming a surprise hit, launching the gangster movie genre. D.W. Griffith's Topsy and Eva (July 24) (Feature Productions), based on the Harriet Beecher Stowe novel and Catherine Chisholm Cushing play stars Rosetta Duncan as Topsy, sister Vivian Duncan as Eva, Gibson Gowland as Simon Legree, and Noble Johnson as Uncle Tom, becoming the film debut of Danish-born Swedish pretty boy actor Nils Anton Alfhild Asther (1897-1981), who marries Vivian Duncan in 1930, becoming a leading man and growing a thin mustache to keep from looking too effeminate, becoming known as "the male Greta Garbo". Lewis Milestone's Two Arabian Knights (Sept. 23) (United Artists) stars William Boyd as Pvt. W. Daingerfield Phelps III, and Louis Wolheim as Sgt. Peter O'Gaffney, who escape from a German WWI POW camp and vie for the affections of Arab babe Mirza (Mary Astor). Victor Fleming's The Way of All Flesh (June 25) (Zukor-Lasky), based on a story by Perley Poor Sheehan (not the Samuel Butler novel) stars Emil Jannings as Milwaukee bank clerk August Schiller, who is bushwhacked by a blonde seductress on a train to Chicago and robbed of $1K in securities, destroying his life. William A. Wellman's Wings (Aug. 12) stars Clara Bow as Mary Preston, who is fought over by WWI Air Corpsmen Jack Powell (Charles "Buddy" Rogers) and David Armstrong (Richard Arlen); Gary Cooper plays Cadet White; features harrowing dogfight scenes shot at Kelly Field in San Antonio, Tex., with 300 pilots and hundreds of extras, raising the bar for aviation flicks; winner of the first best picture Oscar; the first film to show two men kissing (fraternally), and one of the first widely-distributed films to incl. nudity; does ? box office on a $2M budget. Plays: Philip Barry (1896-1949), Paris Bound (comedy) (Music Box Theatre, New York) (Dec. 27) (234 perf.); Jim Hutton and Mary Archer get married but decide they can have perfect freedom anyway; John; about St. John the Baptist. Samuel Nathaniel Behrman (1893-), The Second Man (comedy). Jacinto Benavente y Martinez (1866-1954), El Hijo de Polichinela. Sem Benelli (1877-1949), Con le Stelle. Paul Claudel (1868-1955), Christophe Colomb. Jean Cocteau (1889-1963), Orphee; a rehash of the Virgin Mary and Joseph story, about poet Orpheus, whose friend Cegeste is killed by motorcycle riders, after which the Princess takes his body to her mansion, raises him from the dead, and disappears with him through a mirror into the Land of Death, after which Orpheus abandons his wife Eurydice and goes through the mirror to join the Princess; films it in 1950. e.e. cummings (1894-1961), him. Francois de Curel (1854-1928), Orage Mystique (Mystical Storm). Bruno Frank, Twelve Thousand. George Gershwin (1898-1937), Sigmund Romberg (1887-1951), Ira Gershwin (1893-1983), and P.G. Wodehouse (1881-1975), Rosalie (musical) (Jan. 10) (New York); a foreign princess (Marilyn Miller) comes to the U.S. and falls in love with a West Point cadet; filmed in 1937. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), Venus; Escurial; Christophe Colomb; La Transfiguration dans le Cirque. Paul Eliot Green (1894-1981), In Abraham's Bosom (New York) (first play) (Pulitzer Prize); the first Southern Am. playwright to gain internat. recognition. Frederick Lonsdale (1881-1954), On Approval. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), The Constant Wife. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), Now We Are Six; The Ivory Door: A Legend; Miss Marlow At Play. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), Strange Interlude (John Golden Theatre, New York) (Pulitzer Prize); most successful U.S. play so far; Nina Leeds searches for elusive happiness over 25 years while dealing with abortion and adultery. Richard Rodgers (1902-79), Lorenz Hart and Herbert Fields, A Connecticut Yankee (musical) (Nov. 3) (Vanderbilt Theater, New York) (421 perf.); based on Mark Twain's "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court"; features the song My Heart Stood Still. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Patchouli, ou Les Desordres de l'Amour. Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955), The Road to Rome (first play); satire on Hannibal's campaign against Rome, showing that every sacrifice in the name of war is wasted. Harry Tierney (1890-1965), Joseph McCarthy, Guy Bolton and Fred thompson, Rio Rita (musical) (Feb. 2) (Ziegfeld Theater, New York) (494 perf.); Texas Ranger Jim vies for Rio Rita with Gen. Esteban while hunting the Kinkajou. Poetry: Franklin Pierce Adams (1881-1960), Half a Loaf. Joseph Auslander (1897-1965), The Winged Horse: The Story of the Poets and Their Poetry. Max Ehrmann (1872-1945), Desiderata (Lat. "desired things"); "Go placidly amid the noise and the haste, and/ remember what peace there may be in silence. As/ far as possible, without surrender, be on good terms with all persons"; "You are a child of the universe,/ no less than the trees and the stars;/ you have a right to be here./ And whether or not it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should"; "With all its sham, drudgery, and broken dreams,/ it is still a beautiful world. Be cheerful. Strive to be happy"; in 1959 Rev. Frederick Kates of St. Paul's Church in Baltimore, Md. claims that it dates back to 1692, but it later is found that he only meant the church; when Adlai Stevenson dies in 1965, a copy is found near his bed, causing it to finally become famous, after which Leonard Nimoy recites it under the title "Spock Thoughts" in his 1968 album "Two Sides of Leonard Nimoy". Kahlil Gibran (1911-72), Kingdom of the Imagination. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Poems (1914-1927). Ramon Guthrie (1896-1973), A World Too Old. Langston Hughes (1902-67), Fine Clothes to the Jew. Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), The Women at Point Sur and Other Poems. James Joyce (1882-1941), Poems Penyeach (July 6). Henri Michaux, Qui Je Fus. Christian Morgenstern (1871-1914), Mensch Wanderer (posth.). Alfred Noyes (1880-1958), Collected Poems, vol. 4. Dorothy Parker (1893-1967), Sunset Gun; "They sicken of the calm who know the storm"; "And if my heart be scarred and burned,/ The safer, I, for all I learned"; "One more drink and I'd have been under the host"; "Accursed from their birth they be/ Who seek to find monogamy,/ Pursuing it from bed to bed - / I think they would be better dead." Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935), Tristram (Pulitzer Prize); Arthurian poem. Vita Sackville-West (1892-1962), The Land. Leonora Speyer (1872-1956), Fiddler's Farewell (Pulitzer Prize). Gene Stratton-Porter (1863-1924), Let Us Highly Resolve (posth.). Charles Vildrac (1882-1971), Prolongements. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), The Tower (U. of Okla. Press); "What shall I do with this absurdity -/ O heart, O troubled heart - this caricature,/ Decrepit age that has been tied to me/ As to a dog's tail?" Novels: Louis Aragon (1897-1982), Le Con d'Irene; pub. under alias Albert de Routisie. Michael Arlen (1895-1956), Young Men in Love; Ghost Stories. Herbert Asbury (1889-1963), The Devil of Pei-ling (first novel). Andrei Bely (1880-1934), The Baptized Chinaman. William Rose Benet (1886-1950), Man Possessed. Enoch Arnold Bennett (1867-1931), The Woman Who Stole Everything and Other Stories. Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), The Leper King (Le Roi Lepreux). Francis Biddle (1886-1968), The Llanfear Pattern; Philly society. Paul Bourget (1852-1935), Nos Actes Nous Suivent. James Boyd (1888-1944), Marching On; sequel to "Drums". Miles J. Breuer (1889-1945), The Man with the Strange Head; pub. in Amazing Stories (Jan.). Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), A Good Woman; Escape #4 of 4. Willa Cather (1873-1947), Death Comes for the Archbishop; based on French Roman Catholic archbishop (1875-88) Jean-Baptiste Lamy (1814-88) of Santa Fe, who arrived in 1851; his Indian guide is Jacinto; Father Martinez of Taos is the bad guy. Blaise Cendrars (1887-1961), Confessions of Dan Yack. Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Big Four (Jan. 27) (short stories); Hercule Poirot #5; Hercule gets twin brother Achille Poirot; Countess Vera Rossakoff. Rene Crevel (1900-35), Babylone. Franklin W. Dixon, The Hardy Boys; a children's series (ends ?), written by a number of different authors using the same alias, Franklin W. Dixon, starting with Ont., Canada-born Charles Leslie McFarlane (1902-77), who works for $85 a pop; about teenie brothers Frank (older) (dark hair) (thinker) and Joe (blonde) (impulsive, athletic) of Bayport on Barmet Bay, who are amateur detectives; their father is detective Fenton Hardy, whose cases they sometimes work on; the mother is Laura Hardy; their friends incl. Chet Morton, Phil Cohen, Biff Hooper, Jerry Gilroy, and Tony Prito; their platonic girlfriends are Callie Shaw and Iola Morton; "Never were so many assorted felonies committed in a simple American small town. Murder, drug peddling, race horse kidnapping, diamond smuggling, medical malpractice, big-time auto theft, even (in the 1940s) the hijacking of strategic materials and espionage, all were conducted with Bayport as a nucleus." (Arthur Prager) Norman Douglas (1868-1952), In the Beginning. Olav Duun (1876-1939), Olsoy-gutane. John Erskine (1879-1951), Adam and Eve. Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev, Razgrom (The Rout); a doomed guerrilla detachment in the Soviet Far East. Johan Falkberget (1879-1967), Christianus Sextus (trilogy) (1927-35); set in 1720s Norway - something to read during the long nights? William Faulkner (1897-1962), Mosquitoes. Pamela Frankau (1908-67), Marriage of Harlequin (first novel). Jean Girardoux, Eglantine. Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), Bystander; first in a tetralogy (1927-38) ("The Magnet", "Other Fires", "The Specter") constituting a calvacade of Russian history from 1880-1924. John Gunther (1901-70), Peter Lancelot: An Amusement. H. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), Allan and the Ice Gods (posth.). Knut Hamsun (1859-1952), Vagabonds. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), Men without Women (short stories). Hermann Hesse (1877-1962), Der Steppenwolf; AKA "Henry Haller's Records (For Madmen Only"; written after a brief marriage to singer Ruth Wenger in 1924; psychotic Henry Haller, Hermine, Maria, and saxophonist Pablo of the Magic Theatre in a spiritually-barren modern world; dissed by critics for depictions of sex and drug use; in 1928 Hesse pub. the short story "Harry the Steppenwolf" about a wolf kept in a zoo who entertains crowds by destroying images of cultural icons incl. Goethe and Mozart. Sigurd Hoel (1890-1960), Sinners in the Summer Sun - radicals can be witty? Julian Huxley (1887-1975), The Tissue-Culture King; pub. in "The Yale Review"; "caps of metal foil" can "block the effects of telepathy". Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), Knock Four Times. Mary Johnston (1870-1936), The Exile. Franz Kafka (1883-1924), Amerika (posth.). Joseph Kessel (1898-1979), Nuits de Princes. John Knittel (1891-1970), Into the Abyss (Theresa Etienne). Rosamond Lehmann (1901-90), Dusty Answer (first novel); big hit about bi babe Ludith. Leonid Leonov (1899-1994), The Thief; Mitka Vekshin returns from the Russian Civil War and becomes a thief; banned by the Soviets until 1959; one of TLW's favorite novels by a Russky? Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), Elmer Gantry (Mar.); bestseller; filmed in 1960 starring Burt Lancaster and Jean Simmons; a boozing womanizing college athlete who was kicked out of a seminary for seducing the deacon's daughter in the chapel and became a traveling salesman, then gets religion at a small town tent meeting after lusting after Sister Sharon Flaconer, becoming a Bible-thumping fundamentalist evangelist to get her poontang and filthy lucre, and always gets away with it because of his holy cover and great talking ability; based on pastor Burris Jenkins of Linwood Blvd. Methodist Episcopal Church i n Kansas City, Mo. and Unitarian Rev. L.M. Birkhead; dedicated to H.L. Mencken; Billy Sunday calls Lewis "Satan's cohort", and it is banned in Boston, making it more popular, becoming the #1 fiction bestseller of 1927; "Elmer Gantry was drunk. He was eloquently drunk, lovingly and pugnaciously drunk" (opening line); "He had learned how to assemble Jewish texts, Greek philosophy, and Middle-Western evangelistic anecdotes into a sermon. And he had learned that poverty was blessed, but that bankers make the best deacons"; “Elmer Gantry never knew who sent him thirty dimes, wrapped in a tract about holiness, nor why. But he found the sentiments in the tract useful in his sermon, and the thirty dimes he spent for lovely photographs of burlesque ladies"; "We shall yet make these United States a moral nation!" William John Locke (1863-1930), Stories Near and Far; The Kingdom of Theophilus. Anita Loos (1889-1981), But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes; sequel to "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" (1925). Pierre Louys (1870-1925), Handbook of Behaviour for Little Girls to be Used in Educational Establishments (Manuel de civilité pour les petites filles à l'usage des maisons d'éducation) (posth.); pub. anon.; an erotic work telling little girls how to do it all; "We have considered it useless to explain the words: cunt, slit, fanny, mound, cock, tail, bollock, testicle, cum (verb), cum (noun), erection, masturbate, suck, lick, pump, kiss, fellate, screw, fuck, ass-fuck, ejaculate, dildo, lesbian, dyke, sixty-nine, cunnilingus, cute, whore, brothel. These words are familiar to all little girls." Denis Mackail (1892-1971), The Flower Show. Sir Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), Vestal Fire. Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), And There Were Giants...; The Other Mary. John Masefield (1878-1967), The Midnight Folk (first children's novel); about young Kay Harker, who sets out to discover what became of a fortune stolen from his seafaring great-grandfather Aston Tirrold Harker before a coven of witches led by governess Sylvia Daisy Pouncer can get it, and is assisted by talking anaimals incl. Nibbins the Cat, who fights bad cats Blackmalkin and Greymalkin. Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), Kit O'Brien. Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), Thérèse Desqueyroux; about a woman of Landes in SW France who is acquitted of trying to poison her husband Bernard with arsenic even though she's guilty because he testifies in her behalf, after which he punishes her his own way by imprisoning her in an isolated house in a pine forest in Argelouse. Andre Maurois (1885-1967), The Life of Disraeli. William Babington Maxwell (1866-1938), Fernande. Alan Le May (1899-1964), Painted Ponies (first novel); the U.S. Cavalry vs. the Cheyenne. Nellie McClung (1873-1951), The Next of Kin. George Barr McCutcheon (1866-1928), The Inn of the Hawk and Raven. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), Now We Are Six. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Woodcutter's House. Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Interloper (The Ex-Duke); Miss Brown of X.Y.O.; The Channay Syndicate (short stories); Mr. Billingham, the Marquis and Madelon (short stories); Madame and Her Twelve Virgins (short stories); Nicholas Goade, Detective (short stories). Martha Ostenso (1900-63), The Mad Carews. Charles Fulton Oursler (1893-1952), The Spider. Sir Gilbert Parker (1862-1932), There is the Man. John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Orient Express; Facing the Chair. Henrik Pontoppidan (1857-1943), Man's Heaven (Mands Himmerig); Danish intellectual desperation at the outbreak of WWI. Julia Peterkin (1880-1961), Black April (first novel). J.B. Priestley (1894-1984), Benighted; filmed in 1932 as "The Old Dark Film". Marcel Proust (1871-1922), Remembrance of Things Past, vols. 4-7 (A la Recherche du Temps Perdu) (posth.). Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), Station on the Horizon. Mazo de la Roche (1879-1961), Jalna; about the Whiteoak family of Jalna; wins the $10K Atlantic Monthly prize, becomes an internat. hit, and spawns several sequels. Joseph Roth (1894-1939), The Wandering Jews; The Flight without End. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), The Nuptials of Corbal. Dorothy L. Sayers (1893-1957), Unnatural Death (The Singular Case of the Three Spinsters); Lord Peter Wimsey #3; an elder lady dies of cancer, but is it murder? Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), Oil! Israel Joshua Singer (1893-1944), Steel and Iron. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), The Mystery of Uncle Bollard; Goblin Market. Marguerite Steen (1894-1975), The Gilt Cage (first novel). Gene Stratton-Porter (1863-1924), The Magic Garden. Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), Tokefield Papers. B. Traven (1882-1969), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre; written by a mysterious writer whose identity is never ascertained and spends most of his life in Mexico; filmed in 1948 by John Huston. S.S. Van Dine (1888-1939), The Canary Murder Case. Georg von der Vring (1889-1968), Soldier Suhren (Soldat Suhren) (first novel); autobio. war novel; a hit, launching his writing career. Edgar Wallace (1875-1932), The Big Foot. Eric Derwent Walrond (1898-1966), City Love. Mika Waltari (1908-79), The Grand Illusion (first novel). Raymond Melbourne Weaver (1888-1948), Black Valley; Christian missionaries in Japan, expressing doubts about the superiority of the West; "Sincere but wasted effort of a community of evangelical Christians engaged in a sort of spiritual shadow boxing, raiding the heathen for an occasional convert and, when off-duty, indulging in a good deal of spiteful and narrow gossip." H.G. Wells (1866-1946), Meanwhile; the Open Conspiracy for establishing a OWG. Ethel Lina White (1876-1944), The Wish-Bone (first novel). Grace Miller White (1868-1957), Susan of the Storm. Thornton Wilder (1897-1975), The Bridge of San Luis Rey (Pulitzer Prize); bestseller of 1928, making him an instant hit. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), Tarka the Otter: His Joyful Water-Life and Death in the Country of the Two Rivers; a cub grows up, fends for himself, and gets in a death struggle with dog Deadlock. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), To the Lighthouse (U. of Okla. Press); visits by the Ramsay family to its summer home on the Isle of Skye; based on Godrevy Lighthouse in St. Ives, Cornwell, her childhood summer home. Harold Bell Wright (1872-1944), God and the Groceryman. Arnold Zweig (1887-1968), Sternstunden der Menschheit; The Case of Sergeant Grischa, pt. 1 of 6 of "The Great War of the White Men" (1927-57); a pacifist novel about WWI, making him an internat. star. Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), Conflicts. Births: Am. Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb (d. 1965) on Jan. 1 in Wichita, Kan.; grows up in Casper, Wyo.; educated at St. Olaf College, and Princeton Theological Seminary. Am. economist Vernon Lomax Smith on Jan. 1 in Wichita, Kan.; educated at Caltech, and Harvard U.; 2002 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. football hall-of-fame player (Detroit Lions) (1950-5) (#37) Ewell Doak Walker Jr. (d. 1998) on Jan. 1 in Dallas, Tex.; educated at Southern Methodist U.; wins the 1948 Heisman Trophy after turning the Cotton Bowl into "the House that Doak Built". Am. economist Arnold Zellner (d. 2010) on Jan. 2; educated at Harvard U., and UCB. Am. "Sgt. William Mac MacDonald in Adam-12" actor William Boyett (d. 2004) on Jan. 3 in Mission Hills, Calif. Am. "Nora Clavicle in Batman", "Hombre", "Ruth Camden in 7th Heaven" actress Barbara Rush on Jan. 4 in Denver, Colo.; educated at UCSB; wife (1950-5) of Jeffrey Hunter and (1959-) Warren Cowan (1921-2008); mother of Claudia Cowan (1963-). Am. Hinduism (Shaivism) leader Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (Robert Hansen) (d. 2001) on Jan. 5 in Oakland, Calif. Canadian "Hard to Get" singer-actress Gisele MacKenzie (Gisele Marie Louise Marguerite La Fleche) (d. 2003) on Jan. 10 in Winnipeg, Man.; becomes U.S. citizen in 1955; tours with Jack Benny; mother of Gigi MacKenzie. Am. "Cry" singer-songwriter-pianist (deaf) ("Mr. Emotion") ("the Nabob of Sob") ("the Prince of Wails") (bi) (alcoholic) John Alvin "Johnnie" Ray (d. 1990) on Jan. 10 in Hopewell, Ore.; some Native Am. ancestry. English chemist Leslie Elazer Orgel (d. 2007) on Jan. 12 in London; educated at Oxford U., Cal Tech, and U. of Chicago. Am. "All My Friends Are Gonna Be Strangers" country singer-songwriter Liz Anderson (Elizabeth Jane Haaby) (d. 2011) on Jan. 13 in Roseau, Minn.; grows up in Grand Forks, N.d.; mother of Lynn Anderson (1947-). South African nematode-loving biologist (Jewish) Sydney Brenner (d. 2019) on Jan. 13 in Germiston, Transvaal; Lithuanian immigrant father, Latvian immigrant mother; educated at Exeter College, Oxford U. Am. Nat. Enquirer owner Generoso Paul "Gene" Pope Jr. (d. 1988) on Jan. 13 in New York City; son of Generoso Pope (1891-1950); educated at MIT. Am. "Deliver Us from Evil" anti-Communist Roman Catholic physician-writer (gay) Thomas Anthony "Tom" Dooley III (d. 1961) on Jan. 17 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "C'est si Bon", "I Want to be Evil", "Santa Baby", "Catwoman in Batman" singer-actress (black) Eartha Kitt (Eartha Mae Keith) (d. 2008) on Jan. 17 in North, S.C.; white father, black Cherokee mother. Am. sitar player Harihar Rao (d. 2013) (Hindustani Jazz Sextet) in Mangalore, India; emigrates to the U.S. in 1964. Canadian 5'10" hockey hall-of-fame player (Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs) Ferdinand Charles Carl "Fernie" Flaman (d. 2012) on Jan. 25 in Dysart, Sask. Brazilian "The Girl from Ipanema" singer-songwriter-musician Antonio "Tom" Carlos Brasileiro de Almeida Jobim (d. 1994) on Jan. 25 in Rio de Janeiro. Georgian pres. #2 (1995-2003) Eduard Shevardnadze on Jan. 25 in Mamati, Lanchkhuti, Transcaucasian SFSR. Canadian agricultural scientist ("Father of Canola") Richard Keith Downey on Jan. 26 in Saskatoon, Sask.; educated at Cornell U.; collaborator of Baldur Rosmund Stefansson (1917-2002). Am. immigration reform activist Lawrence Howard Fuchs (d. 2013) on Jan. 29 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U. Am. "A Chair for My Mother" children's writer-illustrator Vera B. Williams on Jan. 28 in Hollywood, Calif. Am. "The Monkey Wrench Gang" novelist ("the Thoreau of the American West" - Larry McMurtry) Edward Paul Abbey (d. 1989) on Jan. 29 in Indiana, Penn.; educated at the U. of N.M. Swedish Social Dem. PM (1969-76, 1982-6) Sven Olof Joachim Palme (d. 1986) on Jan. 30 in Ostermalm, Stockholm; educated at Kenyon College, and Stockholm U. Am. "After Making Love We Hear Footsteps" poet Galway Kinnell (d 2014) on Feb. 1 in Providence, R.I.; educated at Princeton U. Am. cool jazz tenor saxophonist (Jewish) ("The Sound") Stanley "Stan" Getz (d. 1991) on Feb. 2 in Philadelphia, Penn.; of Ukrainian descent. Am. "Hollywood Babylon", "Lucifer Rising" writer-actor-filmmaker (gay) Kenneth Anger (Kenneth Wilbur Anglemeyer) on Feb. 3 in Santa Monica, Calif. Irish singer Michael Valentine "Val" Doonican on Feb. 3 in Waterford. Am. novelist Joan Lowery Nixon (d. 2003) on Feb. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at USC. Am."South Street", "The Stone Face" journalist-novelist (black) William Gardner Smith (d. 1974) on Feb. 6 in Philadelphia, Penn.; in 1952 moves to France, spending time in Ghana. Soviet Olympic long distance runner Vladimir Petrovich (Volodymyr Petrovych) Kuts (d. 1975) on Feb. 7 in Oleksyne, Ukraine. Am. "Beatrice in Sisters" actress Elizabeth Hoffman on feb. 8 in Corvallis, Ore. Am. "Aida" opera soprano (black) Mary Violet Leontyne Price on Feb. 10 in Laurel, Miss.; first black superstar of the Metropolian Opera: "If you're not feeling good about you, what you're wearing outside doesn't mean a thing." Am. "Barker in Gunsmoke", "Frosty in Batman", "The Howling Man episode of The Twilight Zone" actor H.M. Wynant on Feb. 12 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Hedley Lamarr in Blazing Saddles" comedian (Jewish) Harvey Herschel Korman (d. 2008) on Feb. 15 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture" cultural historian David Brion Davis on Feb. 16 in Denver, Colo.; educated at Dartmouth College, and Harvard U.; student of Howard Mumford Jones (1892-1980). Israeli spy Michael "Mike" Harari (d. 2014) on Feb. 18 in Tel Aviv. U.S. Sen. (R-Va.) (1979-2009) John William Warner on Feb. 18 in Washington, D.C.; educated at the U. of Va.; husband (1976-82) of Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011). Am. atty. (Jew) (gay) (Sen. Joseph McCarthy's aide) Roy Marcus Cohn (d. 1986) on Feb. 20 in New York City; educated at Columbia U.; a registered Dem. who supports Repubs. French fashion designer Count Hubert James Marcel Taffin de Givenchy (pr. zee-VAH-shee) on Feb. 20 in Beauvais. Am. "Lillies of the Field" actor (black) Sir Sidney Poitier (d. 2022) on Feb. 20 en route from Cat Island, Bahamas to Miami, Fla.; Bahamanian parents; grows up in Nassau and New York City; first black male to win the Oscar for best actor (1964); husband (1976-) of Joanna Shimkus (1943-); father of Sydney Tamiia Poitier (1973-). Am. humorist writer Erma Louise Bombeck (nee Fiste) (d. 1996) on Feb. 21 in Dayton, Ohio. Am. "My Heart Cries for You", "Singing the Blues" pop singer-actor Guy Mitchell (Albert George Cernik) (d. 1999) on Feb. 22 in Detroit, Mich.; Croatian immigrant parents; named by Mitch Miller after himself and because he's a nice guy. Am. "Rush to Judgment" Dem. politician-writer-atty. Mark Lane on Feb. 24 in New York City; a Freedom Rider in 1961, then a JFK assassination critic, then the atty. for Jim Jones' Peoples Temple. Am. bluegrass musician Dr. Ralph Edmund Stanley (Clinch Mountain Boys) on Feb. 25 in McClure, Va.; brother of Carter Stanley (1925-66); receives an honorary doctorate of music from Lincoln Memorial U. in Tenn. in 1976. Am. "Name That Tune" TV game show host (Jewish) Tom Kennedy (James Narz) on Feb. 26 in Louisville, Ky.; brother of Jack Narz (1922-2008); brother-in-law of Bill Cullen; not to be confused with actor Tom Kennedy (1885-1965). Am. "Midnight Cowboy", "Blue Denim" novelist-playwright-actor (gay) James Leo Herlihy (d. 1993) on Feb. 27 in Detroit, Mich.; educated at Black Mountain College. Am. "Banana Boat Song", "Matilda" singer-actor-activist ("King of Calypso") (black) Harold George "Harry" Belafonte (Belafonete) Jr. on Mar. 1 in Harlem, N.Y; Jamaica-born Martiniquan father (w/Dutch Sephardic Jewish father), Jamaican descent mother (w/a white Scottish mother). Am. judge Robert Heron Bork (d. 2012) on Mar. 1 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. novelist Burt Blechman on Mar. 2 in Brooklyn, N.Y. English "Van der Valk" crime novelist Nicolas Freeling (Davidson) (d. 2003) on Mar. 3 in London. Am. "Gareth Lowell in Look in Any Window","Nick Fleming in I Spy", "Mr. Bob in Get Smart", "The Great Santini in Columbo", "Miles Mellough in The Eiger Sanction" actor (bi) (alcoholic) (bipolar) John Joseph Edward "Jack" Cassidy (d. 1976) on Mar. 5 in Richmond Hill, Queens, N.Y.; Irish descent father, German descent mother; husband (1956-74) of Shirley Jones (1934-); father of David Cassidy (1950-) and Shaun Cassidy (1958-); lover of Cole Porter. Am. "The Bold and the Beautiful", "The Young and the Restless" TV producer William Joseph "Bill" Bell (d. 2005) on Mar. 6 in Chicago, Ill.; husband (1954-) of Lee Phillip Bell. Am. astronaut Leroy Gordon Cooper Jr. (d. 2004) on Mar. 6 in Shawnee, Okla.; command pilot of the Gemini 5 (first to use a TV camera in space). Colombian "One Hundred Years of Solitude", "Love in the Time of Cholera" #1 magical realist novelist Gabriel "Gabo" Jose de la Concordia Garcia Marquez (Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez) (d. 2014) (AKA Gabo or Gabito) on Mar. 6 in Aracataca, Magdalena; 1982 Nobel Lit. Prize; his novels are set in the fictional town of Macondo. Am. "Hey Joe!, "Wicked Lies", "Loose Talk" country hall-of-fame singer Carl Milton "Mister Country" Smith (d. 2010) on Mar. 15 in Maynardsville, Tenn.; husband (1952-6) of June Carter (1929-2003). Am. Dem. politician-diplomat-sociologist Daniel Patrick "Pat" Moynihan (d. 2003) on Mar. 16 in Tulsa, Okla.; moves to New York City at age 6; educated at Tufts U. Am. "Cabaret", "Chicago" composer John Harold Kander on Mar. 18 in Kansas City, Mo.; educated at Columbia U.; collaborator of Fred Ebb (1928-2004). Am. "Professional Amateur" journalist-writer-actor George Ames Plimpton (d. 2003) on Mar. 18 in New York City; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and Harvard U. Am. "What Color Is Your Parachute?" writer and Episcopalian minister Richard Nelson Bolles on Mar. 19 in Milwaukee, Wisc.; brother of Don Bolles (1928-76); educated at MIT, and Harvard U. Am. computer scientist-pschologist (pioneer in AI) Allen Newell (d. 1992) on Mar. 19; educated at Stanford U., and Princeton U. Am. Milwaukee/Atlanta Hawks gen. mgr. (1954-70) ("Godfather of the NBA Draft") Marty Blake (d. 2013) on Mar. 22 in Paterson, N.J.; educated at Wilkes College. German writer Martin Walser on Mar. 24 in Wasserburg am Bodensee. French historian (on the French Rev.) Francois Furet (d. 1997) on Mar. 27 in Paris; leaves the Communist Party in 1956. Am. "Gideon's Trumpet" liberal newspaper columnist Anthony Lewis on Mar. 27 in New York City. Russian cellist-conductor Mstislav Leopoldovich "Slava" Rostropovich (d. 2007) on Mar. 27 in Baku, Azerbaijan. British cold fusion chemist (Jewish) Martin Fleischmann (d. 2012) on Mar. 29 in Karlovy Vary, Czech.; emigrates to England in 1938; educated at Imperial College London. Am. political commentator and Roman Catholic Jesuit priest John McLaughlin (d. 2016) on Mar. 29 in Providence, R.I.; educated at Columbia U. English pharmacologist Sir John Robert Vane (d. 2004) on Mar. 29 in Tardebigg, Worcestershire; Russian immigrant father, English mother; educated at Oxford U.; knighted in 1984. Am. "Hollywood Squares" game show host Peter Marshall (Ralph Pierre LaCock) on Mar. 30 in Huntington, W.Va. Am. United Farm Workers founder Cesar Estrada Chavez (d. 1993) on Mar. 31 in Yuma, Ariz. Am. "John Adams" actor William Daniels on Mar. 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Chicken Shack Boogie", "One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer" R&B singer (black) Amos Milburn (d. 1980) on Apr. 1 in Houston, Tex. U.S. Rep. (R-Ga.) (1965-7) and U.S. army secy. #11 (1973-5) Howard Hollis "Bo" Callaway on Apr. 2 in LaGrange; educated at West Point; first U.S. Repub. rep. from Ga. since Reconstruction. English "Oh! Calcutta!" critic-playwright Kenneth Peacock Tynan (d. 1980) on Apr. 2 in Birmingham. Am. cool jazz baritone saxophonist-composer (white) (heroin addict)Gerald Joseph "Gerry" Mulligan (d. 1996) on Apr. 6 in Queens, N.Y. Am. biochemist=geneticist Marshall Warren Nirenberg (d. 2010) on Apr. 10 in New York City; educated at the U. of Mich. Kiwi chemist Alan Graham MacDiarmid on Apr. 14 in Masterson; educated at the U. of Wisc., and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge U.; 2000 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. ML baseball outfielder (New York Giants, 1948-57) Donald Frederick "Don" Mueller on Apr. 14 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "Elvis" writer (Jewish) Albert Harry Goldman (d. 1994) on Apr. 15 in Dormont, Penn. English high sheriff of Derbyshire (1983-) Sir Sacheverell Reresby Sitwell, 7th Baronet (d. 2009) on Apr. 15; educated at Eton College, and King's College, Cambridge U.; nephew of Dame Edith Sitwel; husband (1952-) of Penelope Forbes. German pope #265 (2005-13) Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger) (2022) on Apr. 16 (the day before Easter) in Marktl am Inn in Bavaria (near the Austrian border); grandnephew of Georg Ratzinger (1844-99); brother of Georg Ratzinger (1924-). Am. "The Clash of Civilizations" conservative political scientist Samuel Phillips Huntington (d. 2008) on Apr. 18 in New York City; educated at Yale U., and Harvard U. Canadian gov.-gen. #23 (1984-90) Jeanne Mathilde Sauve (Sauvé) (nee Benoit) (d. 1993) on Apr. 26 in Prudhomme, Sask. Am. jazz drummer (black) Connie Kay (Conrad Henry Kirnon) (d. 1994) (Modern Jazz Quartet) on Apr. 27. Am. civil rights activist (black) (vegetarian) Coretta Scott King (d. 2006) on Apr. 27 in Heiberger, Ala.; wife (1953-68) of Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-68); mother of Yolanda Denise King (1955-2007), Martin Luther King III (1957-), Dexter Scott King (1961-), and Bernice Albertine King (1963-); educated at Antioch College (first African-Am. student). Am. atty. (black) Jewel Stradford Lafontant (Lafontant-Mankarious) (nee Jewel Carter Stradford) (d. 1997) on Apr. 28 in Chicago, Ill; educated at Oberlin College, and U. of Chicago Law School (first African-Am. graduate); mother of John Washington Rodgers Jr. (1958-). Am. "Bunny Harper in The Danny Thomas Show", "Shirley's mother in Laverne and Shirley", "Ursula in The Little Mermaid" comedian-actress Patricia Ann "Pat" Carroll (d. 2022) on May 5 in Shreveport, La. Am. novelist-screenwriter (Jewish) Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (d. 2013) on May 7 in Cologne, Germany; Polish Jewish father, German Jewish mother; educated at the Univ. of London; emigrates to the U.S. in 1975; collaborator of James Ivory (1928-) and Ismail Merchant (1936-2005). German biophysicist (atheist) Manfred Eigen (d. 2019) on May 9 in Bochum; educated at the U. of Gottingen. Welsh "Dr. Bombay in Bewitched", "Col. Crittendon in Hogan's Heroes" actor Bernard Fox (Lawson) (d. 2016) on May 11 in Port Talbot, Glamorgan. Canadian comedian (Jewish) Morton Lyon "Mort" Sahl on May 11 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. folk-blues-jazz singer Barbara Dane on May 12 in Detroit, Mich.; "Did you get that chick? She's a gasser!" (Louis Armstrong). English opera-dance-drama critic (New York Times) Clive Barnes on May 13 in London. Am. folk singer-songwriter Fred Hellerman (The Weavers) on May 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Funny Lady", "Steel Magnolias" dir.-producer-choreographer Herbert David Ross (d. 2001) on May 13 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; husband (1959-87) of Nora Kaye (1920-87) and (1988-2001) Lee Radziwill (1933-). British celeb Assia Esther Wevill (nee Gutmann) (d. 1969) on May 15 in Berlin, Germany; lover (1961-9) of Ted Hughes (1930-98). French "La Creve" journalist-novelist Francois Nourissier on May 18 in Paris. Am. 6'3" football coach (Minn. Vikings, 1967-83, 1985) Harry Peter "Bud" Grant Jr. on May 20 in Superior, Wisc. Am. "Capt. Lee Crane in Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "Evan Robley in Wonder Woman" actor Albert David Hedison Jr. on May 20 in Providence, R.I. Am. "Gus Portokalos in My Big Fat Greek Wedding", "Principal Seymour Kaufman in Room 222" actor Michael Constantine (Constantine Ioannides) (Gus Efstratiou) on May 22 in Reading, Penn.; Greek immigrant parents. Am. chemist George Andrew Olah (Olah Gyorgy) (d. 2017) on May 22 in Budapest; emigrates to England in 1956, and the U.S. in 1965. Am. "Shadow Country", "The Snow Leopard" novelist-activist Peter Matthiessen on May 22 in New York City. French "Strange Intruder" actor Jacques Bergerac (d. 2014) on May 26 in Biarritz; husband (1953-7) of Ginger Rogers (1911-95) and (1959-64) Dorothy Malone (1925-). Canadian psychologist Endel Tulving on May 26 in Estonia; educated at the U. of Toronto, and Harvard U. Am. "The Bourne Identity", "The Osterman Weekend" novelist Robert Ludlum (d. 2001) (AKA Jonathan Ryder and Michael Shepherd) on May 25 in New York City. Am. "The Gospel of Christian Atheism" radical Christian theologian Thomas Jonathan Jackson "J.J." Altizer (d. 2018) on May 28 in Cambridge, Mass.; educated at St. John's College, and U. of Chicago. Am. 6'6" "Cheyenne Bodie in Cheyenne" actor Norman Eugene "Clint" Walker on May 30 in Hartford, Ill. Am. "Jim Dixon in Newhart" actor-dir. Thomas Hill (d. 2009) on June 2 in Landour, Murrourie, India. Am. "Power vs. Force" psychiatrist David Ramon Hawkins (d. 2012) on June 3 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Am. "Yakety Sax" musician Homer Louis "Boots" Randolph III (d. 2007) on June 3 in Paducah, Ky. Am. "Jeremy Wendell in Dallas" actor William Smithers on June 6 in Richmond, Va.; educated at Catholic U. Am. Dem. Okla. gov. #17 (1963) and #22 (1979-87) George Patterson Nigh on June 9 in McAlester, Okla. Am. Johnson Products Co. founder (black) George Ellis Johnson Sr. on June 12 in Richton, Miss. Am. TV newscaster and Cleveland mayor #51 (1967-71) (black) (Freemason) Carl Burton Stokes (d. 1996) on June 21 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at the U. of Minn., and Cleveland State U.; first black elected mayor of a major U.S. city. Am. "Cabaret" choreographer-dir. Robert Louis "Bob" Fosse (d. 1987) on June 23 in Chicago, Ill.; Norwegian father, Irish mother; switches from dancing to choreography after becoming prematurely bald. Am. physicist (Jewish) Martin Lewis Perl (d. 2014) on June 24 in New York City; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Columbia U.; 1995 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "Honeysuckle Rose" dir. (Jewish) Jerry Schatzberg on June 26 in Bronx, N.Y. South African "Goodbye My Love", "Darling, It's Wonderful" singer Virginia Lee (d. 1990) on June 27 in Port Elizabeth. Am. chemist Frank Sherwood "Sherry" Rowland (d. 2012) on June 28 in Delaware, Ohio; educated at Ohio Wesleyan U., and U. of Chicago; student of Willard F. Libby. Am. tennis player Shirley June Fry on June 30 in Akron, Ohio. Am. "Captain Kangaroo", "Clarabell the Clown" actor-producer Robert James "Bob" Keeshan (d. 2004) on June 27 in Lynbrook, N.Y.; educated at Fordham U. Am. CFC chemist Frank Sherwood "Sherry" Rowland (d. 2012) on June 28 in Delaware, Ohio; educated at Ohio Wesleyan U., and the U. of Chicago. Am. "The Lion in Winter" novelist-screenwriter-playwright James Goldman (d. 1998) on June 30 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mockingbird" actor (black) Brock Peters (d. 2005) on July 2 in New York City; of African and West Indian descent. English "Women in Love", "Tommy", "Altered States" film dir. Henry Kenneth Alfred "Ken" Russell on July 3 in Southampton, Hampshire; educated at Pangbourne College. Italian "Solomon and Sheba", "Come September" actress-model ("La Lollo") Luigina "Gina" Lollobrigida on July 4 in Subiaco. Am. "The Sunshine Boys", "The Odd Couple", "Barefoot in the Park" playwright (Jewish) Marvin Neil Simon (d. 2018) on July 4 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at NYU, and U. of Denver; husband (1999-) of Elaine Joyce (1945-). Am. "Marion Crane in Psycho", "Eugene Rose Chaney in The Manchurian Candidate" actress Janet Leigh (Jeanetta Helen Morrison) (d. 2004) on July 6 in Merced, Calif. Am. country singer Charles Louvin (Charles Elzer Loudermilk) (d. 2011) on July 7 in Henagar, Ala.; brother of Ira Louvin (1924-65); cousin of John D. Loudermilk (1934-). Am. Filmways producer Martin Ransohoff (d. 2017) on July 7 in New Orleans, La.; educated at Colgate U. Am. "Tonight Show" trumpeter-bandleader Carl Hilding "Doc" Severinsen on July 7 in Arlington, Ore. Am. "Mingo in Daniel Boone", "When the Snow Is On the Roses" actor-singer (Jewish) Ed Ames (Edmund Dantes Urick) (d. 2023) (Ames Brothers) on July 9 in Malden, Mass.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; brother of Joe Urick (1921-2007), Gene Urick (1923-97), and Vic Urick (1925-78). Canadian 6'0" hockey hall-of-fame player (Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs) Leonard Patrick "Red" Kelly on July 9 in Port Dover (Simcoe), Ont. Am. New York City mayor #106 (1990-3) (black) David Norman Dinkins on July 10 in Trenton, N.J.; educated at Brooklyn Law School, and Howard U.; first black mayor of New York City (until ?). Am. physicist (ruby laser inventor) Theodore Harold "Ted" Maiman (d. 2007) on July 11 in Pittsburgh, Penn.; educated at the U. of Colo., and Stanford U. Am. New Orleans Saints owner (1985-2018) Thomas Milton "Tom" Benson (d. 2018) on July 12 in New Orleans, La.; educated at Loyola U. New Orleans. French atty.-politician (pres. #16 of the European Parliament in 1979-82) (Jewish) Simone Veil (Simone Annie Liline Jacob) on July 13 in Nice; grows up in the Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau camp. Am. NBC-TV journalist John William Chancellor (d. 1996) on July 14 in Chicago, Ill. English playwright-actor-dir. (inventor of Community Plays) Ann Jellicoe on July 15 in Middlesborough, Yorkshire. Am. "Dr. Eldon Tyrell in Blade Runner", "Lloyd the Bartender in The Shining" actor Joseph "Joe" Turkel on July 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y. French pianist Jean Claude Casadesus (d. 1972) on July 17 in Paris; son of Robert Casadesus (1899-1972). Am. Pop artist (Jewish) Alex Katz on July 24 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; grows up in St. Albans, Queens, N.Y.; lies to use wife (1958-) Ada Katz (1928-) as his subject. Am. neoconservative writer-journalist (Jewish) Midge Decter on July 25 in St. Paul, Minn.; wife of Norman Podhoretz (1930-); mother of John Podhoretz (1961-). Am. "We Shall Overcome" folk musician Guy Hughes Carawan Jr. (d. 2015) on July 27 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. New York School Surrealist Modernist poet (gay) John Lawrence Ashbery (d. 2017) on July 28 in Rochester, N.Y.; educated at Harvard U., NYU, and Columbia U.; classmate at Harvard of Robert Bly, Robert Creeley, and Pete Davison; Harvard friends with Barbara Epstein, Edward Gorey, Kenneth Koch, V.R. Lang, and Frank O'Hara; husband of David Kermani. English "Turtle Diary", "Castaway" actor-writer-producer Richard Johnson on July 30 in Upminster, Essex. English "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg" playwright Peter Nichols on July 31 in Bristol. Am. "Linda Lovelace for President" dir. Claudio Elias Guzman (Guzmán) (d. 2008) on Aug. 2 in Rancagua, Chile; husband (1964-74) of Anna Maria Alberghetti (1936-). English physics teacher Geoffrey E. Perry (d. 2000) on Aug. 4 in Braintree, Essex. Am. Black Mountain poet ("the greatest living poet" - Charles Bukowski) Laurence Joel "Larry" Eigner (d. 1996) on Aug. 7 in Swampscott, Mass.; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. "Alfalfa in Our Gang" actor-singer-dog breeder Carl Dean Switzer (d. 1959) on Aug. 7 in Paris, Ill. Russian opthalmologist Svyatoslav Nikolayevich Fyodorov (d. 2000) on Aug. 8 in Proskurov, Ukraine; Russian parents; educated at Rostov Medical Inst. Am. "Flowers for Algernon" novelist Daniel F. Keyes (d. 2014) on Aug. 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at NYU, and Brooklyn College. Am. computer scientist (Jewish) Marvin Lee Minsky on Aug. 9 in New York City; educated at Bronx High School of Science, Phillips Academy, Harvard U., and Princeton U.; one of the two people that Isaac Asimov admits is smarter than him, the other being Carl Sagan. English "Jaws", "From Russia With Love" actor Robert Archibald Shaw (d. 1978) on Aug. 9 in Westhoughton, Lancashire. Am. bluegrass musician ("the King of Bluegrass") (alcoholic) James H. "Jimmy" Martin (d. 2005) (Bill Monroe's Blue Grass Boys, The Sunny Mountain Boys) on Aug. 10 in Sneedville, Tenn.; father of Jimmy Martin Jr. Am. 5'8" basketball player (white) Eugene "Gene" "Squeaky" Melchiorre on Aug. 10 in Highland Park, Ill.; educated at Bradley U. Am. 6'1" basketball player (white) (Minneapolis Lakers #21, 1949-53) Robert William "Bob" "Tiger" Harrison on Aug. 12 in Toledo, Ohio.; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. country singer ("Mr. Grand Ole Opry") Porter Wayne Wagoner (d. 2007) (Blue Ridge Boys) on Aug. 12 in West Plains, Mo.; launches Dolly Parton's career in 1967. South African choreographer John Cyril Cranko on Aug. 15 in Rustenburg, Transvaal. U.S. Dem. First Lady (1977-81) Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter on Aug. 18 in Plains, Ga.; wife (1946-) of Pres. Jimmy Carter (1924-); mother of John William "Jack" Carter (1947-), James Earl "Chip" Carter III (1950-), Donnell Jeffrey "Jeff" Carter (1952-), and Amy Lynn Carter (1967-). Am. "The Wild Bunch" actor-dir. L.Q. Jones (Justus Ellis McQueen Jr.) on Aug. 19 in Beaumont, Tex.; debuts in "Battle Cry" (1955) as L.Q. Jones, and keeps the name. Am. Mormon pres. #16 (2008-) Thomas Spencer Monson on Aug. 21 in Salt Lake City, Utah; educated at the U. of Utah, and BYU. Am. economist Harry Max Markowitz on Aug. 24 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at the U. of Chicago; 1990 Nobel Econ. Prize. Am. tennis player (black) ("the Jackie Robinson of tennis") Althea Gibson (d. 2003) on Aug. 27 in Silver, Clarendon County, S.C.; raised in Harlem, N.Y. Am. country singer Jimmy C. (Yves) Newman (d. 2014) on Aug. 29 in Mamou, La. Am. "Roger Healey in I Dream of Jeannie", "Howard Borden in The Bob Newhart Show" actor Bill Daily on Aug. 30 in Des Moines, Iowa. U.S. Navy capt. Lloyd Mark "Pete" Bucher (d. 2004) on Sept. 1 in Pocatello, Idaho; grows up in Father Flanagan's Boys Town in Neb.; educated at the U. of Neb. Am. economic historian Henry Rosovsky on Sept. 1 in Danzig (Gdansk), Poland; Russian Jewish parents; emigrates to the U.S. in 1940; educated at the College of William and Mary, and Harvard U. Am. Time mag. contributing ed. Hugh Sidey (d. 2005) on Sept. 3 in Greenfield, Iowa; educated at Iowa State College. Am. economist and Federal Reserve Board chmn. (1970-87) (Jewish) Paul Adolph Volcker on Sept. 5 in Cape May, N.J.; educated at Princeton U., Harvard U., and London School of Economics. Am. "Polycurrents" jazz drummer (black) Elvin Ray Jones (d. 2004) (Elvin Jones Jazz Machine) on Sept. 9 in Pontiac, Mich. Peruvian singer Yma Sumac on Sept. 10 in Ichocan. Irish-Am. actor James FitzSimons (d. 1992) on Sept. 11 in Ranelagh, County Dublin, Ireland; brother of Maureen O'Hara (1920-), Charles B. FitzSimons (1924-2001), and Margot FitzSimons. North Vietnamese journalist-spy Maj. Gen. Pham Xuan An (d. 2006) on Sept. 12 in Binh Truoch, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai Province. English "Claudius in The Caesars", "Sandy Thomas in Emmerdale", "Thufir Hawat in Dune" actor Frederick Charles "Freddie" Jones (d. 2019) on Sept. 12 in Stoke-on-Trent; father of Toby Jones (1966-). Am. "Cyborg" novelist Martin Caidin (d. 1997) on Sept. 14 in New York City. Am. comedian (Jewish) ("the Master of Malaprop") Norm Crosby on Sept. 15 in Boston, Mass. Am. "Lt. Columbo in Columbo" actor (Jewish) Peter Michael Falk (d. 2011) on Sept. 16 in New York City; East European Jewish descent parents. Am. "Bart Maverick in Maverick" actor John Augustus "Jack" Kelly (d. 1992) on Sept. 16 in Astoria, Queens, N.Y.; brother of Nancy Kelly (1921-95); mayor of Huntington Beach, Calif. in 1983-6. Am. 6'2" football hall-of-fame QB-kicker (Chicago Bears #16, 1949, 1950-8) (Oakland Raiders #16, 1967-75) George Frederick "the Fossil" Blanda (d. 2010) on Sept. 17 in Youngwood, Penn.; coal miner father; plays in the NFL for a record 26 seasons. Am. "Sue Allen in House of Wax" actress Phillis Kirk (Kirkegaard) (d. 2006) on Sept. 18 in Syracuse, N.Y.; suffers from childhood polio. U.S. Dem. defense secy. #14 (1977-81) (first scientist) and USAF secy. (1969) Harold Brown (d. 2019) on Sept. 19 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, and Columbia U.; pres. of Caltech (1969-77). Am. country music singer Helen Myrl Carter (d. 1998) (The Carter Family) on Sept. 19 in Maces Springs, Va.; eldest daughter of Maybelle Carter; sister of Anita Carter and June Carter. English actress Rosemary Harris on Sept. 19 in Ashby, Suffolk. Welsh actress Rachel Roberts (d. 1980) on Sept. 20 in Llanelli, Carmarthenshire; wife (1962-71) of Rex Harrison (1908-90). Am. baseball hall-of-fame mgr. Thomas Charles "Tommy" Lasorda on Sept. 22 in Norristown, Penn.; starts as a pitcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1945-55; coaches the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1976-96, winning two World Series (1981, 1988); retires July 29, 1996. English conductor Sir Colin Rex Davis on Sept. 25 in Weybridge, Surrey; educated at the Royal College of Music; knighted in 1980. Italian soccer player-mgr. Enzo Bearzot (d. 2010) on Sept. 26 in Aiello del Friuli. Am. "Whiplash" jazz composer-saxophonist (Jewish) Henry Jacob "Hank" Levy (d. 2001) on Sept. 27 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Catholic U. Am. poet William Stanley "W.S." Merwin on Sept. 30 in New York City; educated at Princeton U. Am. "Howard Cunningham in Happy Days", "Father Frank Dowling" actor (jewish) Thomas Edward "Tom" Bosley (d. 20100 on Oct. 1 in Chicago, Ill. Am. "Det. Stavros on Kojak" actor George Demosthenes Savalas (d. 1985) on Oct. 2 in New York City; Greek immigrant parents; educated at Columbia U.; brother of Telly Savalas (1922-94). Scottish psychiatrist Ronald David Laing (d. 1989) on Oct. 7 in Govanhill, Glasgow. Am. "Johnny Fontane in The Godfather" singer-actor Al Martino (Alfred Cini) on Oct. 7 in Philadelphia, Penn. Argentine antibody biochemist Cesar (César) Milstein (d. 2002) on Oct. 8 in Bahia Blanca. Am. "Jacob's Ladder" actress Antonia Rey (nee Francesch) on Oct. 12 in Havana. Turkish PM #19 (1983-9) and pres. #8 (1989-93) (Sunni Muslim) Halil Turgut Ozal (Özal) (d. 1993) on Oct. 13 in Malatya; educated at Istanbul Technical U. English "Simon Templar in The Saint", "James Bond 007" actor Sir Roger George Moore (d. 2017) on Oct. 14 in Stockwell, London; knighted in 2003; suffers from hoblophobia (fear of guns), causing him to start blinking when he touches one. Am. "Sarek of Vulcan, father of Spock" actor (Jewish) Mark Lenard (Leonard Rosenson) (d. 1996) on Oct. 15 in Chicago, Ill.; Russian Jewish immigrant father; grows up in South Haven, Mich.; educated at the U. of Mich. German "The Tin Drum" magic realist poet-dramatist Gunter (Günter) Wilhelm Grass (d. 2015) on Oct. 16 in Danzig-Langfuhr (modern-day Gdansk, Poland). Polish climate scientist-physician Zbigniew Jaworowski (d. 2011) on Oct. 11. Am. "Patton", "Gen. Buck Turgidson in Dr. Strangelove" actor George C. (Campbell() Scott (d. 1999) on Oct. 18 in Wise, Va. French air force lt. col. (attempted assassin of Charles de Gaulle) Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry (d. 1963) on Oct. 19 in Luneville. Am. psychologist (Jewish) Joyce Brothers (Joyce Diane Bauer) on Oct. 20 in New York City; educated at Cornell U., and Columbia U. Am. "Emotions" psychologist Robert Plutchik (d. 2006) on Oct. 21; educated at Columbia U. Am. installation artist Edward Kienholz (d. 1994) on Oct. 23 in Fairfield, Wash.; husband (1972-) of Nancy Reddin Kienholz (1943-). Polish anti-Marxist philosopher-historian Leszek Kolakowski (d. 2009) on Oct. 23 in Radom; educated at Lodz U. and Warsaw U. Uruguayan pres. #38 (2000-5) Jorge Luis Battle Ibanez (Ibáñez) (d. 2016) on Oct. 25 in Montevideo; educated at the U. of the Republic. Am. Moral Development psychologist (Jewish) Lawrence Kohlberg (d. 1987) on Oct. 25 in Bronxville, N.Y.; creator of the field of moral development; educated at Phillips Academy and U. of Chicago. Am. "From the Diary of Virginia Woolf" composer Dominick Argento on Oct. 27 in York, Penn. Am. "Detective Story", "The Landlord", "Shamoo" actress-dir. (Jewish) Lee Grant (Lyova Haskell Rosenthal) on Oct. 31 in New York City; E European Jewish immigrant parents; named after U.S. Civil War gens. Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant; wife (1951-60) of Arnold Manoff (1914-65); mother of Dinah Manoff (1958-). Am. "The Harvest of My Lai" filmmaker-actor Marcel Ophuls (Ophüls) on Nov. 1 in Frankfurt, Germany; becomes U.S. citizen in 1950. Am. "Spider-Man", "Doctor Strange" comic book artist Steven J. "Steve" Ditko on Nov. 2 in Johnstown, Penn.; Austrian immigrant parents. Am. "Ascot Sam in The Wild Wild West", "Francois Villon in Bonanza" actor Andre Philippe (Everett Cooper) (d. 2007) on Nov. 3 in Bronx, N.Y. Irish comedian Hal Roach on Nov. 4 in Waterford; not to be confused with producer Hal Roach (1892-1992). French novelist-playwright-poet Pierre Bourgeade (d. 2009) on Nov. 7 in Morlanne. Am. jazz singer Chris Connor on Nov. 8 in Kansas City, Mo. Canadian Barrick Gold CEO (Jewish) Peter Munk on Nov. 8 in Budapest, Hungary; emigrates to Canada in 1944. Am. Conde Nast publisher (Jewish) Samuel Irving "S.I." Newhouse Jr. on Nov. 8 in New York City; son of Samuel Irving Newhouse Sr. (1895-1979); brother of Donald Newhouse (1929-). Am. "The Tennessee Waltz" singer ("the Singin' Rage, Miss Patti Page") Patti Page (Clara Ann Fowler) on Nov. 8 in Claremore, Okla. Am. jazz singer-pianistMose Allison Jr. on Nov. 11 in Tallahatchie County, Miss. English "Ernst Stavro Blofield in For Your Eyes Only", "Lobot in The Empire Strikes Back" actor (bald) John (Bertie Wyn) Hollis (d. 2005) on Nov. 12 in Fulham, London. Am. "The Girl from Ipanema", "Killing Me Softly with His Song" lyricist (Jewish) Norman Gimbel (d. 2018) on Nov. 26 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Austrian Jewish immigrant parents. Canadian "The National" TV journalist Cyril Knowlton Nash on Nov. 18 in Toronto, Ont. Am. "Blance Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde", "Roseanne's mother Beverly" actress Estelle Margaret Parsons on Nov. 20 in Marblehead (Lynn), Mass. Am. salsa bandleader ("the Giant of the Keyboards") Charlie Palmieri (d. 1988) on Nov. 21 in New York City; Puerto Rican parents. Am. "Inside the Black Box", "How the West Grew Rich" economist Nathan Rosenberg on Nov. 22 in Passaic, N.J.; educated at the U. of Wisc. Am. Los Angeles Times publisher (1960-) Otis Chandler (d. 2006) on Nov. 23 in Los Angeles, Calif.; son of Norman Chandler (1899-1973) and Dorothy Chandler (1901-97); great-grandson of founder Harrison Gray Otis (1837-1917); educated at Stanford U.; the complete package of blond weightlifter, surfer. and hot car lover along with a man of letters? Am. writer-painter Guy Mattison Davenport (d. 2005) on Nov. 23 in Anderson, S.C.; educated at Duke U., and Merton College, Oxford U., where he studies Old English under J.R.R. Tolkien and writes Oxford's first thesis on James Joyce. English "How tickled I am" singer-songwriter-comedian Kenneth Arthur "Ken" Dodd on Nov. 27 in Knotty Ash, Liverpool; sells 100M+ records. Am. Hall of Fame sportscaster (Dodgers, 1950-) Vincent Edward "Vin" Scully on Nov. 29 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. "Benson Du Bois in Soap and Benson" actor (black) Robert "Bob" Guillaume (Robert Peter Williams) on Nov. 30 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. soprano Phyllis Smith Curtin on Dec. 3 in Clarksburg, W. Va.; educated at Wellesley College. Am. singer and golfer ("The Golden Voice") ("Mr. Moon River") ("The King of Hearts") Howard Andrew "Andy" "Paul" Williams on Dec. 3 in Wall Lake, Iowa; youngest (2nd tenor) of four singing brothers: Bob (bass), Don (baritone), Dick (1st tenor), who disband in the early 1950s, leaving Andy to go solo, except when he invites them to his Christmas show; husband (1961-75) of Claudine Longet (1942-). Thai Chakri king (1946-2016) (pop composer) Bhumibol Adulyadej (Phumiphon Adunyadet) (Rama IX) (d. 2016) ("strength of the land incomparable power") (pr. PYU-me-PON ad-un-YAH-day) on Dec. 5 in Cambridge Mass.; 2nd son of Prince Mahidol of Songkhla (1892-1929), who has him while studying at Harvard U.; nephew of Rama VII; brother of Rama VIII; educated at the Gymnase de Lausanne, and U. of Lausanne. Am. "One Life to Live" "All My Children" producer Agnes Nixon (nee Eckhardt) on Dec. 10 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Northwestern U. Am. R&B "Hound Dog" singer (black) Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton on Dec. 11 in Montgomery, Ala. Am. IC chip inventor ("the Mayor of Silicon Valley") Robert Norton Noyce (d. 1990) on Dec. 12 in Burlington, Iowa; educated at Grinnell College, and MIT. Canadian "Capt. Georg von Trapp in The Sound of Music" actor Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer (d. 2021) on Dec. 13 in Toronto. Am. "The Branch Will Not Break" poet James Arlington Wright (d. 1980) on Dec. 13 in Martins Ferry, Ohio. Am. "Jarrod Barkley in The Big Valley" actor Richard Long (d. 1974) on Dec. 17 in Chicago, Ill. U.S. atty.-gen. #66 (1967-9) (LBJ) William Ramsey Clark on Dec. 18 in Dallas, Tex.; son of U.S. atty.-gen. (1945-9) Tom C. Clark (1899-1977). Am. actor-comedian Charlie Callas on Dec. 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Lily Merrill in Lawman" actress Peggie Castle (Peggy Blair) (d. 1973) (AKA Peggie Call) on Dec. 22 in Appalachia, Va. Am. "Where Are the Children?" novelist Mary Higgins Clark (Mary Theresa Eleanor Higgins) on Dec. 24 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Fordham U.; mother of Carol Higgins Clark (1956-). Am. baseball hall-of-fame 2B player (Chicago White Sox) (1949-63) Jacob Nelson "Nellie" Fox (d. 1975) on Dec. 25 in St. Thomas Township, Penn. Am. "Ceremonies in Dark Old Men" actor-playwright (black) Lonne Elder III (AKA Americus) (d. 1996) on Dec. 26 in Americus, Ga.; raised in Jersey City, N.J. Am. comedian (Jewish) Alan King (Irwin Alan Kniberg) (d. 2004) on Dec. 26 in Manhattan, N.Y. Am. molecular biologist (founder of zebra fish research) George Streisinger (d. 1984) on Dec. 27 in Budapest, Hungary; emigrates to the U.S. in 1937; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, Cornell U., and Caltech. Am.. "Johnny Ryan in Ryan's Hope" actor Bernard Elliott "Bernie" Barrow (d. 1993) on Dec. 30 in New York City. Am. "On the Wings of a Dove", "The Carroll County Accident" country songwriter-producer Robert Bruce "Bob" Ferguson (d. 2001) on Dec. 30 in Willow Springs, Mo.; educated at Southwestern Mo. State U., Washington State College, and Vanderbilt U. Congolese Simba rebel leader (black) Christophe Gbenye (d. 2015) in Orientale Province, Belgian Congo; member of the Mbua tribe. Am. feminist economist (Jewish) Barbara Bergmann on ? in Bronx, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant father, Romanian Jewish immigrant mother; educated at Cornell U., and Harvard U. Am. hall-of-fame Bill Lillard Sr. on ? in Lakewood, Tex. Am. "The Greenback Era" historian Irwin Unger on ? in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Columbia U. Am. baseball hall-of-fame player (Chicago White Sox #2) Nellie Fox (d. 1975). Am. gospel singer-composer (black) ("the Little Richard of Gospel") "Professor" Alex Bradford (d. 1978) on ? in Bessemer, Ala.; Little Richard steals his style for rock & roll? Am. social psychologist Edward Ellsworth "Ned" Jones (d. 1993) on ? in ?; educated at Harvard U. Am. witty aphorist Mason Cooley (d. 2002) on ? in ?; educated at UCB. Am. Philadelphia Chromosome cancer researcher David A. Hungerford (d. 1993) on ? in Brockton, Mass.; educated at Temple U., and U. of Penn. Am. geneticist Martha Cowles Chase (Epstein) (d. 2003) on ? in Ohio; educated at USC; collaborator of Alfred Day Hershey (1908-97). Am. cliometric economist John R. Meyer (d. 2009) on ? in ?; educated at the U. of Wash., and Harvard U. Deaths: German-born Am. bandleader Christopher Bach (b. 1835). German-born Am. brewer George Ehret (b. 1835) in Jan. in New York City; leaves a $40M estate. Am. Repub. politician Lyman Judson Gage (b. 1836) on Jan. 26 in San Diego, Calif. Am. atty.-philanthropist Elbridge Thomas Gerry (b. 1837). English Henry Holiday (b. 1839) on Apr. 15 in London. Am. physician Jacob da Silva Solis-Cohen (b. 1838). Am. feminist Victoria Woodhull (b. 1838) on June 9 in Bredon, Worcestershire, England. English artist Henry Holiday (b. 1839). Belgian-born Mexican empress (1864-7) Carlotta (b. 1840) on Jan. 19 in Meise. British gen. Sir Charles Warren (b. 1840) on Jan. 21 in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset (pneumonia). Italian PM (1910-11) Luigi Luzzatti (b. 1841) on Mar. 29 in Rome. Danish lit. critic Georg Morris Brandes (b. 1842). English portrait painter Sir Luke Fildes (b. 1843) on Feb. 28. Am. psychiatrist Henry Mills Hurd (b. 1843) on July 19. English Tay-Sachs Disease Opthalmologist Warren Tay (b. 1843) on May 15. Am. ginger ale king James Vernor Sr. (b. 1843) on Oct. 29 in Grosse Ile, Mich. (influenza). French painter Victorine Meurent (b. 1844) on Mar. 17 in Colombes, Paris. English painter Marie Spartali Stillman (b. 1844) on Mar. 6 in London. English scholar Philip Henry Wicksteed (b. 1844) on Mar. 18 in Berkshire. English art-literary critic Sir Sidney Colvin (b. 1845). English statesman Sir Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th marquis of Lansdowne (b. 1845) on June 3. Am. steel exec Elbert Henry Gary (b. 1846). Am. chemist Ira Remsen (b. 1846) on Mar. 4 in Carmel, Calif. Am. candymaker Joseph F. Fralinger (b. 1848) on May 13 in Atlantic City, N.J. Am. industrialist-historian James Ford Rhodes (b. 1848) on Jan. 22. French chemist Eugene Turpin (b. 1848) on Jan. 27 in Pointoise. French Gen. Fernand de Langle de Cary (b. 1849) on Feb. 19 in Paris. Am. railroad exec Henry E. Huntington (b. 1850) on May 23 in San Marino, Calif.; founder of the Huntington Library in San Marino, Calif. Am. paleontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott (b. 1850) on Feb. 9 in Washington, D.C. Irish nationalist leader John Dillon (b. 1851). German gen. Friedrich von Scholtz (b. 1851) on Apr. 30 in Ballenstedt. German chemist Friedrich Oskar Giesel (b. 1852) on Nov. 13 in Braunschweig. English Homeric scholar-banker Walter Leaf (b. 1852) on Mar. 8 in Torquay, Devon. Am. sci-fi writer Edward Page Mitchell (b. 1852) on Jan. 22 in New London, Conn. (cerebral hemorrhage). Italian-born Am. painter Albert Operti (b. 1852). German chemist Albrecht Kossel (b. 1853); 1910 Nobel Medicine Prize. Am. chemist, explosives inventor and beauty pageant judge Hudson Maxim (b. 1853) on May 6 in Landing, N.J. English Shell Oil founder Sir Macus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted (b. 1853) on Jan. 17. Indian independence leader Maulana Barkatullah (b. 1854) on Sept. 20 in San Francisco, Calif. English-born German Aryanism philosopher Houston Stewart Chamberlain (b. 1855) on Jan. 9 in Bayreuth; Richard Wagner's son-in-law. Am. violinist-conductor Emil Mollenhauer (b. 1855). Russian Jewish writer Asher Ginzberg (b. 1856) in Tel Aviv, Palestine. Greek-born Italian novelist-journalist Matilde Serao (b. 1856). Russia neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev (b. 1857) on Dec. 24 in Moscow. U.S. gen. Joseph Theodore Dickman (b. 1857) on Oct. 23 in Washington, D.C. Am. telephone-automobile pioneer Charles Jasper Glidden (b. 1857) on Sept. 11 (cancer). Am. "Atlanta Constitution" poet Frank L. Stanton (b. 1857). Egyptian PM (1924) Saad Zaghlul Pasha (b. 1857) in Aug. 23. English Mt. Kilimanjaro explorer Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston (b. 1858) on Aug. 31 near Worksop, Nottinghamshire. Chinese reformer-scholar Kang Youwei (b. 1858) on Mar. 31 in Qingdao, Shandong (poisoned); claims that religions are in a hierarchy with Christianity and Islam at the bottom, followed by Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; leaves Da Tongshu (Book of Great Unity), proposing a utopian OWG. Swedish chemist Svante August Arrhenius (b. 1859) on Oct 2 in Stockholm; 1903 Nobel Chem. Prize. Latvian pres. #1 (1922-7) Janis Cakste (b. 1859) on Mar. 14 in Riga. English novelist-dramatist Jerome K. Jerome (b. 1859). English economic historian Sir William Ashley (b. 1860) on July 23 in Canterbury. Am. Falls River, Mass. mystery figure Lizzie Borden (b. 1860) on June 1. Czech novelist Karel Matej Capek-Chod (b. 1860) on Nov. 3 in Prague. Dutch scientist (electrocardiograph inventor) Willem Einthoven (b. 1860) on Sept. 28. Am. Girl Scouts founder Juliette Gordon Low (b. 1860) on Jan. 17 in Savannah, Ga. (breast cancer); buried in her uniform with a note in the pocket reading: "You are not only the first Girl Scout, but the best Girl Scout of them all"; her birthday Oct. 31 is celebrated as Founder's Day; presented with the Pres. Medal of Freedom on May 29, 2012. Am. penmanship teacher Austin Norman Palmer (b. 1860) on Nov. 16. English Stokes Mortar inventor Sir Wilfred Stokes (b. 1860) on Feb. 7 in Ruthin Wales. English cricketer Willam Attewell (b. 1861) on June 12 in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire. Irish historian J.B. Bury (b. 1861) on June 1 in Rome, Italy: "A complete assemblage of the smallest facts of human history will tell in the end"; "History is a science, no more and no less"; "I may remind you that history is not a branch of literature. The facts of history, like the facts of geology or astronomy, can supply material for literary art; for manifest reasons they lend themselves to artistic representation far more readily than those of the natural sciences; but to clothe the story of human society in a literary dress is no more the part of a historian as a historian, than it is the part of an astronomer as an astronomer to present in an artistic shape the story of the stars." German journalist Maximilian Harden (b. 1861). Am. novelist-playwright John Luther Long (b. 1861). Am. House of David founder Benjamin Purnell (b. 1861). Russian czarist statesman Sergei Sazonov (b. 1861) on Dec. 25. Am. Wilshire Blvd. founder Gaylor Wilshire (b. 1861) on Sept. 7 in New York City; dies broke; buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, N.Y.; namesake of Wilshire Ave. in Fullerton, Calif. and Wilshire Drive in Phoenix, Ariz. U.S. Sen. (R-Ind.) (1899-1911) Albert Jeremiah Beveridge (b. 1862) on Apr. 27 in Indianapolis, Ind.; in 1939 the biennial Beveridge Award is established by the Am. Historical Assoc. (AHA) for the best English-language book on Am. history incl. Canada and Latin America from 1492-present; the first award is given to John T. Horton for James Kent: A Study in Conservatism. English archeologist David George Hogarth (b. 1862) on Nov. 6 in Oxford. German chemist Adolf Miethe (b. 1862) in Berlin. Australian-born Am. golfer Walter J. Travis (b. 1862) on July 31. Am. meat packer Jonathan Ogden Armour (b. 1863) on Aug. 16 in London (typhoid and pneumonia); dies with less than $25K in cash plus $3M in Universal Oil Co. stock. Russian writer Fyodor Sologub (b. 1863) on Dec. 5. Romanian dictator Ion I.C. Bratianu (b. 1864) on Nov. 24 in Bucharest. Dutch poet Herman Gorter (b. 1864) on Sept. 15. Armenian-bornu Am. candymaker Peter Paul Halajian (b. 1864) in Naugatuck, Conn. English mystery novelist William Le Queux (b. 1864) on Oct. 13 in Knocke, Belgium. French painter Paul Serusier (b. 1864) on Oct. 7 in Morlaix. Romanian king (1914-27) Ferdinand I (b. 1865) on July 20 in Sinaia. English secretin physiologist Ernest H. Starling (b. 1866) on May 2 near Kingston, Jamaica; dies on a ship. Anglo-Am. psychologist Edward Bradford Titchener (b. 1867) on Aug. 3. French journalist-novelist Gaston Leroux (b. 1868) on Apr. 15 in Nice. Irish MP Countess Constance Markievicz (b. 1868) on July 15 in St. Patrick Dun's Hospital , Dublin (appendicitis) Italian poet-lyricist Ferdinando Russo (b. 1868) on Jan. 30 in Naples. German WWI gen. Max Hoffmann (b. 1869) on July 28 in Bad Reichenhall. Am. prohibitionist leader Wayne Bidwell Wheeler (b. 1869) on Sept. 5. Am. radiochemist Bertram Borden Boltwood (b. 1870) in Hancock Point, Maine. Am. movie mogul Marcus Loew (b. 1870) on Sept. 5 in Glen Cove, Long Island, N.Y. (heart attack). English conductor Walter Henry Rothwell (b. 1872) on Mar. 13 in Santa Monica, Calif. (heart attack). Am. naturalist illustrator Louis Fuertes (b. 1874). Bavarian-born aviation pioneer Gustave Whitehead (b. 1874) on Oct. 10 in Bridgeport, Conn. (heart attack). Am. actor-producer Arnold Daly (b. 1875). Am. Dem. Tenn. gov. #33 (1923-7) Austin Peay (b. 1876) on Oct. 2 in Nashville, Tenn. (cerebral hemorrhage); first Tenn. gov. to die in office (until ?). Am. modern dance pioneer Isadora Duncan (b. 1877) on Sept. 14 in Nice, France; dies after her scarf painted by Roman Chatov becomes entangled in an open-spoked wheel of her sports car; last words: "Je vais a l'amour" (I'm off to make love); dies in poverty after a divorce, the drowning death of her two children (by British stage designer Edward Gordon Craig and sewing machine heir Paris Singer) on Apr. 19, 1913 from an auto accident on the Seine River, and a final dramatic appearance in Paris. Russian-born Polish anti-Bolshevik novelist Mikhail Artsybashev (b. 1878) on Mar. 3 in Warsaw. Indian Sufi leader Inayat Khan (b. 1882) on Feb. 5 in Delhi. German philosopher Leonard Nelson (b. 1882). Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe (b. 1883) on Nov. 16 in Moscow (suicide); his friend Leon Trotsky's eulogy at his funeral becomes his last public speech in the Soviet Union. Am. silent film actor Hughie Mack (b. 1884) on Oct. 13 in Santa Monica, Calif.; appeared in 195 films since 1910. German-Swiss Dada writer Hugo Ball (b. 1886) on Sept. 14 in Sant'Abbondio, Switzerland: "I don't want words that other people have invented. All the words are other people's inventions. I want my own stuff, my own rhythm, and vowels and consonants too, matching the rhythm and all my own." Spanish artist Juan Gris (b. 1887) on May 11 in Boulogne-sur-Seine, Paris. English "Simon Called Peter" novelist Robert Keable (b. 1887) on Dec. 23. Polish-born Am. Warner Bros. Studios exec Sam Warner (b. 1887) on Oct. 5 (cerebral hemorrhage); dies the day before the premiere of "The Jazz Singer". Am. screenwriter-dir. June Mathis (b. 1889) on July 27 in New York City; suffers a heart attack during Act 3 of the Broadway show "The Squall", her last words being "Oh Mother I'm dying", although she is with her grandmother and her mother had been dead for years; buried beside Rudolph Valentino in the Hollywood Memorial (Forever) Cemetery. Irish politician Kevin O'Higgins (b. 1892) on July 10 in Dublin (assassinated). Am. boxing champ Tiger Flowers (b. 1895) on Nov. 16 in New York City (complications from surgery to remove scar tissue from around his eyes).
1928 Chinese Year: Dragon. On Jan. 1 Sierra Leone finally abolishes slavery nearly a cent. after William Wilberforce's 1833 Abolition of Slavery Act. On Jan. 2 Stanford defeats Pittsburgh by 7-6 to win the 1928 Rose Bowl. On Jan. 2 Time mag. names Charles Augustus Lindbergh (1902-74) as their first Man of the Year for 1927, and continues to name them in retrospect the following Jan.; Man of the Year for 1928: Walter Percy Chrysler (1875-1940). On Jan. 12 Ruth Brown Snyder (1895-1928) is electrocuted in Sing Sing Prison for murdering her hubby Albert Snyder; it is captured via a minature camera strapped to the ankle of Chicago Tribune reporter Tom Howard, making a big splash as "the most famous tabloid photo of the decade"; his grandson George Wendt goes on to play Norm in the TV show "Cheers"; meanwhile her accomplice, corset salesman Judd Gray gets the juice. On Jan. 6 Pope Pius XI issues the encyclical Mortalium Animus, preaching against ecumenism as "the eternal death of soul and body in Hell" - like your sex life it's best just not to talk about it? In Jan. the first successful public TV broadcasts are given by WGY-TV in Schenectady, N.Y. On Feb. 11-19 the Second (2nd) (II) Winter Olympic Games are held in St. Moritz, Switzerland; the winter part of the 1924 Olympics is retroactively renamed the First Winter Olympics; skeleton racing is introduced, becoming the first sliding sport; Sonja Henie (1912-69) of Norway wins her first gold in figure skating, and repeats in 1932 and 1936; Norway wins the games with 6 golds, 4 silvers, and 5 bronzes (15 total), vs. 6 for the U.S. On Mar. 12 (3 min. before midnight) the St. Francis Dam 40 mi. NW of Los Angeles (built 1924-6) bursts, flooding the Santa Clarita Valley in Calif. with 12.5B gal. of water (100-ft. high wall of water), and exiting to the sea at Ventura, killing 450+, becoming the worst U.S. civil engineering failure of the cent., and the 2nd greatest loss of life in Calif. after the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake; Santa Paula is buried under 20 ft. of mud, and other parts of Ventura County in up to 70 ft.; Irish-born chief engineer William Mulholland (1855-1935), who inspected it hours before it burst gets the axe for building it over the San Francisquito Fault, uttering the soundbyte "The only people I envy in this thing are the dead"; go figure, "road to the studios" Mulholland Drive in W Los Angeles (one of the first U.S. scenic highways, opened in 1924) was named in his honor, and he was asked to run for mayor, replying "I'd rather give birth to a porcupine backward." On Mar. 16 Wafdist Party leader Mustafa al-Nahhas (1879-1965) becomes PM of Egypt until June 25, when Muhammad Mahmoud (1877-1941) of the Liberal Constitutional Party becomes PM (until 1930); on July 19 the Egyptian parliament is suspended along with freedom of press and assembly (until 1929). On Mar. 21 the weekly French pictorial mag. Vu (VU) begins pub. (until May 29, 1940), founded in Paris by Lucien Vogel, becoming the first ?, with contributors incl. Brassai, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Andre Kertesz, and Man Ray. Hey there, it's me, up on the roof of your car? In Mar. the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood (al-Ikhwan a-Muslimun) is founded in Ismailia, Egypt by six Suez Canal Co. workers led by schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna (1906-49), launching the Islamic radicalism movement that becomes so much fun by 9/11; al-Banna also founds Islamic banking as a way to subvert the Western banking system; the HQ is moved to Cairo in 1932, becoming openly anti-British and anti-Zionist, then going violent by the 1940s. On Apr. 3 actor Humphrey Bogart marries actress Mary Philips (1901-75); the divorce in 1938. On Apr. 12-13 the first E-W transatlantic air crossing is made by Baron Ehrenfried Gunther von Huenefeld (Hünefeld) (1892-1929), German Capt. Hermann Koehl (Köhl) (1888-1938), and Irish Capt. James Michael Christopher Fitzmaurice (1898-1965), who take off from Dublin for New York City in the single-engine all-metal Junkers monoplane Bremen; 37 hours later after going 6,750 km. they crash on Greely Island in Labrador, and are rescued. On Apr. 3 Humphrey Bogart marries his 2nd wife, stage actress Mary Phillips (1900-75), after meeting her in 1923; they divorce in 1934 after his hit stage play "The Petrified Forest" is bought by Warner Brothers, and she doesn't want to leave the E coast for Hollyweird. On Apr. 5 the French Nat. Assembly adopts a system of social insurance, followed by two more laws which give France a social safety net. On Apr. 9 the U.S. Supreme (Taft) Court rules in J.W. Hampton Jr. & Co. v. U.S. that Congress may delegate legislative authority to the executive branch as long as it provides an "intelligible principle" to guide it. On Apr. 13 to appease the wealthy backers of his Nazi party, Adolf Hitler issues an "Erklarung" (clarification) to the NSDAP program, backing the principle of private property, except when it comes to Jews, whose property is to be confiscated with (say again?) compensation. On Apr. 28 Australian explorer George Hubert Wilkins (1888-1958) and U.S explorer Carl Benjamin "Ben" Eielson (1897-1929) fly from Point Barrow, Alaska to Spitsbergen, becoming the first transarctic flight, and earning Wilkins a knighthood; call me sir Wilkins then goes on to become the first to fly over the Antarctic while mapping large portions (ends 1930). On Apr. 16 Transjordan promulgates a constitution, which creates a legislative council (two-thirds elected) and a cabinet appointed by Amir Abdullah; the first elections are held next Feb.; the new Jordanian flag features the three colors of pan-Arabianism (green, white, black), with a red triangle on the left for the Hashemite dynasty, and a 7-pointed star representing the first seven verses in the Quran. In Apr. know-it-all Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) quits stallin' and discontinues the New Economic Policy, announcing the Soviet govt.'s first Five-Year Plan, incl. "scientific" forced modernization, to begin on Oct. 1; the resulting famines kill 20M. On May 6 the Congress of the Nat. Peasants' Party in Alba Julia, Romania demands decentralized representative govt. and other reforms; on Nov. 10 party leader Iuliu (Julius) Maniu (1873-1953) becomes PM of Romania (until Jan. 14, 1933). On May 8 former pres. (1906-10) Cleto Gonzalez Viquez (1857-1938) of the Nat. Party becomes pres. of Costa Rica (until 1932), going on to improve the road system. On May 12 a new electoral law in Italy abolishes universal suffrage, limiting it to man of age 21 and up who pay a 100 lire tax; the electorate goes from 10M down to 3M - as if a vote is worth two lire anyway? On May 20 the Reichstag elections in Germany give the Nazi Party 3% of the vote; the nationalists lose heavily, and the Socialists are finally incl. in the govt. On May 24-25 Mexican aviator hero ("the Lindbergh of Mexico") Capt. Emilio Carranza (b. 1905) sets a record for the rd longest non-stop solo flight by flying 1,875 mi. (3K km) from San Diego, Calif. to Mexico City in 18.5 hours; too bad, on July 12 he dies in a plane crash in a thunderstorm in the Pine Barrens of N.J. en route from Long Island to Mexico City. On May 28 the Fleagle Gang (William "Jake" Fleagle, Ralph Fleagle, George Abshier, Howard Royston) hold up the First Nat. Bank in Lamar, Colo. for $220K, killing bank pres. Amos Parrish and his son John after Royston is shot in the jaw by Amos; they take two bank employees hostage and skedaddle to W Kansas, stopping at the home of Dr. W.W. Wineinger near Dighton for medical help, shooting the doc in the back afterward; they drop off one hostage outside Lamar and kill the other near Liberal, Kan.; a fingerprint leads to their capture, and all but Jake are hanged in the Colo. state pen in July 1930; Jake is killed in a shootout with police in Mo. in Oct. 1930. On May 31 Venizelos returns to Athens to stop the royalists and anarchists from warring, and on July 4 again becomes PM of Greece (until 1932). Talk about bad timing? In May ground is broken for the 71-story 40 Wall St. skyscraper; it stands half-empty until the end of WWII; the Chrysler Bldg. temporarily wins the race to be the world's tallest bldg., but loses to the Empire State Bldg. in less than a year. In May after Rev. John Flynn founds the world's first Aerial Medical Service, now known as the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) in Australia, Dr. St. Vincent Welch makes the first official RFDS visit. In May the gen. elections in Germany give the National Socialists 810K votes (2.6%), down from 1,918,300 in 1924 in the spring of 1924, and 907,300 in the winter; Hitler's party gets 12 seats in the Reichstag out of 491, compared to 54 for the Communists; Hitler's Stormabteilungen (SA) stormtroopers adopt Brown Shirts in imitation of Mussolini's black shirts - just closer to true shit? In May the first Calaveras County Fair and Jumping Frog Jubilee is held in Angels Camp, Calif., based on Mark Twain's 1865 story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", where frog jockeys are allowed to let their frogs jump 3x and land while coaxing them by yelling, stomping, and blowing on them. On May 31-June 9 two Australians, Sir Charles Edward Kingsford "Smithy" Smith (1897-1935) and Capt. Charles T.P. Ulm, and two Americans, Harry W. Lyon and James Warner cross the Pacific from Oakland, Calif. to Brisbane, Australia via Hawaii and Fiji in a trimotor Fokker in the first joint U.S.-Australia trans-Pacific flight. In May the Plymouth Motor Corp. and the DeSoto Motor Corp. are founded; on July 30 Chrysler purchases Dodge Brothers. On June 12-15 the 1928 Repub. Nat. Convention in Kansas City, Mo. selects Herbert Hoover for pres. (June 14) and Charles Curtis of Kansas for vice-pres. On June 17-18 Kan.-born Amelia Earhart (1897-1937) becomes the first woman to fly across the Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Wales. On June 20 Croat nat. parliament deputy Stefan (Stephen) (Stjepan) Radic (b. 1871), leader in the Croat fight against the bully Serbs is assassinated by a Serb deputy along with several of his parliamentary colleagues, causing the Croat caucus to withdraw and organize a separatist regime with HQ in Zagreb, threatening civil war. On June 24 the French franc is devalued from 19.3 to 3.92 U.S. cents, thus repudiating about 80% of the nat. debt at the expense of the rentier class. On June 25 George Bernard Shaw makes his first visit to the U.S., as captured on film by Movietone News. On June 26-28 the 1928 Dem. Nat. Convention selecs brown derby hat-wearing 4-time gov. of New York (1919, 1923, 1925, 1927) "Happy Warrior" Alfred Emanuel Smith (1873-1944) for pres. on the first ballot after being nominated by Franklin D. Roosevelt, followed by Joseph Taylor Robinson (1872-1937) of Ark. for vice-pres.; since Smith is not only of Irish descent but of Roman Catholic faith, the anti-Romanists come out of the woodwork against him, one notable exception being Episcopalian architect Ralph Adams Cram (1863-1942), who utters the soundbyte: "I... express my disgust at the ignorance and superstition now rampant and in order that I may go on record as another of those who, though not Roman Catholics, are nevertheless Americans and are outraged by this recrudescence of blatant bigotry, operating through the most cowardly and contemptible methods." In June and again in Dec. stocks on the New York Stock Exchange plummet, only to rise again. In June nat. elections in Syria are dominated by nationalists, who quickly draft a constitution for an independent Syria, causing the French high commissioner to suspend the assembly indefinitely next Feb. 5. On July 1 Alvaro Obregon (b. 1880) is reelected pres. of Mexico, then assassinated on July 17 in a Mexico City restaurant by devout Catholic Cristero Jose de Leon Toral (1900-29) (who is executed next Feb. 9), becoming the 4th Mexican rev. leader to be assassinated (Zapata, Carranza, Villa); strongman Gen. Plutarco Calles appoints puppet Emilio Portes Gil (1890-1978) as provisional pres. (until 1930). On July 6 in Potter, Neb. a hailstone is found measuring 17 in. (43.2 cm.) and weighing 1.51 lb. (680 g), becoming the world's largest (until ?). On July 28-Aug. 12 the IX (9th) (1928) Summer Olympic Games are held in Amsterdam, with 3,015 participants in 120 events in 22 sports; women participate for the first time in gymnastics and athletics; athletes from 28 different nations win golds (most until 1968); Asian athletes win gold for the 1st time; tennis is dropped (until ?); Paavo Nurmi of Finland wins his 6th gold medal; 19-y.-o. Percy Alfred Williams (1908-82) of Canada wins the 100m and 200m; Australian rower (sculler) Henry Robert "Bobby" Pearce (1905-76) pauses in his quarterfinal to allow a family of ducks to pass, and still wins, and goes on to win the gold; the soccer tournament is so disappointing that FIFA decides to organize their own, the World Cup, and open it to pros starting in 1930; Coca-Cola begins sponsoring the Olympics, becoming the longest-lasting sponsor (until ?). In July Afghan emir Amanullah begins Turkish and Persian-inspired reforms, incl. military conscription, modernization, and secular education, funded by a new tax on men; he then really pisses the Muslims off by opposing their favorite women keep-downs of veiling and polygamy, and rubs it in by forcing all Afghans residing in or visiting Kabul to wear Western dress; in Nov. a revolt begins, and his days are numbered. 8-27-28 - The breakfast cereal pact starts crunchy but soon gets soggy when the sick old man loses his teeth? On Aug. 27 the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) (Gen. Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy), proposed by French foreign minister Aristide Briand (1862-1932) and U.S. secy. of state #45 (1925-9) Frank Billings Kellogg (1856-1937) is signed in Paris by the U.S., Germany (Gustav Stresemann) and 13 other countries, eventually gaining adherence by 62 countries, renouncing aggressive (not defensive) war, ending gunboat diplomacy, pledging to "condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument of national policy", but providing no means for enforcement (except er, war?); it started as a proposal by Briand to renounce war only between the U.S. and France, until Kellogg and progressive pro-Soviet Repub. U.S. Sen. (R-Idaho) (1907-40) William Edgar Borah (1865-1940) ("the Lion of Idaho") get hold of it; the Soviet Union agrees to it on Sept. 6; its main use becomes a justification for the post-WWII Nuremberg war crimes trials. In Aug. the U.S. govt. orders Mexico to "deny entry visas to most Mexican applicants and enforce for the 1st time against Mexicans the provisions of the 1917 Immigration Act denying entrance to the illiterate. The authorities also began demanding the eight dollar head tax called for in the 1917 legislation." (Joseph Nevins) A boy is already not just a man but a Great White Father? In Aug. 19-y.-o. Lyndon Baines Johnson (b. 1908) takes a $125/mo. job as a teacher at Welhausen School in Cotulla, Tex. (60 mi. from the Mexican border) to help him graduate from Southwest Texas State Teachers College, and takes over the 5th-7th grades, insisting that the dirt-poor mostly Hispanic students speak English, and organizing an athletic program; in Oct. he writes his mother asking for 200 packages of toothpaste for them. In Aug. German Jewish philosopher Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945) goes political, supporting the Weimar Repub., with the soundbyte: "The idea of the republican constitution as such is in no sense a stranger to... German intellectual history, let alone an alien intruder... It has rather grown up on its own soil and been nourished by its very own forces, by the forces of idealist philosophy"; too bad, he loses the battle to positivism and Naziism, and has to flee in 1933, teaching at All Souls College at Oxford U. for two years, Gothenburg U. in Sweden for six, and four more at Yale U. and Columbia U. before dying of a heart attack on Apr. 13, 1945. On Sept. 6-21 the 1928 Okeechobee (San Felipe Segundo) Hurricane becomes the first known Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin, killing 1.2K in Guadeloupe, 300 in Puerto Rico, and 2.5K in S Fla. after a storm surge from Lake Okeechobee floods hundreds of sq. mi. and destroys the tourist trade there; a total of 4,078 are killed, and $100M in damage is caused; the white dead are given a decent burial, while the nearly 700 black dead are dumped into a 1.5-acre mass grave in West Palm Beach. On Sept. 27 the U.S. recognizes the Nationalist Chinese govt. On Oct. 4-9 the New York Yankees (AL) defeat the St. Louis Cardinals (NL) 4-0 to win the Twenty-Fifth (25th) World Series with a combined score of 27-10, becoming the first time a team sweeps consecutive series; Babe Ruth hits .625 (10 for 16), incl. 3 homers over the right field pavilion in Sportsman's Park in Game 4. On Oct. 12 Mexico celebrates its first Day of the Race (La Raza), meaning mestizos or mixed Hispanic-Indio, with a dose of African; on Oct. 12, 1946 Mexican pres. Jose Vasconcelos declares mestizos to be the "cosmic race". On Oct. 23 RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum) Pictures is founded (until Jan. 31, 1957) after the Booking Offices of Am. controlled by Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. (1888-1969) merge with the Keith-Albee-Orpheum theater chain under control of RCA and its chief David Sarnoff in an attempt to create a monopoly, er, market for RCA's Photophone sound-on-film technology, going on to create a string of Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers musicals in the 1930s, plus super hits "King Kong" and "Citizen Kane"; too bad, on Aug. 9 1929 their main rival, Greek-born Alexander Pantages (1867-1936), who dominates the theater biz W of the Mississippi River is accused of rape in Los Angeles by 17-y.-o. vaudeville dancer Eunice Irene Pringle (1912-96), who after a sensational trial gets him railroaded to a 50-year prison sentence, after which he hires expensive defense attys. Harold Lee "Jerry" Giesler (1886-1962) (later known for defending Errol Flynn on rape charges) and Jake W. Ehrlich (1900-71), who get him acquitted at a new trial, but the publicity ruins him financially, causing him to sell his chain to RKO at a bargain price, after which he claims that RKO and Kennedy paid Pringle to frame him; by the mid-1940s investor Floyd Bostwick Odlum (1892-1976) (who makes his move next year, correctly anticipating the 1929 Stock Market Crash to sell out in advance and later buy less fortunate cos. at bargain prices, becoming one of the 10 wealthiest people in the U.S.) gains control, followed by Howard Hughes. On Nov. 4 liberal Jose Maria Moncada Tapia (1870-1945) is elected pres. of Nicaragua, being sworn-in next Jan. a (until Jan. 1, 1933), causing Gen. Augusto Cesar Sandino (who believes the govt. isn't liberal enough?) to withdraw to Mexico. On Nov. 6 after the Repub. winning campaign slogan "A chicken in every pot and a car in every backyard" (not endorsed by him) (actually talks about past Repub. admins., not his coming one, and the slogans end up being used to taunt him) strikes home, and anti-Catholic prejudice in the South combines with anti-Tammany Hall prejudice in the North and pro-Prohibition prejudice everywhere else, the 1928 U.S. Pres. Election is a V for prosperous civil engineer Herbert Hoover (1874-1964) over Roman Catholic Irish-Am. Dem. candidate Alfred Emanuel Smith (1873-1944) (first Roman Catholic pres. candidate in U.S. history) for the presidency of the U.S. by 21M to 16M votes (444 to 87 electoral votes); Smith wins only 8 states; for the 1st time since Reconstruction the "solid South" splits, 5 of the 11 former Confederate states going Repub. rather than vote for a Catholic; flamboyant pro-small-farmer Huey P. Long (1893-1935) is elected gov. of La. on the slogan "Every Man a King", and creates a corrupt political machine to rule the state as a virtual dictator, although he does keep his campaign promises to pour tax moneys into state improvements; Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected gov. of N.Y. by 25K out of 4M votes cast (reelected 1930), succeeding Alfred E. Smith, who enters private business, forming a group which constructs the Empire State Bldg. On Nov. 10 Hirohito is enthroned as emperor of Japan. On Nov. 15 the Fascist Grand Council becomes an official organ of the Italian state, with the duty of naming candidates for the chamber and coordinating all govt. activities. On Nov. 24 the La Ferte-sous-Jouarre Memorial is dedicated by French Gens. Foch and Weygand to honor the 3,888 British soldiers KIA during their retreat from the Marne River in WWI. On Nov. 25 Communist demonstrations break out in Romania. On Nov. 30 U.S. War Dept. pub. Training Manual 2000-5 on Citizenship, U.S. History and the Constitution to teach members of the armed forces about citizenship; it describes democracy as a "government of the masses" whose "attitude toward law is that the will of the majority shall regulate", and which "results in demagogism, license, agitation, discontent, anarchy". On Dec. 2 (first Sun. after Thanksgiving) the first annual Hollywood Christmas (Santa) Parade (Santa Claus Lane Parade) is held in Hollywood, Los Angeles, Calif. along a 3-5mi. stretch on Hollywood Blvd. and Sunset Blvd.; in 1942-44 it is suspended due to WWII; in 1946 George Autry rides his horse in the parade. On Dec. 17 U.S. undersecy. of state (Mormon) Joshua Reuben Clark Jr. (1871-1961) wrote the Clark Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine, repudiating the idea that the U.S. can arbitrarily use force in Latin Am. except when Euro countries are involved, which was not pub. until 1930 when he was made U.S. ambassador to Mexico (until 1933). On Dec. 26 North American Aviation is founded in Dundalk, Md. by Ont., Canada-born financier Clement Melville Keys (1876-1952) as an airline holding co.; after the 1934 U.S. Air Mail Act forces it to break up, it goes into manufacturing of observation and training aircraft, led by Douglas Aircraft Co. engineer James Howard "Dutch" Kindelberger (1895-1962), with HQ in Los Angeles, Calif.; in 1933 Gen. Motors Corp. (GMC) acquires it, starting out with the GA-15 observation plane (first flight 1934) and the GA-16 trainer, followed by the North American T-6 Texan trainer (first flight Apr. 1, 1935), the O-47 (first flight Nov. 1935), and BT-9 (GA-16) (first flight Apr. 1936); in 1936 it tests the North American BC-1, its first combat aircraft, based on the GA-16. On Dec. 23 the Nat. Broadcasting Co. (NBC) sets up a permanent coast-to-coast network in the U.S. Ahmed Bey Zog declares himself King Zog I (1895-1961) of Albania; he is crowned in rose-colored breeches with gold spurs and a 7-5/8 lb. gold crown - sign me up for the next Smackdown? Hermann Mueller becomes chancellor of Germany again (until 1930). The rapidly-declining conservative majority in the German Rechstag passes the Law on Firearms and Ammunitiion, repealing the 1919 Regulations on Weapons Ownership, permitting firearm possession, but only with permits and only by "persons whose trustworthiness is not in question and who can show a need for a permit." Gen. Antonio Carmona becomes pres. of Portugal, and rules for life, handpicking his successor. Hipolito Irigoyen is reelected pres. of Argentina (until 1934), becoming super-popular and living simply, refusing to live in the pres. palace. Italy signs a 20-year friendship treaty with Ethiopia. German consul in Danzig (since 1923) Herbert von Dirksen (1882-1955), whose mother once befriended Hitler becomes German ambassador to the Soviet Union (until Oct. 1933). The Chinese capital is moved from Peking to Nanking and renamed Peiping, its name under the first three Ming emperors (until 1937); Chinese gen. Feng Yu-Hsiang becomes an official in Chiang Kai-shek's Communist govt., getting expelled and readmitted several times until 1933 for his views. Overproduction of coffee causes the Brazilian economy to collapse. British Lt. Col. Sir John Robert Chancellor (1870-1952) becomes high commissioner #3 of the British mandate of Palestine (until 1931), becoming known for being cool to Zionism, later helping to write Lord Passfield's 1930 White Paper that backs off from promising a Jewish state. The Am. Socialist Party nominates Norman Mattoon Thomas (1884-1968) for pres.; the Workers' Party nominates William Zebulon Foster (1881-1961) for pres. Braniff Internat. Airways is founded (until 1982) by insurance salesman Thomas E. Braniff and his brother Paul Revere Braniff(1897-1954) as Tulsa-Oklahoma City Airways, changing its name to Braniff Airways in 1930 and expanding throughout the midwest U.S., followed by the SW U.S., South Am., and Panama, later expanding to Asia and Europe; it ceases operations on May 12, 1982. Mt. Etna erupts again, destroying the village of Mascali in E Sicily. The Thames River overflows its banks. The U.S. Mint begins issuing Thomas Jefferson $2 bills; discontinued in ?. The Equal Franchise Act gives British women ages 21+ the right to vote (used to be 30). Am. Gold Star Mothers is founded by Grace Darling Weibold for mothers of soldiers lost in WWI, who are entitled to display a service flag in their windows with a gold star for each lost family service member, and a blue star for each living family service member; the U.S. Congress later extends it to all soldiers in wartime or peacetime; in 2005 membership elibility is extended to non-U.S. citizens. The first air crossing of the Pacific is made by Sir Charles Edward Kingsford "Smithy" Smith (1897-1935) from the U.S. to Australia. E. Romer of Germany crosses the Atlantic Ocean from Lisbon, Portugal to the West Indies in a kayak in 58 days. Spanish priest (St.) Josemaria Escriva (Escrivá) de Balaguer (1902-75) founds Opus Dei (God's Work) to promote a return to conservative Roman Catholic values (incl. self-flagellation?). Petersburg, W. Va. farmer William Hones finds a 32-carat diamond in a field while planting horseradish. In the U.S. there are about 26M cars in use; the Ford Model A (first produced on Oct. 20, 1927 and sold on Dec. 2) replaces the Model T. The New York Times installs a moving electric sign around the Times Bldg. Fordlandia is founded in the Amazon rainforest near Aveiro, Para State, Brazil by Am. automobile magnate Henry Ford to grow and harvest rubber for his Ford Motor Co.; too bad, after being forced to eat and live like Yankees, the native workers revolt in 1930, and the project is abandoned in 1934. Am. atheist atty. Charles Lee Smith (1887-1964) is arrested in Little Rock, Ark. for putting a sign in his store front reading "Evolution is True. The Bible's a Life. God's a Ghost" and/or "There is No God", being denied the right to testify since he won't take an oath to God, and being put behind bars for 26 days, where he goes on a fast that draws nat. publicity; he is latter rearrested and ends up in a court battle for years before getting it all dismissed, becoming the last person in the U.S. to be convicted of blasphemy (until ?); he later becomes ed. of The Truth Seeker, based in New York City, the #1 Freethought periodical in the U.S. (founded 1873), continuing the rabble-rousing anti-religious tradition of Thomas Paine (1737-1809), Charles Bradlaugh and Robert G. Ingersoll, then alienating readers by promoting white supremacy and anti-Semitism. Carl Laemmle Jr. (1908-79), son of the founder becomes head of Universal Studios, going on to make several hits but wasting so much money on flops that he is forced out of the co. in 1936. Union Cinemas is founded in Britain by wool firm magnate David Bernhard and his son Charles Frederick Bernhard, buying cinemas throughout Britain and renaming them Ritz; meanwhile in 1928 Odeon Cinemas (Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation?) is founded in Brierly, Staffordshire, England by Oscar Deutsch (1893-1941), becoming known for art deco architecture and comfortable accommodations for middle-class customers, growing to 250 theaters by 1937, joining the Rank Org. after Deutsch's death in 1941. Am. actress Ethel Barrymore (1879-1959) opens her own theater in New York City. French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80) fails his doctorate (agregation) exam in philosophy; meanwhile his lifelong friend Raymond Aron (1905-83) takes first place, beginning a lifetime of intellectual battling, with non-Jew Sartre taking the Marxist side and Jew Aron the anti-Marxist side. In Aug. spaceman hero Buck Rogers appears for the first time in the story Armageddon 2419 A.D., by Philly-born Philip Francis Nowlan (1888-1940) in Amazing Stories mag.; Buck falls asleep in 1929 and awakens in the 25th cent.; in 1933 the first Buck Rogers Toys are introduced, launching modern char.-based licensed merchandising, incl. the Buck Rogers line of rocket pistols, manufactured by Daisy; in 1939 the 12-part Buck Rogers serial is released by Universal Pictures, starring Charles Linden "Larry" "Buster" Crabbe II (1908-83) as Buck Rogers, and Mary Constance Moore (1920-2005) as his babe Wilma Deering. The Congress Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne in Geneva is founded (until 1959). Arturo Toscanini becomes conductor of the New York Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra (until 1936). The Habima Theater of Moscow makes a triumphant tour of Palestine. The Hollywood Women's Press Club is founded by Louella Parons as a luncheon club for women's mag. and newspaper journalists, admitting publicists in 1941, followed by screenwriters et al., and men in the late 1970s; in 1941 it begins awarding the Golden Apple Award to actors who are easy to work with, later the Sour Apple Award for difficult actors; it closes in 2001. Lord Iveagh's art collection in Kenwood House, Middlesex opens to the public. German art collector Wilhelm Uhde (1874-1947) organizes the first Naive Art Exhibit in Paris for the Sacred Heart Painters incl. his former housecleaner Seraphine (Séraphine) Louis (1864-1942), Henri Julien Felix Rousseau (1844-1910), Andre Bauchant (1873-1958), Camille Bombois (1883-1970), and Louis Vivin (1861-1936). The realist Ashcan School flourishes in New York City's Greenwich Village, producing paintings celebrating slums, tenements and business districts, with major artists incl. William Glackens (1870-1938), John Sloan (1871-1951), and Edward Hopper (1882-1967). Russian film dirs. Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevold Pudovkin and Grigory Alejandrov sign the Manifest of Sound and Image, declaring sound useful only as a complement to image. Am. Harlem Renaissance leader Countee Cullen marries the daughter of W.E.B. Du Bois. 22-y.-o. Samuel Beckett moves to Paris and becomes friends with James Joyce. Am. journalist Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961) marries novelist Sinclair Lewis (until 1942). Conn. girl Katharine Hepburn (1907-2003) graduates from Bryn Mawr College, gets a bit part in the Broadway play "Night Hostess", and marries college chum Ludlow Ogden Smith (1899-1979) of Philly, insisting that he change his name to "S. Ludlow Ogden" to not appear so ordinary (or to avoid the name Kate Smith); they divorce in 1934. Am. geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan does an early Lucy-Ricky and moves from New York City to the Calif. Inst. of Tech. to become dir. of the Kerckhoff Labs of Biological Sciences. Hop Sing Checkers begins to be marketed; it is later renamed Chinese Checkers. Farmers Insurance Group is founded in Los Angeles, Calif. by John C. Tyler (1887-1973) and Thomas E. Leavey to provide better rates to farmers and ranchers, expanding to 24K employees and 50K agents by 2010. Father-son team Martin and Frank Callahan along with Ray Owen on Jan. 30 found Sanitation Systems Inc. in Chicago, Ill. to direct-distribute for Scott & Fetzer of Cleveland, Ohio, approaching P.A. Geier Co. next year to build a high-end upright vacuum cleaner for them under the name of Health-Mor Sanitation System, changing their name in May 1930 to Health-Mor Sanitation Systems Inc.; in 1939 they acquire a 1928 patent from P.A. Geier Co. for a filterless cyclonic (wind tunnel) separation vacuum cleaner utilizing centrifugal force to generate suction and trap dust simultaneously, which they direct-market under the name Filter Queen 200, charging 20x the avg. price for the privilege of converting it into an air filter-freshener, paint sprayer, hair dyer, sander, and polisher; in 1968 they become HMI Industries, and go public in 1969, introducing the $2,500 Princess model in the early 1970s for the retail market, expanding globally in the 1990s and finding a good market in clean freak Japan; in Sept. 2004-Aug. 2006 they market the Majestic 360 floor cleaner; too bad, it can overheat and melt, creating a fire hazard, and on July 3, 2014 they agree to pay a $725K civil penalty to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The Dobro (Dopyera Brothers) Manufacturing Co. is founded to manufacture the Dobro (Slovak "Good") resonator guitar. General Mills cereal manufacturing co. is founded in Minneapolis, Minn. via a merger of 27 mills, offering box top Betty Crocker coupons next year to stimulate sales (until 2006), and going on to sponsor TV series incl. "The Lone Ranger" (1941-61), "Rocky and His Friends (The Bullwinkle Show" (1959-68) et al.; products incl. Cheerios, Chex, Cocoa Puffs, Franken-Berry, Golden Grahams, Honey Nut Clusters, Kix, Total, Trix, and Wheaties; in 2001 it merges with Pillsbury; in Apr. 2011 it announces a switch to cage-free eggs. Red Stripe Jamaican-style lager beer is first brewed in Surrey, England by Eugene Peter Desnoes and Thomas Hargreaves Geddes; until 1938 it is an ale. Chef Boyardee (originally Boy-Ar-Dee) canned pasta products are introduced by Italian immigrant Ettore "Hector" Boiardi (1897-1985) of Cleveland, Ohio, catered the banquet for Pres. Wilson's wedding in 1915 and sets up a plant in Milton, Penn., which are purchased by the U.S. Army during WWII for rations; in 1942-5 his factory produces so much canned food for Allied troops that he is awarded the U.S. Army-Navy E award, plus the Order of Lenin, which he turns down; in 1946 Am. Home Products acquires it, becoming Internat. Home Foods in 1996, which is acquired in 2000 by ConAgra Foods. Charmin brand toilet paper is introduced by by the Hoberg Paper Co. in Green Bay Wisc. in 1957 it is acquired by Procter & Gamble, which in 1964-85 runs the Mr. George Whipple ad campaign, first filmed in Flushing, N.Y., starring Preston, Lancashire, England-born Canadian actor Dick Wilson (Riccardo DiGuglielmo) (1916-2007), who becomes known for the soundbyte: "Please don't squeeze the Charmin". Kellogg's Rice Krispies brand breakfast cereal is introduced, with mascots Snap the Baker, Crackle the Bandleader, and Pop the Soldier; in 1939 Mildred Day (1903-96) invents Rice Krispies Treats for a gathering of Camp Fire Girls, and starting in 1941 the recipe is printed on every box, causing health nut founders John Harvey and Will Keith Kellogg to roll over in their saunas? The Heath Bar (originally Heath English Toffee) chocolate-coated toffee bar is introduced by ice cream maker L.S. Heath (1871-1958) of Robinson, Ill. and his sons Bayard and Everett, selling it on their dairy trucks, with the slogan "Heath for better health", claiming it contains "pure sugar cane"; in 1942 the U.S. Army places its first order for $175K for use in rations, causing production to be expanded; in the 1970s it buys-out Fenn Bros. of S.D., makers of Butter Brickle; in 1989 it is acquired by the Leaf Candy Co., which is acquired in 1996 by the Hershey Co. On Nov. 15 1928 Reese's Peanut Butter Cups are introduced by Harry Burnett "H.B." Reese (1879-1956) of Hershey, Penn, former shipping foreman for Milton S. Hershey, using guess what kind of chocolate, working out of his basement; on July 2, 1963 his six sons merge the H.B. Reese Candy Co. with the Hershey Chocolate Corp; in 1977 they introduce Reese's Pieces peanut butter candy, which after M&M's turns it down is featured in the 1982 film "E.T. the Extra-Terrestial", causing sales to boom - biggest marketing mistake in candy history? To treat his wife's indigestion, basement pharmacist Jim Howe of St. Louis, Mo. develops Tums brand antacid pills, made of sugar and calcium carbonate; in 1930 it is manufactured by Lewis-Howe Co., founded in St. Louis, Mo. by Howe and his pharmacist uncle A.H. Lewis of Bolivar, Mo.; in 1978 Revlon acquires it, followed in 1986 by Beecham Group (later GlaxoSmithKline). The first Recipe for Sweet Potato and Marshmallow Casserole appears in Ida C. Bailey Allen's Vital Vegetables, becoming a U.S. Thanksgiving favorite - and a specialty of every Baby Boomer's mother? Speedo swimwear originates in Sydney when the MacRae Knitting Mills manufacture the razorback, the company's first swimsuit made from silk and joined in the middle of the back; the nylon swimsuit is introduced in 1957. The Golden Age of Am. Animation begins in the U.S. (ends 1967), seeing the emergence of animated shorts featuring Betty Boop, Tom and Jerry, Mickey Mouse, Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Goofy, Porky Pig, and Woody Woodpecker, and full-length animated films incl. Walt Disney's "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", "Pinocchio", "Fantasia", "Dumbo", and "Bambi". Sports: On Apr. 5-14 the 1928 Stanley Cup Finals see the New York Rangers (first Finals appearance) defeat the Montreal Maroons 3-2, becoming their first title, and 2nd by a U.S.-based team since the Seattle Metropolitans in 1917; on Apr. 8 after Rangers goaltender Lorne Chabot is hit in the eye by a puck in the 2nd period, old fart coach Curtis Lester "Les" "the Silver Fox" Patrick (1883-1960) steps in his place, saving 18 of 19 goals, becoming the oldest goaltender to play in the Finals (until ?). On May 30 the 1928 (16th) Indianapolis 500, the first presided over by new Speedway pres. Eddie Rickenbacker is won by rookie Louis Meyer (1904-95), with an avg. speed of 99.482 mph, winning $28,250. On July 26 Gene Tunney retires after defeating Tom Heeney, and Lithuanian-Am. boxer Jack Sharkey (Joseph Paul Zukauskas) (1902-94) becomes world heavyweight boxing champ #10 (until 1930). On Nov. 10 Notre Dame defeats Army 12-6 at Yankee Stadium after Coach Knute Kenneth Rockne (1888-1931) gives his famous halftime Win One for the Gipper Speech, repeating the deathbed words of star Notre Dame player (#66) George "Gipper" Gipp (1895-1920): "The last thing George said to me, 'Rock', he said, 'Sometime when the team is up against it and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go out there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper'"; Gipp is portrayed by Ronald Reagan in the 1940 film Knute Rockne, All American. Joe Davis (1901-78) of Chesterfield, England defeats champion (since 1924) Tom Newman (Pratt) (1894-1943) to win the world billiards championship, defending the title for the next three years. Henri Jean Cochet of France wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Helen N. Wills wins the women's singles title. Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Johnny Farrell wins the U.S. Open. The first Golden Gloves tournaments for amateur boxers are held between the leading boxers of Chicago and New York City. The ABC bans gamblers from bowling alleys; the rule is dropped in 1976 as casinos are allowed to sponsor teams. The Grand Prix du Cocktail cocktail-mixing contest in Paris is held, with contestants incl. Fauvist painter Kees Van Dongen and filmmaker Sacha Guitry. Bosco brand chocolate syrup based on cocoa powder and malt extract is introduced by Camden, N.J. physician ?, who sells the license to William S. Scull Co. (founded 1831), makers of Boscul Coffee; in the 1985 it is acquired by Corn Products Co., followed in 1985 by Bosco Products Inc. The first Miss England beauty pageant is held in London. Architecture: In Feb. the Great Moffat Tunnel through the Rocky Mountain Continental Divide in NC Colo. opens, named after Colo. railroad financing pioneer David Halliday Moffat (1839-1911), who laid out the right-of-way in 1902, used by the Denver and Salt Lake Railway to give Denver its first W link through the Continental Divide; it incl. a water tunnel serving Denver. On Apr. 27 the Piccadilly Theatre at 16 Denman St. behind Piccadilly Circus in Westminster, West End, London (cap. 1.4K) opens, featuring Art Deco interior, with the opening day brouchure containing the soundbyte: "If all the bricks used in the building were laid in a straight line, they would stretch from London to Paris"; the opening production is Jerome Kern's musical "Blue Eyes" starring Evelyn Lane; in 1928 Warner Bros. acquires it and debuts the first talkie in Britain, "The Singing Fool" with Al Jolson; in Nov. 1929 it reopens with "The Student Prince"; in Apr. 1936 it becomes the London Casino; during WWII it is hit by a German bomb; in the 1950s it is renovated, with a 1,232-seat auditorium decorated in shades of pink. On June 29 the Adelaide Regent Theatre in Australia opens. Chanin's 46th Street Theatre at 226 West 46th St. in Manhattan, N.Y. opens, becoming the first Broadway theater sans separate entrances for the expensive and cheap seats; in 1931 the Shuberts acquire it, followed in 1960 by Lester Osterman, and in 1978 by Stephen R. Friedman and Irwin Meyer; in 1990 the Nederlander Org. acquires it and changes the name to Richard Rodgers Theatre; it goes on to house the greatest number of Tony Award-winning best plays and musiicals (11) on Broadway incl. "Guys and Dolls" (1950), "Damn Yankees" (1955), "Redhead" (1959), "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" (1961), "1776" (1970), "Raisin" (19), "Nine" (1982), "Fences" (1987), "Lost in Yonkers" (1991), "Chicago" (1996), "In the Heights" (1008), "The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess" (2011), and "Hamilton" (2015); in 1990 it becomes the Richard Rodgers Theatre. On Oct. 1 Hangar 1, named for real estate agent William W. Mines, the first modern air terminal in Los Angeles, Calif. is constructed on Mines Field in S Westchester, opening in 1930 as the beginning of Los Angeles Internat. Airport (LAX) (originally Los Angeles Municipal Airport, then Los Angeles Airport in 1937-49), which is purchased by the city of Los Angeles in 1937. The 17-room Jesus Mansion (AKA Chapel Hill, Chapel Farm, Fair Hill) in Riverdale, Bronx, N.Y. is built by wealthy Episcopalian-Theosophist Genevieve Ludlow Griscom to await Jesus Christ's return. Turkish-born Armenian-Am. architect Mihran Mesrobian (1889-1975) designs the Italian Renaissance-style Hay-Adams Hotel in Washington, D.C. based on the adjoining houses of John Hay and Henry Adams facing Lafayette Square. Am. architect Whitney Warren supervises the reconstruction of the U. of Louvain in Belgium (destroyed by the Germans in 1914). The first steel-frame glass-curtain-wall bldg. is completed, and by 1960 becomes the standard technique for skyscrapers, and a favorite of architect L. Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969). The 21-story Milan Bldg. in San Antonio, Tex. is built, becoming the first office bldg. with integral air conditioning (by Carrier). Edward William Bok donates the Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary and Singing Tower near Lake Wales in Fla. to the U.S. English architect Elisabeth Whitworth Scott (1898-1972) wins a contest to design the new Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon after the old one burned down in 1926 and subscriptions are raised from the U.S. et al. (finished 1932). Nobel Prizes: Peace: Frank Billings Kellogg (1856-1937) (U.S.) [Kellogg-Briand Pact]; Lit.: Paul Thomas Mann (1875-1955) (Germany); Physics: Prince Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892-1987) (France) [wave theory of matter]; Chem.: Sir Arthur Harden (1865-1940) (U.K.) and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873-1964) (Sweden); Med.: Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930) (Netherlands) and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947) (U.K.) [vitamins]. Inventions: On Jan. 21 Swiss-born Chevrolet Motor Co. co-founder Arthur Chevrolet (1884-1946) files a patent for an overhead valve engine, which is granted on Jan. 21, 1930 (#1,744,526); too bad, their Chevrolet Brothers Aircraft Co. goes bankrupt. On June 11 the tail-first Lippisch Ente (Duck), designed by Munich, Germany-born aerodynamics pioneer Alexander Martin Lippisch (1894-1976) becomes the first aircraft to fly under rocket power. Brylcreem men's hair styling pomade, consisting of mineral oil, beeswax, water, and fragrance is introduced by County Chemicals in Birmingham, England, becoming known for giving hair the shiny wet look, becoming popular with men until the 1960s; "A little dab'll do ya"; in WWII RAF pilots become known as the Brylcreem Boys. In Aug. accountant Walter E. Diemer (1904-98) of the Frank H. Fleer Chewing Gum Co. of Philly (founded 1885) (makers of Blibber-Blubber brand bubble gum) accidentally invents superior pink-colored Dubble Bubble brand bubble gum, selling $1.5M the first year; too bad, they fail to Bill Gates, er, patent it. In Dec. Popular Science contains an article about Eric, billed as the "U.K.'s first robot". Am. chemical engineer Philip Drinker (1894-1972) and moonshiner Louis Agassiz Shaw Jr. (1886-1940) develop the Iron Lung (Drinker Respirator) - drink up that fresh air? On July 30 George Eastman (1854-1932) first demonstrates his color motion picture process. German physicist Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (1882-1945) and his asst. Walther Mueller (Müller) (1905-79) invent the Geiger-Mueller Tube for measuring ionizing radiation (beta particles and gamma rays). German-born Am. inventor Paul Kollsman (1900-82) founds Kollsman Instruments Co.in Brooklyn, N.Y., which goes on to produce the first altimeters; the altimeter setting window in the NASA Apollo Program is later named the Kollsman Window. German inventor Fritz Pfleumer (1881-1945) invents magnetic tape for pfleuming tape recorders (German patent 500,900); they are first used at the pfleuming Blattner Studios in England in 1929, which later becomes Joe Rock Productions, then Elstree Studios. Am. jeweller Otto Frederick Rohwedder (1880-1960) patents an automatic bread-slicing machine, which he had been working on since 1912, the trick being to quickly wrap the bread to keep it from going stale; the first machine is bought by the Chillocothe (Mo.) Baking Co., and they sell their first loaf on July 7 - what's the greatest invention since sliced bread? In Nov. Lt. Col. Jacob Schick (1877-1937) patents the dry shaver electric razor; the fist ones are marketed on Mar. 18, 1931. On June 28 Austrian-born Friedrich Schmiedl (1902-94) launches his first experimental rocket. Frank Whittle (1907-96) of the RAF College in England writes his thesis on jet engines. Vladimir Zworykin (1889-1982) of the U.S. and John Logie Baird (1888-1946) of the U.K. i ndependently develop color TV, Zworykin's electronic, Baird's mechanical. A machine that bones and cleans kippers begins operation in Fleetwood, England - if it were mackerel it'd be the first Fleetwood Mac? Science: In Apr. Am. astronomer George Ellery Hale (1868-1938) pub. the article "The Possibilities of Large Telescopes" in Harper's Mag., obtaining funding from the Rockefeller Foundatin to found the (Mount) Palomar Observatory in the Palomar Mountain Range 90 mi. SE of Los Angeles, Calif. in San Diego County, Calif., which ends up operated by Caltech; it goes on to operate the 18-in. Schmidt Telescope (1936), the 48-in. Samuel Oschin Telescope (1948), the 200-in. Hale Telescope (1949), and the 60-in. Oscar Mayer Reflecting Telescope (1970). The Syph meets its match with a Flaming Chain of Flowers fighting Sir Inflammation? On Sept. 15 while studying influenza, Scottish researcher Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovers Penicillin (originally "mold juice") after observing that Penicillium notatum westling bacteria does not grow on nutrient agar surrounding orange mold, and announces it next year, becoming the first to propose its use as an antibacterial agent in medicine, although it takes until WWII to get it developed (1943); in 1945 he shares the Nobel Prize in Medicine with German-born British biochemist Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906-79) and Australian pathologist Sir Howard Walter Florey (1898-1968), who learn how to prepare it, and clinically prove its effectiveness as an antibiotic; during WWII methods of obtaining pure penicillin are perfected - as long as hos don't start popping P-pills like candy? Am. chemist Edwin Joseph Cohn (1892-1953) concentrates raw liver juice 50x-100x, allowing practical treatment of pernicious anemia. After being predicted theoretically in 1923 by Adolf Smekal, Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata "C.V." Raman (1888-1970) discovers the Raman Effect (Scattering), the inelastic scattering of light by molecules of a transparent gas, liquid, or solid substance, causing the scattered photons to have a lower frequency than the incident photons. German chemists Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876-1954) and Kurt Alder (1902-58) pub. their discovery of the Diels-Alder Reaction for diene synthesis of complex aromatic organic ring compounds and plastics - more ways Dirt Devil helps you fight dirty? English physicist Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-84) pub. the Dirac Equation, a relativistic wave equation that replaces the single 2nd-order wave equation with four simultaneous first-order equations, and proves that matrix and wave mechanics are equivalent formulations of the one and only quantum mechanics, which is nice for a theory, but becomes hideously complicated to solve even for a helium atom in an age before computers; the equation implies the existence of antimatter, and permits the introduction of four complex numbers called bispinors, explaining spin as a consequence of the union of relativity and quantum mechanics, leading to the discovery of the positron and winning him the 1933 Nobel Physics Prize - stop thinking and start enjoying flawless color? Russian-born physicist George Gamow (1904-68) pub. a quantum theory of the atomic nucleus. French chemist Rene-Maurice Gattefosse (René-Maurice Gattefossé) (1881-1950) coins the term Aromatherapy after using lavender oil to help heal his 3rd degree burns. Ukrainian-born Soviet biologist-agronomist Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (1898-1976) pub. a paper on vernalization, chilling winter wheat seeds to turn them into spring wheat seeds, making him a star with Joseph Stalin, who elevates him to a position of power that he abuses to push Lysenkoism, which rejects Mendelian genetics and claims that the hereditary factors are not only in the nucleus but in the cytoplasm ("living protoplasm"), politicizing science and setting back genetics in the Soviet Union by decades (until 1964). Austrian chemist Friedrich Adolf Paneth (1887-1958) founds radiochemistry, then later turns to geochemistry and cosmochemistry. German embryologist Hans Spemann conducts the first nuclear transfer experiment. Hungarian-born Jewish Am. pediatrician Bela Schick (1877-1967) begins a massive 5-year campaign in conjunction with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. that virtually eliminates diphtheria in the U.S.; this year it attacks 100K Americans and causes 10K deaths; the 85M brochures handed out are created by German-born artist Gerta Ries. In 1928 Am. sociologists William Isaac Thomas (1863-1947) and D. S. Thomas pub. the Thomas Theorem: "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." The Astronomical Congress of 1928 officially recognizes 88 constellations, and pub. a description of their boundaries in Cambridge, England in 1930 under the title Atlas Celeste. Nonfiction: Herbert Asbury (1889-1963), The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld; filmed in 2002 by Martin Scorsese; Carry Nation. Herbert Asbury (1889-1963) and Jeremiah P. "Jerry" Thomas (1830-85), The Bon Vivant's Companion: Or, How to Mix Drinks. Stanley Baldwin (1867-1947), Our Inheritance. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Living in the Twentieth Ccentury: A Consideration of How We Go This Way; In Quest of Truth and Justice: Debunking the War Guilt Myth. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Melvin M. Knight, and Felix Fluegel, Economic History of Europe. Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), A Variety of Things. Clive Bell (1881-1964), Civilization. Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953), How the Reformation Happened; Books that Change the World. Enoch Arnold Bennett (1867-1931), The Savour of Life. Edwyn Bevan (1870-1943), Sibyls and Seers: A Survey of Some Ancient Theories of Revelation and Inspiration. Edwyn Bevan (1870-1943) and Charles Singer (eds.), The Legacy of Israel. Albert Jeremiah Beveridge (1862-1927), Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1858 (2 vols.) (posth.); strips away the hero worship and reveals a complex, imperfect politician; leaves his planned 4-vol. work half-finished, causing his socialite wife (since 1907) Catherine Eddy Beveridge (1881-1907) to give his research materials to Carl Sandburg. Franz Boas (1858-1942), Anthropology and Modern Life; contra the "master race" theory - strangling it like a boa? Edward William Bok (1863-1930), Perhaps I Am. Paul Bourget (1852-1935), Quelques Temoignages. Gamaliel Bradford (1863-1932), Life and I (autobio.). Sir William Henry Bragg (1862-1942), Craftsmanship and Science. Sir E.A.W. Budge (1857-1934), History of Ethiopia (Nubia and Abyssinia); Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church (4 vols.). Richard E. Byrd (1888-1957), Skyward. James Ramsay Montagu Butler (1889-1975), History of England, 1815-1918. Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970), The Logical Structure of the World (Der Logische Aufbau der Welt); neo-positivism, a rigorous formal version of empiricism with all scientific terms defined in phenomenalistic terms; Pseudoproblems in Philosophy; why many philosophical questions are meaningless because the way they are posed abuses language, particularly metaphysics. Emile Chartier, Le Citoyen Contre les Pouvoirs. Stuart Chase (1888-1985), Your Money's Worth: A Study in the Waste of the Consumer's Dollar. Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970), The Age of the Gods: A Study in the Origins of Culture in Prehistoric Europe and the Ancient East (first book); traces prehistoric man and culture from the Stone Age to the Iron Age in 1000 B.C.E. Peter Debye (1884-1966), Quantum Theory and Chemistry. William Edward Dodd (1869-1940), Lincoln and Lee: Comparison and Contrast of the Two Greatest Leaders in the War Between the States: The Narrow and Accidental Margins of Success. Amelia Earhart (1897-1937), 20 Hrs., 40 Min.: Our Flight in the Friendship (autobio.); pub. by G.P. Putnam; her experiences as a passenger in the Friendship which made her the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air. Havelock Ellis (1859-1939), Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies; vol. 6 of 6 in "Studies in the Psychology of Sex". Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944), The Nature of the Physical World; "If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations - then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation - well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation." T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), For Lancelot Andrewes. Sidney Bradshaw Fay (1876-1967), The Origins of the World War (2 vols.) (1928) (2nd ed. 1966) (George Beer Prize); becomes the first Am. historian to challenge the notion that Germany alone was responsible for starting WWI, pointing to Serbia's role in assassinating Archduke Francis Ferdinand, German support of Austria-Hungary, Austria's demands, Russian mobilization, and French-English support of Russia, along with the system of secret alliances, militaristic nationalism, imperialist economics, and the Jewish, er, press, becoming influential in softening attitudes against Germany. Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), Martin Luther: A Destiny. David Freedman (1898-1936) (ed.), My Life is In Your Hands; autobio. of Eddie Cantor (1892-1964). Eduard Fueter Sr. (1876-1928), Switzerland Since 1848: History, Politics, Economics (Die Schweiz seit 1848. Geschichte, Politik, Wirtschaft) (Zurich) (last work). John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), On Future Warfare. R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), 4d Timelock. Rene-Maurice Gattefosse (1881-1950), Aromatherapy. Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945), Why Do We Oppose the Jews?. Louis Golding (1895-1958), Those Ancient Lands: Being a Journey to Palestine. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985) and Laura Riding 1901-91), A Pamphlet Against Anthologies. James Norman Hall (1887-1951), Mid-Pacific. William Hard, Who's Hoover?; prophetic analysis of his character. C. Howard-Ellis, The Origin, Structure and Working of the League of Nations. Frederick Eugene Ives (1856-1937), Autobiography of an Amateur Inventor. Encyclopaedia Judaica (1928-34). Carl J. Jung (1875-1961), Relationship between the Ego and the Unconscious. Burton Jesse Kendrick (1870-1949), The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page, 1855-1913 (Pulitzer Prize). Donald E. Keyhoe (1897-1988), Flying with Lindbergh; his 1927 mgt. of a coast-to-coast tour with Charles Lindbergh. Gen. Hunter Liggett, AEF: 10 years Ago in France. Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), Christ. Robert Morrison MacIver (1882-1970), Community. Salvador de Madariaga, Ingleses, Franceses, Espanoles (Españoles). Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), Letters (2 vols.) (1928-32) (posth.) (ed. John Middleton Murry). Shailer Mathews (1863-1941), Jesus on Social Institutions. Herbert R. Mayes, Alger: A Biography Without a Hero; author takes until the 1970s to admit it's a hoax, by which time other biographers have relied on him. Richard McKeon (1900-85), The Philosophy of Spinoza: The Unity of His Thought. Margaret Mead (1901-78), Coming of Age in Samoa; based on her visit in 1925-7 to the land of topless babes; claims that morals are relative to the society, becoming an anthropological bestseller; "Courtesy, modesty, good manners, conformity to definite ethical standards are universal, but what constitutes courtesy, modesty, very good manners, and definite ethical standards is not universal. It is instructive to know that standards differ in the most unexpected ways" (Franz Boas); too bad, after her death Kiwi anthropologist Derek Freeman et al. begin questioning her understanding of Samoan sexuality, causing a firestorm of controversy. Paul Elmer More (1864-1937), Demon of the Absolute. Sir James Augustus Henry Murray (1837-1915) et al. (ed.), The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, Vol. 10; last vol. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945), My Autobiography - starting with the virgin birth and the three wise men? Walter H. Page and Burton Jesse Hendrick, The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page (Pulitzer Prize). Ludwig Pastor (1854-1928), History of the Pope (1886-1928). William Lyon Phelps (1865-1943), Love. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (1877-1934), The Central Theme of Southern History; it's the desire to keep the South "a white man's country", failing to mention that that was also the theme of the North? Max Plowman (1883-1941), A Subaltern on the Somme (autobio.); pub. under alias Mark VII. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), The Meaning of Culture. Chandrasekhara Raman (1888-), A New Radiation; the Raman Effect. Frank P. Ramsey (1903-30), A Mathematical Theory of Saving; 1-sector economic growth; "How much of its income should a nation save? To answer this a simple rule is obtained valid under conditions of surprising generality... The rate of saving multiplied by the marginal utility of money should always be equal to the amount by which the total net rate of enjoyment of utility falls short of the maximum possible rate of enjoyment"; proposes the Ramsey Model of Economic Growth, which endogenizes the savings rate by explicitly modeling the choice of consumption at a point in time, giving an outcome that is Pareto optimal/efficient. Charles Richet (1850-1935), Our Sixth Sense; explains his allegedly scientific belief in paranormal phenomena despite having been tricked by several fraudulent media, er, mediums over the years; "It has been shown that as regards subjective metapsychics the simplest and most rational explanation is to suppose the existence of a faculty of supernormal cognition... setting in motion the human intelligence by certain vibrations that do not move the normal senses." Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Sceptical Essays. Herbert William Richmond (1871-1946), National Policy and Naval Strength and Other Essays (1934, 1993). Fred Albert Shannon (1893-1963), The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-1865 (Pulitzer Prize). George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism. Florence Scovel Shinn (1871-1940), Your Word is Your Wand. Nathan Soderblom (1866-1931), Die Einheit der Kirche und der Papstliche Stuhl. T.S. Stribling (1881-1965), Brightmetal. Victor Marlborough Silvester (1900-78), Modern Ballroom Dancing; bestseller. Allen Tate (1899-1979), Stonewall Jackson: The Good Soldier; "The institution of slavery was a positive good [because] it had become a necessary element in a stable society, and only in a society of fixed classes can men be free"; "The White man was in every sense responsible for the Black... The Black man, 'free,' would have been exploited." Dorothy Thompson (1893-1961), New Russia. Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975), The Conduct of British Empire Foreign Relations Since the Peace Settlement. Theodor Hendrik van der Velde, The Perfect Marriage. Serge Veronoff, The Conquest of Life; rejuvenation by gland transplants? Dr. John Broadus Watson (1878-1958), The Psychological Care of Infant and Child; "Never hug and kiss"; "Never let them sit on your lap." H.G. Wells (1866-1946), The Open Conspiracy: Blue Prints for a World Revolution; how the Atlantic elite can set up a NWO that can last for generations. Rebecca West (1892-1983), The Strange Necessity: Essays and Reviews. Sir John W. Wheeler-Bennett (1902-75), Information on the Renunciation of War, 1927-1928. William Allen White (1868-1944), A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge; Masks in a Pageant; bios. of U.S. presidents from McKinley to Wilson. Art: Ivan Albright (1897-1983), Flesh (Smaller Than Tears Are the Little Blue Flowers. Max Beckmann (1884-1950), Black Lilies. Georges Braque (1882-1963), Still Life with Jug (Cubist); The Table. Charles Demuth (1883-1935), I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), Vienna State Opera House. Hugo Lederer (1871-1940), Runners (bronze sculpture). Rene Magritte (1898-1967), The Lovers; The Betrayal of Images (This Is Not a Pipe). Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Odalisques. William McFee (1881-1966), Life of Sir Martin Frobisher. Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939), The Slav Epic; 20 24'x30' paintings chronicling Slavic history, commissioned in 1909 and presented to the city of Prague. Edvard Munch (1863-1944), Girl on Sofa. John von Neumann (1903-57), On the Theory of Parlor Games; first pub. of the Minimax Theorem; "As far as I can see, there could be no theory of games... without that theorem... I thought there was nothing worth publishing until the Minimax Theorem was proved." Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), Nightwave. Amedee Ozenfant (1886-1966), L'Art (Purist). Joseph K. Sharp (1859-1953), Pottery Decorators. John Sloan (1871-1951), Sixth Avenue and Third Street (Ashcan). Music: Fred E. Ahlert (1892-1953) and Roy Turk (1892-1934), Mean to Me; big jazz hit. Eugene D'Albert (1864-1932), The Black Orchid (opera) (Leipzig). Al Alberts Orchestra, Pals, Just Pals. Louis Armstrong (1901-71) and Earl "Fatha" Hines (1903-83), Weather Bird (Dec. 5). Marion Bauer (1882-1955), Lament on an African Theme, Op. 20a (for strings). Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Three Pieces; The Poisoned Fountain (for two pianos); The Devil That Tempted St. Anthony (for two pianos). Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) and Kurt Weill (1900-50), The Threepenny Opera (Die Dreigroschenoper) (musical comedy) (Aug. 31) (Schiffbauerdamm Theatre, Berlin); based on John Gay's 1728 "Beggar's Opera"; a Socialist critique of the nasty mean Capitalist world set in Victorian England; breaches the "fourth wall" by having actors sometimes stand with their backs turned to the audience; Victorian era London beggar criminal Macheath (Mackie Messer or Mack the Knife) (Harald Paulsen) marries Polly Peachum (Roma Bahn) after knowing her five days, pissing-off her father Jonathan Jeremiah Peachum (Erich Ponto), the beggar king of London, who tries to get him hanged by having ho "Low-Dive/Ginny" Jenny (Lotte Lenya) turn him in to the police, but lucks out when police chief Jackie "Tiger" Brown (Kurt Gerron) turns out to be his childhood buddy, getting him saved from the gallows by the queen, who pardons him and grants him a baronetcy; the breakthrough role for Austrian singer-actress Lotte Lenya (1898-1981) (wife of Kurt Weill); "Who is the bigger criminal, he who robs a bank or he who founded one?"; incl. the hit songs Mack the Knife (Die Moritat von Mackie Messer) and Pirate Jenny. Ralph Benatzky (1884-1957), Casanova (opera). Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965), Concerto for Piano and Orchestra; incl. "Polyharmony", "Tone Cluster", "Counter Rhythm"; Sinfonietta. Duke Ellington (1899-1974), Black and Tan Fantasy. Ruth Etting (1896-1978), Love Me or Leave Me; from "Whoopee!". George Fisher and his Kit-Kat Band, Rain. Harry Lawrence Freeman (1869-1954), Voodoo (opera) (New York); first opera by an African-Am. composer to be presented on Broadway; The Flapper (opera) (52nd St. Theater, New York) (Sept. 10). Rudolf Friml (1880-1972), Clifford Grey, and P.G. Wodehouse (1881-1975), The Three Musketeers (musical). George Gershwin (1898-1937), An American in Paris (symphonic tone poem) (Dec. 13) (Carnegie Hall, New York). Ferde Grofe (1892-1972), Metropolis: A Fantasy in Blue. Ray Henderson (1896-1970), You're the Cream in My Coffee. Arthur Honegger (1892-1955), Rugby (symphony). Al Jolson (1886-1950), Sonny Boy (12M copies sold in 1 mo.). Emmerich Kalman (1882-1953), Die Herzogin von Chicago (The Duchess of Chicago) (operetta) (Vienna). Helen Kane, I Wanna Be Loved By You; by Bert Kalmar (1884-1947) and Harry Ruby (1895-1974). Hal Kemp Band with Eddie Peabody ("the Banjoy Boy") (1902-78), I Don't Care/ High Upon the Hilltop. Irving King and Ted Shapiro (1899-1980), If I Had You. Eddie Lang (1902-83) and Cliff Edwards (1895-1971), Stack o' Lee Blues. Eddie Lang (1902-83) and Joe Venuti (1903-78), Dinah. Franz Lahar (1870-1948), Frederika (operetta) (Berlin). Francesco Malipiero (1882-1973), Filomela e l'Infatuato (opera) (Prague). Juan Manen (1883-1971), Nero i Acte (opera). Frank Martin (1890-1974), Thumbing Your Nose at Satan (La Nique a Satan) (1928-31). Andre Messager (1853-1929), Passionement (opera). Haywire Mac McClintock (1882-1957), The Big Rock Candy Mountains (#1 country); gets covered many times under the name "Big Rock Candy Mountain", with cleaner lyrics. Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Christophe Colombe (opera); libretto by Paul Claudel. Maurice Ravel (1875-1937), Bolero (ballet) (Nov. 22) (Paris Opera); original name "Fandango"; commissioned by Russian ballerina Ida Rubinstein; the theme is almost entirely in C major, and has a 17-min. crescendo; the New York Philharmonic debut by conductor Arturo Toscanini next Nov. 14 makes it a big hit; too bad, when he does it again on May 4, 1930 at the Paris Opera, they get in a fight, with Ravel claiming his tempo is too fast, and Toscanini claiming he has to speed it up to "save" it. Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936), Feste Romane (Roman Festivals) (tone poem) (3rd in Roman Trilogy); incl. Circus Games, The Jubilee, Harvest Festivals in October, Epiphany. Brazilian Impressions. Amadeo Roldan (1900-38), La Rebambaramba. Roger Sessions (1896-1985), The Black Maskers Orchestral Suite. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-75), The Taihiti Trot (Moscow) (Nov. 25); based on "Tea for Two"; composed in 40 min. on a bet from a fellow musician. Pinetop Smith (1904-29), Pine Top's Boogie Woogie; first boogie woogie hit; tells "the girl with the red dress on" to "not move a peg" until she's told to "throw a boogie woogie", "shake that thing", and "mess around". Victoria Spivey (1906-76), Organ Grinder Blues. Jessie Stafford's Orchestra, Glorianna. Oscar Straus (1870-1954), Die Musik Kommt. Richard Strauss (1864-1949) and Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874-1929), Die Aegyptische Helena (opera) (Dresden). Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), Apollo Musagetes (ballet). Rudy Vallee (1901-86), Sweet Lorraine; by Cliff Burwell (1898-1977) and Mitchell Parish (1900-93); becomes a jazz std. Harry Warren (1893-1981) and Mort Dixon (1892-1956), Nagasaki. Stefan Wolpe (1902-72), Zeus und Elida (first opera) (Berlin); the god Zeus appears in modern-day Berlin seeking his Europa, and is treated like a fool, then falls in love with ho Charlotte, the face of Elida perfume, and ends up in jail for immorality. Movies: William Wellman's Beggars of Life stars Louise Brooks as an abused country girl who runs away and ends up riding the rails with hoboes Wallace Beery and Richard Arlen; Wellman invents the boom microphone for it. Edward Sedgwick's The Cameraman is Buster Keaton's first feature with a major studio (MGM). Charlie Chaplin's The Circus stars Chaplin making out with bareback rider Merna Kennedy, and wins a special Academy Award for "versatility and genius". King Vidor's silent The Crowd is about a working class family and its contrasts with wealthy society. Josef von Sternberg's silent The Docks of New York (Sept. 16) (Paramount), written by Jules Furthman based on the story "The Dock Walloper" by John Monk Saunders stars George Bancroft as super-strong ship stoker Bill, who saves beautiful ho Mae (Betty Compson) from drowning and marries her the same night, then reneges, then jumps ship to reclaim her. Sinclair Hill's The Guns of Loos (Feb. 9) (Stoll Pictures) stars Henry Victor as a blind WWI vet who returns to run his family's industrial empire; the film debut of West Bromwich, Staffordshire-born blonde-blue actress Edith Madeleine Carroll (1906-87) as Diana Cheswick. Irving Cummings' and Raoul Walsh's In Old Arizona (Dec. 25) (Fox) debuts, based on the Cisco Kid story "The Cabellero's Way" by O. Henry, is the first major Western talkie, and the first talkie filmed outdoors, incl. location shooting in Bryce Canyon Nat. Park, Zion Nat. Park, the San Fernando Mission, and the Mojave Desert; stars Warner Leroy Baxter (1889-1951), who sings My Tonia, launching the singing cowboy genre; also stars Edmund Lowe as his rival; the film debut of LA-born stage actress Dorothy Burgess (1907-61) (niece of Fay Bainter) as the Mexican minx; Walsh was set to star as the Cisco Kid instead of Baxter, but a jackrabbit jumped through his windshield costing him an eye, after which he wears a patch; does $1.3M box office. Rene Clair's Italian Straw Hat (Un Chapeau de Paille d'Italie), based on the Eugene Labiche play shows the unending struggle to replace a hat eaten by a horse. Bryan Foy's The Lights of New York (July 20) by Warner Bros. is "the first all-talking picture" ("The Jazz Singer" was a part-talkie), starring Helene Costello, Cullen Landis, and Eugene Pallette; does $1M box office on a $23K budget, causing every studio in Hollywood to go all-talkie; too bad, Costello refuses to star as leading lady opposite Rin Tin Tin, causing Warner Bros. to cancel her contract, and her $3K/week career begins a downhill slide, compounded by a weak voice, drug and alcohol addictions, and three divorces. Paul Fejos' Lonesome (June 28) (Universal Pictures) is a part-talkie dramedy starring Barbara Kent (Cloutman) (1907-2011) (1925 Miss Hollywood) as telephone operator Mary, and Glenn Tryon as factory worker Jim, who meet on the beach at Coney Island and fall in love, only to become separated with only each other's first name and a small photo to help them reunite; Kent flashes a magnificent smile?; remade in 1935 as "The Affair of Susan". Paul Leni's The Man Who Laughs, based on the Victor Hugo novel stars Conrad Veidt as Gwynplaine, and Mary Philbin as blind Dea; Olga Baclanova looks eerily like rock star Madonna (1958-), incl. the beauty spot on the lip? Ewald Andre Dupont's Moulin Rouge (Mar. 22) is a musical starring Olga Tschechowa as Parysia, Eve Gray as Margaret, and Jean Bradin as Andre, featuring tight close-up combos. Fred Niblo's The Mysterious Lady (Aug. 4) (MGM) stars Conrad Nagel as Austrian Capt. Karl von Raden in WWI, who is seduced by Russian spy Tania Fedorova (Greta Garbo), who betrays her mother country; Nagel's uncle Edward Connelly plays the head of the Austrian secret service Col. Eric von Raden; does $1.1M box office on a $336,973 budget. Ernst Lubitsch's The Patriot (Aug. 17) (Paramount Pictures), based on the novel by Alfred Neumann stars Emil Jannings as Tsar Paul I, Florence Vidor as Countess Ostermann, and Lewis Stone as Count Pahlen; features a synchronized soundtrack and isolated talking sequences; does ? box office on a $1M budget; too bad, it is lost. Walt Disney's animated Plane Crazy (B&W) (May 15) is the film debut of Mickey Mouse (voiced by Disney) along with his skirt-wearing girlfriend Minnie Mouse (voice of Marcellite Garner and Thelma Boardman); on Nov. 18 after almost going bankrupt, seeing the success of "The Jazz Singer", and staking everything on it, the 3rd Mickey Mouse cartoon Steamboat Willie (B&W) debuts at the Colony Theater in New York City, with Walt as the voice of Mickey, becoming the first one with sound, making this date Mickey's birthday; next year the first of 75 Silly Symphony cartoons appear (until 1939); as Mickey Mouse becomes a hit, other hit characters incl. Donald Duck are spun-off; on Oct. 16, 1923 after moving from Kansas City, Mo. to Hollywood, Calif., Chicago, Ill.-born Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (1901-66) co-founds Disney Bros. Cartoon Studio with his brother Roy O. Disney, changing the name to Walt Disney Studio in Jan. 1926. Harry Beaumont's Our Dancing Daughters (Sept. 1), based on a story by Josephine Lovett stars Joan Crawford, Dorothy Sebastian, Anita Page, and Johnny Mack Brown, becoming the first film score for songwriter Richard A. Whiting (1891-1938), who goes on to write one almost every year until his premature death in 1938. Edwin Carewe's Ramona (May 20) (first United Artists film with synchronized score and sound effects) stars Dolores del Rio as mixed-race discriminated-against Ramona, and Warner Baxter as Alessandro; written by Carewe's older brother Finis Fox based on the 1884 Helen Hunt Jackson novel; after getting lost and found, it is shown at the Billy Wilder Theater at UCLA on Mar. 29, 2014. William K. Howard's A Ship Comes In (His Country) (Jan. 4) stars Rudolph Schildkraut and Louise Resser as Peter and Mrs. Pleznik, who immigrate to the U.S. King Vidor's Show People (Nov. 20) (MGM), about Hollywood stars William Haines as Billy Boone, and Marion Davies (in her best role) as Peggy Pepper, with cameos by Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., William S. Hart, and John Gilbert. Ludwig Berger's Sins of the Fathers (Dec. 29) stars Emil Jannings as married restaurant owner Wilhelm Spengler, who is talked into becoming a bootlegger by beautiful Greta (Ruth Chatterton), who runs away with the money, after which his wife Mary (Jean Arthur) finds out; ZaSu Pitts plays his mother. Sergei Eisenstein's Ten Days That Shook the World (Oktyabr) (Jan. 20), based on U.S.-born Communist John Reed's book is commissioned by the Soviet govt., and spares no expense to glorify their 1917 Rev.; the 1981 Warren Beatty film Reds later takes a fictional look at Reed himself. Roy Del Ruth's The Terror (Sept. 6) (Warner Bros. Pictures), written by Harvey Gates based on the play by Edgar Wallace is about an English country inn where the guests incl. Mary McAvoy, Louise Fazenda, and Alex B. Francis are menaced by a slasher called The Terror, becoming the second "all-talking" motion picture released by Warner Bros. after "Lights of New York", and first all-talking horror film, made using the Vitaphone sound-on-disc system; does $1.22M U.S. and $243K foreign box office on a $163K budget; refilmed in 1934 as "Return of the Terror"; view video. Erich von Stroheim's The Wedding March (Oct. 6) (Paramount) stars Stroheim as Prince Nicki von Wildeliebe-Rauffenburg in 1914 Vienna, who falls in love with beautiful inkeeper's daughter Mitzi Schrammell (Fay Wray), but is forced to marry Cecilia Schweisser (ZaSu Pitts) for her money; Matthew Betz plays Nicki's rival Schani Eberle the butcher; Maude George plays Nicki's mother Princess Maria; Anton Vaverka plays emperor Franz Josef; expensive long orgy scenes are cut by the studio; the 4-hour film is cut into two parts; too bad, the 2nd part "The Honeymoon" is lost in a fire in France in 1957. W.S. Van Dyke's White Shadows in the South Seas (Nov. 10), based on the Frederick O'Brien novel stars hot new Mexican bombshell Raquel Torres (1908-87) and Monte Blue (1887-1963) in a biracial love story in the South Pacific; the first MGM film to synchronize music, dialogue, and special effects, winning a Best Cinematography Oscar, and the first in which the MGM Lion (Leo) roars, invented by Jewish-Am. lyricist Howard Dietz (1896-1983), who models it after his alma mater Columbia U., and later composes "That's Entertainment"; the original Leo the Lion dies in ? and is buried in Gillette, N.J. Alexander Dovzhenko's Zvenigora tells 1K years of Ukrainian history; first in his Ukraine Trilogy ("Arsenal", "Earth") he later calls it is "party membership card". Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc (Apr. 21) stars Maria (Renee Jeanne) Falconetti (1892-1946) in a silent family BBQ flick. Vsevolod Pudovkin's Storm over Asia is about a Mongolian (Ivan Inkizhinov) descended from Genghis Khan who is made puppet emperor of a Soviet province. Mikhail Kalatozov's Their Empire is the dir. debut of Georgian-born Soviet film dir. Mikhail Kalatozov (1903-73). Jacques Feyder's Therese Raquin, based on the Emile Zola novel is filmed in Germany, and stars Gina Manes, who arranges for her hubby to drown in a boating accident to marry her real beau, after which they become miserable as her mommy figures it out but remains silent, ending up witnessing their downfall. Clarence Brown's A Woman of Affairs (Dec. 15), starring Greta Garbo and John Gilbert is advertised by MGM as "Garbo and Gilbert in Love". Plays: Philip Barry (1896-1949), Holiday (comedy). Philip Barry and Elmer Rice (1892-1967), Cock Robin. Samuel Nathaniel Behrman (1893-1973), Serena Blandish. Jacinto Benavente y Martinez (1866-1954), El Demonio Fue antes Angel. Noel Coward (1899-1973), This Year of Grace. John Van Druten, Young Woodley (London). Vivian Ellis (1903-96), Richard Myers (1901-77), Clifford Grey, and Greatorex Newman, Mr. Cinders (musical) (Blackpool) (Sept.); moves to the London Hippodrome next July 15 for 528 perf.; the Cinderella story with the gender roles reversed, starring Binnie Hale (1899-1984) and Charles Robert William "Bobby" Howes (1895-1972); Hale sings Spread A Little Happiness. Roger Martin du Gard (1881-1958), La Gonfle (farce). Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), Noyade des Songes (Dreams Drowning); A Night of Pity; Trois Acteurs; Don Juan; Barabbas. Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960) and Laurence Stallings (1894-1968), Rainbow (musical). Ben Hecht (1894-1964) and Charles MacArthur, The Front Page (Times Square Theatre, New York) (Aug. 14) (222 perf.); dir. by George S. Kaufman; produced by jed Harris; comedy set in the press room of the Criminal Courts Bldg. in Chicago, Ill. overlooking the gallows of the Cook County Jail; reporter Hildy Johnson (Lee Tracy) and ed. Walter Burns (Osgood Perkins); filmed in 1931 starring Adolphe Menjou as Burns and Pat O'Brien as Johnson, and in 1940 starring Cary Grant as Burns and Rosalind Russell as Johnson. Sidney Coe Howard (1891-1939), Yellowjack. Georg Kaiser (1878-1945) and Kurt Weill (1900-50), Der Zar Lasst sich Photographieren (1-act opera). John McGowan (1894-1977), Buddy G. de Sylva (1895-1950), Lew Brown (1893-1958), and Ray Henderson (1896-1970), Hold Everything! (musical) (Broadhurst Theater, New York) (Oct. 10) (409 perf.); stars Bert Lahr, Jack Whiting, Ona Munson and Victor Moore; features the song You're the Cream in My Coffee by Ray Henderson and Buddy G. DeSylva. William Anthony McGuire, Walter Donaldson, and Gus Kahn (1886-1941), Whoopee! (musical) (New York) (379 perf.); features the song "Love Me or Leave Me" by Ruth Etting. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), The House at Pooh Corner (London); introduces Tigger; The Ascent of Man; Gentleman Unknown; The Fourth Wall/ The Perfect Alibi. George Moore (1852-1933), The Making of an Immortal. Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), The Silver Tassie. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), Strange Interlude (John Golden Theatre, New York) (Jan. 28) (Pulitzer Prize); dir. by Philip Moeller; nine acts filled with stream-of-consciousness monologues lasting five hours; stars Lynn Fontanne as Ivy League Prof. Leeds' (Philip Leigh) daughter Nina Leeds (Lynn Fontanne), who has a baby with Dr. Edmund "Ned" Darnell (Glenn Anders) after finding that hubby Sam Evans (Earle Larimore) can't give her one due to family insanity, and falls in love with him, creating a triangle with the child Gordon Evans (John J. Burns) in the middle; filmed in 1932; in 1929 the mayor of Boston, Mass. bans the play, causing it to be moved to Quincy, where the fledgling Howard Johnson's restaurant receives nat. publicity after the audience flocks there for the dinner break. Marco Millions. Marcel Pagnol (1895-1974), Topaze. Mazo de la Roche (1879-1961), Low Life and Other Plays. Robert Cedric Sherriff (1896-1975), Journey's End (Apollo Theatre, London) (Dec. 9); WWI trench drama. Laurence Stallings (1894-1968), Deep River (musical). Mae West (1893-1980), Diamond Lil; about an 1890s saloon singer who utters the famous soundbyte "Why don't you come up and see me sometime?" Poetry: Richard Aldington (1892-1962), Collected Poems. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), John Brown's Body (Pulitzer Prize); book-length narrative poem about the U.S. Civil War. Rene Char (1907-88), Cloches sur Coeur (debut). Norman Douglas (1868-1952), Some Limericks; bawdy limericks. John Gould Fletcher (1886-1950), The Black Rock. Robert Frost (1874-1963), West-Running Brook. Kahlil Gibran (1911-72), Jesus, the Son of Man. Ramon Guthrie (1896-1973), Parachute. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres. Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), Cawdor and Other Poems. Robert Underwood Johnson (1853-1937), Poems of the Longer Flight. Alexander Kinman Laing (1903-), Fool's Errand. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), Collected Poems. Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936), Romancero Gitano. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), The Buck in the Snow; incl. The Buck in the Snow; goes through 6 eds. in one year. Ferenc Molnar (1878-1952), Lillion. David Pinski (1872-1959), The Final Balance. Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935), Sonnets, 1889-1927; Fortunatus. Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), Good Morning, America. Michael Strange (Blanche Oelrichs) (1890-1950), Selected Poems. Allen Tate (1899-1979), Mr. Pope and Other Poems (debut); incl. Ode to the Confederate Dead; his masterpiece?; inspire Robert Lowell's 1964 poem "For the Union Dead". Louis Untermeyer (1885-1977), Burning Bush. John Van Alstyn Weaver (1893-1938), In America - Poems. Elinor Wylie (1885-1928), Trivial Breath. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), The Tower. Novels: Herbert Asbury (1889-1963), The Tick of the Clock; Not at Night: A Collection of Weird Tales. Djuna Barnes (1892-1982), Ryder; Ladies Almanack; her lezzie friends in Paris. Max Beerbohm (1872-1956), The Dreadful Dragon of Hay Hill. Enoch Arnold Bennett (1867-1931), The Strange Vanguard. Pierre Benoit (1886-1962), Axelle. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), The Spinner of the Years; The Partnership. Earl Derr Biggers (1884-1933), Behind That Curtain; Charlie Chan #3. Martin Boyd (1893-1972), The Montforts (The Madeleine Heritage); pub. under alias Martin Mills; rev. 1963. Roark Bradford (1896-1948), Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun. Leslie Charteris (1907-93), Meet - the Tiger!; introduces "the Robin Hood of modern crime" Simon Templar (b. 1901), AKA "the Saint" (from his initials ST, and of course all his aliases have the same initials), who leaves a stick figure drawing of a man with a halo at the scene of his hits; he's really connected with the Knights Templars and the Sinclair family? Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Mystery of the Blue Train (Mar. 29); Hercule Poirot #6. Jean Cocteau (1889-1963), The White Paper (Le Livre Blanc). Colette (1873-1954), La Naissance du Jour. James Gould Cozzens (1903-78), Cock Pit. Rene Crevel (1900-35), L'Esprit Contre La Raison. Elmer Davis (1890-1958), David (first and only novel); a retelling of the Biblical story of David. Grazia Deledda (1871-1936), Annalena Bilsini. Joseph Delmont (1873-1935), Der Ritt auf dem Funken; sci-fi novel about vehicles that travel on electric currents. Bernard DeVoto (1897-1955), The House of Sun-Goes-Down. Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961), Hedylus. Mircea Eliade (1907-86), Gaudeamus; sequel to "Novel of the Nearsighted Adolescent" (1924); Apology for Virility. Jessie Redmon Fauset (1882-1961), Plum Bun. Konstantin Fedin (1892-1977), Brothers. Esther Forbes (1891-1967), A Mirror for Witches; Doll Bilby gets put on trial as a witch in Salem, Mass. Ford Madox Ford (1873-1939), The Last Post. E.M. Forster (1879-1970), The Eternal Moment (short stories). Pamela Frankau (1908-67), The Fig Tree. Martin Luis Guzman (1887-1976), The Eagle and the Serpent (El Aguila y la Serpiente); the 1910 Mexican Rev. John Galsworthy (1867-1933), Swan Song. Susan Glaspell (1882-1948), Brooks Evans. John Gunther (1901-70), Eden for One: An Amusement. Radclyffe Hall (1880-1943), The Well of Loneliness; lesbian novel about Englishwoman Stephen Gordon, who meets lover Mary Llewellyn in WWI and together experience the social wipeout zone; censored by the English govt.; based on the life of rich expatriate Am. lezzie Natalie Clifford Barney (1876-1972), lover of expatriate Am. lezzie Romaine Brooks (1874-1970) - the Barney without the Frank? Thea von Harbou (1888-1954), Die Frau im Mond (The Woman in the Moon). Gerhart Hauptmann (1862-1946), Till Eulenspiegel; his favorite work? Josephine Herbst (1892-1969), Nothing is Sacred. Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), A President is Born. Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960), How It Feels to Be Colored Me. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Point Counter Point. Margaret Irwin (1889-1967), Fire Down Below. Christopher Isherwood (1904-86), All the Conspirators (first novel). Panait Istrati (1884-1935), Mes Departs. MacKinlay Kantor (1904-77), Diversey (first novel). Molly Keane (1905-96), Young Entry. Joseph Kessel (1898-1979), Belle du Jour; a bored Parisian housewife becomes a masochistic day ho; filmed in 1967 by Luis Bunuel. Selma Lagerlof (1858-1940), Anna Svard. D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), Lady Chatterley's Lover (AKA "Tenderness") (Florence, Italy) (July) (pub. in Paris in 1929); paralyzed impotent WWI vet John Thomas, er, Sir Clifford Chatterley and his frustrated wife Lady Constance Chatterley, who begins fooling around with studly gamekeeper Oliver Mellors ("Short and sharp, he took her, short and sharp and finished, like an animal"); its explicit sex makes it the perennial target of religious censors, and it is banned in the U.K. until 1960. Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), The Man Who Knew Coolidge. Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957), The Childermass; trilogy incl. "Monstre Gai" (1955), "Malign Fiesta" (1955); dead writer James Pullman helps Sammael (Satan) with his plan to undermine the Age of the Divine and substitute a "Human Age" where punishment is inflicted by modern industrial methods to handle a mass processing jam on the banks of the Styx River due to the slaughter of WWI and the flu epidemic. Ding Ling (1904-86), Miss Sophia's Diary. William John Locke (1863-1930), Joshua's Vision. Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936), Mariana Pineda. H.P. Lovecraft (1890-1937), The Call of Cthulhu. Rose Macaulay (1881-1958), Keeping Up Appearances. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Tales from Greenery Street. Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), Extraordinary Women. Andre Malraux (1901-76), The Conquerors (Les Conquerants) (first novel); Mikhail Borodin. Victor Margueritte (1866-1942), La Garconne; spawns the Garconne Fashion Style. W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965), Ashenden, or the British Secret Agent (short stories). Francois Mauriac (1885-1970), Vie de Racine. Andre Maurois (1885-1967), Climats. William Babington Maxwell (1866-1938), We Forget Because We Must: A Story of Decades and Lustres. William McFee (1881-1966), Pilgrims of Adversity. Claude McKay (1889-1948), Home to Harlem; bestseller. A.A. Milne (1882-1956), The House at Pooh Corner. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), King, Queen, Nave. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), The Bishop's Wife; filmed in 1947. Frances Newman (1883-1928), Dead Lovers are Faithful Lovers; another shocker to the Southern set. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), The Derelict. John B. Oliver, Victim and Victor; passed over for the Pulitzer Prize for Julia Peterkin (1880-1961), causing judge Richard S. Burton to resign. Joseph Opatoshu (1886-1954), Collected Works (14 vols.). Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Light Beyond; The Fortunate Wayfarer; Matorni's Vineyard; The Exploits of Pudgy Pete (short stories); Chronicles of Melhampton (short stories). Charles Fulton Oursler (1893-1952), Poor Little Fool. Sir Gilbert Parker (1862-1932), The Promised Land. Julia Peterkin (1880-1961), Scarlet Sister Mary (Pulitzer Prize). David Pinski (1872-1959), Arnold Levenberg. Dawn Powell (1896-1965), She Walks in Beauty. Marcel Proust (1871-1922), Albertine Disparue (The Sweet Cheat Gone); Le Temps Retrouve (Retrouvé) (The Past Recaptured) (posth.). Margaret Leech Pulitzer (1893-1974), The Feathred Nest. Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (ed.), Tales and Romances (30 vols.) (1928-9). Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), Two Flights Up. Alice Grant Rosman (1882-1961), The Back Seat Driver. Joseph Roth (1894-1939), Zipper and His Father. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), The Hounds of God. Dorothy L. Sayers (1893-1957), The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club; Lord Peter Wimsey #4; Gen. Fentiman and his sister die, and the heirs are cut out by Ann Dorland, causing Peter to be called in. Lord Peter Views the Body (12 short stories). Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov (1905-84), And Quiet Flows the Don (4 vols.) (1928-40); a Cossack wanders through the chaos of the Russian Rev. and civil war; the masterpiece of the Soviet epoch? Nevil Shute (1899-1960), So Disdained. Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), Boston. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Tropic Love; Roxanne (The Return of Spring). Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), A London Bookman; A Brood of Ducklings. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1965), Quicksand (1928-30). Edgar Wallace (1875-1932), The Squeaker. Sylvia Townsend Warner (1893-1978), The True Heart. Jakob Wassermann (1873-1934), Das Gold von Caxamalca; Der Fall Maurizius (The Maurizius Case) (first in trilogy) (1928-34). Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Nor Many Waters. Evelyn Waugh (1903-66), Decline and Fall (first novel); Paul Pennyfeather is expelled from Oxford; based on his brother Alec Waugh, who was expelled from Sherborn College for homosexuality, causing Evelyn to be barred from admission and turn to writing; The Last Chukka: Stories of East and West. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), The Pathway. Jack Williamson (1908-2006), The Metal Man (first story); pub. in the Dec. 1928 issue of Amazing Stories. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), Orlando: A Biography (Oct. 11); a man born in the reign of Elizabeth I decides to never grow old and changes into a woman; based on the life of lezzie lovers Vita Sackville-West (1892-1962) (as Orlando) and Violet Trefusis (1894-1972) (as Slavic princess Sasha); gets around censorship by having a woman sprout a you know what before going to bed with another woman?; after Vita left Violet in 1923, Violet hooked up with Singer sewing machine heiress and musical patron Winnaretta Singer (1865-1943) until 1933; it's really about William Shakespeare, who makes a cameo appearance, to be read along with the passage about his sister Judith in "A Room of One's Own" (1929)? Elinor Wylie (1885-1928), Mr. Hodge and Mr. Hazard (posth.). Births: Pakistani philanthropist Abdul Sattar Edhi on Jan. 1 in Bantva, India. Am. "Hello Darkness" poet Louis Edward Sissman (d. 1976) on Jan. 1 in Detroit, Mich.; wins the Nat. Spelling Bee at age 13, and in 1944 at age 16 becomes the youngest person accepted to Harvard U., but is expelled for immaturity in 1946, coming back in 1947 and graduating in 1949. Am. diplomatic-military historian (Jewish) Gerhard Ludwig Weinberg on Jan. 1 in Hanover, Germany; emigrates to Britain in 1938, and the U.S. in 1941; educated at SUNY, and U. of Chicago. U.S. Rep. (D-Ill.) (1959-95) Daniel David "Dan" Rosenkowski (d. 2010) on Jan. 2 in Chicago, Ill.; educated at Loyola U. Pakistani pres. #4 (1973-3) and PM #10 (1973-7) (Shiite Muslim) Zulfikar (Zulfiqar) Ali Bhutto (d. 1979) on Jan. 5 near Larkana, Sindh; founder of the Pakistan People's Party; father of Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007). U.S. Dem. vice-pres. #42 (1977-81) Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (d. 2021) on Jan. 5 in Ceylon, Minn.; educated at Macalester College, and the U. of Minn. - born on St. Simeon Sylites' Day, the holy pole sitter? French "Michelle Angel Bonet in North to Alaska" 5'7" actress Capucine "Cap" (Germaine Lefebvre) (d. 1990) on Jan. 6 in Saint-Raphael (1483-1520), Var. Saudi crown prince (2005-11) Sultan bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud (d. 2011) on Jan. 5 (b. 1925?) in Riyadh; father of Prince Bandar (1949-). Am. "The Exorcist" novelist-screenwriter William Peter Blatty (d. 2017) on Jan. 7 in New York City; Lebanese immigrant parents; educated at Georgetown U. Am. guitarist Luther Monroe Perkins (d. 1968) on Jan. 8 (Tennessee Three) in Memphis, Tenn; Johnny Cash's guitar player. Am. "Scruples", "Princess Daisy", "Till We Meet Again" romance novelist (Jewish) Judith Krantz (nee Tarcher) on Jan. 9 in New York City. Italian "Volare" singer Domenico Modugno (d. 1994) on Jan. 9 in Polignano a Mare. Am. poet (Jewish) Philip Levine (d. 2015) on Jan. 10 in Detroit, Mich.; Jewish immigrant parents; first of identical twins; educated at Wayne State U., and U. of Iowa; known for poems about working-class Detroit. Am. bilionaire businessman-philanthropist-physician (Jewish) Irving I. Moskowitz on Jan. 11 in New York City; educated at the U. of Wisc. Am. "Roots, "The Thorn Birds" movie producer (Jewish) David Lloyd Wolper on Jan. 11 in New York City; nephew of David J. Wolper, lawyer for Bugsy Siegel. Am. "So Long", "Teardrops from My Eyes" R&B singer (black) ("Miss Rhythm") Ruth Brown (d. 2006) on Jan. 12 in Portsmouth, Va.; turns Atlantic Records into "the house that Ruth built" in the 1950s; aunt of Rakim (1968-). Am. street photographer (Jewish) Garry Winogrand (d. 1984) on Jan. 14 in New York City; Hungarian immigrant father, Polish immigrant mother; grows up in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at CCNY, and Columbia U. Am. "Romulan Commander in Star Trek: TOS" actress Beverly Joanne Linville (d. 2021) on Jan. 15 in Bakersfield, Calif.; wife (1962-73) of Mark Rydell (1929-); mother of Christopher Rydell (1963-). Am. "Ironweed" novelist William Joseph Kennedy on Jan. 16 in Albany, N.Y.; educated at Siena College. English "Nancy Kwan" hair stylist (Jewish) Vidal Sassoon on Jan. 17 in London; Greek father, Jewish Ukrainian descent mother; knighted in 2009. Am. 6'2" football QB (Green Bay Packers, 1950-6) Tobin Cornelius Rote (d. 2000) on Jan. 18 in San Antonio, Tex.; educated at Rice U.; cousin of Kyle Rote (1928-2002). U.S. Sen. (D-Ind.) (1963-81) Birch Evans Bayh II on Jan. 22 in Terre Haute, Ind.; father of Evan Bayh (1955-). French "The Lovers", "Jules and Jim" actress ("the New Bardot") Jeanne Moreau on Jan. 23 in Paris: "We have so many words for states of the mind, and so few for the states of the body." English "The Naked Ape" zoologist-ethnologist-writer Desmond John Morris on Jan. 24 in Purton, Wiltshire; educated at Oxford U. Georgian pres. #2 (1995-2003) Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze on Jan. 25 in Mamati, Guria. French "And God Created Woman" film dir.-actor-writer Roger Vadim (Roger Vadim Plemiannikov) (d. 2000) on Jan. 26 in Paris; husband (1952-7) of Brigitte Bardot, (1958-61) Annette Stroyberg, (1965-73) Jane Fonda, (1975-7) Catherine Schneider, and (1990-) Marie-Christine Barrault. Am. "Sgt. Jim Beller in Battle Cry", "Det. Roger Havilland in 87th Precinct" actor Gregory Walcott (Bernard Mattox) (d. 2015) on Jan. 13 in Wendell, N.C. Japanese-Am. geneticist Susumo Ohno (d. 2000) on Feb. 1 in Seoul, Korea; Japanese parents; educated at Tokyo U., and Hokkaido U. Am. statistician Joseph Bernard Kruskal Jr. (d. 2010) on Jan. 29 in New York City; educated at the U. of Chicago, and Princeton U. Am. "Cabaret", "A Little Night Music", "Sweeney Todd" theatrical producer-dir. ("the Prince of Broadway") Harold Smith "Hal" Prince on Jan. 30 in New York City; educated at the U. of Penn.; collaborator of Stephen Sondheim (1930-). Am. Dem. politician (Jewish) Tom Lantos (Lantos Tamas Peter) (d. 2008) on Feb. 1 in Budapest, Hungary; becomes a resistance fighter against the Nazis, and is given refuge in a safe house of Raoul Wallenberg; emigrates to the U.S. in 1947; only Holocaust survivor to serve in the U.S. Congress (Calif.) (1981-2008). Am. "Jim Crown in Cimarron Strip" actor Stuart Maxwell Whitman on Feb. 1 in San Francisco, Calif. English "Tower of Strength", "There Must Be a Way" singer (Jewish) Frankie "Mr. Moonlight" Vaughan (Frank Abelson) (d. 1999) on Feb. 3 in Liverpool; his grandmother calls him her "number one grandson", get it?; not to be confused with Billy Vaughn (1919-91). Am. religious scholar (Lutheran) Martin Emil Marty on Feb. 5 in West Point, Neb.; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. "Jimmy Olsen in The Adventures of Superman" actor Jack Edward Larson (d. 2015) on Feb. 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.; Swedish-English descent father, Russian Jewish descent mother; grows up in Pasadena, Calif. Am. cancer researcher Peter Carey Nowell (d. 2016) on Feb. 8 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Wesleyan U., and the U. of Penn. Am. TV journalist Roger Mudd on Feb. 9 in Washington, D.C. Am. "None Dare Call It Treason" anti-Communist writer and Baptist pastor John A. Stormer (d. 2018) on Feb. 9 in Altoona, Penn.; educated at Penn. State U., and San Jose State U; "The most popular U.S. backstairs author of all time" (Daniel Pipes). Am. "Mindy's father in Mork and Mindy" actor and jazz musician Conrad Janis on Feb. 11 in New York City. Am. "The Fantasticks" lyricist-writer-dir.-producer Tom Jones on Feb. 17 in Littlefield, Tex.; collaborator of Harvey Schmidt (1929-); not to be confused with singer Tom Jones (1940-). Irish Provisional IRA leader Sean Mac Stiofain (Seán Mac Stíofáin) (John Stephenson) (d. 2001) on Feb. 17 in Leytonstone, London, England. Am. Deinonychus paleontologist John Harold Ostrom (d. 2005) on Feb. 18 in New York City; educated at Union College, and Columbia U. Am. Dem. politician and U.S. ambassador #25 to Ireland (1993-8) Jean Ann Kennedy Smith (d. 2020)on Feb. 20 in Brookline, Mass.; 8th of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (1888-1969) and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy (1890-19950; last surviving member of their family; "She was born so late that she only was able to enjoy the tragedies, not the triumphs" (Rose Kennedy). Am. "Teed McKeever in Ripcord", "Dash Riprock in The Beverly Hillbillies" actor Lawrence Kenneth "Larry" "Bud" Pennell (d. 2013) on Feb. 21 in Uniontown, Penn.; educated at USC; starts out playing for the ML Boston Braves. Am. "Enabran Tain in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine" actor Paul Dooley (Brown) on Feb. 22 in Parkersburg, W. Va. Am. Nation of Islam leader (black) Clarence 13X (Clarence Jowars Smith) (d. 1969) on Feb. 22 in Danville, Va. Soviet cosmonaut Vasily (Vasili) Grigoyevich Lazarev (d. 1990) on Feb. 23 in Poroshino. Am. "The Other America" Socialist writer (Catholic-turned-atheist) Edward Michael "Mike" Harrington (d. 1989) on Feb. 24 in St. Louis, Mo.; educated at Yale U. Am. tax protester Irwin Allan Schiff on Feb. 24; educated at the U. of Conn.; father of Peter Schiff (1963-). Am. "M*A*S*H", "Oh, God!", "Blame it on Rio" comedy writer-producer (Jewish) Larry Simon Gelbart on Feb. 25 in Chicago, Ill.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents. Am. Hawaiian singer George Lanakilakekiahiali'i Na'ope (d. 2009) on Feb. 25 in Kalihi. Am. "Blueberry Hill", "I'm Walkin'" singer (black) Antoine Dominque "Fats" Domino Jr. (d. 2017) on Feb. 26 in New Orleans, La. Soviet cosmonaut Anatoly Vasilyevich Filipchenko on Feb. 26 in Davydovka, Voronezh Oblast; of Ukrainian descent. Israeli PM #11 (2001-6) (Jewish) Gen. Ariel Sharon (Sheinermann) (d. 2014) on Feb. 28 in Kfar Malal, Palestine. Am. "The Hustler", "The Man Who Fell to Earth" novelist (alcoholic) Walter Stone Tevis (d. 1984) on Feb. 28 in San Francisco. Calif.; grows up in Ky.; educated at the U. of Ky. English "Ambassador Andrei Lysenko in The Hunt for Red October" actor Sidney Edmond Jocelyn "Joss" Ackland (d. 2023) on Feb. 29 in North Kensington, London; Irish immigrant father. South African computer scientist Seymour Papert on Feb. 29 in Pretoria; educated at Cambridge U. Am. S.C. Johnson & Son pres. Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr. (d. 2004) on Mar. 2 in Racine, Wisc.; son of Herbert Fisk Johnson Jr. (1899-1978). Am. women's activist Bernice Resnick "Bunny" Sandler (d. 2019) on Mar. 3 in New York City; educated at Brooklyn College, CCNY, and U. of Md. English "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner" novelist Alan Sillitoe (d. 2010) on Mar. 4 in Nottingham. Am. "Enter the Dragon" dir.-writer-producer (deaf) Robert Clouse (d. 1997) on Mar. 6 in Wisc. Am. "Logan's Run" sci-fi novelist William Francis Nolan on Mar. 6 in Kansas City, Mo.; collaborator of George Clayton Johnson (1929-). Am. MLK Jr. alleged murderer James Earl Ray (d. 1998) on Mar. 10 in Alton, Ill. Am. "Yadkin in Daniel Boone" actor Albert Salmi (d. 1990) on Mar. 11 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Finnish immigrant parents. Am. "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" playwright (gay) Edward Franklin Albee III (d. 2016) on Mar. 12 in Washington, D.C.; lover of Terrence McNally and Jonathan Thomas. Am. astronaut Frank Frederick Borman II on Mar. 14 in Gary, Ind. Am. "Nurse Kelly in Harvey" actress Peggy Dow (nee Peggy Josephine Varnadow) on Mar. 18 in Columbia, Miss, and Northwestern U. Swiss Roman Catholic priest-theologian Hans Kung (Küng) on Mar. 19 in Sursee, Lucerne Canton; first major RC theologian in the 20th cent. to reject the doctrine of papal infallibility, while managing to avoid excommunication. Am. "The Prisoner", "Longshanks in Braveheart" actor Patrick Joseph McGoohan (d. 2009) on Mar. 19 in Astoria, Queens, N.Y.; Irish immigrant parents; grows up in Mullaghmore, County Leitrim, Ireland, and Sheffield, England. Am. children's TV host Fred McFeely "Mister" Rogers (d. 2003) on Mar. 20; his grandfather's surname is McFeely. Am. lit. critic Eric Donald Hirsch Jr. on Mar. 22 in Memphis, Tenn.; educated at Yale U. Am. 6'8" hall-of-fame basketball player (white) (Boston Celtics #22, 1950-6) Charles Edward "Easy Ed" Macauley (d. 2011) on Mar. 22; educated at Saint Louis U.; youngest to be admitted to the NBA hall of fame (age 32). Am. pianist (Jewish) Byron Janis (Yanks) (Yankilevich) on Mar. 24 in McKeesport, Penn.; Russian-Polish Jewish immigrant parents. Am. astronaut James Arthur "James" Lovell Jr. on Mar. 25 in Cleveland, Ohio; Czech mother. U.S. nat. security advisor #10 (1977-81) Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski on Mar. 28 in Warsaw, Poland; educated at McGill U., and Harvard U.; father of Mika Brzezinski (1967-). Am. Genovese crime family boss (1981-2005) Vincent Louis "the Chin" "the Oddfather" "the Robe" Gigante (d. 2005) on Mar. 29 in Manhattan, N.Y. Canadian 6'1" hockey hall-of-famer (Detroit Red Wings #9, 1946-71, 1973-9) ("Mr. Hockey") Gordon "Gordie" Howe (d. 2016) on Mar. 31 in Floral, Sask.; husband (1953-2009) of Colleen Joffa Howe (1933-2009); father of Marty Gordon Howe (1954-) and Mark Steven Howe (1955-). Am. "If You've Got the Money I've Got the Time" country music singer (alcoholic) ("King of the Honky Tonk") William Orville "Lefty" Frizzell (d. 1975) on Mar. 31 in Corsicana, Tex.; brother of David Frizzell (1941-); grows up in El Dorado, Ark. Am. Roman Catholic cardinal (1983-) and archbishop of Chicago (1982-) Joseph Louis Bernardin (Bernardini) (d. 1996) on Apr. 2 in Columbia, S.C.; Italian immigrant parents. French actor-dir.-singer-songwriter-poet (Jewish) Serge Gainsbourg (Ginsburg) (Lucien Gainsbarre) (d. 1991) on Apr. 2 in Paris; Russian Jewish immigrant parents. Am. "I Can't Stop Loving You", "Sweet Dreams" country singer-songwriter Donald Eugene "Don" Gibson (d. 2003) on Apr. 3 in Shelby, N.C. Am. "Dr. Hiram Baker in Little House on the Prairie" actor Kevin Hagen (d. 2005) on Apr. 3 in Chicago, Ill.; prof. ballroom dancer parents. Am. 6'5" basketball player (black) (Washington Capitols, 1950-1) Earl Francis "the Big Cat" Lloyd (d. 2015) on Apr. 3 in Alexandria, Va.; educated at W. Va. State U. Am. "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" poet-writer-entertainer (black) Maya Angelou (Marguerite Ann Johnson) (d. 2014) on Apr. 4 in St. Louis, Mo.; nickname comes from her older brother, who calls her "my-a-sister"; raised by her grandmother, who runs a small store for blacks in Stamps, Ark.; first black and first female street car conductor in San Francisco, Calif. English "James Bond Theme" film composer (Jewish) Monty Norman on Apr. 4 in East End, London. Am. "The Great Pretender" musician (black) Tony Williams (d. 1991) (The Platters) on Apr. 5 in Elizabeth, N.J. Am. molecular biologist James Dewey Watson on Apr. 6 in Chicago, Ill.; co-discoverer with Francis H.C. Crick (1916-2004) of the structure of DNA; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. "Brett Maverick in Maverick", "Jim Rockford in The Rockford Files" 6'3" actor James Scott Garner (Bumgarner) (d. 2014) on Apr. 7 in Norman, Okla.; part-Cherokee mother dies, after which his "wicked stepmother" Wilma raises him, beating him and forcing him to wear a woman's dress in public; brother of Jack Garner (1926-2011). Am. "All the President's Men", "Sophie's Choice" dir. (Jewish) Alan Jay Pakula (d. 1998) on Apr. 7 in Bronx, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Yale U. Am. lyricist Fred Ebb (d. 2004) on Apr. 8 in Manhattan, N.Y.; educated at NYU, and Columbia U.; collaborator of John Kander (1927-). Am. "The Vatican Rag" singer-songwriter-pianist (Jewish) Thomas Andrew "Tom" Lehrer on Apr. 9 in New York City; educated at Harvard U. Am. "No More Doggin'" R&B singer-songwriter (black) Rosco Gordon (d. 2002) on Apr. 10 in Memphis, Tenn. Am. Kennedy clan celeb Ethel Skakel Kennedy on Apr. 11 in Chicago, Ill.; Protestant father George Skakel, Roman Catholic mother Ann Brannack; wife (1950-68) of Robert F. Kennedy (1925-68); mother of Kathleen Kennedy Townsend (1951-), Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (1952-), Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (1954-), David Anthony Kennedy (1955-84), Courtney Kennedy Hill (1956-), Michael LeMoyne Kennedy (1958-97), Mary Kerry Kennedy (1959-), Christopher George Kennedy (1963-), Matthew Maxwell Taylor Kennedy (1965-), Douglas Harriman Kennedy (1967-), and Rory Kennedy Baily (1968-). German "Hatari", "The Wild Geese", "Potato Fritz" actor Eberhard "Hardy" Kruger (Krüger) Sr. on Apr. 12 in Berlin; father of Christiane Kruger (1945-) and Hardy Kruger Jr. (1968-). British historian ("master of the broad brush-stroke" - NYT) J.M. (John Morris) Roberts (d. 2003) on Apr. 14 in Bath; educated at Keble College, and Magdalen College, Oxford U. Am. "The Wiz", "The Girl in the Freudian Slip", "Boomer" playwright-casrtoonist (white) William Ferdinand Brown on Apr. 16 in Jersey City, N.J. Am. "Heir to the Glimmering World" novelist (Jewish) Cynthia Ozick on Apr. 17 in New York City; educated at NYU and Ohio State U. Am. Keeling Curve atmospheric CO2 scientist Charles David Keeling (d. 2005) on Apr. 20 in Scranton, Penn.; educated at the U. of Ill., and Northwestern U.; father of Ralph Keeling (1959-). Am. "Bright Eyes", "Heidi", "Curly Top" child actress-diplomat Shirley Jane Temple Black (d. 2014) on Apr. 23 in Santa Monica, Calif.; wife (1945-50) of John Agar (1921-2002) and (1950-2005) Charles Alden Black (1919-2005). English poet-writer-critic Martin Roger Seymour-Smith (d. 1998) on Apr. 24 in London; friend of Robert Graves. Am. bluegrass fiddler ("Father of Hillbilly Jazz") (alcoholic) Vassar Carlton Clements (d. 2005) on Apr. 25 in Kinard, Fla. Am. liaberal Protestant theologian Frank William Stringfellow (d. 1985) on Apr. 26 in Johnston, R.I.; educated at Bates College, London School of Economics, and Harvard U. Am. "Hootenanny", "Woodstock", "Enter the Dragon", "It's Showtime" film-TV producer and nighclub owner Fred Weintraub on Apr. 27 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 astrogeologist Eugene Merle "Gene" Shoemaker (d. 1997) on Apr. 28 in Los Angeles, Calif.; educated at Caltech; husband of Carolyn S. Shoemaker (1929-). Am. rock singer (black) Carl Edward Gardner (d. 2011) (Coasters) on Apr. 29 in Tyler, Tex. French anthropometry artist Yves Klein (d. 1962) on Apr. 29 in Nice; inventor of Internat. Klein Blue (1958). Am. R&B singer (black) Carl Edward Gardner (The Coasters) on Apr. 29 in Tyler, Tex. Am. "Nancy Crater in Star Trek: TOS episode #1 The Man Trap" actress Jeanne Bal (d. 1996) on May 3 in Santa Monica, Calif. Am. "Six Days on the Road" country singer ("Father of Truck-Driving Country Music") Dave Dudley (David Darwin Pedruska) (d. 2003) on May 3 in Spencer, Wisc. Egyptian pres. #4 (1981-2011) (Sunni Muslim) Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (d. 2020) on May 4 in Kafr-El Meselha. Am. golfer Elizabeth Earle "Betsy" Rawls on May 4 in Spartanburg, S.C. German auto racer Wolfgang Alexander Albert Eduard Maximilian Reichsgraf Berghe von Trips (d. 1961) on May 4 in Cologne. Am. "Wall of Sound", "A Taste of Honey", "Pet Sounds" audio engineer (Jewish) Larry Levine (d. 2008) on May 8; collaborator of Phil Spector (1939-). Am. 6' heavyweight boxing champ (black) (1962-4) ("the Big Bear") Charles L. "Sonny" Liston (d. 1971) on May 8 in Johnson, St. Francis County, Ark.; #12 of 13 children; learns boxing in priz from a Roman Catholic priest, and is paroled on Halloween 1952. Canadian 5'2" figure skater ("Canada's Sweetheart") Barbara Ann Scott (d. 2012) on May 9 in Ottawa, Ont. Am. economist Henry G. Manne (d. 2015) on May 10 in New Orleans, La.; educated at Vanderbilt U., U. of Chicago, and Yale U. Am. atty. (JFK advisor) (Jewish) ("Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country") ("My intellectual blood bank" - JFK) Theodore Chaikin "Ted" Sorensen (d. 2010) on May 8 in Lincoln, Neb.; Danish-Am. father, Russian Jewish mother. Am. tennis player Ricardo Alonso "Pancho" Gonzalez (d. 1995) on May 9 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head" composer-pianist (Jewish) Burt F. Bacharach on May 12 in Kansas City, Mo.; grows up in Forest Hills, N.Y.; collaborator of Hal David (1921-) - the Bach of Rach? Am. R&B singer (black) Will J. "Dub" Jones (d. 2000) (The Coasters) on May 14 in Shreveport, La. Canadian choreographer-dancer Brian Ronald Macdonald on May 14 in Montreal. Am. football hall-of-fame cornerback (Detroit Lions) (black) Richard "Dick" "Night Train" Lane (d. 2002) on May 16 in Austin, Tex. Am. baseball player-mgr. (2nd base) (New York Yankees #1) (alcoholic) Billy Martin (Alfred Manuel Pesano Jr.) (d. 1989) on May 16 in Berkeley, Calif.; of Portuguese-Italian descent; nicknamed Bello/Bellitz (beautiful) by his maternal grandmother; known for arguing with umpires and kicking dust on their feet. Am. "Adam Cartwright in Bonanza", "Dr. Trapper John MacIntyre in Trapper John, M.D." actor Pernell Elvin Roberts (d. 2010) on May 18 in Waycross, Ga. Am. 6'7" basketball player (Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers, 1948-64) Adolph "Dolph" Schayes on May 19 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at NYU; by 4-2 (2nd title, and 1st back-to-back repeat); "Am. takeover operator and wind power advocate Thomas Boone Pickens Jr. (d. 2019) on May 22 in Holdenville, Okla.; educated at Tex. A&M U, and Okla. A&M U. Am. "Come On-a My House", "This Old House" "White Christmas" singer-actress (bipolar) Rosemary Clooney (d. 2002) on May 23 in Maysville, Ky.; wife (1953-61, 1964-7) of Jose Ferrer; mother of Miguel Ferrer (1955-) and Gabriel Ferrer (1957-) (husband of Debby Boone); aunt of George Clooney (1961-). English "Lord Birkenhead in Chariots of Fire", "Peter Hartman in Nighthawks" actor Arthur Nigel Davenport on May 23 in Great Shelford, Cambridgeshire; educated at Trinity College, Oxford U. Am. right-to-die activist physician ("Dr. Death") Jacob "Jack" Kevorkian (d. 2011) on May 26 on Pontiac, Mich.; Armenian immigrant parents; educated at the U. of Mich. Am. actress Sally Forrest (Feeney) on May 28 in San Diego, Calif.; wife of Milo Frank. Irish playwright William Trevor Cox on May 24 in Mitchelstown, County Cork; educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Am. minimalist artist Donald Clarence Judd (d. 1994) on June 3 in Excelsior Springs, Mo. German 4'7" sex therapist (Jewish) Ruth "Dr. Ruth" Westheimer on June 4 in Frankfurt; Zionist sharpshooter in 1948; educated at the Sorbonne, and Columbia U. English "Tom Jones" theater-film dir. Cecil Antonio "Tony" Richardson (d. 1991) on June 5 in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire; husband (1962-7) of Vanesse Redgrave (1937-); father of Natasha Richardson (1963-2009) and Joely Richardson (1965-). Am. Repub. Calif. gov. #35 (1983-91) (first of Armenian descent) Courken George Deukmejian Jr. on June 6 in Menands, N.Y.; Armenian immigrant parents; educated at Siena College, and St. John's U. Am. "Howards End", "The Remains of the Day" dir. (gay) James Francis Ivory on June 7 in Berkeley, Calif.; educated at USC; collaborator of Ismail Merchant (1936-2005) and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1927-). English 6'1" bodybuilder-actor Roy "Reg" "the Leg" Park (d. 2007) on June 7 in Leeds; friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-). Am. "Bye Bye Birdie" composer-lyricist Charles Strouse on June 7 in New York City; collaborator of Lee Adams (1924-). Am. "Where the Wild Things Are" novelist-illustrator (Jewish) ("the Picasso of Children's Books") Maurice Bernard Sendak (d. 2012) on June 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents Philip Sendak (1894-1970) and Sadie Schindler; brother of Jack Sendak (1923-95). Belgian queen consort (1960-93) Fabiola Fernanda Maria de las Victorias Antonia Adelaida de Mora y Aragon (d. 2014) on June 11 in Madrid, Spain; wife (1960-93) of Baudouin (1930-93). Am. "You're Breaking My Heart", "On the Street Where You Live", "My Heart Cries for You" singer (Roman Catholic-turned Baha'i) Vic Damone (Vito Rocco Farinola) (d. 2018) on June 12 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Italian immigrant parents; husband of (1954-8) Pier Angeli, (1963-71) Judith Rawlins, (1974-82) Becky Ann Jones, (1987-96) Diahann Caroll, and (1998-2016) Rena Rowan-Damone. Am. "Mary Poppins", "The Jungle Book" songwriter Richard Morton Sherman on June 12 in New York City; collaborator of brother of Robert B. Sherman (1925-). Am. Nash Equilibrium mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. on June 13 in Bluefield, W. Va.; educated at Carnegie Mellon U., and Princeton U.; husband (1957-) of Alicia Lopez-Harrison de Larde (1933-). Am. physicist (Jewish) Robert Brout (d. 2011) on June 14 in New York City; educated at Columbia U. Cuban Marxist rev. leader and physician Ernesto "Che" (Sp. "pal") Guevara de la Serna (d. 1967) on June 14 in Rosario, Argentina. Am. Hispanic (Chicano) activist Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales (d. 2005) on June 18 in Denver, Colo.; youngest of nine children. Am. "Margaret Puynchin in Lou Grant", "Livia Soprano in The Sopranos" actress Nancy Marchand (d. 2000) on June 19 in Stratford, Conn. Am. jazz alto saxophonist-bass clarinetist (black) Eric allan Dolphy Jr. (d. 1964) on June 20 in Los angeles, Calif.; Panamanian immigrant parents; educated at Los Angeles City College. Am. "Rollin Hand in Mission: Impossible" actor (Jewish) Martin Landau (d. 2017) on June 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Austrian Jewish immigrant father; husband (1957-93) of Barbara Bain (1931-); starts out as a cartoonist for "The Gumps"; he and Steve McQueen are the only applicants out of 500 admitted to the Actors Studio in 1955. French Nat. Front Party conservative politician ("Devil of the Republic") (Last Samurai in French Politics) Jean-Marie Le Pen on June 20 in La Trinite-sur-Mer, Brittany; father of Marine Le Pen (1968-). German topologist Wolfgang Haken on June 21 in Berlin. Am. "The Killer Angels" novelist Michael Shaara (Sciarra) (d. 1988) on June 23 in Jersey City, N.J.; Italian immigrant parents; father of Jeffrey Shaara (1952-). Am. psychiatrist Lester Grinspoon on June 24 in Newton, Mass.; father of David H. Grinspoon. Soviet physicist Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov on June 25 in Moscow; 2003 Nobel Physics Prize. Canadian Direct Cinema dir.-writer-producer Michel Brault (d. 2013) on June 25 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. "Windows" composer (Jewish) Jacob Raphael Druckman (b. 1996) on June 26 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Juilliard School. English "A Kind of Loving" novelist Stanley "Stan" Barstow (d. 2011) on June 28 in Horbury, West Riding of Yorkshire. Irish physicist John Stewart Bell (d. 1990) on June 28 in Belfast, Northern Ireland; educated at the U. of Birmingham. Swedish diplomat Hans Martin Blix on June 28 in Uppsala; educated at Uppsala U., Columbia U., and Trinity Hall, Cambridge U. Am. "Rockin' Robin" singer-songwriter (black) Bobby Day (Robert James Byrd Sr.) (d. 1990) on July 1 in Ft. Worth, Tex. French "Bona Sera" singer-actress-activist Line Renaud on July 2 in Nieppe; wife (1950-) of Louis Gaste (1908-95). English "The Tamarind Seed" novelist Evelyn Anthony (Evelyn Ward Thomas) on July 3 in London. Irish "Messala in Ben-Hur" actor Stephen Boyd (Millar) (d. 1977) on July 4 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Am. "Jessica Tate in Soap", "Mona Robinson in Who's the Boss?", "Debra Baron's mom in Everybody Loves Ramond" actress Katherine Marie Helmond on July 5 in Galveston, Tex. French Socialist PM #8 (1981-4) Pierre Mauroy on July 5 in Cartignies, Nord. Am. "Dillinger", "The Wild Bunch" actor Warren Oates (d. 1982) on July 5 in Depoy, Ky. Am. "Ben Casey" 6'2" "actor Vince Edwards (Vincente Eduardo Zoino III) (d. 1996) on July 9 in Brownsville, Brooklyn, N.Y.; Italian immigrant parents. Am. Bible scholar (Jewish) rabbi Moshe Greenberg (d. 2010) on July 10 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn., and the Jewish Theological Seminary of Am. Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood supreme leader (2004-10) (Sunni Muslim) Mohammed Mahdi Akef (d. 2017) on July 12 in Dakahliya Province. Am. organic chemist Elias James Corey on July 12 in Methuen, Mass.; Lebanese immigrant parents; educated at MIT; 1990 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. "Col. Robert E. Hogan in Hogan's Heroes" actor Robert Edward "Bob" Crane (d. 1978) on July 13 in Waterbury, Conn. Am. "Betty Schaefer in Sunset Boulevard" actress Nancy Ann Olson on July 14 in Milwaukee, Wisc. Am. microbiologist and biophysicist Carl Richard Woese on July 15 in Syracuse, N.Y.; educated at Amherst College and Yale U. English novelist and art historian (Jewish) Anita Brookner on July 16 in Herne Hill, London; Polish Jewish imigrant father; educated at King's College London. Am. auto racer Richard "Jim" Rathmann on July 16 in Alhambra, Calif. English "kitchen sink style" expressionist painter John Randall Bratby ' (d. 1992) on July 19 in Wimbledon; educated at the Royal College of Art. Czech "Poor Murderer", "I Am Snowing" novelist-playwright-poet Pavel Kohout on July 20 in Prague; emigrates to Austria in 1979. Canadian 3 '6" wrestler Sky Low Low (Marcel Gauthier) (d. 1998) on July 21 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. "To Tell the Truth", "Loren Bray in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" actor-comedian Orson Bean (Dallas Frederick Burrows) on July 22 in Burlington, Vt.; wife Marian is 2nd cousin to Calvin Coolidge. Am. astronomer (Jewish) Vera Cooper Rubin on July 23 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Vassar College, Cornell U. and Georgetown U. Am. "Last Exit to Brooklyn", "Requiem for a Dream" novelist Hubert "Cubby" Selby Jr. on July 23 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Italian PM #63 (1979-80) and pres. #8 (1985-92) Francesco Cossiga (d. 2010) on July 26 in Sassari, Sardinia. Am. "A Clockwork Orange", "2001: A Space Odyssey" dir. (Jewish) Stanley Kubrick (d. 1999) on July 26 in Bronx, N.Y. Japanese actress Yoko (Jap. "ocean child") Tani (d. 1999) on Aug. 2 in Paris, France; conceived by her Japanese parents at sea en route from Japan. Am. "Deep Throat" porno dir. Gerard Damiano (d. 2008) on Aug. 4 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. "15 min. of fame" pop artist (gay) Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhola) (d. 1987) on Aug. 6 in McKeesport, Penn.; B.A. in pictorial design from Carnegie Inst. of Tech. in Pittsburgh. Am. "Summer of the Swans", "Bingo Brown", "Blossom Family" children's writer Betsy Cromer Byars on Aug. 7 in Charlotte, N.C.; educated at Furman U. Canadian-Am. magician and anti-spiritualist (gay) James "The Amazing" Randi (Randall James Hamilton Zwinge) on Aug. 7 in Toronto, Ont.; becomes U.S. citizen in 1987. Am. 6'1" basketball point guard (Boston Celtics, 1950-63) ("the Houdini of the Hardwood") ("Mr. Basketball") Robert Joseph "Bob" "Cooz" Cousy on Aug. 9 in Manhattan, N.Y.; French immigrant parents. Am. "Big Bad John", "Willard Whyte in Diamonds Are Forever" singer-actor-sausagemaker Jimmy Ray Dean (d. 2010) on Aug. 10 in Olton (near Plainview), Tex.; not to be confused with actor James Dean (1931-55). Am. singer (Jewish) Edwin Jack "Eddie" Fisher (d. 2010) on Aug. 10 in Philadelphia, Penn.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents named Fisch; husband (1955-9) of Debbie Reynolds (1932-2016), (1959-64) Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011), and (1967-9) Connie Stevens (1938-); father of Carrie Fisher (1956-2016), Todd Fisher (1958-), Joely Fisher (1967-), and Tricia Leigh Fisher (1968-). Am. linguist William Oliver Bright (d. 2006) on Aug. 13 in Oxnard, Calif. Italian dir.-writer Lina Wertmueller (Wertmüller) (Arcangela Felice Assunta Wertmueller von Elgg Spanol von Braueich) on Aug. 14 in Rome; of aristocratic Swiss descent; first woman nominated for a dir. Oscar (1976). English "The Man Who Fell to Earth" film dir. Nicolas Jack Roeg on Aug. 15 in London. Am. "Veda in Mildred Pierce" actress Ann Marie Blyth on Aug. 16 in Mount Kisco, N.Y.; grows up in Manhattan, N.Y. Am. "Blame It on the Bossa Nova", "Powder and Paint", "Cherry Stones" singer (Jewish) Eydie Gorme (Gormé) (Edith Garmezano) (d. 2013)on Aug. 16 in Bronx, N.Y.; of Sephardic Jewish descent; Sicilian Jewish immigrant father, Turkish Jewish immigrant mother; wife (1957-) of Steve Lawrence (1935-). U.S. Dem. labor secy. #16 (1977-81) Freddie Ray Marshall on Aug. 22 in Oak Grove, La.; educated at UCB. Am. "Deathrap" actress Marian Hall Seldes on Aug. 23 in New York City; wife (1990-9) of Garson Kanin (1912-99). Liberian diplomat and U.S. Gen. Assembly pres. #24 (1970) (black) Angie Elizabeth Brooks (d. 2007) on Aug. 24 in Virginia. Am. solid state physicist Herbert Kroemer on Aug. 25 in Weimar, Germany; educated at the U. of Gottingen; TLW took courses from him in the early 1970s at the U. of Colo.; 2000 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. McDonald's Restaurants heir Joan Beverly Kroc (nee Mansfield) (d. 2003) on Aug. 27 in West St. Paul, Minn.; wife #3 (1969-) of Ray Kroc (1902-84). Japanese chemist-biologist Osamu Shimomura on Aug. 27 in Fukuchiyama, Kyoto; 2008 Nobel Chem. Prize. German electronic music composer Karlheinz Stockhausen (d. 2007) on Aug. 28 in Burg Modrath (near Kerpen). Am. "Astronaut Roger Healey in I Dream of Jeannie" comedian-actor Bill Daily on Aug. 30 in Des Monies, Iowa. Am. "In Like Flint", "Glen Whitehouse in Affliction", "Anthony Wayne in The Californians" actor James Harrison Coburn III (d. 2002) on Aug. 31 in Laurel, Neb.; grows up in Compton, Calif.; educated at Los Angeles City College; known for his flashy teeth. Am. "Buz Murdock in Route 66" actor (bi) George Maharis on Sept. 1 in Astoria, N.Y.; Greek immigrant parents; has a little problem with gas stations? Am. "Darrrin Stephens #1 in Bewitched", "Bertram Cates in Inherit the Wind" Richard Allen "Dick" York (d. 1992) on Sept. 4 in Ft. Wayne, Ind. Am. "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance" writer Robert Maynard Pirsig on Sept. 6 in Minneapolis, Minn.; tested IQ 170 at age 9 messes up his life? Am. hall-of-fame college basketball coach (Marquette U., 1964-77) Alfred James "Al" McGuire (d. 2001) on Sept. 7 in New York City; brother of Dick McGuire (1926-2010); father of Allie McGuire (1951-). Am. "Jim Curry in The Rainmaker", "Lt. Bill Crowley in Police Woman" actor Henry Earl Holliman on Sept. 11 in Delhi, La.; not to be confused with Anthony Earl Numenka (1942-); grows up in Kerrville, Tex., and Ark., making him a "red-blooded Ark-La-Texan". Am. "LOVE" pop artist Robert Indiana (Clark) on Sept. 13 in New Castle, Ind. Am. "Mercy, Mercy" jazz saxophonist (black) Julian Edwin "Cannonball" Adderley (d. 1975) on Sept. 15 in Tampa, Fla.; cannonball comes from cannibal, as in well-fed; brother of Nat Adderley (1931-2000). Am. "Johnny Cool", "Chunjin in The Manchurian Candidate" actor Henry Silva on Sept. 15 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Sicilian and Spanish descent. English "Planet of the Apes" actor Roderick Andrew Anthony Jude "Roddy" McDowall (Gael. "son of the black stranger") (d. 1998) on Sept. 17 in Herne Hill, London; Scottish father, Irish mother. Am. "The Alligator Bride" "The One Day" playwright and U.S. poet laureate #14 (2006-7) Donald Andrew Hall Jr. on Sept. 20 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, Harvard U., and Oxford U. Am. "Ajax Dishwasher Man", "Luther Gillis in Magnum, P.I." actor Eugene Harrison Roche (d. 2004) on Sept. 22 in Boston, Mass. Am. "Batman" actor Adam West (William West Anderson) (d. 2017) on Sept. 28 in Walla Walla, Wash. English biochemist Peter Dennis Mitchell (d. 1992) on Sept. 29 in Mitcham, Surrey; educated at Queen's College, and Jesus College, Cambridge U. Am. "Down These Mean Streets" Nuyorican poet-writer (black) Juan Pedro "Piri" Thomas on Sept. 30 in New York City; Puerto Rican and Cuban parents. Romanian-Am. "Night" humanitarian-writer-activist (Jewish) Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel (d. 2016) on Sept. 30 in Sighet, Romania; ends up in Auschwitz in 1944; emigrates to the U.S. in 1955. Am. "Manchurian Candidate" actor Laurence Harvey (Larushka Skikne) (d. 1973) on Oct. 1 in Joniskis, Lithuania; his daughter Domino Harvey (1970-2005) becomes a bounty hunter, and dies from an OD in June 2005. Am. "Col. John Hannibal Smith in The A-Team", "Paul Varjak in Breakfast at Tiffany's", "Banacek" actor George Peppard Jr. (d. 1994) on Oct. 1 in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Future Shock" writer (Jewish) Alvin Toffler (d. 2016) on Oct. 4 in New York City; grows up in Brooklyn, N.Y. educated at NYU; husband of co-writer Heidi Toffler. Am. "Harriet the Spy" children's writer (lesbian) Louise Fitzhugh (d. 1974) on Oct. 5 in Memphis, Tenn.; educated at Bard College, and Barnard College. Austrian actor-playwright Helmut Qualtinger (d. 1986) on Oct. 8 in Vienna. Am. auto racer Pat O'Connor (d. 1958) on Oct. 9 in North Vernon, Ind. Am. radical feminist theologian (Roman Catholic) (vegetarian) Mary Daly (d. 2010) on Oct. 16 in Schenectady, N.Y. Am. "Grandma in At Close Range", "Abigail Jones in Bonanza" actress Eileen Ryan (Annucci) on Oct. 16 in New York City; mother of Michael Penn (1958-), Sean Penn (1960-), and Chris Penn (1965-2006). Am. "Before the Mayflower", "Forced into Glory" historian (ed. of Ebony Mag.) (black) Lerone Bennett Jr. on Oct. 17 in Clarksdale, Miss.; grows up in Jackson, Miss.; educated at Morehouse College. English Liberal MP *1962-74) (humanist) Dick Taverne, Baron Taverne on Oct. 18; educated at Charterhouse School and Balliol College, Oxford U.; created baron in 1996. Am. baseball hall-of-fame pitcher Edward Charles "Whitey" Ford on Oct. 21 in Queens, N.Y. Am. 6'7" basketball player (white) Arild Verner Agerskov "Vern" Mikkelsen (d. 2013) on Oct. 21 in Parlier, Calif.; raised in Askov, Minn. Danish immigrant father; educated at Hamline U. Chinese PM #5 (1998-2003) Zhu Rongji on Oct. 23 in Changsha, Hunan; descendant of Ming Dynasty emperor #1 Zhu Yuanzhang. Am. "Katherine Kay Chancellor in The Young and the Restless" actress Wilma Jeanne Cooper on Oct. 25 in Taft, Calif.; wife (1954-77) of Harry Bernsen; mother of Corbin Bernsen (1954-); friend of Raymond Burr, Barbara Hale, and Anna Lee. Am. Coors kidnapper Joseph Corbett Jr. (d. 2009) on Oct. 25 in Seattle, Wash. Am. "Jeff Dillon in The Name of the Game" actor Anthony "Tony" Franciosa (Anthony George Papaleo) on Oct. 25 in New York City. Am. "Marion Cunningham in Happy Days" actress Marion (Marian) Ross on Oct. 25 in Albert Lea, Minn. Am. 6'0" football player-announcer (New York Giants, 1951-61) Kyle Rote Sr. (b. 2002) on Oct. 27 in San Antonio, Tex.; father of Kyle Rote Jr. (1950-); cousin of Tobin Rote (1928-2000); educated at Southern Methodist U. Romanian defector (3-star gen.) Ion Mihai Pacepa on Oct. 28 in Bucharest. Am. U.S. ambassador to Jordan (1978-81) and Egypt (1984-86) Nicholas Alexander Veliotes on Oct. 28 in Oakland, Calif.; brother of Johnny Otis (1921-2002). Egyptian grand mufti (1986-96) and grand imam of Al-Azhar Mosque (1996-) Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi (Tantawy) (d. 2010) on Oct. 28 in Sohag. Am. microbiologist Daniel Nathans (d. 1999) on Oct. 30 in Wilmington, Del.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Washington U. Am. em. Colo. gov. #39 (1987-99) Roy Rudolf Romer on Oct. 31 in Garden City, Kan.; grows up in Holly, Colo.; educated at Colo. State U., U. of Colo., and Yale U.; father of Paul Romer (1955-) and Chris Romer (1959-). Am. "Notes on the Auteur Theory" film critic Andrew Sarris on Oct. 31 in Brooklyn, N.Y. English "Modern Time" conservative journalist-historian (Roman Catholic) Paul Bede Johnson (d. 2023) on Nov. 2 in Manchester; educated at Stonyhurst College, and Magdalen College, Oxord U.; starts out a leftist; friend of Tom Stoppard. Am. "Prince of Foxes", "Ride the Pink Horse" actress Dixie Wanda Hendrix (d. 1981) on Nov. 3 in Jacksonville, Fla.; wife (1949-50) of Audie Murphy (1926-71). Am. 6'5" basketball player George Harry "Bird" Yardley III (d. 2004) on Nov. 3 in Hollywood, Calif.; educated at Stanford U. Am. genetic transduction biologist Norton David Zinder (d. 2012) on Nov. 7 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, and U. of Wisc. Am. historian (Jewish) Natalie Zemon Davis on Nov. 8 in Detroit, Mich.; Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Smith College, Radcliffe College, Harvard U., and U. of Mich.; wife (1948-) of Chandler Davis (1926-). Am. "Live or Die" poet Anne Sexton (Anne Gray Harvey) (d. 1974) on Nov. 9 in Newton, Mass.; friend of Maxine Kumin. Italian "Dollar Trilogy" Sergio Leone Spaghetti Western film composer Ennio Morricone (d. 2020) on Nov. 10 in Rome. Mexican "The Old Gringo", "the Death of Artemio Cruz", "Aura" novelist-writer Carlos Fuentes Macias (d. 2012) on Nov. 11 in Panama City, Panama. Am. 6'2" basketball player (white) (Philadelphia Warriors #4/#17, 1953-9) John Edwin George Jr. (d. 1989) on Nov. 13 in Swissvale, Penn.; educated at La Salle U. Am. Lipstick Killer serial murderer William George Heirens (d. 2012) on Nov. 15 in Evanston, Ill. Am. psychologist (founder of the Autism Society of Am.) Bernard Rimland (d. 2006) on Nov. 15 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Penn. State U. Am. "Billy the Kidd in The Tall Man", "The Last Picture Show", "The Return of the Living Dead" actor-dir. William Martin "Clu" Gulager on Nov. 16 in Holdenville, Okla.; of Cherokee ancestry; 1st cousin of Will Rogers (1879-1935); father of John Gulager (1957-). Am. jazz singer-songwriter (white) ("The singer with the million dollar ears" - Charlie Parker) Sheila Jordan (nee Sheila Jeanette Dawson) on Nov. 18 in Detroit, Mich.; grows up in Summerhill, Penn. Am. historian Ernest Richard May (d. 2009) on Nov. 19 in Fort Worth, Tex.; educated at UCLA. Am. "Tom Willis in The Jeffersons" actor Franklin Edward Cover (d. 2006) on Nov. 20 in Cleveland, Ohio. Am. 6'6" basketball player (white) (Milwaukee Hawks #14, 1951-3) Melvin R. "Mel" Hutchins on Nov. 22 in Sacramento, Calif.; brother of Colleen Kay Hutchins (1926-2010); uncle of Kiki Vandewegh (1958-); educated at BYU. Am. "Fiddler on the Roof" Broadway composer (Jewish) Jerrold Lewis "Jerry" Bock on Nov. 23 in New Haven, Conn.; educated at the U. of Wisc. Am. engineer Nick Holonyak Jr. on Nov. 28 in Zeigler, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. Misery Index economist Arthur Melvin "Art" Okun (d. 1980) on Nov. 28 in Jersey City, N.J.; educated at Columbia U. Am. folk singer Logan Eberhardt English (d. 1983) on Nov. 29 in Henderson, K.Y.; educated at Georgetown College, and Yale U.; helps launch the career of Bob Dylan. Am. Miss America 1951 (Roman Catholic) Yolande Margaret Betbeze Fox (d. 2016) on Nov. 29 in Mobile, Ala.; of French Basque descent. U.S. Dem. Ill. Lt.-Gov. (1969-73), Rep. (1975-85), and U.S. Sen. (1985-97) Paul Martin Simon (d. 2003) on Nov. 29 in Eugene, Ore.; Lutheran missionary parents; known for wearing horn-rimmed glasses and a bowtie; educated at Concordia U., and U. of Ore. Am. "Noah Bain in It Takes a Thief" actor Malachi Throne (d. 2013) on Dec. 1 in New York City; Austrian-Hungarian immigrant parents; grows up in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at Brooklyn College. Am. "deep structure" linguist and leftist political activist (Jewish) (atheist) ("Father of Modern Linguistics") Avram Noam Chomsky on Dec. 7 in Philadelphia, Penn.; Ukrainian father, Belarusian mother; educated at the U. of Penn., and Harvard U.; turns linguistics into a hot subject. Am. "Tom Bradford in Eight is Enough" actor Richard Vincent "Dick" Van Patten on Dec. 9 in New York City; brother of Joyce Van Patten (1934-); uncle of Talia Balsam (1960-); father of Vincent Van Patten (1957-), Nels Van Patten, and James Van Patten. Am. "Eric Hoss Cartwright in Bonanza" 6'34 300 lb. actor Bobby Dan Davis Blocker (d. 1972) on Dec. 10 in DeKalb, Tex.; weighs 14 lb. at birth; educated at Hardin-Simmons U., and Sul Ross State Teacher's College. Canadian "Count Baltar in Battlestar Galactica", "Kor the Klingon in Star Trek" actor John Colicos (d. 2000) on Dec. 10 in Montreal, Quebec; first Klingon cmdr. in "Star Trek: TOS". Am. 6'4" basketball player (Philadelphia Warriors, 1950-62) "Pitchin'" Paul Joseph Arizin (d. 2006) on Dec. 12 in Philadelphia, Penn.; educated at Villanova U. Am. atty. (hall-of-fame founder of the Prof. Bowlers Assoc.) Edward G. "Eddie" Elias (d. 1998) on Dec. 12 in Akron, Ohio; of Lebanese descent; educated at the U. of Akron, and Case Western Reserve U. Am. abstract painter Helen Frankenthaler on Dec. 12 in New York City. Am. Commodore Internat. founder (Jewish) Jack Tramiel (Idek Trzmiel) on Dec. 13 in Lodz, Poland; emigrates to the U.S. in 1947 after a stay in Auschwitz. Am. country singer-songwriter Ernest Ashworth on Dec. 15 in Huntsville, Ala. Am. Ames Test biochemist Bruce Nathan Ames on Dec. 16 in New York City; educated at Bronx H.S. of Science, Cornell U., and Caltech. Am. sci-fi writer ("the American Kafka") Philip Kindred Dick (d. 1982) on Dec. 16 in Chicago, Ill.; born two weeks premature; twin sister Jane dies 1 mo. later; mother Dorothy Kindred comes from Greeley, Colo.; father Edgar moves family to Cedarwood, Colo. and buries Jane there with a headstone that has a blank space for Philip. Am. "Goober in The Andy Griffith Show" actor George Smith Lindsey (d. 2012) on Dec. 17 in Fairfield, Ala. Am. "Walter Paisley in A Bucket of Blood", "pawnshop clerk in The Terminator" actor Dick Miller on Dec. 25 in Bronx, N.Y.; educated at CCNY and Columbia U. Canadian "Hair" composer-pianist Galt MacDermot on Dec. 18 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. "Sheena, Queen of the Jungle" actress Nellie Elizabeth "Irish" McCalla (d. 2002) on Dec. 25 in Pawnee City, Neb. Am. country musician Murrey Mizell "Buddy" Harman Jr. (d. 2008) on Dec. 23 in Nashville, Tenn. Am. blues singer-musician (black) ("the Originator") Bo Diddley (Elias McDaniel) (Ellas Otha Bates) (d. 2008) on Dec. 30 in McComb, Miss.; named after the homemade Diddley Bow string instrument; known for his rectangular Gretsch guitar called the Twang Machine. Austrian artist-architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser (Ger. "peace kingdom hundred water") (Friedrich Stowasser) (d. 2000) on Dec. 15 in Vienna. Am. "Slavery and the Numbers Game" historian (Jewish) Herbert G. "Herb" Gutman (d. 1985) on ? in New York City; Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Queens College, Columbia U., and the U. of Wisc. Am. cognitive psychologist Ulrich Gustav Neisser (d. 2012) on Dec. 8 in Kiel, Germany; emigrates to the U.S. in 1933; educated at Swarthmore College, and Harvard U. French food critic Christian Millau (Dubois-Millot) on Dec. 30 in Paris. Am. anthropologist Alice Greeley Dewey on ? in ?; Italian immigrant father; grows up in Huntington, N.Y.; educated at Radcliffe College; teacher of Ann Dunham (1942-95), mother of Pres. Obama. Guinean novelist (Muslim) Camara Laye (d. 1980) in Kouroussa, Upper Guinea. Am. Eckanar leader (ex-Mnnonite) Darwin Gross (d. 2008) on ? in Denhoff, N.D. Am. art critic Hilton Kramer in Gloucester, Mass.; educated at Syracuse U., Columbia U., and Harvard U. German Lutheran theologian Wolfhart Pannenberg on ? in Stettin (Szczecin, Poland). Am. "Cool Hand Luke" novelist Donald Mills "Donn" Pearce on ? near Philadelphia, Penn. Am. "The Greening of America" writer (gay) Charles A. Reich on ? in New York City. Am. Christian writer Elizabeth Sherrill on ? in Hollywood, Calif.; wife of John L. Sherrill (1923-). Chinese paleoanthropologist Wu Xinzhi on ? in Hefai, Anhui; educated at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Deaths: Am. Mormon fundamentalist founder John Wickersham Woolley (b. 1831) on Dec. 13 in Centerville, Utah. Am. atty.-politician-wit Chauncey M. Depew (b. 1834) on Apr. 5. Irish-born Am. landscape painter Edward Gay (b. 1837). English historian-statesman Sir George Otto Trevelyan (b. 1838) on Aug. 17. Am. marathon walker E.P. Weston (b. 1839). English "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" novelist-poet Thomas Hardy (b. 1840) on Jan. 11. Am. loganberry James Harvey Logan (b. 1841) on July 16 in Oakland, Calif. Italian Liberal PM (1892-3, 1903-5, 1906-9, 1911-14, 1920-1) Giovanni Giolitti (b. 1842) on July 17 in Cavour, Piedmont. Am. Christian Science leader Augusta Stetson (b. 1842). Am. geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin (b. 1843) on Nov. 15 in Chicago, Ill. Scottish neurologist Sir David Ferrier (b. 1843) on Mar. 19 in London (pneumonia). English shipbuilder Sir John Isaac Thornycroft (b. 1843). English writer-explorer Sir Henry Wickham (b. 1846) on Sept. 27. English actress Dame (since 1925) Ellen Terry (b. 1847) on July 21 in Smallhythe (near Tenterden), Kent. Am. inventor Lewis Howard Latimer (b. 1848) on Dec. 11 in Flushing, Queens, N.Y. English poet-critic-biographer Sir Edmund William Gosse (b. 1849). Am. classical scholar William Gardner Hale (b. 1849) on June 23. British diplomat Sir Arthur Nicolson (b. 1849) on Nov. 5. Am. journalist Talcott Williams (b. 1849) on Jan. 24; first dir. of the Columbia School of Journalism. Saudi ruler-imam Abdul-Rahman bin Faisal (b. 1850). Am. botanist John Coulter (b. 1851). British PM (1908-16) Herbert Henry Asquith (b. 1852) on Feb. 15. Austrian gen. Moritz von Auffenberg (b. 1852) on May 18 in Vienna. Irish nat. leader William O'Brien (b. 1852) on Feb. 25 in London. English-born Australian gov.-gen. #2 (1903-4) Hallam Tennyson (b. 1852) on Dec. 2 in Freshwater, Isle of Wight. Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (b. 1853) on Feb. 4 in Haarlem; 1902 Nobel Physics Prize. German diplomat Friedrich Pourtales (b. 1853) on May 3 in Bad Nauheim. German gen. Richard Karl von Tessmar (b. 1853). French dramatist Francois de Curel (b. 1854). French Gen. Joseph Anthelme Fournier (b. 1854) on June 23 in Paris. Czech composer Leos Janacek (b. 1854) on Aug. 12 in Ostrava. Am. Dow Jones & Co. owner (1903-28) Clarence W. Barron (b. 1855) on Oct. 2. Am. philologist Maurice Bloomfield (b. 1855) on June 12. Scottish statesman-philosopher Richard Burdon Haldane (b. 1856) on Aug. 19. Am. evangelist R.A. Torrey (b. 1856) on Oct. 26 in Asheville, N.C. German chemist Theodor Curtius (b. 1857) on Feb. 8 in Heidelberg. German dramatist Hermann Sudermann (b. 1857) on Nov. 21 in Berlin (lung infection). Am. Panama Canal engineer George Washington Goethals (b. 1858) on Jan. 21 in New York City. English suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst (b. 1858) on June 14. Dutch Javanese painter Jean Theodoor Toorop (b. 1858) on Mar. 3 in The Hague. English sculptor Sir George Frampton (b. 1860) on May 21. German diplomat Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky (b. 1860) on Feb. 27. French archeologist Theodore Reinach (b. 1860) on Apr. 18. Italian novelist Italo Svevo (b. 1861) on Sept. 13 in Motta di Livenza; hit by a car while crossing the street. Australian PM #6 (1908-15) Andrew Fisher (b. 1862) on Oct. 22. British Field Marshal and WWI CIC Sir Douglas Haig (b. 1861) on Jan. 29 in London. Am. artist Arthur Bowen Davies (b. 1862) on Oct. 24 in Florence, Italy. British adm. Sir Hugh Evan-Thomas (b. 1862) on Aug. 30 in Cople, Bedfordshire. Italian architect Adamo Boari (b. 1863) on Feb. 24 in Rome. Am. "Buster Brown" cartoonist Richard Felton Outcault (b. 1863). Am. automaker James Ward Packard (b. 1863). Egyptian PM (1914-9) Hussein Rushdi Pasha (b. 1863). German chemist Friedrich Raschig (b. 1863) on Feb. 4. German Adm. Reinhardt Scheer (b. 1863) on Nov. 26 in Marktredwitz. Indian statesman Sir Satyendra Prasanno Sinha (b. 1863). English "Florodora" composer Leslie Stuart (b. 1863) on Mar. 27 in Richmond, Surrey; subject of the 1941 film "You Will Remember".' Am. statesman Robert Lansing (b. 1864) on Oct. 30 in New York City. Am. San Francisco mayor #26 (1902-7) Eugene Edward Schmitz (b. 1864) on Nov. 20 in San Francisco, Calif. Czech poet Antonin Sova (b. 1864) on Aug. 16 in Pacov. German physicist Wilhelm Wien (b. 1864) on Aug. 30 in Munich; 1911 Nobel Physics Prize; "Led us to the very gates of quantum physics" (Max von Laue). English actress Hannah Chaplin (b. 1865) on Aug. 28 in Glendale, Calif. Am. mini-celeb Mary Amelia Ingalls (b. 1865) on Oct. 20. Am.-born "The Arcadians" English composer-conductor Howard Talbot (b. 1865) on Sept. 12 in Reigate. French auto racer Fernand Charron (b. 1866) on Aug. 13 in Maisons-Laffitte (near Paris). Canadian philanthropist Sir Mortimer Barnett Davis (b. 1866) on Mar. 22 in Cannes, France; leaves $10M for the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish Gen. Hospital in Montreal. Am. Graustarkian novelist G.B. McCutcheon (b. 1866) on Oct. 3. Spanish "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" novelist Vicente Blasco-Ibanez (b. 1867) on Jan. 28 in Fontana Rosa, Menton, France; dies wealthy. Danish pathologist Johannes Fibiger (b. 1867) on Jan. 30 in Copenhagen; 1926 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. FBI dir. (1919-21) William James Flynn (b. 1867) on Oct. 14 in Larchmont, N.Y. English journalist-critic Charles Edward Montague (b. 1867) on May 28. English comedian Little Tich (b. 1867) on Feb. 10 in Hendon. Am. "The Dance in Place Congo" composer Henry Franklin Belknap Gilbert (b. 1868) on May 19 in Cambridge, Mass. Am. S.C. Johnson & Son co-founder Herbert Fisk Johnson Sr. (b. 1868) on Feb. 14. Scottish architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh (b. 1868) on Dec. 10 in London. Am. chemist Theodore William Richards (b. 1868) on Apr. 2 in Cambridge, Mass.; 1914 Nobel Chem. Prize. German diplomat Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau (b. 1869) on Sept. 8 in Berlin (throat cancer). Am. labor leader William Haywood (b. 1869) on May 18 in Moscow, Russia; dies in exile. Swedish geologist-explorer Otto Nordenskjold (b. 1869). Am. physician (novelist Ernest Hemingway's father) Dr. Clarence Hemingway (b. 1871) on Dec. 6; commits suicide by shooting himself, starting a family tradition? Croat politician Stefan Radic (b. 1871) on June 20 (assassinated). Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen (b. 1872) on June 18; dies while attempting to rescue Italian explorer Nobile after his airship crashes in the Arctic. Am. actor Holbrok Blinn (b. 1872) on June 24 in Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. (fall from horse). Am. baseball player-owner Jack Dunn (b. 1872) on Oct. 22 - the dumb jack bunny who sold Babe Ruth in 1914? Am. banker Benjamin Strong Jr. (b. 1872) on Oct. 16 in New York City; he caused the Great Depression?; he didn't cause it, but could have prevented it if he had lived? Sicilian-born Am. Mafia boss Salvatore D'Aquila (b. 1873) on Oct. 10 in Manhattan, N.Y. (assassinated). Am. "The Sign of the Rose" actor-dir. George Beban (b. 1873) on Oct. 5 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. industrialist Ira Hobart Spencer (b. 1873) on Apr. 28 in Hartford, Conn. English historian Henry William Carless Davis (b. 1874) on June 28 in Oxford (pneumonia). German philosopher Max Scheler (b. 1874) on May 19 in Frankfurt am Main; dies after becoming the only top German scholar to speak out against the Nazis. Swiss historian Eduard Fueter Sr. (b. 1876) on Nov. 20. U.S. agriculture secy. Edwin Thomas Meredith (b. 1876) on June 17. Japanese bacteriologist Hideyo Noguchi (b. 1876). English publisher Gerald Rusgrove Mills (b. 1877) on Sept. 23. Polish philosopher Ladislav Klima (b. 1878) on Apr. 19. White Russian gen. Baron Peter Wrangel (b. 1878) on Apr. 25 in Brussels, Belgian. Mexican pres. (1920-4) Alvaro Obregon (b. 1880) on July 17 in Mexico City (assassinated in a restaurant by Roman Catholic zealot Jose de Leon Toral). Am. dramatist Avery Hopwood (b. 1882) on July 1 in Juan-les-Pins, France (heart attack while swimming); leaves money to the U. of Mich. for the Hopwood Award, whose winners later incl. Arthur Miller (1915-2005), Lawrence Kasdan, and Frank O'Hara. Am. crime boss Arnold Rothstein (b. 1882) on Nov. 4 in New York City (murdered). Am. novelist Frances Newman (b. 1883) on Oct. 22. Am. poet-novelist Elinor Wylie (b. 1885) on Dec. 16. Am. actor-dir.-writer-producer Larry Semon (b. 1889) on Oct. 8 in Victorville, Calif.; dies in a sanatorium of pneumonia and TB after filing for bankruptcy early in the year and suffering a nervous breakdown on the vaudeville circuit. Am. aviator Floyd Bennett (b. 1890) on Apr. 25 in Quebec, Canada; dies of pneumonia after a round trip flight from Detroit, Mich. to Lake St. Agnes, Quebec to help the crew of a stranded airplane on Greenly Island. German writer Klabund (b. 1890) on Aug. 14. Swedish meteorologist Finn Malmgren (b. 1895) in June; dies trying to cross the ice on foot after his airship Italia crashes in the polar regions. Am. auto racer Frank Lockhart (b. 1903) on Apr. 25 in Daytona Beach, Fla. (auto accident). Mexican aviator Capt. Emilio Crranza (b. 1905) on July 13 in Pine Barrens, N.J. (airplane crash).
1929 Chinese Year: Snake. Time Mag. Man of the Year: Owen D. Young (1874-1962). Speaking of snakes, Comrade Stalin begins forced collectivization of Soviet farms, killing the kulaks off and crippling agriculture; his good friend (opponent) Nikolai Bukharin (1888-1938) is deprived of all his posts by the Soviet govt.; in Mongolia the nomads slaughter millions of head of livestock rather than turn them over. British military spending (£M): navy: 55.8, army: 40.5, air force: 16.9. Percentage of world industrial production: U.S.: 34.4, Britain: 10.4, Germany: 10.3, U.S.S.R.: 9.9, France: 5.0, Japan: 4.0, Italy: 2.5. By this year there are almost 400 bldgs. over 20 stories high in the U.S., half of them in New York City. The U.S. auto industry produces a record 4.5M passenger cars. The Great American Dream of Gentlemen Farmers skids? U.S. farm families, after a decade of farm price declines, now receive only 9% of the nat. income, down from 15% in 1920; the avg. per capita income for farm families is $273, compared to $750 for all Americans. The Great American Dream of life in the city also skids? The number of U.S. manufacturing jobs this year is the same as in 1920, with an hourly wage of 56 cents, compared to 55 cents in 1920; avg. weekly wages decline because avg. weekly hours fall from 47.4 to 44.2. Between this year and the depth of the depression in 1933, U.S. GNP declines 29%, nat. income 55%, industrial production 47%, construction 78%, investment 98%; unemployment rises from 4M to 12-15M (10M in 1939); consumer prices fall 18%, farm prices fall 50%, wages fall 40%; the value of the stock on the NYSE falls 80%, a loss of $74B; 124K businesses and 9K banks fail - one word, son: apples? Now that they aren't needed, 500K Mexican laborers in the U.S. are deported between this year and 1935, many in cattle cars. There are now 10K speakeasies in Chicago, all owned by Al Capone. I got a feelin' way down in my shoes? On Jan. 1 Ga. Tech defeats Calif. by 8-7 to win the 1929 Rose Bowl; Golden Bears Center Roy Riegels (1908-93) gains the nickname "Wrong Way" when he does just that in the 2nd quarter, going 65 yards before teammate Benny Lom stops him 6 in. from his own goal line; the Bears try a punt on the next play, but it is blocked for a safety. On Jan. 1-7 Air Corps Maj. (later USAF gen.) Carl Andrews "Tooey" Spaatz (1891-1974) and Capt. (later USAF gen.) Ira Clarence Eaker (1896-1987) set the first major air endurance record, remaining aloft 150 hours, 40 min. over Los Angeles in an Army Fokker. On Jan. 2 the U.S. and Canada reach agreement on joint action to preserve ever-eroding Niagara Falls. On Jan. 5 the Inter-Am. Treaty of Arbitration is signed in Washington, D.C.; superseded by the 1948 Am. Treaty on Pacific Settlement. On Jan. 6 King Alexander I abolishes parliament and all political parties and suspends the 1921 constitution, establishing a dictatorship over Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia (until 1931); on Oct. 2 he changes the name of his country officially to Yugoslavia, abolishing the previous divisions and pretending everything's okay - you go with my slavia or else? On Jan. 6 Adolf Hitler appoints former chicken farmer Heinrich Himmler (1900-45) to replace Erhard Heiden as head of the SS (Reichsfuhrer SS); Himmler founds the Ahnenerbe Nazi think tank to carry out scientific research on the origins of the "Aryan race", incl. explorations and excavations throughout the world - he knows how to coop them up and make them lay? On Jan. 10 the comic strip The Adventures of Tintin debuts in Belgium (until 1976), created by Herge (Hergé) (George Prosper Remi) (1907-83), about boy reporter Tintin and his wire fox terrier Snowy (Milou), drawn in his signature ligne claire (clear line) style, going on to sell 200M copies; chars. incl. Capt. Haddock, Prof. Calculus (Tournesol), opera diva Bianca Castafiore, and detectives Thomson and Thompson. On Jan. 14 Afghan emir Amanullah resigns in favor of his older brother Inayatullah Khan Seraj (1888-1946), who abdicates on Jan. 17 after a coup by Tajik bandit tribesman Habibullah Kalakani (referred to by his Pashtun enemies as Bacha-i Saqao, or "son of a water-carrier"), who declares himself emir under the name Habibullah Ghazi (1890-1929) and rules until Oct. 13, when the Musabihan brothers, led by army CIC Gen. Mohammed (Muhammad) Nadir Khan (1880-1933) occupy Kabul and seize power, declaring Nadir as emir on Oct. 16 and executing Habibullah on Nov. 3; the new emir reconciles with Amanullah's opponents, but sticks to a modernization program, promising to move more slowly and not mess with Muslim sacred cows; Amanullah flees to Rome and abdicates next year, plotting a comeback. On Jan. 17 the Popeye cartoon character by Elzie Crisler Segar (1894-1938) debuts in his "Thimble Theater" King Features comic strip, being hired by Castor Oyl and Olive Oyl's boyfriend Harold Hamgravy to crew a ship to rob a casino; he first appears in a Betty Boop cartoon in 1933; "I am what I am and that's all that I am, I'm Popeye the Sailor Man - toot toot!" - just perfect for the clean set and the dirty set at the same time? On Jan. 20 the Soviets deport Leon Trotsky to the Turkish island of Prinkipo. On Jan. 30 Inter-Island Airways is founded in Honolulu, Hawaii by Inter-Island Steam Navigation Co., beginning operations on Oct. 6 with sightseeing flights over Oahu, followed on Nov. 11 by a flight to Hilo with stops on Molokai and Maui, changing its name on Oct. 1, 1941 to Hawaiian Airlines, becoming the largest airline in Hawaii, and the 8th largest commercial airline in the U.S., enjoying a record free of fatal accidents or hull losses until ?; in 1941 it flies three new 24-passenger DC-3s in formation from Oakland, Calif. to Honolulu in 13 hours 54 min., setting an over-water flight record for the DC-3; in 1942 it inaugurates the first scheduled air cargo service with certificate #1; in 1943 it carries 108K passengers. On Feb. 1 former pres. (1919) Vicente Mejia Colindres (1878-1966) becomes U.S. puppet pres. of Honduras (until 1933), starting out well then facing the Great Depression. On Feb. 9 the Litvinov Protocol is signed by the Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Latvia and Estonia, validating the Kellogg-Briand Pact between these countries. On Feb. 11 the Lateran Treaty is signed by Italy (ratified June 7), recognizing the 108.7-acre autonomous state of Vatican City, situated within the city of Rome as an independent state with the pope's temporal authority restored, while the papacy accepts the loss of the 17K sq. mi. papal states in return for 750M lire in cash and 1B lire in govt. bonds; on July 25 Pope Pius XI gives up his status of voluntary prisoner and leaves the Vatican for the 1st time; the activities of the Catholic youth org. Azione Cattolica remains a problem; the Vatican uses the cash to set up a disguised offshore co. that invests the money in an internat. portfolio that is worth £500K by 2013. Say I Love You with bullets? On Feb. 14 the St. Valentine's Day Massacre takes place in the S.M.C. Carthage Co. warehouse on North Clark St. (at Dickens) in Lincoln Park, Chicago, Ill., when seven O'Banions, members of the North Side Gang of George "Bugs" Moran (Adelard Cunin) (1893-1957), incl. Frank and Pete Gusenberg, Adam Heyer, Al Weinshunk, James Clark, John May, and Reinhardt Schwimmer are murdered by four men working for rival Al Capone,, two of them wearing police uniforms, using two Tommy guns and two shotguns; Bugs Moran arrives five min. later after being detained for his appointment, and survives, but Capone is now in control of Chicago organized crime - gateman sees name, garageman sees name tag? On Feb. 18 Time mag. contains the first of six covers of Jewish science god-man-messiah Einstein. On Feb. 26 outgoing Pres. Coolidge signs a measure establishing the 310K acre Grand Teton Nat. Park in NW Wyo. 10 mi. S of Yellowstone Nat. Park, containing the 40-mi. Teton Range and the N side of the Jackson Hole Valley. Why do engineers always overmanage the economy and muck it up? On Mar. 4 (Mon.) West Branch, Iowa-born self-made well-traveled (China, Australia, Belgium) Quaker mining engineer (#1 U.S. political figure of the 1920s) Herbert Clark Hoover (1874-1964), "the Great Engineer", "the Great Humanitarian", "Herbie", ""the Hermit Author of Palo Alto", "the Chief", "the Grand Old Man", "Hoo-Yah", "Really Damn" (the last two picked up in China) becomes the 31st U.S. pres. (until Mar. 4, 1933) (first Quaker) (2nd elected without previous electoral experience or high military rank after Taft) (last cabinet secy. until ?) (2nd lefty pres. - 1st Garfield, next Truman) (first pres. born W of the Mississippi River) (first pres. with a telephone on his Oval Office desk, and first to hire an exec. staff) (workaholic with a prof. business style and strong work ethic, whose lack of charisma and lackluster speeches fail to inspire public confidence during the Depression) in the 42nd U.S. Pres. Inauguration in the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., with ex-pres. William H. Taft administering the oath of office (first recorded by sound newsreels) (2nd time that a former U.S. pres. administers the oath of office to a new U.S. pres.) Topeka, Kan.-born Charles Curtis (1860-1936) becomes the 31st U.S. vice-pres. (until Mar. 4, 1933); the first pres. to have a phone on his desk rather than on the wall in the hall; refuses to accept a salary as pres.; pet is King Tut (police dog); one of three U.S. presidents who live at least 30 years after taking office (Jimmy Carter, Gerald R. Ford); First Lady is Louisia Henry "Lou" Hoover (1874-1944), a Stanford-educated geologist who met her hubby at Stanford U., and who likes to converse with him in Chinese to avoid being overheard; journalist George Edward Akerson (1889-1937) becomes the first-ever White House press secy. (until 1931); on Mar. 28 Henry Lewis Stimson (1867-1950) becomes secy. of state (until Mar. 4, 1933); former Choctaw Nation atty. Maj. Gen. Patrick Jay Hurley (1883-1963) becomes secy. of war (until 1933); Charles Francis "Deacon" Adams III (1866-1954), a prominent Repub. Party member and great-grandson of John Quincy Adams becomes secy. of the Navy (until 1933); Hooverball, a combo of volleyball and tennis using a 6-lb. medicine ball is born on the White House Lawn to keep Hoover fit, perfected by White House physician vice-adm. Joel Thompson Boone (1889-1974). On Mar. 12 the Abteilung M (M Battalion) Affair sees Die Weltbühne (The World Stage) pub. an expose of the training of a special air unit of the Reichswehr aided by Lufthansa which was secretly training in Germany and in Soviet Russia in violation of the Versailles Treaty, causing the German govt. to indict Walter Kreiser (1898-1958) and Carl (Karl) von Ossietzky (1889-1938) in 1931 for treason and espionage; Kreiser flees to France, Switzerland, and Brazil; Ossietzky ends up in a concentration camp and wins the 1938 Nobel Peace Prize. On Mar. 21 Crown Prince Olav V (1903-91) of Norway (king in 1957-91) marries Princess Martha of Sweden (1901-54), and later has three children: Princess Ragnhild Alexandra (b. 1930), Princess Astrid (b. 1932), and Crown Prince Harald (b. 1937). On Mar. 24 elections in Italy give the 400 official candidates almost 100% of the vote. On Mar. 31 (Easter Sun.) after cigarette manufacturers hire Austrian-born Freudian psychoanalyst Abraham Arden Brill (1874-1948) to tell them how to get women to smoke cigarettes, and he tells them that it would give them their own penises, his mentor Edward Louis Bernays (1891-1995) (known for selling Calvin Coolidge to the public) hires women to join the Easter Sun. Parade in New York City and whip them out, calling them Torches of Freedom a la the Statue of Liberty, breaking the social barrier for women smokers. In Mar. the Pan-Am. Assoc. of Composers, founded by avant-garde composer Henry Dixon Cowell (1897-1965) holds its inaugural concert in New York City, featuring works by Brazilian-Cuban ultra-modernists, incl. Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959), Carlos Chavez (1899-1978), Amadeo Roldan (1900-39), and Alejandro Garcia Caturla (1906-40); next year it switches to U.S. ultra-modernists, incl. Charles Edward Ives (1874-1954), Dane Rudhyar (1895-1985), George Antheil (1900-59), Ruth Crawford Seeger (1901-53), Henry Brant (1913-2008), and Vivian Fine (1913-2000). In Mar.-Apr. a religious insurrection in Mexico led by Bishop Jesus Maria Echavarria y Aguirre (1858-1954) and Gen. Jose Gonzalo Escobar is put down by Gen. Plutarcho Elias Calles, who founds the PRI Party (Institutional Rev. Party), which dominates Mexican politics (until 2000). In the spring German Communist Party leader Ernst Thalmann (Thälmann) (1886-1944) instigates a series of riots in Berlin. On Apr. 21 the Nat. Council of Corporations is founded in Italy. On Apr. 23 a great debate is held in Davos, Switzerland between German philosophers Ernst Cassirer (1874-1945) (Jewish) and Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) (non-Jewish) over the meaning of Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason", with Cassirer opposing Heidegger's relativism with Kant's view of the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences. On Apr. 24 in Denmark after the Conservative People's Party is not satisfied with the amount allocated to the military budget, causing Thomas Madsen-Mygdal's coalition to break, the Socialists make a comeback in elections, and Thorvald Stauning returns as PM in a coalition with the Radical Left. On Apr. 30 after failing to secure recognition of parity by France, Italy begins its Great Naval Program. On May 1 the first Lei Day celebration is held in Hawaii, with each island using a different type of lei. On May 7 the Nile Waters Agreement between Egypt and Sudan allocates all White Nile water to Egypt, and Blue Nile water to Sudan, settling the 1926 dispute. Whatsa matter with the clothes I'm wearing, can't you tell your tie's too wide? On May 16 (Thur.) the first Oscars are presented at the First (1st) Academy Awards at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, hosted by Douglas Fairbanks Sr., awarding the best picture Oscar for 1927-8 to Paramount's Wings, best actor to Swiss actor Emil Jannings (1884-1950) for The Way of All Flesh, best actress to Janet Gaynor (Laura Augusta Gainor) (1906-84) for 7th Heaven (youngest until ?) (only to win for a year's body of work), and best dir. to both Frank Borzage (1894-1962) for 7th Heaven and Lewis Milestone (Milstein) (1895-1980) for Two Arabian Knights; to be eligible, a film must premiere in Los Angeles County, run for at least a week, and charge for admission. On May 20 Pres. Hoover establishes the Nat. (Wickersham) Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, chaired by U.S. atty. gen. #47 (1909-13) George Woodward Wickersham (1858-1936) and incl. Harvard Law School dean Roscoe Pound, Newton D. Baker, and Chicago Crime Commission chmn. Frank J. Loesch to investigate crime due to Prohibition along with policing tactics; in June 1930 it pub. its 14-vol. findings, incl. Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement, detailing cases of police brutality; meanwhile in 1929 the Ill. Assoc. for Criminal Justice pub. the Ill. Crime Survey, analyzing the high crime rates in Cook County and Chicago due to Al Capone, noting that African-Ams. constitute 30% of police killings although they are only 5% of the pop. On May 30 the 1929 British gen. election gives a V to the 30-y.-o Labour Party (founded Feb. 27, 1900), which wins 287 seats, vs. 260 for Conservatives, and 59 for Liberals; causing Stanley Baldwin to resign on June 4, and Ramsay MacDonald to get his 2nd chance as PM of a British Labour govt. on June 5 (until June 7, 1935); on June 7 Arthur Henderson (1863-1935) is named foreign secy. (until Aug. 24, 1931), going on to reestablish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and support the League of Nations, becoming known as "Uncle Arthur". In May a 3-day Meeting of Bosses is held in Atlantic City, N.J. to settle on boundaries and govt., and to rein in Al Capone, who fears for his life so much that on May 17 he and his bodyguard turn themselves into the fuzz in Philly for carrying concealed deadly weapons, drawing 1-year sentences (released Mar. 17, 1930). On June 7 the Young Plan of U.S. diplomat Owen D. Young (1874-1962) is signed, reducing German reparations and annual payments; it is finalized on Aug. 31 at an internat. conference at The Hague, causing Nazi finances to improve as German industrialists and bankers become freer to borrow money from the U.S. and bribe politicians with it; on Aug. 6-13 the conference leads to the evacuation of the Rhineland by French troops. On June 8 Labour MP (1926-31) Margaret Grace Bondfield (1873-1953) becomes the first female British Cabinet minister after Ramsay MacDonald appoints her labour minister. On June 21 the Mexican govt. reaches a compromise agreement with the Roman Catholic Church allowing them to resume Masses but keeping the laws restricting religions unchanged; the Cristeros are not incl. in the negotiations, although 70K have died in the 3-year Cristero Revolt (begun 1926); the restrictions are not lifted until 1992. In summer Hungarian-born Jewish movie mogul William Fox (Wilhelm Fuchs) (Wilmos Fried) (1879-1952) of Fox Film Corp. arranges to buy the MGM holdings of the late Marcus Loew (d. 1927), pissing-off MGM studio bosses Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg, but since they aren't stockholders they get the U.S. Justice Dept. to sue him for antitrust violations; too bad, Fox has a bad car accident in the summer, and the Oct. stock market crash wipes him out, ending the merger deal, and he goes into a tailspin, losing control of his corp. via hostile takeover in 1930, after which the govt. hounds him into bankruptcy, and he goofs bigtime by attempting to bribe judge John Warren Davis (1867-1945) and committing perjury at a 1936 bankruptcy hearing, getting him 6 mo. in priz and ending his career, while Fox Film Corp. merges with Twentieth Century Pictures on May 31, 1935 to form 20th Century Fox; meanwhile Davis is indicted in Mar. 1939 and steps down from the bench, but his trial results in a hung jury - so much for Jews working together against non-Jews and helping each other out? On July 2 the Tanaka cabinet falls, and Osachi "the Lion" Hamaguchi (1870-1931) of the Minseito Party forms a new cabinet, becoming PM #27 (until Apr. 14, 1931), with Shedhara Kijuro returning as foreign minister; Hamaguchi reduces govt. expenditures and returns Japan to the gold standard, only to be undone by the Great Depression. On July 7 French PM Raymond Poincare resigns from bad health, and the Great Depression combined with a series of short-lived cabinets livens things up until the economy begins to recover in 1936? On Aug. 8 Sir Percy Lyham Loraine, 12th Baronet (1880-1961) becomes British high commissioner in Egypt (until 1933), followed by British ambassador to Turkey in 1933-9, and British ambassador to Italy in 1939-40. On Aug. 11 the extensive Fortes Gil Labor Code is promulgated in Mexico, providing for an 8-hour work day, 6-day work week, min. wage, right to strike, compulsory insurance, etc. - where did I park my car, oh no? On Aug. 19 the radio comedy show Amos 'n' Andy, starring Va.-born Freeman Fisher "Gozzie" Gosden (1899-1982) and Ill.-born Charles James Correll (1890-1972) makes its network debut on the NBC radio network. On Aug. 20 BBC-TV makes its first broadcast of John Logie Baird's experimental 30-line TV system. On Aug. 22 the 1929 Palestine Riots, AKA the Western Wall or Buraq Uprising breaks out in Palestine between Muslim Arabs and Jews, sparked by a dispute over prayer at the Western (Wailing) Wall when the women brought chairs to sit on, all because the Jews put up a screen between the men and women during their Yom Kippur prayers, and the Arabs claimed that violates a Sharia rule forbidding them from construction in the area, plus they believe that the wall is where Muhammad mounted his winged steed to go to heaven; 116 Arabs and 133 Jews are killed, and 339 wounded; on Aug. 23-24 the 1929 Hebron Massacre sees 67 of 800 Jews massacred in Hebron (20 mi. S of Jerusalem), site of the Cave of the Patriarchs (#2 holy site in Judaism after the Temple Mount in Jerusalem), causing the rest to be evacuated, after which they don't return permanently until after the 1967 Six Day War; the massacre starts when the Arabs hear rumors that the Jews are seizing Muslim holy places and massacring Jews in Jerusalem, causing them to switch to the Allah Akbar mode and start doing their own massacring; the Jewish Agency for Israel (Sochnut) (JAFI) (founded in 1908 as the Palestinian Office, later the Zionist Commision, and the Palestine Zionist Executive) begins representing all Zionist and non-Zionist Jews, serving as their pre-state govt. On Aug. 29 plans are released for the Empire State Bldg.; excavations begin in Jan. Hey 98.6 it's good to have you back again, oh I love my baby? In Aug. at the annual Nazi Party gathering in Nuremberg, Adolf Hitler waxes lyrical on the desirability of infanticide, claiming that eliminating 70%-80% of newborns will result in a net increase in nat. strength. In Aug. the German luxury liners Bremen and Europa are launched in Bremerhaven and Hamburg, making Germany the largest and fastest in the water. On Sept. 3 the Chicago Daily Times in Ill. is founded. On Sept. 5 although Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf sells only 3K copies in 1928, earning him 8.3K Reichmarks in royalties, and he claims only another 3.5K for making speeches, bringing his official income on tax documents for 1928 to 11.8K, or about half the cost of an automobile, yet thanks to moneys extorted by Herman Goering from rich Ruhr industrialists, Hitler suddenly changes his public posture, flaunting his wealth as he moves from small cluttered rooms in the Thierschstrasse in Munich to a palatial apt. at 16 Prinzregentenplatz, acquiring a new chauffeured Mercedes-Benz, 2-3 servants, 2 secys., and the country house Haus Wachenfeld near Berchtesgaden - thank the Young Plan? On Sept. 7 BusinessWeek mag. debuts seven weeks before the Stock Market Crash, founded by Malcolm Muir (1885-1979). On Sept. 19 Lithuanian dictator Antanas Smetona is forced to resign as pres; in May 1930 he is tried for high treason, exiled to a village, and on June 1934 given a 12-year prison term. Juan Bautista Perez (1869-1952) becomes provisional pres. of Venezuela (until 1931), yet another puppet of Gen. Juan Vicente Gomez. On Sept. 24 U.S. Lt. James H. Doolittle (1896-1993) takes off and lands entirely on instruments in his Consolidated NY2 biplane over Mitchell Field in New York City, becoming the first blind (all-instrument) flight - you never did an honest day's work in your life? On Sept. 27-28 the Internat. Congress of Eugenics is held in Rome - you know the more we talk about it it only makes it worse to live without it? On Sept. 28-Nov. 1 PM Ramsey McDonald of Britain visits the U.S. and Canada. On Sept. 30 Fritz von Opel (1899-1971) of Germany, grandson of Opel Co. founder Adam Opel makes the first rocket engine flight in the RAK 1 in Frankfurt am Main, staying aloft for 75 sec. and covering nearly 2 mi., earning the nickname "Rocket Fritz". In Sept. after a 1-year recovery caused by foreign loans, unemployment in Germany rises from 1.012 to 1.32M. On Oct. 3 Gustav Stresemann, architect of Germany's new understanding with the Allied Powers dies three weeks before Black Tuesday. On Oct. 8 a newsreel and two cartoons are shown on a Transcontinental Air Transport plane; a first? On Oct. 8-14 the Philadelphia Athletics (AL) (104-46 in the regular season, 18 ahead of the Yankees) defeat the Chicago Cubs (NL) 4-1 to win the Twenty-Sixth (26th) World Series; in Game 4 they are down 8-0 in the 7th, then come back to win by 10-8 with their "Mack Attack", named after "Tall Tactician" team owner Cornelius Alexander "Connie" Mack (McGillicuddy) (1862-1956), with a team incl. future hall-of-famers Robert Moses "Lefty" Grove (1900-75) (pitcher), Gordon Stanley "Mickey" Cochrane (1903-62) (catcher) (whom Mickey Mantle is later named after), power-hitter James Emory "Jimmie" "Jimmy" "Double X" "The Beast" Foxx (1907-67) (1B), and clutch-hitter Aloysius Harry "Bucketfoot Al" Simmons (Szymanski) (1902-56) (outfielder); in Game 4 the Athletics overcome an 0-8 deficit to win 1-8, which incl. an inside-the-park homer when center fielder Hack Wilson loses Mule Haas' fly ball for a 3-run homer, bringing the A's to 7-8, becoming the last inside-the-park WS homer until Game 1 of the 2015 WS; a toss-up for greatest ML baseball team of all time with the 1927-8 Yankees? On Oct. 12 the Labour Party wins gen. elections in Australia, and on Oct. 22 (two days before you know what) James Henry Scullin (1876-1953) becomes PM #9 of Australia (until Jan. 6 1932). On Oct. 15 C.L. Grigg of the Howdy Co. (founded 1920) introduces 7Up lithiated lemon-lime soda - just in time to calm a nation's nerves? On Oct. 24 (Thurs.) Black Thursday is the beginning of the U.S. stock market crash, with 12,894,650 shares traded; the real fun starts next Tues. On Oct. 25 former interior secy. (1921-3) Albert Bacon Fall (1861-1944) is convicted of accepting windfall of 100K lbs. of fall bacon, er, a $100K bribe from S Calif. oil tycoon Edward Laurence Doheny (1856-1935) in connection with the Elk Hills Naval Oil Reserve in Calif., and receives 1 year prison sentence and $100K fine, becoming the first cabinet member to be convicted of a crime; in 1930 Doheny is acquitted of bribing Fall - a great time for albert bee fall to fall? On Oct. 25 King Boris of Bulgaria marries Princess Giovanna of Italy, bringing Bulgaria more within the Italian sphere. On Oct. 28 (Mon.) Black Monday sees 9M shares traded as prices continue to fall. Down on the corner, out in the street? Black Tuesday drops a bomb on the world? On Oct. 29 (Tues.) after a small temporary drop on Mar. 26, followed by a "golden summer" when the NYSE sets a record on Sept. 19 (Thur.), the huge WWI war debt finally catches up with the world as Black Tuesday descends upon the New York Stock Exchange, which crashes as 16M shares are traded, causing thousands of investors to be wiped out amid panic selling, leading the Fed to begin tightening credit, followed by a worldwide Great Depression; stock prices reach their lowest point on Nov. 13 (Wed.), falling from an avg. of 311.90 in Sept. to 164.43; industrial avgs. fall from 469.49 to 220.95 (a total of $30B in listed stock value wiped out in the NYSE); the Oct. 30 issue of Variety carries the title "Wall Street Lays An Egg"; part of the blame for the panic goes to the slowness of mechanical stock tickers; Jewish financier Bernard Mannes Baruch (1870-1965) brings Winston Churchill to personally view the NYSE on Oct. 24, fueling the speculations of conspiracy theorists, esp. after Baruch later becomes the person to coin the term "Cold War"?; gasoline, which costs 21.4 cents a gal. this year in the U.S. begins its own crash, not recovering to this level until 1947, after which it holds at 27 cents from 1949-52; Pres. Hoover attempts to take a leadership role with business and labor to smooth the nation over "rough spots", but fails to ask Congress for major legislation, allowing the latter to put the blame on him later, even though they proposed no new legislation either? On Oct. 31 constitutional govt. is restored in Egypt. On Nov. 1 Roman Catholic Mundelein College in N Chicago, Ill. is founded; in 1991 it merges with Loyola U. On Nov. 2 interior minister Andre Tardieu (1876-1945) becomes PM #97 of France (until 1930), flip-flopping on his conservative rep. by launching a welfare and public works program, with social insurance and free secondary schooling. On Nov. 7 after John D. Rockefeller II's wife Abby Greene Aldrich Rockefeller (1874-1948) raises the funds from donations, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMa) is opened in New York City (11 W. 53rd St.) with exhibitions of the works of Cezanne, Gaugin, Seurat and Van Gogh; her hubby wouldn't pay for it since he hates modern art; she goes on to donate over 2K items to it. On Nov. 13 four-time Iraqi PM Sir Abdul Muhsin commits suicide after helping win a British promise of independence - I'm a soul man? On Nov. 18 during a period of hyperinflation, the Aba Women's Riots (Igbo Women's War) in British Nigeria starts when 10K Igbo women from the Bende District travel to Oloko to protest the taxing of property of women, destroying 10 native courts by the time troops quell the riots in Dec. after killing 59 women; the British cave and begin appointing women to sit on native courts, inspiring more women's revolts in W Africa through the 1950s. On Nov. 20 The Rise of the Goldbergs debuts on NBC-Radio, starring Gertrude Berg (Edelstein) (1899-1966) as Molly, matriach of a family of lower-middle Jews who are trying to assimilate into the big U.S. melting pot, and who finally move on up to Conn.; it moves to TV in 1949-54, during which co-star Philip Loeb (1895-1955) (Molly's hubby Jake) is accused of being a Commie and resigns to save the show, then commits suicide. On Nov. 21 Pres. Hoover meets with reps of big business and trade unions in two separate confidential sessions at the White House. Byrd Byrd Byrd, the Byrd's the word? On Nov. 28-29 after arriving in Antarctica last Dec., establishing the base named Little America on the Bay of Whales, and discovering the Edsel Ford Range to the NE in Jan., followed by Marie Byrd Land to the E of it, Richard Evelyn Byrd (1888-1957) becomes the first man to fly over the South Pole in a trimotor Fokker with three companions, getting him a promotion to the rank of rear adm. (retired) by a special act of the U.S. Congress; he takes 2.5 tons of sweet Necco Wafers on his trip. On Nov. 29 the Burin Peninsula Tsunami in Newfoundland kills 28 and leaves hundreds homeland. In the winter (1929-30) Stalin begins a ruthless campaign to eliminate "rural capitalists", peasants accused of hoarding grain, sending the Red Guards (state milias), ending with Stalin having Pravda pub. a front page article called "Dizzy with Success", calling for them to pull back a bit. On Dec. 2 nat. elections in Egypt give the Wafdist Party a big V. On Dec. 3 Pres. Hoover gives his Annual Message to Congress, declaring that confidence in America's business has been reestablished. On Dec. 5 the Am. League for Physical Culture, the first nudist org. in the U.S. is founded in New York City by Kurt Barthel; prominent, er, member Rev. Ilsley (Uncle Danny) Boone and his family become the first family of U.S. nudism after he founds The Nudist, later titled "Sunshine and Health". On Dec. 6 Turkey introduces female suffrage. On Dec. 9 Greek pres. (since 1924) Adm. Paul Konudouriotis, who was reelected on June 3 retires as pres. of Greece, and PM Alexander Zaimis becomes provisional pres. On Dec. 19 the Purna Awarj (Sansk. "purna" + "swa" + "raj" = complete self rule) (Declaration of Independence of India) (Declaration of Sovereignty and Self-Rule) is promulgated by the Indian Nat. Congress, containing the soundbyte: "We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraji or complete sovereignty and self-rule"; on Dec. 31 the Flag of India is hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru on the banks of the Ravi River in Lahore (modern-day Pakistan), with Congress asking the people to celebrate Jan. 26 as Independence Day. On Dec. 31 Guy Lombardo (1902-77) and his Royal Canadians (formed 1924) ("The Sweetest Music This Side of Heaven") play Auld Lang Syne ("Old Long Since") as a New Year's Eve song for the 1st time - perfect timing to greet a new decade of depression? The Tacna-Arica Dispute between Peru and Chile is settled; Bolivia loses Atacama but obtains the right to use the Chilean-built railway between La Paz and Arica. The atheist Soviet govt. begins a bloody crackdown on religion, and establishes gun control, leaving the pop. at the mercy of Stalin. The Third Geneva Convention is adopted, defining humanitarian protections for POWs; it is revised in 1949. To help pay its WWI debt, the U.S. holds its first T-Bill (Treasury Bill) Auction, $100 in 90-day bills, with investors bidding for $224M in bills with an avg. price of $99.181. The Mexican Repatriation of forced migration of 500K Mexicans back to the U.S. begins (ends 1939). Greece passes the Idionym Law, making attempts (esp. Communist) to undermine the existing social order ipso facto illegal. French war minister Andre Maginot (1877-1932) orders the construction of the ill-fated Maginot Line - it's like a party on your head? The Castellammarese War in New York City begins for control of the Italian-Sicilian Mafia (ends 1931). An agreement entitles Calif. to 4.4M acre-feet of water per year from the Colorado River, most of it for agriculture (one acre-foot is 325K gal.). The 42nd "Rainbow" Div. of the Am. Expeditionary Force (AEF) holds a reunion in Baltimore, Md.; French army cmdr. Henri Gouraud represents the French govt. "Oklahoma's yodeling cowboy" Orvon Grover "Gene" Autry (1907-98) (born in Tioga, Tex.) is discovered by Will Rogers, going on to wow America's hick chicks as "the Singing Cowboy", appearing in 93 films, always the mighty white, honest, brave, straight-shooting hero, with the theme song "Back in the Saddle Again", cranking out Christmas songs incl. "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", "Frosty the Snowman", and "Here Comes Santa Claus". The term "apartheid" is coined - you can sell your soul for a buck? The Graf Zeppelin dirigible, piloted by Hugo Eckener becomes the first lighter-than-air ship to fly around the world (21,255 mi. in 20 days 4 hours 14 min.), becoming the first to operate a translatlantic passenger service (until 1937); its sister ship is the Hindenburg. The airplane Mystery Ship wins the first Thompson Trophy Race. A German scientific expedition launches the Flying Dutchman, a bottle with a message inside telling finders to report their finding and throw it back into the sea; it makes it to the W coast of Australia in 1935 after covering 16K mi. in 2,447 days, for an avg. of 6 naut. mi. per day. The Presbyterian Churches in Scotland unite to form the Church of Scotland, reversing the Disruption of 1843. Jenny R. Bramley (1910-97) becomes the first woman in the U.S. to receive a doctorate in physics - either that or become a doubting nun in India? The port city of Duisburg at the confluence of the Ruhr and Rhine Rivers (15 mi. N of Dusseldorf) in N Rhine-Westphalia, W Germany is formed from the merger of Duisburg-Ruhrort and Hamborn, becoming one of the largest river harbors in the world. Magadan, Russia (modern-day pop. 99K) is founded as a port town on the Sea of Okhotsk. Quinnipiac U. (originally Conn. College of Commerce) in Hamden, Conn. at the foot of Sleeping Giant State Park, named after the Quinniipac (Eansketambawg) (Algonq. "original people") people is founded by Samuel W. Tator, Judge Phillip Troup (-1939) et al. in reaction to the abandonment of its New Haven, Conn. program by Northeastern U., becoming known for its Polling Inst.; in 1935 it is renamed to Junior College of Commerce, then Quinnipiac College in 1951, and Quinnipiac U. in 2000. Salvador Dali joins the surrealists. The Frankfurt School (Inst.. for Social Research) (originally the Inst. for Marxism) of social philosophy is founded at Goethe U. in Frankfurt, Germany ostensibly to use Kant's critical philosophy and Hegelian dialectics to resolve the contradictions in capitalism and Marxism to further social development of society, deciding that Western culture must be destroyed to pave the way for Marxism by creating a new barbarianism; they spawned Italian political theorist Antonio Gramsci and German-Am. political theorist Herbert Marcuse (pr. mar-ku-za) (1898-1979). "Between 1943 and 1950, Marcuse worked in US government service for the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency) where he criticized the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the book Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis (1958). In the 1960s and the 1970s he became known as the preeminent theorist of the New Left and the student movements of West Germany, France, and the United States; some consider him "the Father of the New Left". His best-known works are Eros and Civilization (1955) and One-Dimensional Man (1964). His Marxist scholarship inspired many radical intellectuals and political activists in the 1960s and 1970s, both in the United States and internationally." In the 1960s they decided to deemphasize class struggle in the U.S. and substitute racial groups. Swedish economist Bertil Gotthard Ohlin (1899-1979) debates British economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), with Keynes claiming that Germany's heavy war reparations payments will cause another great war, and Ohlin claiming they can afford it and will pay without a fight - ohlin money is good? The Habima Theater moves from Moscow to Tel-Aviv. The Seeing Eye, a nonprofit org. is founded in Morristown, N.J. to provide seeing eye dogs to the blind. Decca Records is founded in Britain by Sir Edward Roberts Lewis (1900-80). After receiving a report that U.S. workers are not ready for revolution, Joseph Stalin denounces the "heresy of American exceptionalism". The anti-Communist Lapua org. in Finland is founded by former White army members Kurt Martti Wallenius (1893-1984) and Iisakki Vihtori Kosola (1884-1936), going on to become radically fascist until it is banned in 1932. After Meyer Lansky (Meier Suchowlanski) (1902-83) and John "Papa Johnny" "Immune" (Giovanni) Torrio (1882-1957) propose the idea, the Nat. Crime Syndicate is founded at a conference in Atlantic City, N.J., merging Italian-Sicilian and Jewish mobs into a single org., with original members incl. Joe (Joey) Adonis (Giuseppe Antonio Doto) (1902-71), Albert "Mad Hatter" "Lord High Executioner" Anastasia (Umberto Anastasio) (1902-57), Louis "Lepke" Buchalter (1897-1944), Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (1899-1947), Frank "Prime Minister" Costello (Francesco Castiglia) (1891-1973), Frank Erickson (1896-1968) (Arnold Rothstein's right-hand man), Charles "Lucky" Luciano (Salvatore Lucania) (1897-1962), Francesco "Frank" "Don Ciccio" "Wacky" Scalice (Scalise) (1893-1957) (head of the Gambino crime family in 1930-1), Vincent "Vince the Executioner" Mangano (Vincenzo Giovanni Mangano) (1888-1951) (head of the Gambino crime family in 1931-51), Dutch Schultz (Arthur Simon Flegenheimer) (1902-35), Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel (1906-47), and Abner "Longie" Zwillman (1904-59); its enforcement arm Murder Inc. kills up to 1K before going defunct by the late 1940s after prosecution by Thomas Edmund Dewey (1902-71), who becomes Repub. gov. #47 of N.Y. in 1943-54; it consists of two factions, the Jewish Brownsville Boys in E Brooklyn, N.Y., headed by Abraham "Abe" "Kid Twist" Reles (1906-41) (known for using an ice pick in the ear), who report to Lepke Buchalter and his partner Jacob "Gurrah" Shapiro (1899-1947), and the Italian Ocean Hill Hooligans in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, N.Y., headed by Harry "Happy" Maione (1908-42), who reports to Albert Anastasia; too bad, after turning states' evidence and sending several Murder Inc. members to the electric chair incl. Lepke Buchalter, on Nov. 12, 1941 Reles falls from a window at the Half Moon Hotel in Coney Island, N.Y. while under police custody when his bedsheets break before he can testify against Anastasia, causing the press to call him "The Canary Who Could Sing, But Couldn't Fly"; the Cosa Nostra bribed the guards to do it? The faculty of Baylor U. in Dallas, Tex. begins the first Blue Cross Plan, a group financial arrangement with a local hospital (21 days of hospital care for $6 a year), which spreads throughout the U.S. during the Great Depression. RCA Corp. acquires the Victor Co., becoming RCA-Victor, with trademark dog Nipper. The Eastman Visiting Professorship at Balliol College, Oxford U. to promote greater understanding between the U.S. and U.K. is founded by a $200K donation of Eastman Kodak co. founder George Eastman for senior Am. professors, to be appointed for a term of 2-5 years. The Am. Culinary Federation is founded in the U.S., growing to 18K members in 240 chapters by the end of the cent., and spawning the Culinary Inst. of Am. in 1946. Ukrainian violinist Gregor Piatigorsky (1903-76) makes his U.S. debut with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski and the New York Philharmonic under Willem Mengelberg; after marrying rich Jewish heiress Jacqueline de Rothschild in 1937, he flees to the U.S. in 1939. Acri, Italy-born Am. weightless bodybuilder Charles Atlas (Angelo Siciliano) (1892-1972) begins marketing the "Dynamic Tension" 13-lesson mail-order program for "97-pound weaklings", which teaches them how to turn a "scrawny boy" into a "muscular man", running a famous ad showing a bully kicking sand in the weakling's face, after which he does you know what and returns, getting the chicks; "The Insult that Made a Man out of Mac"; too bad, real bodybuilders prefer weights and fall in love with themselves and don't have time or energy for dames, then discover mind-boggling steroids, which have the side effect of shrinking the testes? A railroad train goes 775 mi. non-stop from Buenos Aires to Cipoletti in a record 20 hours 37 min. On Nov. 25 Federated Dept. Stores is founded in Columbus, Ohio by Fred R. Lazarus Jr. (1884-1973) via a merger with Abraham & Straus of Brooklyn, N.Y., Filene's of Boston, Mass., and Bloomingdale's of New York City, which turns into Macy's Inc. becoming the largest dept. store in the U.S., with innovations such as "pay when you can", and arranging merchandise by size, talking Pres. FDR in 1941 into having Congress change Thanksgiving from the last Thur. to the 4th Thur. in Nov. to extend the Xmas shopping season, creating Black Fri. Ford introduces the dual-purpose vehicle with the introduction of the Model A Station Wagon, with a boxy body and extra cargo space. The Cord L29 Roadster is introduced, featuring front-wheel drive. Aluminum furniture (chairs, etc.) begins to be manufactured in the U.S. Edinburgh Review (begun 1802) ceases pub. The Bureau of Nat. Affairs in Arlington, Va. is founded by David Lawrence (1888-1973) of the United States Daily (changed in 1948 to "U.S. News and World Report") to pub. news and info. for professionals in business and govt. International Jews earn their rep as pesky smut merchants, along with fine literature? Obelisk Press is founded in Paris by English-born Jewish writer Jack Kahane (1887-1939), going on to pub. Henry Miller's "Tropic of Cancer" and other risque prosecution-prone works under a loophole allowing English works in; his son Maurice Girodias (1919-90) follows in his footsteps, drawing the crab picture on the cover of Miller's "Tropic of Cancer" at age 15, taking over for his daddy when he dies, then founding Olympia Press in 1953 to pub. outside France, and ending up crashing and burning when the govts. of France, Britain, and the U.S. conspire to put him out of biz, by which time it's too late and the porno industry is out of control, making his literary smut seem high class in comparison? Nat. City Bank of New York becomes the world's largest commercial bank. The John H. Dunning Prize is established by the Am. Historical Assoc. (AHA) for the best book on U.S. history; the first award goes to Haywood J. Pearce Jr. The French journal Annales d'Histoire Economique et Sociale is founded by Marc Bloch (1886-1944) and Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), and later ed. by Fernand Braudel (1902-85) as the official journal of the Annales School for the study of late medieval and early modern Europe before the 1789 French Rev., which ditches a traditional narrative of events for a problem-oriented analytical history stressing the mental framework ("mentalites"), taking all levels of society into consideration and collaborating with other disciplines incl. psychology, sociology, economics, linguistics, geography, and anthropology, emphasizing the role of large-scale socioeconomic factors in the making and writing of history, relying on social scientific methods and eschewing Marxist historiography, going on to dominate French historiography in this cent.; Braudel spends his career on three big projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85), making the Annales School #1 in France and other countries after 1950, becoming leader of the Annales School in the 1950s-1960s. The quarterly Journal of Modern History begins pub. by the U. of Chicago Press, covering the U.K. and Europe from 1500 to the present incl. Russia and the Balkans, with Bernadotte Everly Schmitt as ed. #1 (until 1946). Frank Bruce Robinson (1886-1948) founds the mail-order Psychiana New Thought denomination in Moscow, Idaho. The British Actors' Equity Assoc. is founded. Robert Mearns Yerkes (1876-1956) becomes prof. of psychobiology and founds the Yale Labs of Primate Biology ("the Monkey Labs") at Orange Park, Fla., where he studies caged monkeys and apes - inevitably deciding they're human, and marrying them and going on a honeymoon with them? Cairo U. admits female students, and in 1933 graduates its first four. After the stock market crash, expert chess player Humphrey Bogart begins hustling chess players in New York City and Coney Island, frequenting Times Square in 1933. Henry Wright, Clarence S. Stein, et al. design the middle-class suburb of Radburn in Fairlawn, N.J. Leroy Randle "Roy" Grumman (1895-1982) et al. found Grumman Aeronautical Engineering Co. in Long Island, N.Y. on Dec. 6; it is acquired in 1994 by Northrop Corp. to form Northrop Grumman. 6'1-1/2" Enzo Anselmo Ferrari (1898-1988) founds Ferrari S.p.A. (originally Scuderia Ferrari) in Modena, Italy to manufacture race cars, expanding into street-legal cars in 1947 with the 125S; in 1969 Fiat acquires 50% of it, growing to 85% in 2008. The Assimil Co. is founded in France by Alphonse Cherel (Chérel) to teach English to Frogs, er, French speakers, starting with the book "English Without Pain" (Anglais Sans Peine), long with records and later tapes. Just as he is to begin work on a 2nd film for British Internat. Pictures, "Mumming Birds", Charlie Chaplin's half-brother Sydney Chaplin is accused of biting off the nipple of actress Molly Wright in a sexual assault, after which BIP settles out of court, conceding the truth of Wright's claims, after which Sydney leaves England for France, fleeing the tax collector, and in 1930 declares bankruptcy, his film career kaput. Dassault Aviation in France is founded by Paris-born French Jew Marcel Dassault (Bloch) (1892-1986), who invented a new type of aircraft propeller used by the French army in WWI; in 1936 the Communist Front Populaire nationalizes it; too bad, after the Nazi takeover of France, he is deported to Buchenwald Camp, but survives the war and builds the co. to the #1 military aircraft manufacturer in France, changing his name to Dassault after "char d'assault" (battle tank), converting to Roman Catholicism in 1950. Heineken Beer Co. establishes the first commercial beer brewery in Indonesia in Surabaya, East Java; in 1945 Indonesia declares independence; in 1949 the brewery is renamed Heineken's Indonesian Brewery Co.; in 1957 the govt. appropriates it, returning control in 1967 under the name Multi Bintang Indonesia, producing Bintang ("star") Beer (in identical green bottles incl. the red star) and becoming the biggest brewery in Indonesia, facing an uphill battle against Muslim dietary laws. Sports: On Jan. 29 the 1929 Grand Curling Match (29th in 80 years incl. 1925 and 1912) in Carsebreck, Perthshire Loch, Scotland features 2.5K competitors on 616 rinks in front of 2.5K-3K spectators. On Apr. 14 the first Monaco Grand Prix, held on a narrow course in the streets of Monaco is won by William Charles Frederick Grover-Williams (1903-45) of France in a Bugatti in 2:15.0; 16 drivers enter; Rudolf Caracciola comes in 3rd; the purse is 100K French francs; the race is organized by cigarette magnate Antony (Anthony) Noghes (Noghès) (1890-1978), who first suggests the use of a checkered flag to end races; in 1979 the last (Gazometer) turn of the Monaco circuit is renamed the Virage Antony Noghes.; after working for the Resistance in WWII, Grover-Williams is captured and executed by the Nazis. On May 30 the 1929 (17th) Indianapolis 500 is won by Charles Raymond "Ray" Keech (1900-29) after leader Louis Meyer's car stalls in the pits due to low oil pressure on lap 157; Maude A. Yagle becomes the first female winning owner; on June 15 Keech, who set the land speed record of 207.55 mph on Apr. 22, 1928 in the 3-engine Spirit of Elkdom (broken on Mar. 11, 1929 by Henry Segrave) is killed in an accident at Altoona Speedway in Penn. On Sept. 15 Evar Swanson (1902-73) of Columbus, Ohio circles the bases in a record 13.3 sec. On Sept. 26 Jack Sharkey defeats ("the Phantom of Philly") Thomas Patrick "Tom" Loughran (1902-82) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, N.Y. by TKO in round 3 in front of a crowd of 45K to become world heavyweight boxing champ #10 (until 1930). Clyde Van Dusen, trained by former jockey Clyde Van Dusen ("Clyde is a little horse, and that's why Mr. Gardner named him after me") wins the Kentucky Derby, becoming the first gelding winner. On Nov. 1 Arlington Downs Racetrack in Tex. opens; after lobbying for years, the owners get parimutuel betting legalized in 1933, causing the track to become a nat. horseracing attraction, with avg. daily attendance of 6,734 to watch 650 horses; too bad, in 1937 the legislature outlaws parimutuel betting, causing horseracing in Tex. to go kaput for 50 years (until 1987). Bill Tilden wins the U.S. Lawn Tennis Assoc. men's singles title, and Helen N. Wills wins the women's singles title; H.R. Johnston wins the U.S. Golf Assoc. amateur title, and Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Open; French tennis star Rene Lacoste retires, going on to found the Lacoste Shirt Co., with its trademark alligator emblem, later inventing the first successful metal tennis racket. Australian cricketer Sir Donald George Bradman (1908-2001) achieves a world record score of 452 not out. 46-y.-o. English cricketer Sir John Berry "Jack" Hobbs (1882-1963) becomes the oldest man to score a century in a Test match. The NFL changes the shape of the football to make it more aerodynamic and easier for a passer to handle; after some slight mods in 1934 it remains unchanged throughout the cent. The Collegiate Joint Rules Committee outlaws dribbling under the influence of Wisconsin's Walter Meanwell, then immediately reverses its decision under the influence of CCNY's Nat Holman, publishing Official Basketball Rules As Adopted by the Joint Basketball Rules Committee Composed of Committees Representing the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Young Men's Christian Association, Amateur Athletic Union, National Federation of State High School Associations et al. Architecture: On Jan. 1 the 137-mi. 166-lock Grand Union Canal opens, linking England's two largest cities, London and Birmingham. On Jan. 12 7.8-mi. New Cascade Tunnel (begun 1926) at Stevens Pass in the Cascade Mts. 65 mi. E of Everett, Wash. opens, becoming the longest railroad tunnel in North Am. On May 20 the 130M peseta 1929 Barcelona Internat./Universal Exposition (AKA Expo 1929) in Monjuic Hill overlooking the harbor SW of the city center of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain sees 20 Euro nations partcipate, along with the U.S. and some Latin Am. countries; it closes on Jan. 30; on May 19 the Magic Fountain of Monjuic in Barcelona, Spain below the Palau Nacional opens, designed by Catalan architect Carles Buigas (Buïgas) i Sans (1898-1979), consisting of 3,620 jets that spout water up to 170 ft.; in 1980s music is incorporated in the light-water show; Aachen, Prussia-born German-Am. architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Maria Ludwig Michael Mies) (1886-1969) and German modernist Lilly Reich (1885-1974) design the minimalist "free plan" Barcelona (German) Pavilion, known for its many highly reflective surfaces and indoor-outdoor reflective pools, and furnished with the Barcelona Chair; it is torn down shortly after it is built, becoming modern architecture's holy of holies from photos and plans alone. On Oct. 17 Denver Municipal Airport in Denver, Colo. opens, becoming Stapleton Airport in 1944, named in honor of Denver mayor #33 (1923-31) Benjamin F. Stapleton. Abraham Lincoln H.S. in Brooklyn, N.Y. is founded, going on to graduate a host of STEM royalty incl. three Nobel prize laureates, Paul Berg, Jerome Karle, and Arthur Kornberg, plus a host of entertainment celebs incl. Marv Albert, John Forsythe, Louis Gossett Jr., Harvey Keitel, Arthur Miller, Buddy Rich, and Neil Sedaka. The New Tilbury Dock in London opens. The Palace of Nations (Palais des Nations) in Ariana Park overlooking Lake Geneva in Geneva, Switzerland is begun (finished in 1938) as the HQ of the League of Nations, becoming the HQ of the Geneva office of the U.N. in 1946, although Switzerland doesn't become a U.N. member until 2002. The Royal Gorge Bridge near Canon City, Colo. opens, becoming the highest suspension bridge in the U.S. Am. designer Norman Bel Geddes (1893-1958) designs the amphibian Airliner Number 4, with nine decks that have room for deck games, gymansium, solarium, an orchestra, and two airplane hangers; too bad, it costs $9M so it is never built. The "world's richest apartment building", 740 Park Ave. in New York City is built just prior to the Great Depression. The Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, a "Disneyland of Americana" is founded in Dearborn, Mich. St. Vitus' Cathedral in Prague, Czech. (begun 1344) is completed. The Children's Chapel in Riverside Church, New York City is completed, with cool stained-glass windows showing a mother with babe in arms, and a daddy in coveralls carrying a lunchpail. Le Corbusier builds the Internat. Style Villa Savoie in Poissy (near Paris), becoming his show model of the "Five Points", incl. ground-level supporting columns, flat roof terrace, free plan with no load-bearing walls, horizontal windows, free facade consisting of thin skin. The Philadelphia Savings Fund Society (PSFS) Bldg. in Penn., designed by Swiss-born William Lescaze (1896-1969) is begun (finished 1932), becoming the first internat. modernist skyscraper. 7.5K-ft. Ambassador Bridge over the Detroit River between Detroit, Mich. and Windsor, Ont. (begun 1927) is completed, having the largest central span on Earth (1,850 ft.), and becoming the busiest internat. border crossing in North Am. Joseph P. Kennedy buys a house in Hyannis Port, Mass., which grows into the world-famous Kennedy compound, and is opened to the public in 2009 after the death of Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy Sr. (b. 1932). Nobel Prizes: Peace: Frank Billings Kellogg (1856-1937) (U.S.) [Kellogg-Briand Pact]; Lit.: Paul Thomas Mann (1875-1955) (Germany); Physics: Prince Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892-1987) (France) [wave theory of matter]; Chem.: Sir Arthur Harden (1865-1940) (U.K.) and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873-1964) (Sweden); Med.: Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930) (Netherlands) and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861-1947) (U.K.) [vitamins]. Inventions: The modern dessert Pavlova, named after Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova is invented in in New Zealand. Cleveland Airport becomes the first to have a control tower. The Corn Dog is patented by German immigrant sausage makers in Tex., along with other deep-fried foods on sticks incl. bananas, cheese, and strawberries; meanwhile the Albert Pick-L. Barth wholesale catalog begins selling a "Krusty Korn Dog Baker". The London Rubber Co. (founded 1915) patents the trademark Durex (Durability, Reliability, Excellence) (not Durable Latex or During Sex), becoming the best-selling condom in the U.K. (until ?). William Dreyer of Oakland, Calif. invents Rocky Road ice cream (chocolate ice cream, nuts and marshmallows), named to reflect the times, and it goes on to become #2 in popularity behind vanilla. Kodak introduces 16mm color movie film. German inventor Rudolf Hell (1901-2002) invents the Hellschriber mechanical image scanning and transmission system. On Dec. 1 the game of Bingo is invented by Am. travelling toy salesman Edwin S. Lowe, developed from the Italian lotto game of Tombola (tumbula) (Australians call it Housie); in a few years a Roman Catholic priest from Penn. begins offering the game to his congregation as a church fundraiser - you can have the Big Bang, we'll take the Big Bucks? The po-boy sandwich is invented by restaurant owners Clovis and Bennie Martin as they hand out free sandwiches to striking New Orleans, La. streetcar workers (poor boys); a baker develops French bread loaves without tapered ends about the same time, making it easier to slice the sandwiches into equal sections. W.A. Morrison of Bell Labs invents the quartz crystal clock. Tootal's of St. Helens, England develops the first crease-resistant cotton fabric. The Trautonium monophonic electronic instrument using a metal plate that slides over resistor wire to create cool sounds is invented by Friedrich Trautwein (1888-1956) of Berlin, Germany. Charles A. Winslow develops the first practical lube oil filter. W.E. Gericke of the U. of Calif. pioneers commercial Hydroponics (Lat. "working with water"), coining the term. Science: In the spring a large cache of jade relics is discovered in Sanxingdui, Sichuan Province, China, causing a search that leads the discovery in 1986 of pits containing the rest of the artifacts incl. the world's largest and best-preserved bronze upright figure (2.6m), all dating to -1200 to -1100, later identified with the Shu Kingdom, founded by Cancong. On Dec. 2 the first skull of Peking (Beijing) Man (Sinanthropus pekinensis) is discovered by Canadian anthropologist Davidson Black (1884-1934) at the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) Cave System 30 mi. from Beijing (discovered in 1921). British physicist R. d'E. Atkinson and German physicist Friedrich Georg "Fritz" Houtermans (1903-66) pub. the theory that solar thermonuclear fusion reactions at 15M-30M C might account for their energy output. Czech-born Am. husband-wife scientists Carl Cori (1896-1984) and Gerty Cori (1896-1957) discover the Cori Cycle, explaining the movement of energy in the body from muscle to liver and back via lactic acid and glucose. Chemists Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893-1986) of the U.S. and Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903-95) of Germany independently isolate the female hormone estrone - I bet that was hard work? German physician Werner Forssmann (1904-79) performs the first human cardiac catherization, on himself, winning him a share of the 1956 Nobel Med. Prize. English biologist J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964) pub. the Primordial Soup Theory of the Origin of Life, claiming that UV radiation converted methane, ammonia, and water into the first organic compounds in the oceans, from whence life somehow arose; in 2010 William Martin et al. reject the theory, with the soundbyte: "Soup has no capacity for producing the energy vital for life", and instead claim that life arose in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the needed energy supplied by hot gases, incl. hydrogen, CO2, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide. German scientist Fritz Lickint pub. the first statistical evidence linking tobacco use to lung cancer; a 1950 article in the Journal of the Am. Medical Assoc. (JAMA) confirms it. Am. astronomers Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) and Milton Lasell Humason (1891-1972) observe large red shifts in the spectra of extragalactic nebulae, and conclude that all galaxies are moving away from each other and that the Universe is expanding, later called Hubble's Law, and present it as hard evidence in support of the Big Bang creation theory, causing Albert Einstein to give up the Cosmological Constant that he introduced in 1917 to his Gen. Relativity Theory (which opposed gravity and kept the Universe stable), declaring it to be the biggest blunder of his career; meanwhile, since the Roman Catholic Church had proposed the Big Bang as evidence of the existence of God, the scientific establishment covers up Catholic priest Georges Lemaitre's work and gives the credit to Hubble, and God becomes a political football? - they put him in a mask lined with spikes and burned him at the stake? Irish crytallographer Kathleen Lonsdale (1903-71) establishes the structure of benzene by X-ray diffraction, followed by hexachlorobenzine by Fourier spectral methods in 1931. Swedish-Am. physicist Harry Nyquist (1889-1976) (pr. NEE-kvist) pub. the Nyquist Theorem, stating that the highest frequency that can be accurately represented by a sampled signal is one-half of the sampling rate, which later proves basic to Digital Audio Processing. The original Star Trek-Worf Hypothesis of intergalactic languages gets off to a slow start? Prussian-born Am. linguist Edward Sapir (1884-1939) (student of Franz Boas) pub. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, that languages constrain the way people think; in 1931 he hooks up with well-fixed linguistic dabbler Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941), and they go on to develop the theory into a form that is slowly accepted by the academic community, boosted by the posth. pub. of Whorf's writings in 1956 - Russians can't say "I have", only "by me is", therefore they naturally go Commie? Brits have the "the/a" game to play with, therefore they naturally build a snooty class society? Americans think of time as something to "spend" or "save", hence they are always in a rush? Tuscaloosa, Ala.-born Robert Jemison Van de Graaff (1901-67) of Princeton U. builds the first electrostatic Van de Graaff Accelerator (Generator), which produces 80K volts; by 1931 he's up to 7M volts, and eventually 30M volts is reached with tandem generators; after WWII he and John George Trump (1907-85) (uncle of real estate magnate Donald Trump) found the High Voltage Engineering Corp. (HVEC), going on to produce one of the first 1M volt X-ray generators. Ernest Glen Wever (1902-91) and his asst. Charles William Bray of Princeton U. make a cat telephone to test how sound is perceived by the auditory nerve, discovering the Wever-Bray Phenomenon and the cochlear microphonic, which reproduce a human voice with high fidelity. Clay tablets with the 32 cuneiform letters of the Ugaritic alphabet are found at Ugarit (Ras Shamra) in N Syria near Latakia by a French excavation headed by archeologist Claude Frederic-Armand Schaeffer (1898-1982), and are later dated to around 1450 B.C.E. and shown to be a consonantal alphabet, then are used to decipher mythological texts throwing light on the religious life of ancient Syria and the Canaanites (ancestors of the Phoenicians), which are tempting to apply to the Bible. The first Mediterranean fruit fly is discovered in Calif. A mutant grapefruit in McAllen, Tex. leads to the Ruby Red strain being developed, after which white "inferior" grapefruit is eliminated and only red grapefruit grown. U.S. ranchers eradicate foot-and-mouth disease from their herds. The peaceful bonobo ape (pygmy chimpanzee) (genus Pan) (found in the remote N bend of the Congo River in Africa) is officially differentiated from the violent chimpanzee. Nonfiction: Roy Chapman Andrews (1884-1960), Ends of the Earth. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), The Genesis of the World War: An Introduction to the Problem of War Guilt. Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), Elisabeth A. Dexter, and Mabel Walker, The Making of a Nation. Clive Bell (1881-1964), Proust. Edwyn Bevan (1870-1943), Thoughts on Indian Discontents. Sir Robert Laird Borden (1854-1937), Canada in the Commonwealth; Rhodes memorial lectures at Oxford U. in 1927. Edwin Garrigues Boring (1886-), A History of Experimental Psychology; founds the subject of the history of psychology - his name gives the subject its rep? Claude Bowers (1878-1958), The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln; Dunning School historian claims that the Repub. Party corrupted the North to foist evil Reconstruction on the South; "If Hilaire Belloc is right in his opinion that 'readable history is melodrama', the true story of the twelve tragic years that followed the death of Lincoln should be entertaining. They were years of revolutionary turmoil, with the elemental passions predominant, and with broken bones and bloody noses among the fighting factionalists... The Constitution was treated as a doormat on which politicians and army officers wiped their feet after wading in the muck. Never has the Supreme Court been treated with such ineffable contempt, and never has that tribunal so often cringed before the clamor of the mob"; "That the Southern people literally were put to the torture is vaguely understood, but even historians have shrunk from the unhappy task of showing us the torture chambers"; attempts to restore the rep of U.S. Pres. Andrew Johnson, "who fought the bravest battle for constitutional liberty and for the preservation of our institutions ever waged by an Executive"; "The story of this Revolution is one of desperate enterprises, by daring and unscrupulous men, some of whom had genius of a high order. In these no Americans can take pride. The evil that they did lives after them. They changed the course of history, and whether for ultimate good or bad is still on the lap of the gods. The story carries lessons that are well worth pondering." Andre Breton (1896-1966), Second Surrealist Manifesto. Robert Byron (1905-41), The Byzantine Achievement; sparks renewed interest about the Byzantine Empire in the West. Herbert Butterfield (1900-79), The Peace Tactics of Napoleon, 1806-1808. Eddie Cantor (1892-1964), Caught Short! A Saga of Wailing Wall Street; how he lost his millions in the crash but if you buy this book his bank account will start to recover? Stuart Chase (1888-1985), Men and Machines. Merle Eugene Curti (1897-1996), The American Peace Crusade, 1815-1860 (first book); based on his Harvard U. dissertation after Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. rejects his first proposal, which turns out to be an early version of "The Growth of American Thought" (1943). Christopher Henry Dawson (1889-1970), Progress and Religion: An Historical Inquiry; Anglican-turned-Roman Catholic claims that religion is the soul of a culture, and that if a society loses its spiritual roots it will die, hence the West needs to return to Christianity. John Dewey (1859-1952), The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action; Experience and Nature. Dr. Herbert Spencer Dickey and Hawthorne Daniel, The Misadventures of a Tropical Medico. Albert Einstein (1879-1955), Unified Field Theory. Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), Une Question Mal Posee (Posée); pioneering work in ethnology. Herbert Feigl (1902-88), Theory and Experience in Physics (first book). John Frederick Charles Fuller (1878-1966), The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant. J.L. Garvin and Franklin Henry Hooper (eds.), Encyclopaedia Britannica (14th ed.) (Sept.) (23 vols.); financed by Julius Rosenwald (1862-1932) of Sears, Roebuck and Co., watered down for the U.S. mass market, which promptly goes bust after the Stock Market Crash, after which Gen. Robert Elkington Wood (1879-1969) takes over and installs Elkan Harrison Powell (1888-1966) as new pres., who institutes the policy of continuous revision. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Good-Bye to All That (autobio.); his horrible experiences in WWI trench warfare; dedicated to his Am. poet babe Laura Riding (1901-91), who attempts suicide this year to get him to leave his first wife Nancy Nicholson and move with her to Deia, Majorca (until 1936); the book makes him a celeb, although it alienates former friend Siegfried Sassoon; too bad, he guts it for a 1957 revised ed.; "An opportunity for a formal good-bye to you and to you and to you and to me and to all that". Henryk Grossman (1881-1950), The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System; an attempt to rescue Marxism; a few mo. after its pub. the 1929 Stock Market Crash makes him dance in da streets? Hans Friedrich Karl Gunther (1891-1968), Short Ethnology of the German People; a bestseller in Germany, about how "non-European" Jews are the "fermenters of disintegration" of Nordic culture, making him the leading ideologist of Nazi racial doctrine AKA the Race Pope. Elie Halevy (1870-1937), The Era of Tyrannies: Essays on Socialism and War; how the world changed in Aug. 1914 to nationalize not only all means of production, distribution, and exchange, but ideas, and how even during times of peace it continues a wartime org. out of hatred of war. William S. Hart (1872-1946), My Life East and West (autobio.). Gerald Heard (1889-1971), The Ascent of Humanity. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), What is Philosophy? Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (1841-1935), The Dissenting Opinions of Mr. Justice Holmes. Harold Hotelling (1895-1973), Stability in Competition; proposes Hotelling's Law, that in many markets it is rational for producers to make their products as similar as possible. Marquis James (1891-1955), The Raven: A Biography of Sam Houston (Pulitzer Prize). Sir James Jeans (1877-1946), The Universe Around Us. David Starr Jordan (1861-1964), The Trend of the American University. George Lyman Kittredge (1860-1941), Witchcraft in Old and New England. Louis Kronenberger (1904-80), The Grand Manner. Joseph Wood Krutch (1893-1970), The Modern Temper. Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930), Colour and Colour Theories; theories of color vision. John Landesco (1890-1954), Organized Crime in Chicago; the first use of the term "organized crime"? Walter Lippmann (1889-1974), A Preface to Morals. Robert Harry Lowie (1883-1957), Are We Civilized? Emil Ludwig (1881-1948), Roosevelt: A Study in Fortune and Power; July 1914; "This book demonstrates the peaceable intentions of the masses of all nations in July 1914. May it contribute to strengthen the idea of a Court of Arbitration, which is no Utopia, but a growing reality - not a permanently insoluble problem, but the inevitable outcome of recent experience. There is only this alternative: either to do it now, or to wait for another war." Robert Straughton Lynd (1892-1970) and Helen Merrel Lynd (1896-1982), Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture; an anthropological study of Muncie, Ind. (pop. 30K), becoming the first community examined by U.S. sociologists; finds that an annual income of $1,920 is required to maintain a family of five, and that half of the households in the town don't make that much; none of the working class wives spend less than four hours a day doing housework, and most spend seven or more; 55 of 124 working class wives work for wages; the sequel is "Middletown in Transition" (1937). Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942), The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia; more on the Trobrianders. William McDougall (1871-1938), Materialism and Emergent Evolution; backs Lamarckianism. Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), A Critique of Interventionism. Kiki de Montparnasse (1901-53), Kiki's Memoirs; introduction by Ernest Hemingway and Tsuguhara Foujita; banned in the U.S until the 1980s. Henry Morgenthau (1856-1946), I Was Sent to Athens. Sylvan Muldoon (1903-69) and Hereward Carrington (1880-1958), The Projection of the Astral Body; pioneers astral projection research. Gilbert Murray (1866-1957), The Ordeal of This Generation. Aaron Nimzovich (1886-1935), Chess Praxis. Charles Bernard Nordhoff (1887-1947) and James Norman Hall (1887-1951), Falcons of France; the famous Lafayette Escadrille during WWI. Jose Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955), La Rebelion de las Masas (The Revolt of the Masses); makes him an internat. star; how mass-minded (mediocre) men lead society toward totalitarianism if not told what to think by the intellectual elite, viz. him? T.P. O'Connor (1848-1929), Memoirs of an Old Parliamentarian. Charles Petrie (1895-1977), The History of Government. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (1877-1934), Life and Labor in the Old South; details the history of large Southern plantations and showed how they reached their geographical limits about 1860, but although they produced great wealth they were an economic dead end, allowing the North to pass the South by in the Industrial Rev., and would probably have faded away like in Brazil without a civil war, which he considers a waste; too bad, the slave system gives whites social status and political power, which they wouldn't surrender, and slavery had a dual role as "an economic cancer but a vital mode of racial control". Llewelyn Powys (1884-1939), The Cradle of God. Erich Przywara (1889-1973), Kierkegaard's Secret. Otto Rank (1884-1939), Truth and Reality; Will Therapy (1929-31); "The emotional life develops from the sexual sphere, therefore his sexualization in reality means emotionalization"; the nasty Rank-Freud feud keeps psychologists from developing a theory of emotional intelligence until the end of the 20th cent.? Maria Rasputin (1898-1977), The Real Rasputin; about her father, sugar-coating him. Robert LeRoy Ripley (1890-1949), Believe it or Not! (1st ed.); every fact is checked by Austrian-born Norbert Pearlroth (1893-1983), who speaks 11 languages and is never paid royalties - you to the power of what? James Harvey Robinson (1863-1936), Civilization. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Marriage and Morals - he's a dud at both? Hermann Scherchen, Handbook of Conducting. F.C.S. Schiller (1864-1937), Logic for Use. Wlliam Buehler Seabrook, The Magic Island; voodoo and satanism in Haiti. Gen. Hans von Seeckt, A Soldier's Thoughts - an oxymoron? Nathan Soderblom (1866-1931), The Church and Peace. Marie Stopes (1880-1958), Radiant Motherhood; calls for compulsory sterilization of "those totally unfit for parenthood". Fred Manville Taylor (1855-1932), The Guidance of Production in a Socialist State; promotes Market Socialism, which he claims can perform as better than a private enterprise economy if the state sets prices equal to marginal cost and uses a trial-and-error approach to clear markets. James Thurber (1894-1961) and E.B. White (1899-1985), Is Sex Necessary? Alexei N. Tolstoi, Peter the Great (3 vols.) (1929-45). Jean Wahl (1888-1974), Le Malheur de la conscience dans la philosophie de Hegel; first to introduce Hegelian thought in France. H.G. Wells (1866-1946), Julian Huxley (1887-1975), and G.P. Wells, The Science of Life. Walter Francis White (1893-1955), Rope and Faggot; fights the lynching of blacks in the U.S. South. Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947), The Function of Reason; Process and Reality; process and growth are the fundamental ideas leading us to understand the world?; "We diverge from Descartes by holding that what he has described as primary attributes of physical bodies, are really the forms of internal relationships between actual occasions. Such a change of thought is the shift from materialism to Organic Realism, as a basic idea of physical science"; "The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato." Clark Wissler, Social Anthropology. Robert Sessions Woodworth (1869-1962), Psychology: A Study of Mental Life; becomes a std. undergrad textbook; the 2nd ed. (1929) introduces the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) functionalist approach, which differs from the Stimuls-Response (S-R) behaviorist approach by claiming that a stimulus elicits a different response depending on the state of the organism. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), A Room of One's Own (essay) (Oct. 24); based on lectures delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, Cambridge U. in Oct. 1928; pleas for women's economic and intellectual independence in a patriarchal society; "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction"; "Give her a room of her own and five hundred a year, let her speak her mind and leave out half that she now puts in, and she will write a better book one of these days"; "Women have burnt like beacons in all the works of all the poets from the beginning of time. Indeed if woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance; very various; heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; beautiful and hideous in the extreme; as great as a man, some would say greater. But this is woman in fiction. In fact, as Professor Trevelyan points out, she was locked up, beaten and flung about the room. A very queer, composite being thus emerges. Imaginatively she is of the highest importance; practically she is completely insignificant. She pervades poetry from cover to cover; she is all but absent from history. She dominates the lives of kings and conquerors in fiction; in fact she was the slave of any boy whose parents forced a ring upon her finger. Some of the most inspired words and profound thoughts in literature fall from her lips; in real life she could hardly read; scarcely spell; and was the property of her husband"; "Then may I tell you that the very next words I read were these - 'Chloe liked Olivia...' Do not start. Do not blush. Let us admit in the privacy of our own society that these things sometimes happen. Sometimes women do like women"; narrated by the Four Marys, incl. Mary Beaton, Mary Seton, Mary Carmichael, and Mary Hamilton; the heroine Judith Shakespeare; disses dead English gay don Oscar Browning (1837-1923), claiming that he "was wont to declare 'that the impression left on his mind, after looking over any set of examination papers, was that... the best woman was intellectually the inferior of the worst man'"; after describing his thang for hot young men, she theorizes that "because Mr. Oscar Browning was a great figure in Cambridge at one time" his negative opinion of the intelligence of women would rub off on the fathers of the day and his words would be cited by them to dissuade their daughters from pursuing higher education. Paramhansa Yogananda (1893-1952), Whispers from Eternity; foreword by Amelita Galli-Curci. Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), Joseph Fouche. Art: Ivan Albright (1897-1983), There Were No Flowers Tonight (Midnight); Into the World There Came a Soul Called Ida (1929-30). Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Love Idyll. Le Corbusier (1887-1965), The City of Tomorrow. Salvador Dali (1904-89), accommodations of Desire; The Lugubrious Game. Jacob Epstein (1880-1959), Night and Day (sculpture) (London Transport Bldg.). Max Ernst (1891-1976), Snow Flowers. Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956), Sailing Boats (cubist). Arshile Gorky (1904-48), Portrait of Master Bill (1929-36). Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Chop Suey. Paul Klee (1879-1940), Fool in a Trance. Eli Lotar, Abbatoir (Slaughterhouse); grisly photos of a slaughterhouse. Sir Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972), Gallipoli Memories. Piet Mondriaan (1872-1944), Composition in Yellow and Blue. Paul Nash (1889-1946), March. Isamu Noguchi (1904-88), Bust of Martha Graham (bronze sculpture). Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986), Black Cross, New Mexico; Black Flower and Blue Larkspur; Yellow Cactus Flower; New York, Night (1928-9). Francis Picabia (1879-1953), Hera; Transparence. Stanley Spencer (1891-1959), Country Girl. Lorado Taft (1860-1936), Lincoln the Lawyer (sculpture). Claude Halstead Van Tyne (1869-1930)), The War of Independence (Pulitzer Prize). Victor Vasarely (1906-97), Blue Study and Green Study. Grant Wood (1891-1942), Woman with Plants; his mother. Music: George Antheil (1900-59), Transatlantic (opera). Billy Bartholomew, Huggable Kissable You. Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953), Symphony No. 3, P.297. Ralph Benatzky (1884-1957), The Three Musketeers (opera). Ben Bernie and Fats Waller (1904-43), I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling. Fanny Brice (1891-1951), I'd Rather Be Blue Over You. Louise Brooks and Sophie Tucker, Moanin' Low. Hoagy Carmichael (1899-1981), Stardust. The Carter Family, Motherless Children. Aaron Copland (1900-90), Symphonic Ode. Bing Crosby (1903-77) and Tamara Lempicka, Gay Love. Charles Dornberger Orchestra, Campus Capers. Fred Elizalde (1907-79) and His Cambridge Undergraduates, Crazy Rhythm; Singapore Sorrows, Ruth Etting (1896-1978), Button Up Your Overcoat; Get Happy; from the "Nine-Fifteen Review"; Ain't Misbehavin'. George Gershwin (1898-1937), Show Girl. Eugene Goossens (1893-1962), Judith (opera) (London). Annette Hanshaw (1901-85), I Wanna Be Loved By You; Daddy Won't You Please Come Home. Ray Henderson (1896-1970), Button Up Your Overcoat; You Are My Lucky Star; I"m a Dreamer, Aren't We All; Keep Your Sunny Side Up. Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Neues vom Tage (opera) (Berlin). George Jessel (1898-1981), My Mother's Eyes. Isham Jones (1894-1956), Song of the Blues; Not a Cloud in the Sky. Ernst Krenek (1900-91), Diary of a Journey Through the Austrian Alps, Op. 62. Constant Lambert (1905-51), Rio Grande. Franz Lahar (1870-1948), The Land of Smiles (operetta) (Berlin). Nick Lucas, Painting the Clouds with Sunshine, Tiptoe Through the Tulips; both from "Gold Diggers of Broadway"; Lady Luck. Joseph Marx (1882-1964), Nordland Rhapsodie (Nordic Rhapsody); Castelli Romani in E flat major (1929-30). Miff Mole (1898-1961) and His Little Molers, After You've Gone. Bennie Moten's Kansas City Orchestra, Moten's Blues; Rumba Negro. Walter Piston (1894-1976), Suite No. 1. Cole Porter (1891-1964) and Herbert Fields (1897-1958), Fifty Million Frenchmen (musical comedy) (Lyric Theatre, New York) (Nov. 27) (254 perf.); dir. by Monty Woolley; scenic design by Norman Bel Geddes; stars William Gaxton as Peter Forbes, Genevieve Tobin as Looloo Carroll, Betty Compton as Joyce Wheeler, and Lester Crawford as Billy Baxter; filmed in 1931; title taken from the 1927 song "Fifty Million Frenchmen Can't Be Wrong" by Willie Raskin, Billy Rose, and Fred Fisher. B.A. Rolfe Orchestra, Singin' in the Rain. Dane Rudhyar (1895-1985), Granites. Ben Selvin Orchestra, Am I Blue? Nathaniel Shilkret (1895-1982), The Lonesome Road; sung by Stepin Fetchit (dubbed by Jules Bledsoe) in the final scene of the 1929 film "Show Boat". Bessie Smith (1894-1937), Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out (by Jimmy Cox) (#15 in the U.S.) (last hit); about the 1929 Stock Market Crash. Harry Sullivan and Harry Ruskin, I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful); becomes the theme song of the Apollo Theater in Harlem, N.Y. Fats Waller (1904-43), Ain't Misbehavin'; his first big hit; lyrics by Andy Razaf (1895-1973), a descendant of Queen Ranavalona III of Madagascar. William Turner Walton (1902-83), Viola Concerto; makes him a star. Stefan Wolpe (1902-72), Anna Blume (opera). Zydeco Skillet Lickers, It Ain't Gonna Rain No Mo; first use of the term Zydeco, derived from the French phrase "Les haricots ne sont pas sales" (The snap beans aren't salty). Movies: Rouben Mamoulian's Applause (B&W) (Oct. 7), based on a novel by Beth Brown and starring Helen Morgan is a talkie that becomes a landmark for innovative use of camera movement and sound, launching the career of Armenian-Am. dir. Rouben Mamoulian (1897-1987). Ewald Andre Dupont's Atlantic (Titanic) (B&W) (Oct. 4), written by Victor Kendall based on a play by Ernest Raymond stars Franklin Dyall and Madeleine Carroll, and features innovative use of sound. Robert Florey's The Battle of Paris (Nov. 30), starring Gertrude Lawrence is the first film with a song by Cole Porter (two actually). Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail ("A Romance of Scotland Yard") (June 30) (British Internat. Pictures) stars Anny Ondra as Alice White, who kills her rapist with a bread knife, after which her beau Frank Webber (John Longden), a Scotland Yard dick tries to protect her, while a rascal who saw the murder steals the bread knife and tries to blackmail her; Cyril Richard plays artist Mr. Crewe; Britain's the first successful British/Euro talkie after being filmed silent and reworked; made at the new British and Dominions Imperial Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, the first purpose-built sound studio in Europe, which goes on to produce "The Private Life of Henry VIII" (1933) and "Lancashire Luck" (1937) before burning down on Feb. 9, 1936, causing "London Melody" (1937) to be completed at Pinewood Studios. Charles Brabin's The Bridge of San Luis Rey (Mar. 30), based on the 1927 Thornton Wilder novel stars Lili Damita as Camila, Ernest Torrence as Uncle Pio, and Raquel Torres as Pepita. Harry Beaumont's Broadway Melody of 1929 (Feb. 1) (MGM) (first MGM musical) (first all-talking musical in Hollywood), based on a story by Edmund Goulding stars Anita Page and Bessie Love as Queenie and Harriet Mahoney, who come to Broadway and meet Eddie Kerns (Charles King), who gets them into one of Francis Zanfield's shows and vies for Harriet's affections with upper-class Jock Warriner (Kenneth Thomson); features a Technicolor sequence; does $3M box office; the first talkie to win a best picture Academy Award. F. Richard Jones' Bulldog Drummond (May 2), based on the novels by Herman C. McNeile stars Ronald Colman in his first talkie role. Luis Bunuel's Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog) (his debut) features a screenplay written by Spanish surrealist Salvador Dali (1904-89), shocking audiences with a surrealistic image of a woman's eyeball being sliced by a razor; "A call to murder" (Bunuel) - how many years to the first face transplant? Robert Florey's and Joseph Santley's The Cocoanuts (Aug. 3) is the film debut of the Marx Brothers (Groucho, Chico, Harpo, Zeppo), with Groucho playing Mr. Hammer, mgr. of Hotel de Cocoanut in Fla. during the 1920s Fla. Land Boom. Sam Taylor's Coquette (Apr. 12) (United Artists), the first talkie starring Mary Pickford, co-starring Johnny Mack Brown, John St. Polis, and Matt Moore, which shocks her audience when she appears with her famous curls turned into a bob after she cut her hair for her mother's 1928 death, making front page news; after it does $1.4M box office, she garners a best actress Oscar, but the public never really accepts the girl without the curls, and she retires from acting in 1933. Anthony Asquith's B&W A Cottage on (Escape from) Dartmoor (Oct.) (British Instructional Films) is a silent film starring Norah Baring as Sally, and Uno Henning as Joe, becoming the last of the first four silent films by London-born dir. Anthony Asquith (1902-68), son of Liberal British PM (1908-16) Herbert Henry Asquith (1852-1928), establishing his rep. for meticulous, emotionally-moving frame composition. G.W. Pabst's Diary of a Lost Girl (Tagebuch einer Verlorenen) (silent) (Oct. 15) stars Louise Brooks as Thymiane Henning, daughter of pharmacist Josef Rovensky, who bears his asst. Meinert (Fritz Rasp) an illegitimate child, and is sent to a strict girl's reform school, escapes, ending up with friend Erika (Edith Meinhard) working at a brothel; shocks sexual and social mores; also features German actress Sybille Schmitz (1909-56), who stays popular through WWII, after which working during the Nazi era backfires and causes her career to tank, ending in a sleeping pill suicide. Alfred E. Green's Disraeli (Nov. 1) (Warner Bros.), a talkie based on the 1911 play by Louis N. Parker stars London, England-born George Arliss (George Augustus Andrews) (1868-1946), "first Gentleman of the Screen" as British PM Benjamin Disraeli, who tries to start WWI, er, buy the Suez Canal in 1874 from the khedive of Egypt; George Arliss becomes the first actor to win an Oscar for playing a real person, after which he testifies in court that he's the world's greatest living actor. Frank Lloyd's The Divine Lady (Mar. 31) (First Nat. Pictures) is a non-talkie sound film about the love affair of British Adm. Horatio Nelson (Victor Varconi) and Lady Emma Hamilton/Hart (Corinne Griffith); features the theme song Lady Divine by Richard Kountz and Nathaniel "Nat" Shilkret. Robert Milton's The Dummy (Mar. 9) stars Ruth Chatterton, and is the credited film debut of Fredric March (Ernst Frederick McIntyre Bickel) (1897-1975), ?'s Fraulein Else stars Adele Sandrock. Sergei Eisenstein's The General Line (The Old and the New) (his last silent film) glamorizes the Soviet cooperative farm system; too bad, agriculture champion Leon Trotsky falls from grace before finishing the film, causing it to be re-edited and retitled - compare, bundle and save, that's our spirit of service? Roy Del Ruth's Gold Diggers of Broadway (Aug. 30), based on the 1919 Avery Hopwood play, the 2nd talkie (filmed in Technicolor) is a giant hit ($3.5 U.S., $5M worldwide) (top grossing film until 1939), making a star of crooner guitarist Nick Lucas (1897-1982). Alfred J. Goulding's Grass Skirts (Dec. 22) stars Lloyd Hamilton and Ruth Hiatt, and is the film debut of Beatrice Blinn. Lionel Barrymore's His Glorious Night (Sept. 28) is John Gilbert's first talkie; too bad, his high-pitched voice makes audiences giggle, causing critics to label it a shriekie, dooming his $10K-a-week MGM career, although it later turns out to be a technical glitch (not his real voice) (done deliberately on orders of Louis B. Mayer to get rid of him?); his overdone lovemaking with Catherine Dale Owen also draws laughs, later getting parodied in "Singing' in the Rain" (1953) in the fake movie "The Dueling Cavalier"; too bad, after breaking up with Greta Garbo and marrying Broadway actress Ina Claire, he is returning by ship in the Atlantic when Black Tuesday hits, wiping him out, and he becomes an alcoholic, drinking himself to death in 1936. King Vidor's Hallelujah! (MGM), starring Daniel L. Haynes and newbie Nina Mae McKinney is the first all-black feature film and Vidor's first talkie; too bad, its sympathetic treatment of Am. blacks has no takers and no successor. Paul Leni's The Last Warning (Jan. 6) (Universal Pictures) is a companion film to "The Cat and the Canary" (1927) based on the 1922 play by Thomas F. Fallon based on the story "The House of Fear" by Wadsworth camp, father of Madeleine L'Engle, about a producer's attempt to stage a play five years after the original cast members were murdered in a theater that is now haunted; stars Laura La Plante as Doris Terry, Montagu Love as Arthur McHugh, Roy D'Arcy as Harvey Carleton, and Margaret Livingston as Evalynda; Leni's last film before his blood poisoning death in Los Angeles, Calif. on Sept. 2, 1929. Ernst Lubitsch's The Love Parade (Nov. 19), Lubitsch's first talkie is a musical starring French sensation Maurice Chevalier (1888-1972) and Am. soprano Jeanette MacDonald (1903-65) as Queen Louise and Count Alfred of Sylvania, becoming a big hit and giving his dir. career new life, and launching MacDonald's career, who goes on to introduce opera to Am. audiences. The Night Belongs to Us (Die Nacht Gehort Uns), the first German talkie stars up-and-coming Hans Albers. Alan Crosland's On With the Show (July 13) is the first all-color all-talking musical comedy, launching the career of Joe Evans Brown (1892-1973). G.W. Pabst's Pandora's Box (Die Buechse Der Pandora) (silent), based on two plays by Frank Wedekind stars Louise Brooks as Lulu on a downward slide into the arms of Jack the Ripper; contains the first screen portrayal of a lesbian. Edward H. Griffith's Paris Bound, based on the 1927 Philip Barry play stars Fredric March as Jim Hutton, and is the film debut of blonde actress Ann Harding (1902-81) as Mary Hutton, who gets signed by RKO as the answer to MGM superstar Norma Shearer. Ewald Andre Dupont's Piccadilly (silent) (June 1), written by Enoch Arnold Bennett stars Anna May Wong, Gilda Gray, and Jameson Thomas. Erich von Stroheim's Queen Kelly stars Gloria Swanson as convent student Kitty Kallen, who throws her underwear at horndog Prince Wolfram (Walter Byron), causing him to kidnap her, after which his betrothed Queen Regina V (Seena Owen) has him thrown in prison, after which Kelly moves to German East Africa to live with her aunt, and marries repulsive Jan, leaving him to run her aunt's brothel; too bad, Swanson and financier Joseph P. Kennedy fire Stroheim for cost overruns and too much sex, and an alternate ending is filmed showing Kelly dying in despair, after which Wolfram visits her corpse in the chapel; the film is only released in Europe and South Am.; an extract appears in "Sunset Boulevard" (1950); it is shown on U.S. TV in the 1960s. Basil Dean's The Return of Sherlock Holmes stars Clive Brook as the first talking Sherlock. Luther Reed's Rio Rita (Sept. 15) is an RKO musical comedy based on the 1927 Florenz Ziegfeld musical, starring Bebe Daniels (1901-71) and John Boles (1895-1969), along with the comedy team of Bert Wheeler (1895-1968) and Robert Woolsey (1888-1938); the last part is filmed in Technicolor; a big success, they all become stars, and Dorothy Lee (Marjorie Elizabeth Millsap) (1911-99) later co-stars with Wheeler and Woolsey, who become the biggest stars for RKO, and the biggest Hollywood team until Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Frank Tuttle's The Studio Murder Mystery (June 1), based on a novel by A. Channing Edington stars Fredric March as playboy actor Richard Hardell, who is murdered at a movie studio, leaving his jealous wife Blanche, played by his real wife (1927-75) Florence Eldridge (1901-88), who goes on to appear with him in several films through 1960's "Inherit the Wind". Sam Taylor's The Taming of the Shrew (Oct. 26), based on the Shakespeare play stars Mary Pickford as Katherine, and her hubby Douglas Fairbanks Sr. as Petruchio; the credit line "By William Shakespeare. Additional dialogue by Sam Taylor" is a keeper. Josef von Sternberg's Thunderbolt (July 20) stars George Bancroft as a death row inmate who wants to kill the man Richard Arlen in the next cell for being in love with his girlfriend Fay Wray. Bayard Veiller's The Trial of Mary Dugan (June 8) is the talkie film debut of Norma Shearer (1902-83), wife of MGM head (1925-36) Irving Thalberg (1899-1936), who goes on to several Oscar-nominated roles despite her cross-eyed stare. Marshall Neilan's The Vagabond Lover stars Rudy (Hubert Prior) Vallee, who croons the song I'm Just a Vagabond Lover through his megaphone when not playing his sax, causing the name to stick; " And I know that someday I'll discover the girl of my vagabond dreams". Victor Fleming's B&W The Virginian (Nov. 9) (Paramount Pictures), a sound remake of the 1923 silent film stars Gary Cooper as the Virginian, and Walter Huston as Trampas; first talkie for Fleming and Cooper; filmed mostly outdoors using blimped (soundproofed) cameras; features the song "Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie", sung by Richard Arlen; Cooper's favorite film; "If you wanna call me that, smile" (Cooper); score composed by Karl Hajos, with mainly natural background sounds not always synchronized to the action. Harry Joe Brown's The Wagon Master (Sept. 8) stars Ken Maynard as Bill Hollister, the silver screen's first singing cowboy (2nd is John Wayne in 1933). Fritz Lang's Woman in the Moon (Frau im Mond) (Oct. 15) (silent), based on the 1928 novel by Thea von Harbou shows astronauts using a dowsing rod to search for water on the Moon; features the first use of the Rocket Countdown Sequence ("10-5-4-3-2-1-Now!"), and a neat Moon landing - the grandfather of Star Trek? Plays: Marcel Achard (1899-1974), Jean de la Lune (John the Dramer); The Beautiful Lady of the Canals (Bargewoman) (La Belle Mariniere). Philip Barry (1896-1949), Holiday. Samuel Nathaniel Behrman (1893-1973), Meteor. Henry Bernstein (1876-1953), Melo (Mélo). Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) and Kurt Weill (1900-50), Happy End (musical) (Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, Berlin) (Sept. 2) (7 perf.) - duh? Padraic Colum (1881-1972), The Strindbergian Balloon. Noel Coward (1899-1973), Bitter Sweet (operetta) (Palace Theatre, Manchester) (July 2) (His Majesty's Theatre, London) (July 18) (697 perf.) (New York) (Nov. 5) (Ziegfeld Theatre, New York) (Nov. 5) (Shubert Theatre, New York) (Feb. 17, 1930) (159 perf.); produced by Sir Charles Blake "C.B." Cochran (1872-1951), who backs a string of Coward plays; young Sarah "Sari" Millick, Marchioness of Shayne (Peggy Wood) elopes with her music teacher Carl Linden (George Metaxa, after Hans Unterfucker is turned down because of his name) from London to Vienna in 1875; features the songs I'll See You Again, If Love Were All; filmed in 1933 by Herbert Wilcox starring Anna Neagle and Fernand Gravet, and in 1940 by W.S. Van Dyke (MGM) starring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy. Fernand Crommelynck (1886-1970), Carine, ou La Jeune Fille Folle de Son Ame. Rachel Crothers (1878-1958), Let Us Be Gay - back when that didn't mean you know what? Ashley Dukes (1885-1959), Jew Suss (London) (Sept.) (New York) (Jan. 1930); based on the Lion Feuchtwanger novel; makes a star of Peggy Ashcroft (1907-91) as Naomi. William Closson Emory, Glory. St. John Greer Ervine (1883-1971), The First Mrs. Fraser. Arthur Davison Ficke (1883-1945), Mountain Against Mountain. David Freedman (1898-1936), Mendel, Inc.; a Jewish family living in the Lower East Side. Robert Frost (1874-1963), A Way Out. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962), Chronicles of Hell; Pantagleize. Jean Giraudoux (1882-1944), Amphitryon 38. Patrick Hamilton (1904-62), Rope (Strand Theatre, London) (Mar. 3); based on the Leopold and Loeb murder case; univ. students Wyndham Brandon and Charles "Granno" Granillo murder fellow student Ronald Kently to prove their intellectual superiority, and his his body in a chest, then invite friends and family to a party where the chest is used as a buffet. filmed in 1948 by Alfred Hitchcock. Sidney Coe Howard (1891-1939), Half-Gods. Eric Linklater (1899-1974), The Devil's in the News (debut). Frederick Lonsdale (1881-1954), Canaries Sometimes Sing (comedy). A.A. Milne (1882-1956), Michael and Mary; Toad of Toad Hall. Charles Gilman Norris (1881-1945), A Gest of Robin Hood. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953), Dynamo. Charles Fulton Oursler (1893-1952), All the King's Men. Marcel Pagnol (1895-1974), Marius (500 perf.); stars Pierre Fresnay. Elmer Rice (1892-1967), Street Scene (Jan. 10) (Playhouse Theatre, New York) (Pulitzer Prize); life in the slums. Antoine de Saint-Exupery, Courrier Sud. Armand Salacrou (1899-1989), Atlas-Hotel, Les Frenetiques. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), The Apple Cart (London). Arthur Schwartz (1900-84) and Howard Dietz (1896-1983), The Little Show (Music Box Theatre, New York) (321 perf.); a Broadway revue starring Clifton Webb, Fred Allen, and Jewish bi babe Libby Holman (1904-71), who becomes a hit with the blues song Moanin' Low. Robert Emmet Sherwood (1896-1955), Waterloo Bridge. Maurine Dallas Watkins (1896-1969), So Help Me God. Poetry: Richard Aldington (1892-1962), The Eaten Heart. Louis Aragon (1897-1982), La Grande Gaite. Joseph Auslander (1897-1965) and Frank Ernest Hill, The Winged Horse Anthology. Stephen Vincent Benet (1898-1943), The Barefoot Saint. Macknight Black (1931-), Machinery; incl. "Wheel of a Corliss Engine". Louise Bogan (1897-1970), Dark Summer. Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), Cuaderno San Martin. Robert Seymour Bridges (1844-1930), The Testament of Beauty; "'Twas at that hour of beauty when the setting sun/ squandereth his cloudy bed with rosy hues". Rene Char (1907-88), Arsenal. Countee Cullen (1903-46), The Black Christ and Other Poems. Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-72), Transitional Poem. William Closson Emory, be still. Kenneth Fearing (1902-61), Angel Arms (debut). Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), Poems 1929. Hermann Hesse (1877-1962), Trost der Nacht. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), Arabia Infelix. Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), Dear Judas and Other Poems. Robert Underwood Johnson (1853-1937), The Pact of Honor and Other Poems. Aline Murray Kilmer, A Buttonwood Summer. Vachel Lindsay (1879-1931), Every Soul is a Circus. Louis MacNeice (1907-63), Blind Fireworks (debut). Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950), The Fate of the Jury: An Epilogue to Domesday Book. Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977), The Return of Chorb. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), A Cedar Box; "I go forward to queen's three,/ And in to break the bishop's might;/ The master plays it skillfully./ The game is over, then?/ Not quite. The adversary moves, and I Avoid .../ I hope the master knows/ How near he came to losing me./ Once more against the wooden foes In angles and in oblique ways -/ Though I grow weary of the blows Of pawns, and disappointing shocks./ And wonder sometimes what the game/ Is for, and who it is that plays/ So grimly, since the end's the same -/ A closed and quiet cedar box." Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935), Cavender's House; Modred; Collected Poems. Solomon Solis-Cohen (1857-1948), When Love Passed By and Other Verses. Julian Tuwim (1894-1953), The Common Man (Oct. 7); pisses-off the Polish Catholic right-wingers for its Jewish pacifism; "Don't spill your blood for bucks or oil/ Break, burn your rifle, shout 'No Deal!'/ Let the rich scoundrels, kings and bankers/ Send their own children to die!/ May your loud voice be amplified/ By the roar of other common men/ The battle-weary of all nations:/ We won't be conned into war again!" A Czarnolas Thing. Elinor Wylie (1885-1928), Angels and Earthly Creatures (posth.). Novels: Richard Aldington (1892-1962), Death of a Hero (first novel); English artist George Winterbourne joins the army in WWI, is changed, and commits suicide by enemy machine gun; he is forced by the British govt. to pub. it in censored form. Margery Allingham (1904-66), The Crime at Black Dudley introduces Albert Campion, an upper-class detective with connections with the govt. and the criminal world, whose asst. is ex-burglar servant Lugg; becomes a hit and spawns a series of 17 more novels. Sherwood Anderson (1874-1961), Alice and the Lost Novel (semi-autobio.). Michael Arlen (1895-1956), Lily Christine. Francisco Ayala (1906-2009), The Boxer and an Angel (El Boxeador y un Angel). Hermann Bahr (1863-1934), Osterreich in Ewigkeit. Vicki Baum (1888-1960), Grand Hotel (Menschen im Hotel); bestseller about a sex-drenched weekend at a posh hotel; filmed in 1932 by Edmund Goulding starring Greta Garbo; Baum emigrates to the U.S. in 1932. Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (1894-1977), Carr. Earl Derr Biggers (1884-1933), The Black Camel; Charlie Chan #4. Phyllis Bottome (1884-1963), Windlestraws. Charles Brackett (1892-1969), American Colony. Max Brand (1892-1944), Destry Rides Again; big hit, even though the author knows little about the real Am. Old West and becomes single-handedly responsible for souping it up until Larry McMurtry and his "Lonesome Dove". W.R. Burnett (1899-1982), Little Caesar; about Chicago mobster Rico Bandetti; filmed in 1939 starring Edward G. Robinson; "Rico was standing in front of the mirror, combing his hair with a little ivory pocket comb. Rico was vain of his hair. It was black and lustrous, combed straight back from his low forehead and arranged in three symmetrical waves. Rico was a simple man. He loved but three things: himself, his hair and his gun. He took excellent care of all three." Erskine Caldwell (1903-87), The Bastard. Vera Caspary (1899-1987), The White Girl. Blaise Cendrars (1887-1961), Antarctic Fugue (Le Plan de l'Aiguille). Agatha Christie (1890-1976), The Seven Dials Mystery (Jan. 24); Lady Eileen Brent, Lord Caterham, Bill Eversleigh, George Lomax, and Supt. Battle; Partners in Crimes (short stories) (Sept. 16); Tommy and Tuppence Beresford #2. Jean Cocteau (1889-1963), The Enfants Terribles (Les Enfants Terribles); about siblings Elisabeth and Paul, who isolate themselves from the world as they grow up in The Room where they play The Game (the one with the last word wins), until the stresses of adolescence and love affairs shatter their isolation; English trans pub. in 1930; filmed in 1950. Ivy Compton-Burnett (1884-1969), Brothers and Sisters. James Gould Cozzens (1903-78), The Son of Perdition. Rene Crevel (1900-35), Etes-Vous Fous? Aleister Crowley (1875-1947), Moonchild. Edward Dahlberg (1900-77), Bottom Dogs (first novel); intro. by D.H. Lawrence. S.S. Van Dine (1888-1939), The Bishop Murder Case. Alfred Doblin, Berlin Alexanderplatz. Lloyd C. Douglas (1877-1951), Magnificent Obsession. Norman Douglas (1868-1952), Nerinda; One Day. Jaroslav Durych (1886-1962), Bloudeni (The Descent of the Idol); set during the Thirty Years' War (1618-48). Walter D. Edmonds (1903-98), Rome Haul (first novel); a love story on the Erie Canal; filmed in 1935. Oliver La Farge (1901-63), Laughing Boy (Pulitzer Prize); filmed in 1934. Wiliam Faulkner (1897-1962), Sartoris; Col. John Sartoris, based on his great-grandfather William Clark Falkner (1825-89); The Sound and the Fury (Oct. 7) (U. of Okla. Press); the Compson family of Jefferson, Mo. and its slow decline as seen through the eyes of retarded Benjamin "Benjy" Compson; first in the Yoknapatawpha County series. Edna Ferber (1885-1968), Cimarron; bestseller about Wichita, Kan. newspaperman Yancy and his wife Sabra Cravat, who head to Okla. during the 1893 Okla. Land Rush and print the Okla. Wigwam until he deserts her; filmed in 1931 and 1960. Pamela Frankau (1908-67), The Black Minute and Other Stories. Romulo Gallegos (1884-1969), Dona Barbara (Doña Bárbara); his big hit, bringing down the regime of Juan Vicente Gomez in Venezuela. Andre Gide (1869-1951), L'Ecole des Femmes (trilogy) (1929-36). Jean Giono (1895-1970), Un de Beaumugnes. Jean Giraudoux (1882-1944), Amphitryon 38. Robert Ranke Graves (1895-1985), The Shout. Julian Green (1900-98), Leviathan. Graham Greene (1904-91), The Man Within (first novel); does well enough for him to quit his job at the Times and go full-time as a novelist. John Gunther (1901-70), The Golden Fleece. Martin Luis Guzman (1887-1976), La Sombra del Caudillo (The Shadow of the Leader); more on the 1910 Mexican Rev. H. Rider Haggard (1856-1925), Mary of Marion Isle (posth.). Dashiell Hammett (1894-1961), Red Harvest (first novel); narrated by the Continental Op, who investigates the murder in Personville (Poisonville) of newspaper publisher Donald Willsson, whose industrialist father Elihu Willsson pays his Continental Detective Agency $10K to clean up the city of gangs; The Dain Curse (July 19); firt pub. in Black Mask mag. in 1928-9; the Continental Op investigates the theft of diamonds from the Leggett family of San Francisco, Calif., leading to Edgar Leggett's wife Alice Dain, whose family has a curse of sudden violent death upon those in their vicinity, and to his daughter Gabrielle, who is involved in a mysterious religious cult that addicted her to morphine. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), A Farewell to Arms (first bestseller); about Frederic Henry, an expatriate U.S. officer in the Italian ambulance service in the Italian Front in the Alps who loves English nurse Catherine Barkley until she dies in childbirth; as Gertrude Stein tells him "You are all a lost generation"?; the #1 Am. WWI novel?; filmed in 1932 and 1957; "All thinking men are atheists"; "The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong in the broken places." Josephine Herbst (1892-1969), Money for Love. DuBose Heyward (1885-1940), Mamba's Daughters; another Catfish Row novel. Richard Hughes (1900-76), A High Wind in Jamaica; pirates accidentally capture a group of English children, who turn out to be more amoral than them; adapted as the play "The Innocent Voyage". Fannie Hurst (1889-1968), Procession (short stories); Five and Ten. Elizabeth Jenkins (1905-2010), Virginia Water (first novel); "a sweet white grape of a book" (Virginia Woolf). Molly Keane (1905-96), Taking Chances. Sophie Kerr (1880-1965), Mareea-Maria; Tigers is Only Cats. John Knittel (1891-1970), Nile Gold (Der Blaue Basalt). D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930), The Man Who Died (The Escaped Clock). Fanny Heaslip Lea, Wild Goose Chase; "A deep armchair stood before the fireplace. She took it up between thumb and forefinger, handling it delicately, set it down on the other side, and considered it profoundly." Meyer Levin (1905-81), The Reporter (first novel). Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), Dodsworth. Eric Linklater (1899-1974), White Maa's Saga (first novel); Poet's Pub. William John Locke (1863-1930), Ancestor Jorico. Denis Mackail (1892-1971), Another Part of the Wood; How Amusing! Frederic Manning (1882-1935), The Middle Parts of Fortune; Bourne; an expurgated ed. is pub. in 1930 under the title "Her Privates We" (from Hamlet, Act 2 Scene 2). Bruce Marshall (1899-1987), High Brows, an Extravagana of Manners - Mostly Bad; The Little Friend. William Babington Maxwell (1866-1938), Himself and Mr. Raikes; The Man Who Pretended. Victor Vasarely (1906-97), Banjo. Alberto Moravia (1907-90), Time of Indifference (Gli Indifferenti). Charles Langbridge Morgan (1894-1958), Portrait in a Mirror. Axel Munthe (1857-1949), The Story of San Michele (autobio.); internat. besteller about his San Michele cultural inst. on Capri Island and his experiences with Louis Pasteur (1822-95), Henry James (1843-1916), Guy de Maupassant (1850-93), St. Peter et al. Robert Nathan (1894-1985), There is Another Heaven. Martin Andersen Nexo (1869-1954), In God's Land (In an Iron Age); Danish farmers in WWI. Sir William Nicholson (1872-1949), The Pirate Twins. Edward Phillips Oppenheim (1866-1946), The Treasure House of Martin Hews; The Glenlitten Murder; The Human Chase (short stories); Jennerton & Co. (short stories); What Happened to Forester (short stories). Martha Ostenso (1900-63), The Young May Moon . John Dos Passos (1896-1970), Manual Maples Arce Metropolis. Elliot Harold Paul (1896-1958), Low Run Tide and Lava Rock. S.J. Perelman (1904-79), Dawn Ginsbergh's Revenge (first novel); a success, gaining him access to Hollywood. Dawn Powell (1896-1965), The Bride's House. John Cowper Powys (1872-1963), Wolf Solent. J.B. Priestley (1894-1984), The Good Companions; "There, far below, is the knobbly backbone of England, the Pennine Range. At first, the whole dark length of it, from the Peak to Cross Fell, is visible." Salvatore Quasimodo (1901-68), Acque et Terre. Ellery Queen, The Roman Hat Mystery; the first suave sophisticated Ellery Queen detective story, by first cousins Manfred Bennington Lee (1905-71) and Frederic Dannay (1905-82), advertising agents who got their start by winning a mag. story contest. Erich Maria Remarque (1898-1970), All Quiet on the Western Front; an internat. bestseller (2.5M copies) that fixes him financially for life, about the horror, waste, and stupidity of WWI from the German angle; serialized as Im Westen Nichts Neues (In the West Nothing New) in the German mag. Vossische Zeitung on Nov. 10-Dec. 9, 1928; pub. in Britain in Mar.; he changes his middle name Paul to his mother's name Maria, and names his main char. Paul Baumer, who is KIA in Oct. 1918 "on a day that was so quiet and still on the whole front, that the army report confined itself to the single sentence: 'All quiet on the Western Front'; filmed in 1930 by Lewis Milestone. Henry Handel Richardson (1870-1946), Ultima Thule; 3rd in the Fortunes of Richard Mahony trilogy (begun 1917). Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876-1958), The Truce of God. Mazo de la Roche (1879-1961), Whiteoaks of Jalna. Frederick Rolfe (1860-1913), The Bull Against the Enemy of the Anglican Race (posth.). Joseph Roth (1894-1939), Right and Left; The Silent Prophet. Rafael Sabatini (1875-1950), The Romantic Prince; The Reaping (short stories). Helen Hooven Santmyer (1895-1986), The Fierce Dispute; next novel in 1984. Henry De Vere Stacpoole (1863-1951), Eileen of the Trees; The Girl of the Golden Reef: A Romance of the Blue Lagoon. John Steinbeck (1902-68), Cup of Gold (first novel). Rex Todhunter Stout (1886-1975), How Like a God (first novel). T.S. Stribling (1881-1965), Strange Moon; set in Venezuela. Italo Svevo (1861-1928), Una Burla Nuscita (A Perfect Hoax) (posth.). Frank Swinnerton (1884-1982), Sketch of a Sinner. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886-1965), Some Prefer Nettles. Josephine Tey (1896-1952), The Man in the Queue (Killer in the Crowd); pub. under alias Gordon Daviot; #1 in the Inspector Alan Grant series (1929-52); Kit: An Unvarnished History; pub. under alias Gordon Daviot. Alec Waugh (1898-1981), Three Score and Ten. Rebecca West (1892-1983), Harriet Hume. Ethel Lina White (1876-1944), Twill Soon Be Dark. Henry Williamson (1895-1977), The Wet Flanders Plain. Edmund Wilson (1895-1972), I Thought of Daisy. Thomas Wolfe (1900-38), Look Homeward, Angel O Lost (first novel); title is from Milton (original title "O Lost"); ed. by William Maxwell Evart Perkins (1884-1947), who cuts 66K of 300K words and rearranges a shapeless mess of an autobio. sensitive-artist-in-a-hostile-world ms. into a classic; Eugene and Julia Gant, and Eugene's older brother Ben, who dies from pneumonia. Harold Bell Wright (1872-1944), Long Ago Told: Legends of the Papago Indians. Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-87), Alexis (first novel). Births: Am. featherweight boxer Tommy Collins (d. 1996) on Jan. 1. Italian "Dollars Trilogy" dir.-producer-screenwriter Sergio Leone (d. 1989) on Jan. 3 in Rome. Am. Intel co-founder Gordon Earle Moore on Jan. 3 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at San Jose U., UCB, and Cal Tech; author of Moore's Law, or How ICs Keep Marching On. Am. "Mel Sharples in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore" actor Victor "Vic" Tayback (d. 1990) on Jan. 6 in New York City; of Syrian descent. Canadian 6'0" hockey hall-of-fame goalie Joseph Jacques Omer "Jake the Snake" Plante (d. 1986) on Jan. 7 in Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel Falls, Quebec; grows up in Shawinigan Falls; first NHL goalie to regularly wear a mask; likes to wear a tuque off the ice. British "The Man Who Would Be King", "Gandhi", "A Passage to India" actor Saeed Jaffrey on Jan. 8 in Malerkotla, Punjab, India. Irish "Philadelphia Here I Come!" dramatist Brian Friel on Jan. 9 in Killyclogher, County Tyrone. Am. Death House Landlady serial murderer Dorothea Helen Puente (d. 2011) on Jan. 9 Redlands, Calif. Canadian "Coming to Jakarta", "The Road to 9/11" poet-writer Peter Dale Scott on Jan. 11. Am. poet-playwright-writer Allen Turner Cassity (d. 2009) on Jan. 12 in Jackson, Miss.; educated at Millsaps College, and Stanford U. Am. "Cross the Brazos at Waco", "Charlie's Shoes" country singer ("The Tall Texan") William Marvin "Billy" Walker (d. 2006) on Jan. 14 in Ralls, Tex. Chinese free market economist Mao Yushi on Jan. 14 in Nanjing. Am. "Earl's Boogie" Chicago blues guitarist (black) Earl Zebedee Hooker (d. 1970) on Jan. 15 in Quitman County, Miss.; grows up in Chicago, Ill.; cousin of John Lee Hooker (1917-2001). I like Mike NOT? Am. "I Have a Dream" civil rights leader (black) (Italian opera lover) Martin Luther King Jr. (d. 1968) on Jan. 15 in Atlanta, Ga.; born in a 2-story Queen Anne frame home at 501 Auburn Ave.; born Michael King Jr. until his father visits Germany (home of Protestantism) in 1934 and becomes a fan of Martin Luther, changing both of their names; his father succeeds his father-in-law as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church in 1931; his first contact with racism is at age 6 when he is prohibited from playing with whites; his first taste of freedom is as a teenage tobacco worker in the North; tries to commit suicide when he thinks his grandmother has died, and again after she really dies; admitted to Morehouse College at age 15, receiving a bachelor degree in sociology in 1948, followed by a bachelor degree in systematic theology from Crozier Theological Seminary in 1951, and a doctorate from Boston U. in 1955, with a dissertation titled "A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman", which is later found to contain plagiarism; in college his nickname is "tweed" from his immaculate dress; his studies cause him to chuck fundamentalism; "As stated above, my college training, especially the first two years, brought many doubts into my mind. It was at this period that the shackles of fundamentalism were removed from my body. This is why, when I came to Crozer, I could accept the liberal interpretation with relative ease"; "I had felt the urge to enter the the ministry from my latter high school days, but accumulated doubts had somewhat blocked the urge. Now it appeared again with an inescapable drive. My call to the ministry was not a miraculous or supernatural something, on the contrary it was an inner urge calling me to serve humanity"; after breaking off plans to marry a white German descent cafteria cook, he proposes to Antioch College grad. Coretta Scott (1927-2006) on their first date, and they marry on June 18, 1953; "I have so many injunctions that I don't even look at them anymore. I was enjoined on Jan. 15, 1929, when I was born in the United States a Negro." (Danville, Va., 1963); father of Yolanda Denise King (1955-2007), Martin Luther King III (1957-), Dexter Scott King (1961-), and Bernice Albertine King (1963-). Am. "Megatrends" futurist writer John Naisbitt on Jan. 15 in Salt Lake City, Utah; educated at Harvard U., and Cornell U. Spanish soprano Pilar Lorengar (Lorenza Pilar Garcia Seta) (d. 1996) on Jan. 16 in Zaragoza. U.S. rep. (D-N.Y. (1969-71) (Jewish) Allard Kenneth Lowenstein (d. 1980) on Jan. 16 in New York City; educated at Yale U. Am. country musician Thomas Grady Martin (d. 2001) on Jan. 17 in Chapel Hill, Tenn.; inventor of the electric guitar fuzz effect. Am. "Wolfgang in Laugh-in", "Very interesting, but stupid" actor Arthur Stanton Eric "Arte" Johnson on Jan. 20 in Benton Harbor, Mich.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. auto racer (#22) Edward Glenn "Fireball" Roberts Jr. (d. 1964) on Jan. 20 in Tavares, Fla. Australian journalist-writer-critic Phillip Knightley on Jan. 23 in Sydney. Canadian chemist (Jewish) John Charles Polanyi on Jan. 23 in Berlin, Germany; Austrian-Hungarian Jewish parents; emigrates to England in 1933 and Canada in 1952; 1986 Nobel Chem. Prize. French historian (Holocaust denier) Robert Faurisson (nee Robert Faurisson Aitken) (d. 2018) on Jan. 25 in Shepperton, Middlesex, England; French father, Scottish mother; educated at the U. of Lyon. Am. "Carnal Knowledge", "Feiffer" cartoonist-playwright Jules Ralph Feiffer on Jan. 26 in Bronx, N.Y. Am. wrestling commentator ("the Howard Cossell of Wrestling") Gordon Solie (Francis Jonard Labiak) (Jonard Pierre Sjoblom) (d. 2000) on Jan. 26 in Minneapolis, Minn. Egyptian Harrod's Dept. Store businessman (Sunni Muslim) Mohamed Abdel Moneim Al-Fayed on Jan. 27 in Alexandria, Egypt; brother of Ali Al-Fayed (1944-); husband (1954-56) of Samira Kashoggi (1935-86) (sister of Adnan Khashoggi) and (1985-) Heini Wathen (1955-); father of Dodi Fayed (1955-97). Am. basketball coach (Denver Rockets, 1967-8) (San Antonio Spurs, 1974-6) Robert Eugene "Bob" Bass on Jan. 28; educated at the U. of Okla. English "Stranger on the Shore" musician Bernard Stanley "Acker" Bilk on Jan. 28 in Pensford, Somerset. Am. Pop Art sculptor Claes Oldenburg on Jan. 28 in Stockholm, Sweden; emigrates to the U.S. in 1936. Japanese physicist Isamu Akasaki on Jan. 30 in Chiran, Kagoshima; 2014 Nobel Physics Prize. Am. "The Woman in Red" actress Julann Elizabeth Griffin (nee Wright) on Jan. 30; wife (1958-76) of Merv Griffin (1925-2007). Am. psychologist Roger Newland Shepard on Jan. 30 in Palo Alto, Calif.; educated at Yale U.,and Harvard U. German "Mossbauer Effect" physicist Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer (Mössbauer) (d. 2011) on Jan. 31 in Munich; educated at the Technical U. of Munich. English "Varinia in Spartacus", "Sister Sharon Falconer in Elmer Gantry" actress Jean Merilyn Simmons on Jan. 31 in Lower Holloway, London; wife (1950-60) of Stewart Granger (1913-93) and (1960-77) Richard Brooks (1912-92). Am. "Herman Hesh Rabkin in The Sopranos", "Howard Lyman in The Good Wife" actor and theater dir. (Jewish) Jerry Adler on Feb. 4 in Brookyn, N.Y. English "Billy Liar" novelist-screenwriter-newspaper columnist Keith Spencer Waterhouse (d. 2009) on Feb. 6 in Hunslet, Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire. Am. "Planet of the Apes", "Chinatown", "Poltergeist", "Rambo", "Star Trek" composer-conductor (Jewish) Jerald King "Jerry" Goldsmith (d. 2004) on Feb. 10 in Los Angeles, Calif. Am. "Blackboard Jungle", "Combat!" actor (Jewish) Victor "Vic" Morrow (d. 1982) on Feb. 14 in Bronx, N.Y. English auto racer Norman Graham Hill (d. 1975) on Feb. 15 in Hampstead; first (only) driver to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport (Indy 500, Le Mans, Monaco Grand Prix). U.S. defense secy. #12 (1973-5), energy secy. #1 (1977-9), and CIA dir. #9 (1973) (Jewish) James Rodney Schlesinger (d. 2014) on Feb. 15 in New York City; Austrian Jewish immigrant father, Russian Jewish immigrant mother; educated at Harvard U.; not to be confused with dir. John Schlesinger (1926-2003). Am. "The Chosen" novelist-rabbi (Jewish) Chaim Potok (d. 2002) on Feb. 17 in New York City; Polish immigrant parents; trained as a rabbi. English "The Ipcress File", "Oh! What a Lovely War" novelist-historian Leonard Cyril "Len" Deighton on Feb. 18 in Marylebone, London; educated at the Royal College of Art; starts out as an airline steward and cookbook writer. French soprano Regine (Régine) Crespin (d. 2007) on Feb. 23 in Marseille. English "Halliwell's Film Guide" film critic-historian Robert James Leslie Halliwell (d. 1989) on Feb. 23 in Bolton, Lancashire; educated at St. Catharine's College, Cambridge U. Am. baseball player (first black player for the New York Yankees) Elston Howard (d. 1980) on Feb. 23 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "Tonight Show" saxophonist Thomas Penn "Tommy: Newsom (d. 2007) on Feb. 25 in Portsmouth, Va. Am. "Wyatt Earp in Bat Masterson", "Hank Johnson in Dallas" 6'2" actor Ron Hayes (d. 2004) on Feb. 26 in San Francisco, Calif.; educated at Stanford U. Canadian-Am. architect (Jewish) Frank Owen Gehry (Goldberg) on Feb. 28 in Toronto, Ont.; Polish Jewish immigrant parents; watches his grandmother put live carp in a bathtub every Thurs. to make gefilte fish, influencing his work; educated at USC, and Harvard U.; designs the World Cup of Hockey trophy. Am. "The Art and Politics of Thomas Nast" historian (Jewish) Morton Keller on Mar. 1 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Rochester, and Harvard U. Bulgarian dissident writer Georgi Ivanov Markov (d. 1978) on Mar. 1 in Sofia. Am. radar scientist Peter Swerling (d. 2000) on Mar. 4 in New York City; son of Jo Swerling (1897-1964); grows up in Beverly Hills, Calif.; educated at Cal Tech., Cornell U., and UCL. U.S. House Speaker #57 (1989-95) (Dem.) (Roman Catholic) Thomas Stephen "Tom" Foley (d. 2013) on Mar. 6 in Spokane, Wash.; educated at Gonzaga U., and U. of Wash. Am. Black Mountain poet ("the truffle hound of American poetry" - Hugh Kenner) Jonathan Williams (d. 2008) on Mar. 8 in ?; educated at Princeton U. Bangladesh pres. (2009-) (Muslim) Mohamed Zillur Rahman on Mar. 9 in Bhairab Upazila, Kishorganj. Am. "sobbing Pvt. Maurice Ferol in Paths of Glory" actor Timothy Agoglia Carey (d. 1994) on Mar. 11 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Am. "Nick Barkley in The Big Valley" actor Joseph Peter Breck (d. 2012) on Mar. 13 in Haverhill, Mass.; educated at the U. of Houston. Am. free jazz pianist (black) (gay) Cecil Percival Taylor on Mar. 15 in New Yok City; educated at New York College of Music, and the New England Conservatory; plays the piano like "eighty-eight tuned drums". Am. "The Social Construction of Reality" Lutheran theologian Peter Ludwig Berger on Mar. 17 in Vienna, Austria; emigrates to the U.S. in 1946. Am. feminist writer-publisher (Jewish) Florence Howe on Mar. 17 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Smith College. Am. "The Secular City" theologian Harvey Gallagher Cox Jr. on Mar. 19 in Malvern, N.Y.; educated at Yale U. Am. 7'0" basketball player (white) William Edwin "Bill" Spivey (d. 1995) on Mar. 19 in Lakeland, Fla.; educated at the U. of Ky. Am. ABC-TV science editor (Jewish) Jules Bergman (d. 1987) on Mar. 21 in New York City; educated at CCNY, and Columbia U. English-Am. "Bodyguard of Lies" journalist-historian Anthony Cave Brown (d. 2006) on Mar. 21 in Bath, Somerset; surname is Cave Brown not Brown; lover of Joan Simpson Halphen (-2006); father of Amanda Eliasch (1960-) and Toby Brown. Am. "The Reivers", "The Cowboys" dir. (Jewish) Mark (Mortimer H.) Rydell on Mar. 23 in New York City; husband (1962-73) of Joanne Linville (1928-2021); father of Christopher Rydell (1963-). English running star Roger Bannister on Mar. 24 in Harrow; his life magic number is 5-6-5-4? Am. Nixon advisor (Muslim) Robert Dickson Crane on Mar. 26 in Cambridge, Mass.; converts to Islam at age 5 and again at age 50; educated at the U. of Munich, Northwestern U., and Harvard U. Am. "A Fan's Notes" novelist Frederick Earl "Fred" Exley (d. 1992) on Mar. 28 in Watertown, N.Y.; educated at Hobart College, and USC. Am. "Leland McKenzie in L.A. Law" actor Richard Allen Dysart (d. 2015) on Mar. 30 near Boston, Mass.; grows up in Augusta, Maine; educated at Emerson College. Am. fashion designer Liz Claiborne (Anne Elisabeth Jane Claiborne Ortenberg) (d. 2007) on Mar. 31 in Brussels, Belgium; Am. parents; descended from La. gov. William C.C. Claiborne (1775-1817). French couture embroiderer Francois Lesage (d. 2011) on Mar. 31 in Normandy. Czech "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" writer Milan Kundera (pr. MEAL-an KUN-dera) on Apr. 1 in Brno; emigrates to France in 1975; becomes French citizen in 1981. Am. "Royal Wedding", "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers" actress-singer Jane Powell (Suzanne Lorraine Bruce) (d. 2021) on Apr. 1 in Portland, Ore. Am. Michigan U. football coach (1969-89) Glenn Edward "Bo" Schembechler Jr. (d. 2006) on Apr. 1 in Barberton, Ohio. Am. "Gunslinger" Black Mountain poet Edward Merton "Ed" Dorn (d. 1999) on Apr. 2 in Villa Grove, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. "Ecotopia" ecological novelist Ernest Callenbach on Apr. 3 in Williamsport, Penn.; educated at the U. of Chicago; coiner ofthe term "ecotopia". Am. Sears Tower architect ("the Einstein of structural engineering") Fazlur Rahman Khan (d. 1982) on Apr. 3 in Dhaka, East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Am. superconductor tunneling phenomena physicist Ivar Giaever on Apr. 5 in Bergen, Norway; emigrates to the U.S. in 1956; educated at the Norwegian Inst. of Science and Technology, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.; 1973 Nobel Physics Prize. English "Telstar" record producer-songwriter (gay) Robert George "Joe" Meek (d. 1967) on Apr. 5 in Newent, Gloucestershire. Russian "The Foam of Days" anti-collectivist composer Edison Vasilievich Denisov (d. 1996) on Apr. 6 in Tomsk; named after Thomas Edison. Am. pianist-composer-conductor (Jewish) Andre Previn (Andreas Ludwig Priwin) on Apr. 6 in Berlin, Germany; brother of Steve Previn (1925-93); emigrates to the U.S. in 1939; knighted in 1996; husband of Betty Bennett, Dory Langdon (1959-70), Mia Farrow (1970-9), Heather Sneddon (1982-2002), and Anne-Sophie Mutter (-2006); adoptive father of Soon-Yi Previn (1970-); father-in-law of Woody Allen (1935-). French mercenary soldier Col. Bob Denard (Gilbert Bourgeaud) (d. 2007) on Apr. 7 in Grayan-et-l'Hopital, Grenoble. Am. mobster Joseph "Joey" "Crazy Joe" "Joe the Blond" Gallo (d. 1972) on Apr. 7 in Brooklyn, N.Y. Austrian bass-baritone Walter Berry (d. 2000) on Apr. 8. Belgian singer-songwriter Jacques Romain Ggeorges Brel (d. 1978) on Apr. 8 in Schaarbeek. Am. "The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism" historian Joyce Oldham Appleby on Apr. 9 in Omaha, Neb.; educated at Stanford U., and Claremont College. Am. "Brown Girl, Brownstones" novelist (black) Paule Marshall (Valenza Pauline Burke) on Apr. 9 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Barbadian parents; educated at Hunter College. English auto racer John Michael "Mike" Hawthorn (d. 1959) on Apr. 10 Mexborough, West Riding of Yorkshire. Swedish "Emperor Ming in Flash Gordon", "Father Merrin in The Exorcist" actor-dir. (Lutheran-turned-agnostic) Max (Carl Adolf) von Sydow (d. 2020) on Apr. 10 in Lund. Am. singer-actress Edie Adams (Elizabeth Edith Enke) (d. 2008) on Apr. 16 in Kingston, Penn.; educated at Columbia U. British diplomat Sir Robert Lucian Wade-Gery (d. 2015) on Apr. 22; son of Theodore Wade-Gery (1888-1972); educated at Winchester College, and New College, Oxford U.; high commissioner to India (1982-7); knighted in 1983. Cuban "Three Trapped Tigers" novelist Guillermo Cabrera Infante (d. 2005) (AKA G. Cain) on Apr. 22 in Gibara; flees to London in 1965. Am. "After Babel" lit. critic (Jewish) Francis George Steiner on Apr. 23 in Paris, France; Austrian Jewish parents; emigrates to the U.S. in 1940; educated at the U. of Chicago, Harvard U. and Balliol College, Oxford U. Am. "Mulligan Stew" novelist-poet Gilbert Sorrentino (d. 2006) on Apr. 17 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; of Puerto Rican descent; father of Christopher Sorrentino (1963-). Finnish sociologist Tatu Vanhanen (d. 2015) on Apr. 17 in Vuoksenranta; educated at the U. of Tampere. Am. microbiologist-geneticist Allan M. Campbell (d. 2018) on Apr. 27; educated at UCB, and U. of Ill. Am. "Morticia Addams in The Addams Family" actress-singer Carolyn Sue Jones (Baker) (d. 1983) on Apr. 28 in Armarillo, Tex. Am. jazz musician ("King of the Hard Hands") Ray Barretto (d. 2006) on Apr. 29 in New York City; Puerto Rican immigrant parents. Canadian oil exec ("Father of the Global Environmental Movement") (Socialist) (New Ager) Maurice Frederick Strong (d. 2015) on Apr. 29 in Oak Lake, Man. Am. "The Me Nobody Knows", "Lemon Tree" lyricist Will Holt on Apr. 30 in Portland, Ore. German-British political scientist Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf, Baron Dahrendorf (d. 2009) on May 1 in Hamburg, Germany; educated at Hamburg U., and London School School of Economics; knighted in 1982; becomes a British citizen in 1988; created baron in 1993. Am. "Young Love" country singer ("the Southern Gentleman") Sonny James (James Hugh Loden) on May 1 in Hackleburg, Ala. Lebanese "The Bible Came from Arabia" historian (Protestant) Kamal Suleiman Salibi (d. 2011) on May 2 in Beirut; educated at the U. of London; student of Bernard Lewis (1916-2018). Am. "Rumble" rock musician (popularizer of the power chord) Fred Lincoln "Link" Wray Jr. (d. 2005) (Link Wray and his Ray Men) on May 2 in Dunn, N.C.; Shawnee parents. British "Gigi", "Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffany's", "Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady" actress Audrey Hepburn (Edda Kathleen van Heemstra Hepburn-Ruston) (d. 1993) on May 4 in Ixelles, Brussels; wife (1954-68) of Mel Ferrer (1917-) and (1969-82) Andrea Dotti (1938-2007); partner (1980-93) of Robert Wolders (1936-). Am. sportwriter Dave Pool Anderson (d. 2018) on May 6 in Troy, N.Y. Am. Inst. for Policy Studies leftist activist Richard Jackson Barnet (d. 2004) on May 7 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. Am. baseball player Dick Williams on May 7 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. investor (founder of the Vanguard Group) John Clifton "Jack" Bogle on May 8 in Montclair, N.J.; educated at the U. of Penn., and Princeton U. Am. "Agatha Chumley in Magnum, P.I." actress Gillian Dobbs (d. 2001) on May 8 in Mich. Am. "The Seth Material" psychic Jane Roberts (d. 1984) on May 8 in Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Am. "Mrs. Livingston in The Courtship of Eddie's Father" actress Miyoshi Umeki (d. 2007) on May 8 in Otaru, Hokkaido; emigrates to the U.S. in 1955. Canadian Maclean's mag. ed. (1971-82) (Jewish) Peter Charles Newman (Peta Karel Neuman) on May 10 in Vienna, Austria. Am. record producer Creed Taylor on May 13 in Bedford, Va. Am. jazz singer Betty "the Kid" Carter (Lillie Mae Jones) (d. 1998) on May 16 in Flint, Mich.; grows up in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Of Woman Born", "Diving into the Wreck" feminist writer-poet (Jewish) (lesbian) Adrienne Cecile Rich (d. 2012) on May 16 in Baltimore, Md.; educated at Radliffe College; lover (1976-2012) of Michelle Cliff. British Conservative politician (Roman Catholic) Norman Anthony Francis St. John-Stevas, Baron St. John of Fawsley on May 18; educated at Christ Church, Oxford U., and Yale U. Am. "The Secular City" theologian Harvey Gallagher Cox Jr. on May 19 in Malvern, Penn.; educated at the U. of Penn., Yale U., and Harvard U. Am. "Winners & Losers" writer-journalist Gloria Emerson (d. 2004) on May 19 in New York City. German biochemist J. Heinrich Matthaei on May 4 in Bonn; educated at Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms U. Bonn. Am. #1 opera soprano Beverly Sills (Belle Miriam Silverman) (d. 2007) on May 25 in Brooklyn, N.Y. ("a classy part of Brooklyn"); known for her Donizetti. French "Les babas cool", "Le garde du corps", "Emmanuelle 3" dir. Francois Leterrier on May 26 in Margny-les-Compiegne, Oise, Picardie; father of Louis Leterrier (1973-). U.S. Rep. (D-Mich.) (1965-2017) (black) John James Conyers Jr. (d. 2019) on May 16 in Highland Park, Mich.; educated at Wayne State U.; father of John Conyers III; longest-serving African-Am. House member (until ?). English physicist Peter Ware Higgs on May 29 in Newcastle upon Tyne; educated at King's College London; 2013 Nobel Physics Prize. Israeli "Operation Thunderbolt", "The Delta Force" dir.-producer (Jewish) Menaham Golan (d. 2014) on May 31 in Tiberias; Russian Polish Jewish immigrant parents; educated at NYU. Canadian "On This Most Voluptuous Night" pianist-composer-conductor (Jewish) Yehudi Wyner on June 1 in Calgary, Alberta; educated at Juilliard School, Yale U. and Harvard U. Am. "The Phantom Tollbooth" children's writer-architect (Jewish) Norman Juster on June 2 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Romanian Jewish immigrant father, Polish Jewish immigrant mother; educated at the U. of Penn.: "You can swim all day in the Sea of Knowledge and still come out completely dry. Most people do." Am. "The Dating Game", "The Gong Show" TV producer Charles Hirsch "Chuck" "Chuckie Baby" Barris on June 3 in Oakland, N.J.; educated at Drexel U.; a hit man for the CIA in the 1960s-70s? Swiss recombinant DNA microbiologist Werner Arber on June 3 in Granichen, Aargau; educated at the Swiss Federal INst. of Tech.; 1978 Nobel Med. Prize. Am. "Det. Steve Carella in 87th Precinct" actor Robert Lansing (Robert Howell Brown) (d. 1994) on June 5 in San Diego, Calif. Congolese politician (black) Albert Kalonji (d. 2015) on June 6 in Hemptinne. Canadian PM (1984) John Napier Turner on June 7 in Richmond, England. Am. "Frank Costanza in Seinfeld","Arthur Spooner in The King of Queens" actor (Jewish) Gerald Isaac "Jerry" Stiller (d. 2020) on June 8 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Syracuse U.; husband of Anne Meara(1929-2015); father of Amy Stiller (1961-) and Ben Stiller (1965-). Am. "My Song", "Pledging My Love" R&B singer (black) Johnny Ace (John Marshall Alexander Jr.) (d. 1954) on June 9 in Memphis, Tenn. Canadian-Am. businessman (pres. of Seagrams Ltd., 1971-94) (pres. of the World Jewish Congress, Jan. 1981-May 7, 2007) (Jewish) Edgar Miles Bronfman Sr. (d. 2013) on June 20 in Montreal, Quebec; son of Samuel Bronfman (1889-1971); brother of Charles Bronfman (1931-); educated at McGill U.; father of Edgar Bronfman Jr. (1955-) and Matthew Bronfman (1959-). Moroccan king (1961-99) (Sunni Muslim) Hassan II (d. 1999) on July 9 in Rabat; son of Mohammed V (1909-61); father of Mohammed VI (1963-). Am. "On Human Nature", "The Ants", "The Diversity of Life" scientist ("Ant Man") ("The Father of Sociobiology and Biodiversity") (agnostic) Edward Osborne "E.O." Wilson (d. 2021) on June 10 in Birmingham, Ala.; educated at the U. of Ala., and Harvard U.; coiner of the term "scientific humanism". Am. "Death of the Fox" Southern poet-novelist George Palmer Garrett Jr. (d. 2008) on June 11 in Orlando, Fla.; educated at Princeton U., and Columbia U. English "Hackenfeller's Ape", "Mozart the Dramatist" feminist novelist-writer (bi)(humanist) (vegetarian) Brigid Antonia Brophy, Lady Levey (d. 1995) on June 12 in Ealing, Wet London; only child of John Brophy; educated at St. Hugh's College, Oxford U.; wife (1954-) of Michael Levey (1927-2008). German Jewish martyr Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (d. 1945) on June 12 in Frankfurt am Main; flees with her family to Amsterdam in 1933, goes into hiding in July 1942, and is ratted out and arrested in 1944; her diary covers June 12, 1942 to Aug. 1, 1944. Am. "Sweet Charity", "City of Angels" jazz pianist-composer-songwriter (Jewish) Cy Coleman (Seymour Kaufman) (d. 2004) on June 14 in New York City; E European Jewish immigrant parents; child prodigy. Am. writer John H. Davis on June 14; educated at Princeton U.; 1st cousin of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (1929-94). Swedish Miss World 1951 beauty queen Kerstin "Kiki" Haakansson (d. 2011) on June 17 in Stockholm. Soviet world chess champ #9 (1963-9) Tigran Vartanovich "Iron" Petrosian (d. 1984) on June 17 in Tbilisi, Georgia; of Armenian descent. German Frankfurt School Kantian philosopher Jurgen (Jürgen) Habermas on June 18 in Dusseldorf; pupil of Paul Adorno; educated at Goethe U., and U. of Marburg. Am. "John Walton Sr. in The Waltons", "Slater in Roots" actor-minister Ralph Waite on June 22 in White Plains, N.Y.; educated at Bucknell U. and Yale U. Am. "Ring of Fire" country singer-songwriter-actress Valerie June Carter Cash (d. 2003) (The Carter Family) on June 23 in Maces Spring, Scott County, Va.; daughter of Maybelle Carter (1909-78); sister of Anita Carter (1933-99) and Helen Carter (1927-98); wife (1952-6) of Carl Smith (1927-2010), (1957-66) Edwin "Rip" Nix, and (1968-2003) Johnny Cash (1968-2003); distant cousin of Pres. Jimmy Carter. Am. "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" children's book writer Eric Carle on June 25 in Syracuse, N.Y. Am. "The Valachi Papers", "Serpico" journalist-writer Peter Maas (d. 2001) on June 27 in New York City; of Dutch and Irish descent; educated at Duke U. Italian "Interview with History" writer-journalist Oriana Fallaci (d. 2006) on June 29 in Florence. German historian Eberhard Jackel (Jäckel) on June 29 in Wesermunde, Hanover. Am. financial journalist Carol Junge Loomis on June 29; educated at the U. of Mo. Am. biologist (Jewish) Gerald Maurice Edelman on July 1 Ozone Park, Queens, N.Y.; educated at the U. of Penn.; 1972 Nobel Med. Prize. Filipino politician Imelda Romualdez Marcos (nee Imelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez) on July 2 in Manila; wife (1954-89) of Ferdinand Marcos (1917-89). Am. diplomat-socialite Joanne King Herring on July 3 in Houston, Tex.; educated at the UTA. Am. "Just win, baby" football owner (Oakland Raiders, 1970-2011) Allen "Al" Davis (d. 2011) on July 4 in Brockton, Mass. Am. novelist Shirley Ann Grau on July 8 in New Orleans, La. Egyptian Nubian composer-musician (black) Hamza El Din (d. 2006) on July 10 in Toshka (near Wadi Halfa), Egypt. Am. "Logan's Run", "The Twilight Zone", "Star Trek" sci-fi writer George Clayton Johnson on July 10 in Cheyenne, Wyo.; collaborator of William Francis Nolan (1928-). Am. "Tequila" singer ("Godfather of Latino Rock") Daniel "Danny" Flores (d. 2006) (AKA Chuck Rio) (The Champs) on July 11 in Santa Paula, Calif.; Mexican parents. Am. "I Put a Spell on You" shock rock singer (black) Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins (d. 2000) on July 18 in Cleveland, Ohio. Austrian Glock firearms co. founder Gaston Glock on July 19. French "Montaillou" historian Emmanel Le Roy Ladurie on July 19 in Les Moutiers-en-cinglais, Calvados. Am. Little Caesars Pizza founder and prof. sports team owner (Detroit Red Wings, Detroit Tigers) Michael "Mike" Ilitch (Illievski) Sr. on July 20 in Detroit, Mich. husband (1955-) of Marian Bayoff Ilitch (1933-). Am. "Lt. Lou Escobar in Chinatown" actor Julios Caesar "Perry" Lopez (d. 2008) on July 22 in New York City; of Puerto Rican descent; husband (1960-1) of Claire Kelly (1934-98). French "Seduction", "Simulacra and Simulation" sociologist Jaen Baudrillard (d. 2007) on July 27 in Reims. Am. R&B singer (black) Harvey Fuqua on July 27 in Louisville, Ky. English "The Eagle Has Landed" novelist Jack Higgins (Harry Patterson) on July 27 in Newcastle upon Tyne; grows up in Belfast and Leeds. U.S. Dem. First Lady (1961-3) Jacqueline "Jackie" Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (d. 1994) on July 28 in Southampton, Long Island, N.Y.; bouvier is French for cowherd; daughter of stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III (1891-1957) (Roman Catholic) and Janet Norton Lee Bouvier (1906-89) (Episcopalian); sister of Lee Radziwill (1933-); wife (1953-63) of U.S. Pres. #35 John F. Kennedy (1953-63) and (1968-75) Greek tycoon Aristotle Onassis (1968-75). Canadian Ontario PM #18 (1971-85) William Grenville "Bill" Davis on July 30 in Brampton, Ont.; educated at the U. of Ontario. Canadian "H.R. Pufnstuf" puppeteer Sid Krofft (Cydus Yolas) on July 30 in Montreal, Quebec; brother of Marty Krofft (Moshopopoulos Yolas (1937-); grows up in Providence, R.I. and New York City. Am. geophysicist Gordon James Fraser "J.F." MacDonald (d. 2002) on July 30 in Mexico; Scottish father, Am. mother; educated at Harvard U. Am. "Sid Fairgate in Knots Landing", "Beauregard Bo Decker in Bus Stop", "Gov. Breck in Conquest of the Planet of the Apes" actor Donald Patrick "Don" Murray on July 31 in Hollywood, Calif.; husband (1956-61) of Hope Lange (1933-2003). Am. blues-jazz musician-poet-historian Samuel Barclay Charters IV (d. 2015) on Aug. 1 in Pittsburgh, Penn. Am. "Bye Bye Birdie", "Hello, Dolly!" playwright Michael Stewart (d. 1987) on Aug. 1 in New York City. Am. "The Secret Storm" actress-screenwriter Jane Bethel Leslie (d. 1999) on Aug. 3 in New York City. Palestinian Sunni Muslim leader (1959 founder of the Fatah Party) (chmn. of the Palestinian Liberation Org. in 1968-) Yasser (Arab. "wealthy") Arafat (Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini) (d. 2004) on Aug. 4 in Cairo; 5th child of a Palestinian merchant; great-nephew of Jerusalem grand mufti Amin al-Husseini (1895-1974) - good argument for birth control? English "The Elizabethans" historian (Quaker) Patrick Collinson (d. 2011) on Aug. 10 in Ipswitch; educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge U. Congolese Simba rebel leader (black) Pierre Mulele (d. 198) on Aug. 11. Am. "Act Naturally" country singer Alvis Edgar "Buck" Owens Jr. (d. 2006) on Aug. 12 in Sherman, Tex. Am. "Annie", "The Producers", "Hairspray" writer Thomas Edward Meehan on Aug. 14 in Ossining, N.Y.; educated at Hamilton College. Am. jazz pianist (drug addict) William John "Bill" Evans (d. 1980) on Aug. 16 in Plainfield, N.J.; Welsh descent father, Rusyn descent mother; only white member of Miles Davis' sextet. Am. poet (Mohawk) Maurice Kenny on Aug. 16 in Watertown, N.Y.; educated at Butler U., St. Lawrence U., and NYU. Soviet "Babi Yar" novelist Anatoly Vasilievich Kuznetsov (d. 1979) on Aug. 18 in Kiev. Am. "What the World Needs Now" DJ Thomas Claque (Tom Clay) (d. 1995) on Aug. 20 in New York City. Am. "Janet Leigh's sister Lila in Psycho", "Laurie in The Searchers", "Hallie in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valence" actress Vera Miles (Vera June Ralston) on Aug. 23 in Boise City, Okla. Indian Kundalini Yoga guru (3HO Foundation founder) Siri Singh Sahib harbhajan Singh Khalsa Yogiji (Harhajan Singh Puri) (AKA Yogi Bhajan) (AKA Siri Singh Sahib) (d. 2004) on Aug. 26 in Kot Harkarn, Punjab; emigrates to Canada in 1968. Am. "King of Blue" jazz pianist-composer WIlliam John "Bill" Evans (d. 1980) on Aug. 16 in Plainfield, N.J.; educated at Southeastern La. U. Am. lyricist (in Britain) Richard Kennedy "Dick" Vosburgh (d. 2007) on Aug. 27 in Elizabeth, N.J.; father of Tilly Vosburgh (1960-). Am. "Schneider in One Day at a Time" actor Daniel Patrick "Pat" Harrington Jr. on Aug. 29 in New York City; son of Pat Harrington Sr. (1901-65); educated at Fordham U. Am. TV-radio Pentecostal minister William Eugene "Gene" Scott (d. 2005) on Aug. 14 in Buhl, Idaho; Ph.D. in philosophies of education from Stanford U.; starts out as an agnostic then gets saved by Jesus in college - which turns out to be worth $1M a month? Am. U-2 pilot Capt. Francis Gary Powers (d. 1977) on Aug. 17 in Jenkins, Ky. Am. "Rosemary's Baby", "Deathtrap" novelist-playwright-songwriter (Jewish) Ira Marvin Levin (d. 2007) on Aug. 27 in Manhattan, N.Y.; grows up in Manhattan and the Bronx; educazted at Drake U., and NYU. Hungarian conductor (Jewish) Istvan Kertesz (d. 1973) on Aug. 28 in Budapest. Am. "Helen Willis in The Jeffersons" actress (black) Roxie Albertha Roker (d. 1995) on Aug. 28 in Miami, Fla.; of Bahamanian descent; educated at Howard U.; wife of Sy Kravitz (1924-2005); mother of Lenny Kravitz (1964-); cousin of Al Roker (1954-). Anglo-Am. "The Passages of Joy", "The Man With Night Sweats" poet (gay) (meth addict) Thompson William "Thom" Gunn (d. 2004) on Aug. 29 in Gravesend, Kent; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge U.; emigrates to the U.S. in 1954; disciple of Yvor Winters (1900-68); partner of Mike Kitay. Belgian-Am. diamond merchant (Jewish) Maurice Tempelsman on Aug. 26 in Antwerp; lover-mgr. (1980-94) of Jackie Onassis (1929-94). Am. Winter Hill Gang crime boss James Joseph "Whitey" Bulger Jr. (d. 2018) on Sept. 3 in Dorchester, Mass.; brother of William Bulger (1934-). Greek "Zorba the Greek", "Z", "Guns of Navarone" actress Irene Papas (Lelekou) on Sept. 3 in Chiliomodian, Corinth. Canadian Quebecois artist Armand J.R. Vaillancourt on Sept. 3 in Black Lake, Quebec. Am. Sen. (D-Mo.) (1968-87) Thomas Francis Eagleton (d. 2007) on Sept. 4 in St. Louis, Mo. Am. "Button-Down Mind","Dr. Robert Bob Hartley in The Bob Newhart Show" comedian-actor (aviophobe) George Robert "Bob" Newhart on Sept. 5 in Oak Park, Ill. Am. 6'10" basketball player (white) (Minneapolis Lakers #34, 1953-7) (Boston Celtics #4, 1962-4) Clyde Edward Lovellette on Sept. 7 in Petersburg, Ind.; educated at the U. of Kan. Am. "Leonid Brezhnev in The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson" actor John Milford (d. 2000) on Sept. 7 in Johnstown, N.Y. Am. prof. golfer ("the King") Arnold Daniel Palmer (d. 2016) on Sept. 10 in Latrobe, Penn.; one of the Big Three of Golf along with Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player; educated at Wake Forest U. Am. journalist (Jewish) David Salzer Broder (d. 2011) on Sept. 11 in Chicago Heights, Ill.; educated at the U. of Chicago. Am. "The Fantasticks" composer Harvey Lester Schmidt on Sept. 12 in Dallas, Tex.; collaborator of Tom Jones (1928-). Am. "Is Paris Burning?" writer John Lawrence "Larry" Collins Jr. (d. 2005) on Sept. 14 in Hartford, Conn.; educated at Yale U.; husband (1966-) of Egyptian princess Nadia Sultan; collaborator of Dominique Lapierre (1931-). English "Byzantium" historian John Julius Norwich (John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich) on Sept. 15 in ?; son of Duff Cooper and Lady Diana cooper; descendant of William IV and his mistress Dorothea Jordan; educated at Upper Canada College, Eton Scholl, and the U. of Strasbourg; father of Artemis Cooper (1953-) and Allegra Huston (1964-). Am. quark physicist (Jewish) Murray Gell-Mann on Sept. 15 in Manhattan, N.Y.; Russian Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Yale U.; 1969 Nobel Physics Prize. Zanzibr sultan #11 (last) (1963-64) (black) Jamshid bin Abdullah Al Said on Sept. 16 in Unguja; son of "Abdullah bin Khalifa (1910-63). English New Age writer Murry Hope (d. 2012) on Sept. 17 in Westcliffe-on-Sea, Southend-on-Sea. English auto racer Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss on Sept. 17 in London; knighted in 2000; "the greatest driver never to win the world championship". Am. "Lt. Rex St. John in Ensign O'Toole", "Hector in It's About Time" actor Jack Mullaney (d. 1982) on Sept. 18 in Pittsburgh, Penn. English "Eh?" playwright Henry Livings (d. 1998) on Sept. 20 in Prestwich, Lancashire; educated at the U. of Liverpool. Am. "Stiller and Meara" actress-comedian (Roman Catholic-turned-Jewish) Anne Meara (d. 2015) on Sept. 20 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; Irish immigrant parents; wife of Jerry Stiller (1929-2020); mother of Amy Stiller (1961-) and Ben Stiller (1965-). Soviet archeologist Viktor Ivanovich Sarianidi (Sarigiannides) on Sept. 23 in Tashkent. Am. CBS/NBC/ABC journalist (Jewish) Barbara Jill Walters (d. 2022) on Sept. 25 in Boston, Mass.; British immigrant theatrical producer father Louis Edward Walters opens the Latin Quarter in Boston, Mass. in 1937; mother is Dena Seletsky; educated at Sarah Lawrence College. Pakistani Islamist politician Syed Ali Shah Geelani on Sept. 29 in Sopore, Kashmir. Am. country singer Bonnie Owens (nee Campbell) (d. 2006) on Oct. 1 in Blanchard, Okla.; wife (1951-?) of Buck Owens (1929-2006) and (1965-78) Merle Haggard (1937-2016). Am. "Booker T. Washington in Ragtime" actor (black) Moses Gunn (d. 1993) on Oct. 2 in St. Louis, Mo. French restaurant critic Andre (André) Gayot on Oct. 3. Am. "A Prince of Our Disorder", "Passport to the Cosmos" psychiatrist-writer (Jewish) John Edward Mack (d. 2004) on Oct. 4 in New York City; educated at Oberlin College, and Harvard U. Am. astronaut USN Capt. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. on Oct. 5 in Seattle, Wash.; educated at the U. of Wash. Am. molecular biologist Franklin William Stahl on Oct. 8. Am. atmospheric scientist William M. "Bill" Gray (d. 2016) on Oct. 9 in Detroit, Mich.; grows up in Washington, D.C.; educated at George Washington U., and U. of Chicago. Am. Dem. politician (mayor #57 of New Orleans, 1978-86) (black) Ernest Nathan "Dutch" Morial (d. 1989) on Oct. 9 in New Orleans, La.; of Creole ancestry; father of Marc Morial (1958-); first black to receive a law degree from LSU. Am. "Don't Be Angry" blues singer (black) Nappy Brown (Napoleon Brown Culp) on Oct. 12 in Charlotte, N.C. Am. child psychiatrist Robert Coles on Oct. 12 in Boston, Mass.; educated at Harvard U. and Columbia U. Am. "Untitled Subjects" poet Richard Howard on Oct. 13 in Cleveland, Ohio; educated at Columbia U., and the Sorbonne. Serbian "Landscape Painted with Tea" artist Milorad Pavic on Oct. 15 in Belgrade. Nicaraguan pres. (1990-7) Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro on Oct. 19; wife of Pedro Josquin Chamorro Cardenal (1924-78); 1st elected woman head of govt. in Latin Am., and 2nd woman pres. in North Am. Am. "Earthsea" novelist Ursula Kroeber Le Guin (d. 2018) (pr. luh-GWIN) on Oct. 21 in Berkeley, Calif.; daughter of anthropologist Alfred Louis Kroeber; educated at Radcliffe College, and Columbia U.; moves to Portland, Ore. and goes earthsea? American accused murderer (black) George Junius Stinney Jr. (d. 1944) on Oct. 21 in Pinewood, S.C. Canadian novelist-filmmaker Hubert Aquin (d. 1977) on Oct. 24 in Montreal, Quebec. Am. avant-garde composer George Crumb on Oct. 24 in Charleston, W. Va. English "Tea With Mussolini" actress Dame Joan Ann Plowright, Baroness Olivier on Oct. 28 in Brigg, Lincolnshire; 3rd wife of Laurence Olivier (1961-89); created dame in 2004. Am. writer-publisher (Jewish) (founder of the 1960s sexual rev.) Ralph Ginzburg (d. 2006) on Oct. 28; educated at CCNY. Am. poet-critic (Jewish) John Hollander on Oct. 28 in New York City; Jewish immigrant parents; educated at Columbia U. Am. "Simon Foster in Midnight Lace", actor Richard "Dicky" Lupino (d. 2005) on Oct. 29 in Hollywood, Calif.; son of Wallace Lupino (1898-1961); cousin of Ida Lupino (1914-95) and Buster Keaton (1895-1966). Russian PM #32 (1998-9) Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov on Oct. 29 in Kiev, Ukraine. Am. electrical engineer and speaker designer Amar Gopal Bose on Nov. 2 in Philadelphia, Penn.; of Bengali descent; educated at MIT. French food critic (inventor of term "nouvelle cuisine") Henri Gault (d. 2000) on Nov. 4 in Pacy-sur-Eure. British "Good" Socialist playwright (Jewish) Cecil Philip Taylor (d. 1981) on Nov. 6 in Glasgow, Scotland. Austrian scientist (Jewish) Eric Richard Kandel on Nov. 7 in Vienna; educated at Harvard U.; 2000 Nobel Med. Prize; starts out under behaviorist B.F. Skinner (1904-90), then gets into the chemistry of neurons. Am. Fla. State U. football coach (1976-) Robert Cleckler "Bobby" Bowden on Nov. 8 in Birmingham, Ala. Am. "The President's Analyst" actor-comedian Severn Darden (d. 1995) on Nov. 9 in New Orleans, La.; educated at the U. of Chicago. Hungarian "Fatelessness" writer (Jewish) Imre Kertesz (Kertész) on Nov. 9 in Budapest; 2002 Nobel Lit. Prize. Am. "It Might Be You", "How Do You Keep the Music Playing?" songwriter-composer (Jewish) Marilyn Bergman (nee Keith) on Nov. 10 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; wife (1958-) of Alan Bergman (1925); educated at NYU. Am. R&B singer (black) ("Little Miss Sharecropper") LaVern (Delores) Baker (d. 1997) on Nov. 11 in Chicago, Ill. Am. Yosemite photographer Carleton E. Watkins (d. 1916) on Nov. 11 in Oneonta, N.Y. German "The Neverending Story" children's writer Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende (d. 1995) on Nov. 12 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria. English James Bond 007 production designer Peter Lamont on Nov. 12. Am. "Amy Kane in High Noon" actress (Roman Catholic) Grace Patricia Kelly (Princess Grace of Monaco) (d. 1982) on Nov. 12; niece of 1926 Pulitzer Prize for Drama winner ("Craig's Wife") George Kelly; wife () of Prince Rainier of Monaco (1923-2005). Am. 6'5" 270 lb. auto racer DeWayne Louis "Tiny" Lund (d. 1975) on Nov. 14 in Harlan, Iowa. Am. "Col. Henry Blake on M*A*S*H" actor Edgar McLean Stevenson Jr. (d. 1996) on Nov. 14 in Normal, Ill.; related to Adlai Stevenson. Am. "Lou Grant in The Mary Tyler Moore Show" actor (Jewish) Yitzak Edward "Ed" Asner (d. 2021) on Nov. 15 in Kansas City, Mo. Am. "The Greatest Story Ever Told", "The Green Berets", "Smokey and the Bandit", "On the Beach" producer-screenwriter James Lee Barrett (d. 1989) on Nov. 19 in Charlotte, N.C. Canadian-Am. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages" historian (Jewish) Norman Frank Cantor (d. 2004) on Nov. 19 in Winnipeg; educated at the U. of Manitoba, Princeton U., and Oxford U.; husband (1957-) of Mindy Mozart Cantor. Am. "Deep Throat in The X-Files" actor Jerry Hardin on Nov. 20 in Dallas, Tex.; father of Melora Hardin (1967-). Am. "The Women's Room" novelist-writer Marilyn French (d. 2009) on Nov. 21 in Brooklyn, N.Y.; educated at Hofstra U., and Harvard U. Am. peace activist Straughton Lynd on Nov. 22; son of Robert Straughton Lynd (1892-1970) and Helen Merrel Lynd (1896-1982); educated at Columbia U. Am. "The Late Great Planet Earth" Christian evangelist (Zionist) Harold Lee "Hal" Lindsey on Nov. 23 in Houston, Tex.; educated at the U. of Houston, and Dallas Theological Seminary. Am. recording exec Berry Gordy Jr. (III) on Nov. 28 in Detroit, Mich.; father of Rockwell (1964-). Am. "American Bandstand" MC Richard Wagstaff "Dick" Clark (d. 2012) on Nov. 30 in Mt. Vernon, N.Y.; voted "Most Likely to Sell the Brooklyn Bridge" in h.s. Am. "Been in the Storm So Long" historian Leon F. Litwack on Dec. 2 in Santa Barbara, Calif.; educated at UCB. Am. yachting champ Lowell Orton North on Dec. 2 in Springfield, Mo. French "SAS" spy novelist Gerard de Villiers (d. 2013) on ?. Am. "Guy Woodhouse in Rosemary's Baby" actor-writer-dir. (independent film pioneer) John Nicholas Cassavetes (d. 1989) on Dec. 9 in New York City; Greek immigrant parents; husband (1954-) of Gena Rowlands (1930-); father of Nick Cassavetes (1959-). Scottish ballet dancer-choreographer Sir Kenneth MacMillan (d. 1992) on Dec. 11 in Dunfermline; knighted in 1983; doesn't begin learning English till age 7. Japanese jazz pianist-composer (female) Toshiko Akiyoshi on Dec. 12 in Liaoyang, Manchuria; moves to the U.S. in 1973; wife (1969-) of Lew Tabackin (1940-). English "Look Back in Anger" playwright-actor John James Osborne (d. 1994) on Dec. 12 in Fulham, London. Am. hall-of-fame bowler Richard Lee "Dick" Hoover (d. 2009) on Dec. 15 in Roseville, Ohio; grows up in Arkron, Ohio. Am. newspaper columnist (Jewish) William Lewis Safire (Safir) (d. 2009) on Dec. 17 in New York City; coiner of the phrase "nattering nabobs of negativism" for Spiro Agnew. Polish cardinal (1983-) and archbishop of Warsaw (1981-2006) Jozef Glemp (d. 2013) on Dec. 18 in Inowroclaw, Poznan. Am. "The Great White Hope" dramatist Howard Oliver Sackler (d. 1982) on Dec. 19 in New York City. Am. "Miracle in the Raim", "That King of Woman" actress Barbara Nichols (Barbara Marie Nickerauer) (d. 1976) on Dec. 20 in Queens, N.Y. Am. 6'1" basketball player (white) (Milwaukee Hawks #11, 1953-4) (Minneapolis Lakers #18, 1954-5) Donald R. "Don" Sunderlage (d. 1961) on Dec. 20 in Roselle, Ill.; educated at the U. of Ill. Am. "The Synergy Engine" New Age futurist writer (Jewish) (agnostic) Barbara Marx Hubbard on Dec. 22 in N.Y.; daughter of Louis Marx (1896-1982); educated at the Sorbonne, and Bryn Mawr College. Am. cool jazz trumpeter-singer (heroin addict) ("James Dean, Sinatra, and Bix, rolled into one" - David Gelly) Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (d. 1988) on Dec. 23 in Yale, Okla. Am. NFL football player, actor-producer (black) Isaac Lolette "Ike" Jones on Dec. 23 in Santa Monica, Calif.; husband (1961-) of Inger Stevens (1934-70); 1st black grad from UCLA Film School (1952-). Am. murderess Ruth Ann (nee Catherine) Steinhagen (d. 2012) on Dec. 23 in Cicero, Ill.; German immigrant parents; grows up in Lincoln Park, Chicago, Ill. Am. hall-of-fame bowler Richard Anthony "Dick" Weber (d. 2005) on Dec. 23 in Indianapolis, Ind.; father of Pete Weber (1962-). Am. UAW pres. (1983-95) Owen Frederick Bieber on Dec. 28 in North Dorr (Near Grand Rapids), Mich. Canadian 5'11" hockey hall-of-fame goalie (Detroit Red Wings) Terence Gordon "Terry" "Uke(y)" Sawchuk (d. 1970) on Dec. 28 in East Kildonian, Winnepeg, Man.; Ukrainian immigrant father. Dutch astronomer (discoverer of the quasar) Maarten Schmidt on Dec. 28 in Groningen; emigrates to the U.S. in 1959. Italian "Falling in Love" sociologist Francesco Alberoni on Dec. 31 in Borgonovo Val Tidone, Piacenza; "reading a newspaper article by Alberoni is like reading 20 fortune cookies one after the other." Am. "The Maya" anthropologist Michael Douglas Coe on ? in ?; educated at Harvard U.; husband of Sophie Dobzhansky. Syrian scholar (Sunni Muslim) Mohammed Sa'id Ramadan al-Bouti on ? in Ayn Dewar; grows up in Damascus. Am. hall-of-fame bowler William "Bill" Leach (d. 2010) on ? in ?. Am. Rosenhan Experiment psychologist (Jewish) David Rosenhan (d. 2012) on ? in ?; educated at Yeshiva U., and Columbia U. Am. molecular biologist Martin Frank Gellert on ? in Prague, Czech.; educated at Harvard U., and Columbia U. Am. anthropologist Michael Harner on ? in ?; educated at UCB. French historian Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie on ? in Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais. Am. bowling champ Eddie Lubanski on ? in Detroit, Mich. Am. "Nicholas and Alexandra", "Peter the Great" biographer Robert Kinloch Massie on ? in Lexington, Ky.; educated at Yale U., and Oxford U. Am. "Guarded by Women" poet Robert Pack on ? in New York City; educated at Dartmouth College, and Columbia U. Deaths: British geologist-archeologist Sir William Dawkins (b. 1837) on Jan. 15. Am. circus proprietor Charles Forepaugh (b. 1838) on July 17 in West Berlin, N.J. French pres. #8 (1899-1906) Emile Loubet (b. 1838) on Dec. 20. Am. prof. pedestrian (marathon walker) Edward Payson Weston (b. 1839). English paleographer Sir Edward Maunde Thompson (b. 1840) on Sept. 14. French PM (1906-9, 1917-20) Georges Clemenceau (b. 1841) on Nov. 24; "He had only one illusion, France, and one disillusion, mankind, incl. the French". Am. Tex. gov. #22 (1899-1903) Joseph Dayers Sayers (b. 1841) on May 15 in Tex. Canadian "Real McCoy" inventor Elijah McCoy (b. 1844) on Oct. 10 in Detroit, Mich.; dies in the Mich. State Asylum, suffering from dementia. Am Repub. politician Charles Phelps Taft (b. 1843) on Dec. 31 in Cincinnati, Ohio. German automotive pioneer Karl Benz (b. 1844) on Apr. 4 in Landenburg. Prussian bandleader Henri Berger (b. 1844) on Oct. 14 in Honolulu, Hawaii. English gay writer Edward Carpenter (b. 1844) on June 28 in Guildford, Surrey. German art historian Wilhelm von Bode (b. 1845) on Mar. 1. Italian archeologist Rodolfo Lanciani (b. 1845) on May 22 in Rome; pub. 400+ papers on ancient Rome. Am. Wild West madame Mattie Silks (b. 1845) on Jan. 7 in Denver, Colo. German automobile designer Wilhelm Maybach (b. 1846) on Dec. 29 in Stuttgart. Swiss physicist Raoul Pictet (b. 1846) on July 27 in Paris. German-born Am. beer king Adolph Coors Sr. (b. 1847) on June 5 in Virginia Beach, Va. (suicide); despondent over Prohibition, he jumps out of a window at the Cavalier Hotel - crying in his beer wasn't enough? English suffragist Millicent Garrett Fawcett (b. 1847) on Aug. 5 - the first thoroughly modern Millie? British Liberal PM (1894-5) Archibald Primrose, 5th earl of Rosebery (b. 1847) on May 21 in Epsom, Surrey; got his three wishes in life: married the richest heiress in England, won the Derby (3x), and became PM - play the Vangelis music? English novelist Flora Annie Webster Steel (b. 1847). Am. Theosophist Katherine Tingley (b. 1847) on July 11. Belgian "original Escamillo in Carmen" baritone Jacques Bouhy (b. 1848) on Jan. 24 in Paris. German historian Hans Delbruck (b. 1848) on July 14 in Berlin. Am. West legend Wyatt Earp (b. 1848) on Jan. 13 in Los Angeles, Calif. German soprano Lilli Lehmann (b. 1848) on May 17 in Berlin. Irish nationalist leader Thomas Power O'Connor (b. 1848) on Nov. 18 in London; his bust on Fleet St. reads: "His pen could lay bare the bones of a book or the soul of a statesman in a few vivid lines." Am. Chicago Daily News founder Melville Stone (b. 1848) on Feb. 15 in New York City. Am. inventor Charles Francis Brush (b. 1849) on June 15. German chancellor (1900-9) Count Bernhard von Bulow (b. 1849) on Oct. 28 (the day before Black Tues.). German gen. Otto Kress von Kressenstein (b. 1850) on Feb. 19 in Munich. German pharmaologist Louis Lewin (b. 1850) on Dec. 1 in Berlin. French marshal Ferdinand Foch (b. 1851) on Mar. 20 in Paris. German-born Am. gramophone inventor Emil Berliner (b. 1851) on Aug. 3 in Washington, D.C. (heart attack). Am. Coca-Cola exec Asa Greggs Candler (b. 1851) (stroke); leaves his fortune to Emory U. English dramatist Henry Arthur Jones (b. 1851) on Jan. 7; "There are three rules for writing plays. The first rule is not to write like Henry Arthur Jones; the second and third rules are the same" (Oscar Wilde). French painter Henri Gervex (b. 1852) on June 7. Am. writer-educator James Brander Matthews (b. 1852) on Mar. 31 in New York City: "A highbrow is a person educated beyond his intelligence." Czech novelist Josef Holecek (b. 1853) on Mar. 6 i n Prague. English "Jersey Lily" actress Lillie Langtry (b. 1853) on Feb. 12 in Monaco: "The sentimentalist ages far more quickly than the person who loves his work and enjoys new challenges." French composer Andre Messager (b. 1853) on Feb. 24. Am. automotive pioneer David Dunbar Buick (b. 1854) on Mar. 5 in Detroit, Mich. (colon cancer). Am. Grant's Tomb, Philip Lehman Mansion architect John Hemenway Duncan (b. 1854) on Oct. 18. Am. politician-diplomat Myron Timothy Herrick (b. 1854) on Mar. 31 (heart attack). Dutch suffragist Aletta Jacobs (b. 1854) on Aug. 10 in Baarn; first woman physician in Holland, and founder of the first birth control clinic (1882). Am. geologist George Perkins Merrill (b. 1854) on Aug. 15 in Auburn, Maine. Greek philologist Jean Psichari (b. 1854). Portuguese PM #48 (1906-08) Joao Franco (b. 1855) on Apr. 4 in Anadia. German Gen. Otto Liman von Sanders (b. 1855) on Aug. 22 in Munich. English historian Thomas Frederick Tout (b. 1855) on Oct. 23 in London. Am. Carnegie Hall architect William Burnet Tuthill (b. 1855) on Aug. 25. English "Punch" writer Rudolph Chambers Lehmann (b. 1856) on Jan. 22 in High Wycombe. German Gen. Georg von der Marwitz (b. 1856) on Oct. 27 in Wundichow. Russian Gen. Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich (b. 1856) on Jan. 5 in Antibes, France. French Gen. Maurice Sarrail (b. 1856) on Mar. 23 in Paris. Norwegian dramatist-critic Gunnar Heiberg (b. 1857) on Feb. 22. Am. baseball pitcher Lee Richmond (b. 1857) on Oct. 1 in Toledo, Ohio. Australian-born Am. entertainer Lydia Yeamans Titus (b. 1857) on Dec. 30 in Los Angeles, Calif. (stroke); requests to be buried at sea along the S Calif. coast. Am. political scientist Thorstein Veblen (b. 1857) on Aug. 3 in Palo Alto, Calif.; misses out on the Stock Market Crash. Am. newspaper pub. William D. Boyce (b. 1858) on June 11 in Ottawa (near Chicago), Ill. Am. actor-dir. Frank Keenan (b. 1858) on Feb. 24 in Los Angeles, Calif. English painter Henry Scott Tuke (b. 1858) on Mar. 13 in Falmouth, Cornwall. Austrian Welsbach burner chemist Baron Karl Auer von Welsbach (b. 1858) on Aug. 4. German cartoonist Heinrich Zille (b. 1858) on Aug. 9. Am. "America the Beautiful" author Katherine Lee Bates (b. 1859) on Mar. 28 in Wellesley, Mass. Am. biochemist Thomas Burr Osborne (b. 1859). Hungarian statesman Count Julius Andrassy Jr. (b. 1860) on June 11 in Budapest. Hungarian-born Am. Socialist leader Victor Louis Berger (b. 1860) on Aug. 7 in Milwaukee, Wisc. (streetcar accident). Am. architect Thomas Hastings (b. 1860) on Oct. 22 in New York City; designed the New York Public Library and Frick Mansion in New York City. Am. punched card inventor Herman Hollerith (b. 1860) on Nov. 17 (heart attack). British gen. Sir Charles Monro (b. 1860) on Dec. 7 in Westminster, London. French sculptor-painter Emile-Antoine Bourdelle (b. 1861) on Oct. 1 in Le Vesinet (near Pris). Canadian poet-journalist Bliss Carman (b. 1861). British gen. Sir Henry Sinclair Horne (b. 1861). Am. Brig. Gen. Wilds Preston Richardson (b. 1861) on May 20 in Washington, D.C. Am. painter Robert Reid (b. 1862) on Dec. 2 in Clifton Springs, N.Y. Am. anti-KKK Dem. politician Oscar W. Underwood (b. 1862) on Jan. 25 near Accotink, Ala. Portuguese pres. (1926) gen. Gomes da Costa (b. 1863) on Dec. 17 in Lisbon. German writer Arno Holz (b. 1863) on Oct. 26 in Berlin. Japanese PM (1927-9) gen. Baron Tanaka Giichi (b. 1864) on Sept. 29 in Tokyo. British Liberal politician Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (b. 1864) on June 21. French diplomat-traveller Charles Bonin (b. 1865). Am. painter Robert Henri (b. 1865) on July 12: "Paint what you feel. Paint what you see. Paint what is real to you." Latvian poet-playwright Janis Rainis (b. 1865). German-Austrian chemist Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (b. 1865) on Sept. 23 in Gottingen, Germany; 1925 Nobel Chem. Prize. Am. entomologist Harrison Dyar (b. 1866). German chancellor (1918) Max von Baden (b. 1867) on Nov. 6. Portuguese pres. #6 (1919-23) Antonio Jose de Almeida (b. 1866) on Oct. 31 in Lisbon. Czech poet Otakar Brezina (b. 1868) on Mar. 25 in Jaromerice nad Rokytnou. Am. historian Vernon Louis Parrington (b. 1871) on June 16 in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England. Russian ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev (b. 1872) on Aug. 19 in Venice, Italy; in 1930 the Camargo Society is founded to keep British interest in ballet alive; in ? it is absorbed by the Sadler's Wells Ballet. Am. silent film actor Dustin Farnum (b. 1874) on July 29 in New York City. Slovakian-born Am. pellagra physician Joseph Goldberger (b. 1874) on Jan. 17 in Washington, D.C. Austrian poet-playwright Hugo von Hofmannsthal (b. 1874) on July 15 in Rodaun (stroke two days after his son Franz commits suicide). Austrian pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet (b. 1874) on Feb. 28 (suicide with his wife). Am. Olympic athlete Tom Burke (b. 1875) on Feb. 14. British gen. Sir Gilbert Clayton (b. 1875) on Sept. 11. Am. Baptist minister John Roach Straton (b. 1875) on Oct. 29 in Clifton Springs, N.Y. Am. cartoonist T.A. Dorgan (b. 1877) on May 2 (heart attack). Danish queueing theory founder Agner Krarup Erlang (b. 1878) on Feb. 3 in Copenhagen. German PM (1923) Gustav Stresemann (b. 1878) on Oct. 3. Am. silent film actress Mae Costello (b. 1882) on Aug. 2 in Los Angeles, Calif. (heart disease). Norwegian poet Olav Aukrust (b. 1883) on Nov. 3. Am. actress Jeanne Eagels (b. 1890) on Oct. 3 in New York City (OD of heroin, alcohol, chloral hydrate et al.). German aviation pioneer Ehrenfried Guenther Freiherr von Huenefeld (b. 1892) on Feb. 5 in Berlin (stomach cancer). Am. silent film actress Gladys Brockwell (b. 1893) on July 2 in Hollywood, Calif. (auto accident on June 27 near Calabasas, Calif.). German soprano Meta Seinemeyer (b. 1895) on Aug. 19 (leukemia). Am. explorer Carl Ben Eielson (b. 1897) on Nov. 9 in Siberia (airplane crash). U.S. Pvt. John Henry Lincoln (b. 1897) on July 5 in New Lenox, Ill.; posth. awarded the Purple Heart by Pres. Clinton in June 1996. Am. Time Mag. pub. Briton Hadden (b. 1898) on Feb. 27 (influenza). Am. auto racer Ray Kecch (b. 1900) on June 15 in Tipton, Penn. (auto accident at Altoona Speedway). Am. blues pianist Pinetop Smith (b. 1904) on Mar. 15 in Chicago, Ill. (gunshot wound from a dance hall fight); dies after recording only eight singles for a $100 fee; "I saw Pinetop spit blood" (Down Beat mag.). Am. canine movie star Strongheart (b. 1917) on June 24 in Los Angeles, Calif.; dies from a tumor caused by contact with a hot studio light.
_pp._34-5.jpg){kind=link}